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A Case Study of Health Risk Estimate for Pesticide-Users of Fruits and Vegetable Farmers in Cameroon

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A Case Study of Health Risk Estimate for Pesticide-Users of Fruits and Vegetable Farmers in Cameroon Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Academic year 2010 – 2011 A case study of health risk estimate for pesticide-users of fruits and vegetable farmers in Cameroon Christopher Ndi AMUOH Promoters: Dr. ir. Liesbeth Jaxcsen Dr. ir. Pieter Spanoghe Tutor: Ir. Ilse Delcour Master’s dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Nutrition and Rural Development, Main subject: Human Nutrition 1 Copyright “All rights are reserved. The author, the promoters and the tutor permit the use of this Master’s Dissertation for consulting purposes and copying of parts for personal use. However, any other use falls under the limitations of copyright regulations, particularly the stringent obligation to explicitly mention the source when citing parts out of this Master’s dissertation”. Ghent, June 2011 The Promoters Dr. ir. Liesbeth Jaxcsen Dr. ir. Pieter Spanoghe Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] The Tutor The Author Ilse Delcour Christopher Ndi AMUOH Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] i Dedication This piece of work is entirely dedicated to the Amuoh and Achu’s family ii Acknowledgement This case study of Cameroon was carried out in five regions of Cameroon under the project VEGI-TRADE within the Department of Food Safety and Food Quality of the Faculty of Bioscience Engineering of the Ghent University. My greatest thanks go to my promoters, Dr. ir. Liesbeth Jaxcsens, Dr. ir. Pieter Spanoghe for accepting, encouraging, guiding me and for their constructive criticisms on which this work is done. I am also very grateful to my tutor Ir. Ilse Delcour for the encouragement and her constructive criticism to this piece of work. My thanks also go to the coordinators and staff of the Department of Nutrition and Rural Development for guiding me through this study programme. I equally wish to extend my sincere thanks and gratitude to the staff and friends of Global Initiative for Sustainable development Programmes for their assistance in data collection and throughout my study period. I wish also to sincerely thank Mrs. Ndikontar Alice of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Cameroon, for her moral and material assistance. I will not forget my friends; Fonbah Cletus Chick, Atanga Wilson Nebafor, Tancho John Siabze and Fru Alfred Ngufor for their assistance in developing and administering the questions I am equally thankful to Mr. Njoh Wanduku Tembong of World Vegetable Centre Cameroon for providing me with documentation and necessary information about vegetable cultivation in Cameroon My warmest gratitude goes to my dear family; my mother Mary Amundam, my brothers and sisters; Amuoh Margeret N., Amuoh Juliana A., Amuoh Anthony S., Amuoh Florence A., Amuoh Pius N., Amuoh Fidelis T., Amuoh Martin F., Amuoh Patricia A., Amuoh Doris N. for their concern, moral support and prayers to the success of my studies. I am particularly very grateful to my beloved wife Anita Injoh Amuoh, my children; Amuoh Velma-Wendi Amundam, Amuoh McRollins Ngoh for their patience and prayers during this period spent in their absence. I will never forget the words of children “Dady, how is studies? How is life over there? Have you eating? When are you coming?” iii Abstract The present study was carried out under the project Vegi-Trade and was aimed to estimate the health risk of vegetable farmers to pesticide users in Cameroon. The main objective of the study was to investigate the health risk due to pesticide use by small scale independent vegetable farmers and fruits farmers employed under multinational cooperation in Cameroon. The main types of vegetables and fruits produced in Cameroon, the percentage of farmers using chemical pesticides and the frequency and dosage of pesticides use were also investigated. The types, source of pesticides used and method of application of the available pesticides as compared to the recommended standard methods were equally analysed. Finally, common illnesses in the area which may be related to the use of pesticides were also analysed. Developing countries, Cameroon inclusive rely on pesticides for agricultural production. Due to high temperatures coupled with high humidity of tropics, the pest and disease problems increase. The use of pesticides in the tropics has been highly pronounced due to standards for cosmetic quality in export markets for fresh fruits and vegetables. The use of pesticides in Cameroon was 100% sudsidized in the the 80s and 90s and this caused farmers to depend on chemical pesticides for agricultural production. A variety of fruits and vegetables are cultivated in Cameroon, many of which are of economic and regional importance but data is only available for few. In Cameroon, the small scale farmers are most of the time left on their own. They rely on neighbouring cities and local dealers for pesticides and farm inputs. These farmers lack the necessary training to update their knowledge. It is easy to find farmers spraying without body covering, smoking, eating and drinking during spraying or using fake, adulterated and expired pesticides, using pesticides meant for cocoa or cotton on fruits and vegetables, and sometimes the equipment they use leak. Although the multinational companies use technological inputs, the workers are still exposed to pesticides during mixing and also when airplanes are used to spray the fields during working hours. A recent study conducted in Cameroon points out side usage of pesticides banned in other countries (chlordecone in the Caribbean). Common illnesses with small scale farmers include body itches, cough, stomach ulcer (diarrhoea), eye problems, and respiratory problem. The same problems are recorded in the area where the multinational companies are located but higher and including frequent deaths which they attribute to witchcraft. iv Abrreviations ADI: Acceptable Daily Intake AFSSA: Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments AGRODEC CAM: Agricultural development Company Cameroon AU-ICC: Inter-African Phytosanitary Council of the African Union AVRDC World Vegetable Centre CARBAP: African Regional Centre for Research on Banana and plantains CCAP: Committee on Pesticides in Central Africa CCHD: Catholic Committee against Hunger and Development CDA: Controlled Drop Application CDC: Cameroon Development Cooperation CEMAC: Economic and Monetary Committee of Central African States CFR: Code of Federal Regulation CIA: Central Intelligence Agency DDT: Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane FAO: Food and Agricultural Organisation FFV: Fresh fruits and vegetables GAP: Good Agricultural Practices GDP: Gross Domestic Product ICPM: Integrated Crop and Pests Management IFSS: International Food Safety Standards IMF: International Monetary Fund IRAD: Institute for Agronomic Research ISO: International Organisation for Standardisation IUPAC: International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry MAC: Maximum Allowable Concentration MINADER: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development MINEF: Ministry of Environment and Forestry MRLs: Maximum Residue Limits v NGOs: Non-Governmental Organisations PHP: Penja Haut Plantation POPs: Persistent Organic Pollutants SAILD: Support Services to Grassroot Initiative of Development SOWEDA: South West Development Authority SPNP: Société des plantations nouvelles de Penja SPS: Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary SPSS: Statistical programme for Social Sciences UK: United Kingdom UN: United Nation US-EPA's: United State Environmental Protection Agency WHO: World Health Organisation vi Table of Contents Copyright ............................................................................................................................... i Dedication ............................................................................................................................ ii Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................... iii Abstract ............................................................................................................................... iv Abrreviations ........................................................................................................................ v Tables ................................................................................................................................... x Figures ................................................................................................................................. xi Chapter1. General Introduction ............................................................................................ 1 1.1 Advantages of the use of pesticides ....................................................................................... 3 1.2 Disadvantages of Pesticides .................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Problem Statement ................................................................................................................. 4 1.4 Objective of the study ............................................................................................................. 5 1.4.1 Overall Objective .............................................................................................................. 5 1.4.2 Specific objectives ............................................................................................................ 5 Chapter 2: Literature Review ..............................................................................................
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