A Case Study of Health Risk Estimate for Pesticide-Users of Fruits and Vegetable Farmers in Cameroon

Faculty of Bioscience Engineering

Academic year 2010 – 2011

A case study of health risk estimate for pesticide-users of fruits and vegetable farmers in Cameroon

Christopher Ndi AMUOH

Promoters: Dr. ir. Liesbeth Jaxcsen

Dr. ir. Pieter Spanoghe

Tutor: Ir. Ilse Delcour

Master’s dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Nutrition and Rural Development, Main subject: Human Nutrition

“All rights are reserved. The author, the promoters and the tutor permit the use of this Master’s Dissertation for consulting purposes and copying of parts for personal use. However, any other use falls under the limitations of copyright regulations, particularly the stringent obligation to explicitly mention the source when citing parts out of this Master’s dissertation”.

Ghent, June 2011

The Promoters

Dr. ir. Liesbeth Jaxcsen Dr. ir. Pieter Spanoghe

Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

The Tutor The Author

Ilse Delcour Christopher Ndi AMUOH

Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Dedication

This piece of work is entirely dedicated to the Amuoh and Achu’s family

Acknowledgement

This case study of Cameroon was carried out in five regions of Cameroon under the project VEGI-TRADE within the Department of Food Safety and Food Quality of the Faculty of Bioscience Engineering of the Ghent University.

My greatest thanks go to my promoters, Dr. ir. Liesbeth Jaxcsens, Dr. ir. Pieter Spanoghe for accepting, encouraging, guiding me and for their constructive criticisms on which this work is done. I am also very grateful to my tutor Ir. Ilse Delcour for the encouragement and her constructive criticism to this piece of work. My thanks also go to the coordinators and staff of the Department of Nutrition and Rural Development for guiding me through this study programme. I equally wish to extend my sincere thanks and gratitude to the staff and friends of Global Initiative for Sustainable development Programmes for their assistance in data collection and throughout my study period. I wish also to sincerely thank Mrs. Ndikontar Alice of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Cameroon, for her moral and material assistance. I will not forget my friends; Fonbah Cletus Chick, Atanga Wilson Nebafor, Tancho John Siabze and Fru Alfred Ngufor for their assistance in developing and administering the questions I am equally thankful to Mr. Njoh Wanduku Tembong of World Vegetable Centre Cameroon for providing me with documentation and necessary information about vegetable cultivation in Cameroon My warmest gratitude goes to my dear family; my mother Mary Amundam, my brothers and sisters; Amuoh Margeret N., Amuoh Juliana A., Amuoh Anthony S., Amuoh Florence A., Amuoh Pius N., Amuoh Fidelis T., Amuoh Martin F., Amuoh Patricia A., Amuoh Doris N. for their concern, moral support and prayers to the success of my studies. I am particularly very grateful to my beloved wife Anita Injoh Amuoh, my children; Amuoh Velma-Wendi Amundam, Amuoh McRollins Ngoh for their patience and prayers during this period spent in their absence. I will never forget the words of children “Dady, how is studies? How is life over there? Have you eating? When are you coming?”

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Abstract

The present study was carried out under the project Vegi-Trade and was aimed to estimate the health risk of vegetable farmers to pesticide users in Cameroon. The main objective of the study was to investigate the health risk due to pesticide use by small scale independent vegetable farmers and fruits farmers employed under multinational cooperation in Cameroon. The main types of vegetables and fruits produced in Cameroon, the percentage of farmers using chemical pesticides and the frequency and dosage of pesticides use were also investigated. The types, source of pesticides used and method of application of the available pesticides as compared to the recommended standard methods were equally analysed. Finally, common illnesses in the area which may be related to the use of pesticides were also analysed.

Developing countries, Cameroon inclusive rely on pesticides for agricultural production. Due to high temperatures coupled with high humidity of tropics, the pest and disease problems increase. The use of pesticides in the tropics has been highly pronounced due to standards for cosmetic quality in export markets for fresh fruits and vegetables. The use of pesticides in Cameroon was 100% sudsidized in the the 80s and 90s and this caused farmers to depend on chemical pesticides for agricultural production. A variety of fruits and vegetables are cultivated in Cameroon, many of which are of economic and regional importance but data is only available for few.

In Cameroon, the small scale farmers are most of the time left on their own. They rely on neighbouring cities and local dealers for pesticides and farm inputs. These farmers lack the necessary training to update their knowledge. It is easy to find farmers spraying without body covering, smoking, eating and drinking during spraying or using fake, adulterated and expired pesticides, using pesticides meant for cocoa or cotton on fruits and vegetables, and sometimes the equipment they use leak. Although the multinational companies use technological inputs, the workers are still exposed to pesticides during mixing and also when airplanes are used to spray the fields during working hours. A recent study conducted in Cameroon points out side usage of pesticides banned in other countries (chlordecone in the Caribbean). Common illnesses with small scale farmers include body itches, cough, stomach ulcer (diarrhoea), eye problems, and respiratory problem. The same problems are recorded in the area where the multinational companies are located but higher and including frequent deaths which they attribute to witchcraft.

Abrreviations

ADI: Acceptable Daily Intake AFSSA: Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments AGRODEC CAM: Agricultural development Company Cameroon AU-ICC: Inter-African Phytosanitary Council of the African Union AVRDC World Vegetable Centre CARBAP: African Regional Centre for Research on Banana and plantains CCAP: Committee on Pesticides in Central Africa CCHD: Catholic Committee against Hunger and Development CDA: Controlled Drop Application CDC: Cameroon Development Cooperation CEMAC: Economic and Monetary Committee of Central African States CFR: Code of Federal Regulation CIA: Central Intelligence Agency DDT: Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane FAO: Food and Agricultural Organisation FFV: Fresh fruits and vegetables GAP: Good Agricultural Practices GDP: Gross Domestic Product ICPM: Integrated Crop and Pests Management IFSS: International Food Safety Standards IMF: International Monetary Fund IRAD: Institute for Agronomic Research ISO: International Organisation for Standardisation IUPAC: International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry MAC: Maximum Allowable Concentration MINADER: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development MINEF: Ministry of Environment and Forestry MRLs: Maximum Residue Limits

NGOs: Non-Governmental Organisations PHP: Penja Haut Plantation POPs: Persistent Organic Pollutants SAILD: Support Services to Grassroot Initiative of Development SOWEDA: South West Development Authority SPNP: Société des plantations nouvelles de Penja SPS: Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary SPSS: Statistical programme for Social Sciences UK: United Kingdom UN: United Nation US-EPA's: United State Environmental Protection Agency WHO: World Health Organisation

Table of Contents

Copyright ...... i Dedication ...... ii Acknowledgement ...... iii Abstract ...... iv Abrreviations ...... v Tables ...... x Figures ...... xi Chapter1. General Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Advantages of the use of pesticides ...... 3 1.2 Disadvantages of Pesticides ...... 3 1.3 Problem Statement ...... 4 1.4 Objective of the study ...... 5 1.4.1 Overall Objective ...... 5 1.4.2 Specific objectives ...... 5 Chapter 2: Literature Review ...... 6 2.1 Overview of Vegetable Production and Pesticide Usage ...... 6 2.1.1 Major crops ...... 7 2.1.2 Total vegetable production ...... 8 2.2 Major vegetable diseases and pests ...... 10 2.3 Differences in farming between the small scale vegetable Farmers and Multinational Cooperation ...... 12 2.4 Pesticides usage and effects ...... 13 2.4.1Pesticide pollution ...... 15 2.5 Exposure to pesticides ...... 15 2.6 Application Techniques ...... 17 2.7 Toxicological aspect of pesticides ...... 18 2.7.1 Pesticides and pesticide residues ...... 18 vii

2.7.2 Toxicity of pesticides ...... 19 2.7.3 Acute toxicity ...... 19 2.7.4 Chronic effect of pesticides ...... 19 2.7.5 Health effects (see table 2.4) ...... 20 2.7.6 Other problems ...... 21 Chapter 3: Materials and Methods ...... 23 3.1 Development of questionnaire ...... 23 3.2 Selection of regions...... 23 3.3 Data Collection ...... 24 3.4 Administration of the questionnaires ...... 25 3.5 Data Analysis ...... 26 Chapter 4: Results, Discussion and Observations ...... 28 4.1 Results and Discussion ...... 28 4.1.1 Farm size ...... 28 4.1.2 Quantity Produced ...... 29 4.1.3 Pesticides used by farmers on fruits and vegetables in Cameroon ...... 31 4.1.4 Knowledge on pesticides and harm caused by certain pesticides ...... 35 4.1.5 Pesticide problems ...... 37 4.1.6 Measuring of pesticides ...... 38 4.1.7 Pesticide residue ...... 39 4.1.8 Illegal use of pesticides ...... 39 4.1.9 Pest and disease impact ...... 39 4.1.10 Food Consumption ...... 40 4.1.11 Food Preparation ...... 40 4.1.12 Climate change ...... 41 4.2 Observations ...... 41 4.2.1 Infrastructure for pesticide use in Cameroon ...... 44 4.2.2 Legal and institutional infrastructure ...... 45 4.2.3 Pesticide management and registration system ...... 45 4.2.4 Challenges for the Cameroonian Government ...... 45 Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation ...... 47 5.1 Conclusion ...... 47

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5.2 Recommendation ...... 48 5.2.1 Rational control methods against plant diseases ...... 48 5.2.2 Awareness / Training ...... 48 5.2.3 Use of pesticide application equipment ...... 49 5.2.4 Food Safety ...... 50 References ...... 51 Annexes Annex 1: Sample questions to the farmers (users of pesticides) Annexe 2: Sample questionnaire Pesticide Control body/Ministry of Agriculture Annexe 3: List of homologated Pesticides

Tables

Table 2.2: Some main cultivated Fruits and Vegetables in Cameroon ...... 9

Table 3.2: Cultivated Surface Area (Ha) and production (tonnes) of some major Vegetable

crops ...... 10

Table 2.4: A review of some major vegetable pests and diseases ...... 11

Table 2. 5: Toxicity categories for active ingredients...... 22

Table 3.1: Distribution of respondents per region ...... 26

Table 4.1: Preference for certain crops with respect to regions of the respondent ...... 28

Table 4.2: Pesticide used by farmers on fruits and vegetales in Cameroon ...... 32

Table 4.3: Variation in application frequency ...... 34

4.1.5.1 Small scale farms ...... 37

4.1.5 .2 Banana and multinational cooperation ...... 38

Table 4.4: Measuring of pesticide dosage to be sprayed ...... 38

Figures

Figure 3. 1: Map of Cameroon showing Regions and ecological zones ...... 24

Figure 4.1: Production of some major fruits and vegetables in the five regions of Cameroon 29

Figure 4.2: Carrots produced per unit surface area in Santa Mbei ...... 30

Figure 4.3: Tomatoes produced per unit surface area in Santa Mbei ...... 30

Figure 4. 4: Some vegetables and fruits cultivated in Cameroon ...... 31

Figure4. 5: Farmers' knowledge on pesticide ...... 35

Figure 4.6: Problems common to pesticide users ...... 37

Chapter1. General Introduction

According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF, 2010) report , Cameroon is an economic paradox with an incredible amount of natural resources including petroleum , timber , extremely favourable conditions for agriculture and mineral resources. Due to a lack of structural economic reforms, widespread corruption and lack of a clear vision and development strategy for the country, approximately 39.9% of Cameroonians live below the poverty line with less than 1$ per day. Approximately 41% of Cameroonians have access to drinking water, 40% of households have access to electricity and only 31.5% have access to a decent toilet. The country has a GDP per capital – Purchasing Power Parity of $2,300 (CIA, 2010)

Cameroon is situated in Central West Africa from latitude 3° to 13° north of the Equator. Geographically it is a West African country but politically it belongs to Central Africa (Neba and Aaron, 1999). The country shares its borders with Chad, Central African Republic, Congo, Gabon, Equatoria Guinea and Nigeria. It has a range of agro-ecological zones, from dry desert areas in the north to equatorial rain forest in the south. These zones are namely: the Soudano-Sahelian zone (Maroua, Garoua), the High Guinea Savannah zone (Wakwa – Ngaoundéré), the Western High plateau zone (Bambui – Mankon), the Humid Forest Monomodal zone (Ekona) and the Humid Forest Bimodal zone (Nkol bisson – Yaoundé) which all account for the cultivation of varied crop types (see figure 3.1). The country has a surface area of 475,440 km², with a population of 19,521,645(WB, 2009). Cameroon is subdivided into 10 regions, two of them are English speaking and 8 are French speaking. The official languages are English and French (http://fita.org/countries/cameroon.html?ma_rubrique=panorama ). There are more than 260 local African languages spoken in Cameroon.

Climatically, Cameroon is hot and dry (November to February), rainy in October with temperatures ranging from 22 °C to 29 °C in the South. In the North, there are varying temperatures which sometimes exceed 40°C. The Adamawa plateau experiences a sharp drop

in temperatures at night with rainy season from May-Oct while the Grassland inland areas are much cooler than the Coast with regular rainfall (country ref. December, 2009). The rainfall varies from area to area from 380-600mm annually in the semi-arid north regions, 1500mm in Adamaoua highland, 2500-4000mm along the coast and reaching 10000mm of rain along the western slopes of Mount Cameroon, where abundant rain falls almost throughout the year (Neba A., 2010).

The economy of Cameroon relies principally on agriculture with about 75% of the active population involved in agricultural production which accounts for approximately 50% of total exports (Wolfgang G., 1997). The country has a great agricultural potential with the climate ranging from humid to semi-arid. In 1972, through the Cameroon Green Revolution that was launched in Buea, the government encouraged mono-cropping with the use of chemical inputs, subsidizing up to 65% and 100% of the cost of fertilizer and pesticides respectively. With the government subsidies and credit, many farmers shifted towards export crop production and agriculture became heavily dependent on external inputs like fertilizers and pesticides. (Wolfgang G., 1997).

Cameroon is the bread basket for the West and Central African regions in terms of food production. Significant proportions of the population depend on the production of fruits and vegetables for their livelihood. Majority of the fruits and vegetables produced in Cameroon are exported to neighbouring countries of Central and West Africa, Europe and America, Bananas, cabbages, lettuces for example are exported to Europe fresh. Top vegetables cultivated include: onion, tomatoes, cabbages, carrots, Irish potatoes, leeks, celery, parsley, green beans, pepper, water melon, okra, lettuce and cucumbers. Top fruits cultivated in Cameroon include: bananas, oranges, papaw (papaya), pineapples, plums, mangoes, pears, sugarcanes. Though the country has fertile soils, the agricultural sector still face some major constrains like; inappropriate farming techniques, poor availability of pesticides/equipment, lack of safety precautions, absence of effective control measures on Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs), and absence of government regulatory role on pesticide control. The use of pesticides for effective pest control is generating a lot of public health and environmental concern.

1.1 Advantages of the use of pesticides The use of agrochemicals is both beneficial and harmful. Beneficial effects are associated with increased plant yields, an increase in animal crops and less spoilage during storage. Agrochemicals combined with genetically improved varieties of crop species have contributed positively to the successes of the “green revolution” that has helped to increase food supply to the rapidly increasing world population. As an example, rice is the main staple food for millions of people worldwide. Negatively, agrochemicals (pesticides) have produced contamination which involves the widespread presence of pesticide residues in virtually all wildlife, well water, and food and even in humans. Some people believe that residues of some of the chemicals used in animal husbandry ends up as a problem, for example traces of antibiotics and bovine growth hormones in consumer products like meat or milk (Fernando P. and Carvalho, 2005)

According to Wiki Answers,: pesticides are an economical way of controlling pests. The use of pesticides requires low labour input and large areas can be effectively treated within the shortest possible time. In 2004, Dini et al. pointed out that there is four-fold return on every dollar a farmer spends on pesticides. A suitable pesticide is available for almost all pest problems with variation in type, activity and persistence.

Using pesticides will reduce diseases and increase food production with a higher supply and variety of high quality products at reasonable prices (Wiki Answers). Nutritious free food, that is foods that are free of pesticides or disease causing agents, and flowers that have not been damaged by pests cannot be obtained without the use of pesticides. Pesticides are often used to stop the spread of pests in imports and exports, preventing weeds in gardens and protecting house and furniture from destruction (Wiki Answers).

1.2 Disadvantages of Pesticides The above website equally indicates the following disadvantages: the use of some pesticides will lead to reduction of beneficial species such as bees, birds, soil and aquatic organisms, applying chemicals on fields can affect animals which interact with the targeted pests. The reduction in these other organisms can result in changes in the biodiversity of an area and affect natural biological balances. 3

Pesticides can affect other areas during application and can cause severe problems in different crops, livestock, waterways and the general environment, wildlife and fish are the most affected. Taking special note of weather conditions can reduce drift.

The use of pesticides may lead to residues in human food. This can either be by direct application onto the food, or by bio-magnification along the food line. Not all levels are undesirable but unnecessary and dangerous levels must be avoided through good agricultural practice.

Persistent use of products in agricultural areas can lead to chemicals reaching the underground aquifers causing ground water contamination. When the same pesticides are overused, the targeted pest can develop resistance to the pesticide. Excessive exposure to pesticides without safe handling procedures and wearing of protective clothing can lead to poisoning. Poisoning risks depend on dose, toxicity, duration of exposure and sensitivity.

Farmers and farm-workers can get exposed to pesticides through four primary routes namely ingestion, inhalation, dermal absorption, and absorption through the eyes. Individuals in a farm situation can get exposed to pesticides in various ways (Okello J.J. and Swinton S.M., 2010). These include entry into freshly sprayed fields, eating while spraying pesticides, skin contact with liquid, powder or aerosol forms of pesticides, eating contaminated foods, eating unwashed products. Exposure to toxic pesticides can result in health hazards in the form of acute or chronic illnesses (Maumbe B.M. and Swinton S.M., 2003).

1.3 Problem Statement The use of pesticides for effective pest control is regulated in a way that the safety limits are not reached when applying according to the good agricultural practices (GAP). Environmental contamination, water contamination, air pollution, aquatic habitat as well as human health are endangered due to sources of the pesticides, poor equipment, lack of safety measures, and wrong dosage of pesticides, pesticide misuse, poor extension services and the absence of strong policies regulation of the pesticide.

1.4 Objective of the study

1.4.1 Overall Objective

The overall objective of the study is to investigate the health risk due to pesticide use by small scale independent vegetable farmers and fruits farmers employed under multinational cooperation in Cameroon.

1.4.2 Specific objectives

• To determine the main types of vegetables and fruits produced in Cameroon, the percentage of farmers using chemical pesticides and the frequency and dosage of pesticides use; • To determine the types, the source of pesticides used and method of application of the available pesticides compared to the recommended standard methods; • To determine the common illnesses in the area which maybe related to the use of pesticides; • To assess the policies in place with regards to pesticides application and make comparison between the existing policies with the recommended standard policies and then possibly make some recommendations.

Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 Overview of Vegetable Production and Pesticide Usage In order to produce for international markets, developing country farmers rely on pesticides for agricultural production (Maumbe B. M. & Swinton S.M., 2003). High temperatures coupled with high humidity of tropical climates exacerbate the pest and disease problems

(Okello J.J., 2005). The use of pesticides in the tropics has been highly pronounced due to standards for cosmetic quality in export markets for fresh fruits and vegetables. Many developing countries seeking to diversify their production from staples to high value commodities have made improvements in production and export of fresh produce. Growth has especially been greatest in the fresh fruits and vegetables (FFV) and in the flower subsectors.

In the 1980s and 1990s due to fall in the prices of coffee and cocoa, most African country farmers embarked on the cultivation and exports of FFV with most of these destined to

Europe (with UK, Holland, Germany, and Italy being the leading importers) (Okello J.J. et al. ,

2010). As is the case with the Kenyan Green bean sector, the strong expansion in green bean exports is largely targeted at European consumers who demand aesthetic quality attributes such as spotlessness that generally encourage increased use of pesticides (Farina. E and

Reardon T, 2000). The demand for cosmetic quality attributes (color, shape, spotlessness) has been held responsible for increasing pesticide use in the production of fresh exports from developing countries. Ohayo- Mitoko, 1997 documents cases of widespread use of pesticides in Asia and Kenya respectively. Excessive use of pesticides in Kenyan horticultural industry has also been reported (Mwanthi M. and Kimani V., 1990; Okado M., 2001 and Jaffee S.,

2003). These studies suggest that many Kenyan fresh export vegetable farmers used pesticides indiscriminately, in some cases, applying pesticides meant for other crops (such as coffee) on

fresh vegetables. As a result of the abusive use of pesticides and its effect on human health and the environment, developing countries governments have revised their pesticide residue standards. This standard is aimed at introducing a new order in the use of pesticides for the production of fruits and vegetables destined for developed countries. According to standards by International Food Safety Standards (IFSS), only pesticides that are safe to farmers and farm-workers, other non-target species and the consumers should be used in production of vegetables for exports. However, the safer pesticides are often either more expensive or less efficacious (Jaffee S., 2003). The same standards points to the fact that farmers and pesticide users are required, under International Food Safety Standards (IFSS), to handle, apply and discard leftover pesticides safely in order to reduce the hazards they pose to non-target animals, themselves and plant species. These requirements are reinforced by farmer training on safe use, storage and disposal of pesticides and enforced via close monitoring for compliance. According to African analysts “the expected benefits to European consumers would impose unacceptable costs on African producers, especially smallholders and hence, the welfare effects of African producers” (Mungai N., 2004). The compliance with European

IFSS has been a subject of intense debate.

2.1.1 Major crops

A non exhaustive literature review (Tankou C., 1996; SAILD, 1998; SAILD, 2001) showed that the main categories of vegetables cultivated in Cameroon comprise of root, bulb, leafy and fruit vegetables. Root vegetables include carrot, beet root and potato. Onion and garlic are the major bulb vegetables whereas major leafy vegetables include huckleberry, amaranth, cabbage, bush okra, lettuce, parsley, celery, leeks. Other major vegetables grown in Cameroon include pepper (sweet and hot), green beans, tomatoes, garden egg, okra, and sweet melon, cucurbits, cucumber and water melon.

2.1.2 Total vegetable production

Out of the list in table 2.1, 20 vegetables and fruits are of economic and regional importance as reported by Kouamé C., (2007), for the humid zone of West and Central Africa: These are illustrated in table 2.4. According to the same source, literature of their total production and cultivated surface area was available only for five, namely, egusi, okra, onion, hot pepper and tomato.

Table 2.1: Some main cultivated Fruits and Vegetables in Cameroon Count Scientific Name English French 1 Allium cepa onion oignon 2 Allium porrum leeks poireaux 3 Allium sativum garlic ail 4 Amaranthus hybridus amaranthus amaranthe 5 Apium graveolens celery celeri 6 Brassica oleracea cabbage choux 7 Capsicum annuum sweet pepper poivron 8 Capsicum frutescens hot pepper piment 9 Citrullus vulgaris water melon pastèque 10 Corchorus olitorius bush okra corette portagère 11 Cucumis mani egusi, gourd pistache 12 Cucumis sativus cucumber concombre 13 Cucumis melo sweet melon melon 14 Curcurbita moschata pumpkin citrouille 15 Daucus carota carrot carotte 16 Hibiscus esculentus okra gombo 17 Lactuca sativa lettuce Laitue 18 Lycopersicon esculenttum tomato tomate 19 Petroselinum sativum parsley Persil 20 Phaseolus vulgaris green bean haricot vert 21 Solanum melongena garden egg aubergine 22 Solanum nigrum huckleberry morelle 23 Solanum tuberosum irish potato pomme de terre 24 Musa spp banana banane 25 Carica papaya L pawpaw papaye 26 Ananas comosus L. pineapple ananas 27 Persea americana Miller Avocado Avocat 28 Citrus sinensis orange orange 29 Mangifera indica mango mangue

Source: (Kouamé C., 2007; Fontem D., 1991)

Table 2.2: Cultivated Surface Area (Ha) and production (tonnes) of some major Vegetable crops Vegetable Egusi/Concombre Okra/ Onion/ Hot pepper/ Tomatoes Year Gombo Oignon Piment SA (ha) 101412 28230 6420 4968 23597 2001 PROD(t) 124686 33320 68655 6685 380039 SA (ha) 98095 32990 7383 5507 28788 2002 PROD(t) 127429 34120 70303 7287 389160 SA (ha) 121887 38553 8491 6104 35122 2003 PROD(t) 122306 34938 71990 7942 398500 SA (ha) 115214 45054 9764 6765 42849 2004 PROD(t) 124997 35777 73718 8657 408064 SA (ha) 108541 51555 11037 7426 50576 2005 PROD(t) 12774 3663 7548 943 41785

Source: (IRAD, 2007)

The review showed that at each year from 2001 to 2005, tomatoes recorded the highest production, followed by egusi then onion, okra and lastly by pepper. However, the tendency was different for the cultivated area, with egusi occupying the widest area for each subsequent year from 2001, followed by okra, then tomatoes, onions and lastly by pepper.

2.2 Major vegetable diseases and pests A study conducted on some of the major fruits and vegetales (Fontem D., 1991; Tankou C., 1996; SAILD, 1998; SAILD, 2001; Nounamo et al ., 2005; Djiéto-Lordon and Aléné C., 2006,) reveals the following diseases and pests shown in table 3.

Table 2.3: A review of some major vegetable pests and diseases No. Vegetable Major diseases Major pest 1 Tomato Bacteria wilt, early blight, late blight, Leaf miners, mites, corn earthworm, root- damping off, mosaic virus knot nematode 2 Onion Pink root, downy mildew, neck root, soft Red spider, onion thrips, pea leaf miner rot, yellow dwarf, smut larvae, cutworms, nematodes, wireworms, onion maggots 3 Cabbage Stemphylium, diverse rots, damping-off Cutworms, aphids, cabbage moth (Mamestra (Barathra) brassicae), slugs, caterpillars 4 Sweet Mildew, cercospora leaf spot, Flee beetles, cutworms, aphids, vegetable pepper phytopthora blight, fusarium wilt, weevil, caterpillars, grasshoppers, pepper anthracnose, ripe rot, tobacco mosaic maggots, leaf miners virus, cucumber mosaic virus, gal formations 5 Hot pepper Anthracnose, die-back, mosaic virus Ants, cératite (Mediterranean fly) 6 Bush okra Wilt Sweet potato butterfly, root-knot nematode, cotton leafworm 7 Egusi, Oidium (Erysiphe cichoracearum), Nematode, mites, aphids, thrips gourd sclerotinia (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp), cercospora, virus, mildew 8 Okra Leaf spot, powdery mildew, dry rot Melon aphids, cotton stainer, corn earworm, root-knot nematode, flea beetle, jassides 9 Green Wet rot of leaves, damping of seedlings Leaf miner, cutworms, nematodes 10 Garden egg Bacterial wilt Flea beetles 11 Huckleberry Late blight, yellow vein clearing, viral Cutworms, ants disease 12 leeks Leaf miners, mites, corn earthworm,, root- knot nematode 13 banana Antracnose, Crown rot, Sigatoka disease Colletotrichum musae , Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Botryodiplodia theobromae ), Ceratocystis paradoxa , Colletotrichum musae , Fusarium pallidoroseum, Verticillium theobromae, Mycosphaerella musicola and Mycosphaerella fijiensis 14 pawpaw Antracnose, Phytophthora rot, Stem end Glomerella cingulata , Phytophthora rots palmivora, Mycosphaerella caricae 15 avocados Anthracnose/black spot, Stem end rots, Glomerella cingulata ,Lasiodiplodia (Botriodiplodia) theobromae, Phomopsis perseae, Dothiorella 16 pineapple black rot (soft rot/stem-end rot/water rot), Ceratocystis paradoxa , Gibberella fujikuroi, Fruitlet core rot (brown rot/black rot/eye Fusarium moniliforme , Penicillium rot/black spot) funiculosum, Pseudomonas ananas . Source: Kouame C, 2007

2.3 Differences in farming between the small scale vegetable Farmers and Multinational Cooperation Small scale farmers cultivate smaller farm sizes e.g. 2-5ha depending on the available incomes. They rely in family labour for work in the farmers. They equally rely on neighbouring cities, countries and local dealers (resellers) for pesticides and other farm inputs. They do not undertake frequent trainings to update their knowledge on new farming techniques but depend on trials and friends for advice on pesticides.

For a multinational cooperation, there is high investment in capital, employed labour force and high technological input in terms of pesticide application and farm management. These companies include Delmonte Banana, Dole, SPNP, PHP, CDC and many others involve with banana production and export. Others such as Camfarmers group, Dole Food inc, SOWEDA Farmers, AGRODEC CAM, Pago Group, Export Commifas, Afro investment plc, Salvation Food company, CDC Belmonte, Delmonte Younga Dedacus, Cameroon Development Cooperation (CDC) and many others export fresh fruits and vegetables from Cameroon to other parts of the world more specifically to west and central Africa, Europe and parts of Asia.

With regards to banana production, Cameroon and Ivory Coast have the same production with both countries producing about 250 - 300 x 10 3 tons of bananas yearly and exporting it to the European Union (EU). In Ivory Coast, most bananas are produced on 65 small farms occupying 5500 hectares of land while in Cameroon, banana is produced by multinationals who are established as important producers and who control the export trade (Arias et al, 2004). The Catholic Committee for the fight against Hunger and under development (CCHD) and Oxfam- Agirici, in a recent report, classifies the Penja Haute Plantation (PHP) among the most “unscrupulous” companies that exist. The accusations are expropriation of land to the detriment of local farmers through dubious if not illegal means, poor working conditions for its 600 employees some of who work for as much as 15 hours a day without compensation, lack of freedom to form unions and wrongful dismissals (Pigeaud F., 2009).

The same report equally points out the fact that the inhabitants complain of pollution caused by fungicides and pesticides (chlordecone) used by the banana companies, some of which have recently been banned by the EU because they pose a health hazard. As indicated by the report, the inhabitants complained of water pollution “Our river, our only source of water is polluted” says the inhabitant of a hamlet located near Njombe. Most of the pesticides are sprayed by airplanes which are easily inhaled by the inhabitants. From a report confirmed by health officials, the most common diseases after malaria are respiratory diseases and skin disorders, two health problems associated with the use of chemical substances. Many witnesses also refer to the high number of cancers as proof of that.

2.4 Pesticides usage and effects Pesticides are used to reduce the abundance of pest species and diseases in agriculture. Unfortunately during application, the exposure of non-target organisms, including humans is not well controlled. This is especially the case when fields are sprayed, for example when using application equipment drawn by a tractor or mounted on airplanes. This occurs on the treated site and also on nearby off-sites as a result of "drift", volitalization, contacts, and runoffs or washed off by rain of the sprayed agrochemical. The non-target exposures result in many unnecessary poisonings and deaths of organisms that are not agricultural pests. Persistent pesticides such as DDT, dieldrin and aldrin cause a widespread environmental contamination (Spearks et al . 2002).

In the 1960s, DDT was used for preventing many fish-eating birds from reproducing , which was a serious threat to biodiversity. The agricultural use of DDT is now banned under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, but it is still used in some developing nations including Cameroon to prevent malaria and other tropical diseases by spraying on interior walls to kill or repel mosquitoes. DDT was used in 1960 for household uses in public health. Build up of resistance to it has been noted in the southern area of Cameroon (Gimou M. et al , 1997).

Massive doses of DDT were used in anti-vector control in the Sanaga basin. This has resulted in insects acquiring resistance to the pesticide (DDT) (Publication, 1985). At the present time only pyrethrum is used for larvae control.

According to the same report, in 1989, an anti-mosquito insecticide distributed in Cameroon was banned as it contained DDT. The report also stated that Dieldrin has been used in agriculture for cotton in the north of Cameroon up to 1978. This use has given rise to resistance on the part of the insects, in particular the Anopheles mosquito. This is a difficult resistance to overcome since it also gives the insect resistance to other pesticides such as pyrethroids. Effective pyrethroids are currently in use.

A more recent study: ”Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on the Cameroon Estuary Mangrove Ecosystem” (MINEF, 1991) in the middle of the Gulf of Guinea, shows a significant pollution by pesticides classified as persistent organic pollutants. This pollution is of municipal origin (towns that are heavily populated and industrialized), and from agriculture (mechanized agriculture) and petroleum refineries, and it affects marine products in that they end up in rivers, lakes and streams.

As a very broad field, pesticide exposure assessment is very complex and challenging. There are many but highly variable routes through which exposures occur. Professional training in the field of hygiene and exposure assessment can improve the scientific capabilities of researchers and public health officials responsible for evaluating and controlling pesticide exposures (Franklin & Worgan, 2005).

Reynolds J., 1997, pointed outed out that pesticide use can have unintended effects on the environment, air, water, soil, plants, animals, birds, amphibians, aquatic life and humans. Approximately 98% of all insecticides and 95% of herbicides that are sprayed do not reach the target destination (Nathalie van H, December 2007). They reach non-target specie by pesticide drift which occurs when pesticides suspended in air as particles are carried by wind to other areas potentially polluting them, water pollution, bottom sediments, and food. Pesticides contaminate land and water when it escapes from production sites and storage tanks, when it runs off from fields, when it is discarded, when it is sprayed aerially and when it is sprayed into water to kill algae. Some pesticides are persistent organic pollutants and contribute to soil contamination. Example is vinyl chloride that can cause cancer. Some pesticides contribute to global warming and the depletion of the ozone layer (Globalshiksha, 2010).

2.4.1Pesticide pollution

Pesticide use reduces biodiversity and nitrogen fixation, contributes to decrease in pollinators, destroys habitats (especially for birds) and threatens endangered species. Pests can develop resistance to the pesticide (pesticide resistance), necessitating a new pesticide. Alternatively, a greater dose of the pesticide can be used to counteract the resistance, although this will cause a worsening of the ambient pollution problem.

Appelgren (FAO, 1994b) reports for Lithuania that while pesticide pollution has diminished due to economic factors, water pollution by pesticides is often caused by inadequate storage and distribution of agrochemicals. In the United States, the US-EPA's National Pesticide Survey found out that the 10.4% of community wells and 4.2% of rural wells contained detectable levels of one or more pesticides (US-EPA, 1992). In a study of groundwater wells in agricultural south western Ontario (Canada), 35% of the wells tested positive for pesticides on at least one occasion (Lampman W., 1995).

Use of pesticides in developing countries is extremely variable, from nil in large in parts of Africa, to extremely heavy dosage in intensive agricultural areas of Brazil and plantations of Central America. In their review of the limited research literature on pesticide use and impacts in Africa, (Calamari and Naeve, 1994) conclude that, "The concentrations found in various aquatic compartments, with few exceptions are lower than in other parts of the world, in particular in developed countries which have a longer history of high pesticide consumption and intense use. Generally, the coastal waters, sediments and biota are less contaminated than inland water environmental compartments, with the exception of a few hot spots."

2.5 Exposure to pesticides According to a publication titled “impact of pesticide use on health in developing countries (IDRC, 1993 )”, the World Health Organisation (WHO, 1986), estimated that millions of people were being poisoned annually with about 20,000 cases resulting in death. Much of the problem came from the toxicity of the pesticides used by many small-scale farmers, without adequate knowledge and failing to adequately protect themselves during pesticide applications. Pesticide application causes serious health problems but blames are usually laid on pesticides without considering the way the pesticides are applied.

According to the Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO, 22 September 2004), in a report titled “pest control in cut flowers" many problems related to pesticide usage including environmental, air, water, soil and health.

A survey of pesticide application in Cameroon conducted by Matthews G., 2003, raises growing concern about various reports of illnesses associated with pesticide users (linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve).

In 1993, Mamat et al. a expressed concern about the design of a lever-operated sprayer and listed specific features, which increase the risk of direct physical harm as well as the health hazards due to exposure to the pesticide sprays. The following factors needed serious attention: leakages, design of the spray lance, tank weight, and sharp edges on the size of filler opening due to wornout, sprayer tank, and narrow straps of unsuitable material. During the preparation of the spray and also by holding the trigger valve on the lance, the hands are particularly exposed to the spray.

According to Oerke and Dehne, 2004, the average use of pesticides by arable land is estimated at $ 10/ha. Farmers also fight against diseases affecting crops by using multiple products indiscriminately to the extent without sufficiently being aware and trained on the correct choice of pesticides use (Matthews G., 2003). This is the case in Njombe where growers are particularly obliged to use pesticides to protect their crops. This could eventually have an impact on health if they remain ignorant of its risk and adequate measures are not taken to prevent or limit contamination.

Meijden, 1998, conducted a study on pesticide applications in cocoa farms and found out that “generally, farmers do not wear any protective materials at all, no matter what pesticide is being applied. Farmers scarcely follow precautionary measures as they are found eating, smoking or drinking in-between spraying activities. The left over pesticides and empty containers are not properly disposed as the containers are sometimes washed and used for domestic purposes”.

According to a World Bank report, 1996 on Cameroon, industrial wastes in general are not treated before disposal. Concentrations of other Pops (such as Lindane, Aldrin and Dieldrin) have been identified in coastal aquatic environments. Fore example, 209 mg/kg of Lidane has 16

been detected in some fish species. In addition to environmental pollution, occupational health safety problems such as cuts, sprains and strains, or amputations, vision problems and even blindness, illness caused by breathing, touching or ingestion of unsafe substances

Illnesses caused by breathing, touching or ingesting unsafe substance have been recorded with the use of DDT. In the case of DDT, three farmers are known to have been poisoned to death by DDT in 1985 (consulted from the internet 2011).

2.6 Application Techniques A survey conducted in the three northern regions of Cameroon on pesticide use (Matthews G. Wiles et al, 2003), indicated that the “lever-operated knapsack sprayers are the most widely used type of equipment, while the CDA rotary atomiser sprayers are mostly used in the drier areas especially on cotton where water availability is less. Other types of sprayers used, include the hand carried thermal foggers and motorised knapsack mist-blowers on vegetables and other crops. Various problems with the equipment caused leakage on operators who generally did not wear protective clothing”.

The use of fertilizers and pesticides to protect crops against pests and diseases has become more massive, especially in industrial plantations of dessert bananas since diseases like Black Sigatoka have become resistant to some pesticides. Mathews, 2003, confirmed that the increased damage caused by plant diseases has led to a more intensive use (7 sprays per month to 40 monthly demonstrating) of pesticides by companies producing, cocoa, coffee, cotton, oil palm, plantains and vegetable crops

It is very essential to calibrate sprayers even when they are in perfect working conditions. Calibration of sprayers is a major topic proposed and taught in research and training institutions, but is hardly done practically, resulting in the use of wrong dosaged pesticides. The spraying of cocoa farms with an overdose of pesticides will result in farmers incurring huge financial losses due to wastage and phyto-toxicity, which will decrease the yield. However, the major risk of overdose or under-dose is the increased likelihood for the pests to develop resistance against pesticides, which can have devastating large-scale effects on cocoa production (Meijden, 1998).

There is a very strong evidence of poor pesticide education and misuse in Nigeria, for instance a situation where over dosage for the purpose of effecting rapid kill of crop pests is common among government trained, or agency trained and assisted small-scale farmers (Ivbijaro, 1998). Similar trends can be seen with farmers in Cameroon. In another report, it is also noticed that farmers sometimes use the pesticides for purposes different from what the pesticides were intended for (Ivbijaro, 1977; Youdeowei, 1989; Ivbijaro, 1990, 1998) example: i) Lindane formerly used for the control of cocoa mirids is poured into rivers, lakes and streams to kill fish, which is then sold for human consumption, ii) In the absence of insect pest occurrence, there is mixing of fungicides and insecticides together during fungicide application period to reduce workload of spraying each differently, iii) Spraying Gamalin 20EC on drying cocoa beans to prevent moulds and maggot development, iv) Careless disposal of expired pesticides and use of pesticide containers for domestic purposes.

2.7 Toxicological aspect of pesticides

2.7.1 Pesticides and pesticide residues

A Pesticide is defined as strictly a substance intended to kill pests: in common usage, any substance used for controlling, preventing, or destroying animal, microbiological or plant pests (fungicide, herbicide, insecticide) (IUPAC, 1993).

Residues are substances which are not deliberately added to a foodstuff but are present in it as a direct consequence of treatments during production (including primary production), due to migration from materials and products coming into contact with foods for example residues of veterinary drugs, pesticides, disinfection agents, migration residues). The term "residues" signifies the amount of active ingredient or any toxic substance or its derivative thereof

contained in food, or existing on its surface during harvesting or consumption ( De Meulenaer B., 2009 course notes Food chemistry, unpublished)

A pesticide residue is any substance or mixture of substances in food or feed resulting from the use of a pesticide and including any specified derivatives, such as degradation and conversion products, metabolites, reaction products and impurities considered to be of toxicological significance (IUPAC, 1993).

2.7.2 Toxicity of pesticides

A toxic substance is any substance that is able to cause injury to living organisms as a result of physicochemical interaction (IUPAC, 1993).

The IUPAC, 1993 defines toxic dose as the amount of a substance that may be expected to produce a toxic effect.

Toxicity is defined as the capacity to cause injury to a living organism defined with reference to the quantity of substance administered or absorbed, the way in which the substance is administered (inhalation, ingestion, topical application, injection) and distributed in time (single or repeated doses), the type and severity of injury, the time needed to produce the injury, the nature of the organism(s) affected and other relevant conditions (IUPAC, 1993).

2.7.3 Acute toxicity

Adverse effects occurring within a short time (usually up to 14 days) after administration of a single dose (or exposure to a given concentration) of a test substance or after multiple doses (exposures), usually within 24 h. It can also be defined as the ability of a substance to cause adverse effects within a short time of exposure (IUPAC, 1993).

2.7.4 Chronic effect of pesticides

This occurs after long-term absorption of repeated small doses of product after months or even after several years of accumulation of poison. In order to protect consumers against the risk of poisoning from product residues present in food, toxicology studies have been designed. Pesticide tolerance is calculated according to the acceptable daily intake (ADI) by dividing by 100 the doses of each product without effect estimated from the toxicological 19

experiments. In diets, we refer to ADI and at workplaces we refer to maximum allowable concentration in the atmosphere (MAC) calculated for a maximum of 40 hours (IUPAC, 1997).

2.7.5 Health effects (see table 2.4)

The WHO defines health as the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1948) consulted in 2011.

In another definition by WHO, 1978b, health is the state of dynamic balance in which an individual's or a group's capacity to cope with the circumstances of living is at an optimal level.

According to Wayne Sinclair, 1988 , there are strong suspicions about the role of pesticides in the development of chronic diseases (cancer, neurological disorders, and reproductive disorders). Pesticides may cause acute and delayed health effects to those exposed to it. There are a variety of adverse health effects with regards to pesticide exposure which can range from simple irritation of the skin and eyes to much more severe effects on the nervous system, mimicking hormones causing reproductive problems, and also causing cancer.

Exposure to high levels of many pesticides has both acute and long-term neurologic consequences, but little is known about the neurotoxicity of chronic exposure to moderate levels of pesticides. (Kamel et al , 1997).

Other negative consequences from pesticide exposure include: birth defects, foetal death, and neuro-developmental disorder (Alarcon et al, 2005).

Long-term effects of low-dose pesticide exposure create a problem of uncertainty, especially with children (Alavanja et al , 2005)

Estimates from the World Health Organization and the UN Environment Programme indicate that yearly a total of three million workers in agriculture in the developing world experience severe poisoning from pesticides and about 18,000 of them die. In a study conducted by WHO, as many as 25 million workers in developing countries may suffer mild pesticide poisoning yearly (FAO and UN, 2002).

Childhood leukaemia defined as a biologically diverse disease, can be contracted by many different pathways. In 2003–2010 a recent study by Winston C., 2010, showed that there is a link between heavy pesticide use in rural areas and incidence of childhood leukaemia.

A study conducted WHO, Gunnell D. et al , (2007), reports that approximately 300,000 people die from self-harm each year in the Asia-Pacific region alone. It is considered one of the most common forms of self-injury in the Global South. Most cases of intentional pesticide poisoning appear to be impulsive acts undertaken during stressful events and the availability of pesticides strongly influences the incidence of self poisoning. Pesticide self-poisoning according to the report, was found to be the method of choice in one third of suicides worldwide, and the study recommended, among other things, more restrictions on the types of pesticides that are most harmful to humans.

Adverse effects of pesticides on the health of farm workers has been reported in other tropical countries (Aguilar et al ., 1993; Lum et al ., 1993; Mwanthi and Kimani, 1993, Harris, 2000) emphasizing the role of the Inter-African Phyto-Sanitary Council in disseminating the knowledge gained in Cameroon to other African countries.

A recent report on the use of pesticides in banana plantations in Cameroon (Fanny PIGEAUD, May 2009; AFSSA, 2007)) showed that a powerful insecticide (chlordecone), has been used most especially in Njombe. This insecticide may have possible effects on food crops grown in the area and sold as far as Yaounde, the capital, the central African regions and to Europe This very toxic substance, had been banned in the Caribbean because it was not approved for use by France, but has been sprayed in Njombe recently and this may result in disastrous consequences to the most consumed mineral water source located in the area.

2.7.6 Other problems

Extension services in Cameroon are limited in terms of poor staffing and mobility and. As pointed out by Meijden, 1998, extension staff in Nigeria generally lack support, they are poorly trained in pesticide management, they lack motivation, and there is hardly any follow- up. The same scenario in Cameroon... .

The Cameroon government does not control the regulation of pesticides well. The effective control of pesticides in the West-African sub-region remains poor and seriously hampered by several factors including lack of proper legislative authority, shortage of personnel in pesticide regulatory procedures, lack of infrastructure, transportation, equipment and materials, very low budgetary allocation of operating funds, lack of formulation control and pesticide residue analysis facilities and capabilities (Youdeowei, 1989).

As pesticides used now have been through rigorous testing, most health problems come from misuse, abuse or overuse. The pesticides are poorly available and come from variable sources. It is easy to find cases of fake, adulterated and banned pesticides (obsolete stocks) still being sold on the local markets (Auwal-Ahmad et al, 2008).

Table 2. 4: Toxicity categories for active ingredients. Toxicity Category Routes of Exposure I II III IV Oral LD50 Up to and Including 50–500mg/kg 500–5,00 mg/kg > 5,000 mg/kg 50 mg/kg Inhalation LC50 Up to and including 0.2–2mg/l 2–20 mg/l > 20 mg/l 0.2mg/l Dermal LD50 Up to and including 200–2,000 mg/kg 2,000–20,000mg/kg > 20,000 mg/kg 200mg/kg Eye Effects Corrosive corneal Corneal opacity No corneal opacity; No irritation opacity not reversible within 7 irritation reversible reversible within 7 days; irritation within 7 days days persisting for 7 days Skin Effects Corrosive Severe irritation at Moderate irritation at Mild or slight 72 hours 72 hours irritation at 72 hours Signal Word DANGER/ POISON WARNING CAUTION CAUTION

Source: Adapted from 40 CFR Part 156

Chapter 3: Materials and Methods

3.1 Development of questionnaire Two separate but similar questionnaires comprising 8 major questions each and many variables (annexes 1 and 2) were developed based on literature study and expert dissertation. One of the questionnaires was designed for the users of pesticides (farmers) and the other for the authorities (Pesticide control bodies) like the ministry of agriculture, resellers of pesticides, pesticide manufacturing agencies and NGOs. The questionnaires were in-depth, structured and semi-structured and were used to ensure consistency and to allow every informant to expand his or her thinking, explore and generate ideas on pesticide use by fruits and vegetable farmers in four regions in Cameroon. Interview questions were developed and pilot-tested by using participant observation and 2 focus group discussions among a group of farmers of different sexes and ages from a rural area in Buea Cameroon.

3.2 Selection of regions Generally, Cameroon has five ecological zones namely: the (soudano-sahelian zone Maroua - Garoua), the high guinea savannah zone (Wakwa – Ngaoundéré), the western high plateau zone (Bambui – Mankon), the humid forest Unimodal zone (Ekona) and the humid forest bimodal zone (Nkol bisson – Yaoundé) as shown in figure 3.1. Based on the economic and regional importance of fruits and vegetables, and the major pests, five regions of Cameroon namely: the North West, West, South West, Littoral and Centre regions belonging to three ecological zones (the western high plateau, the humid forest Unimodal zone and the humid forest bimodal zone) were selected. Each region was visited based on the productivity, accessibility to the production sites, convenience for easy collection of data and time factor, availability of the farmer and the willingness of the farmer to provide the needed information. This assessment was focused on the major areas of fruits and vegetable activities of which previous studies on some selected fruits and vegetables based on the economic and regional importance and their major pests and diseases (Kouamé C., 2007), indicated that the regions of North-West, West, South-West, Littoral, Centre and North were the major areas of activities.

(Source: www.vriendenvankameroen.nl/downlo ads/agroinvestments.ppt ) Figure 3. 1: Map of Cameroon showing Regions and ecological zones 3.3 Data Collection Two focus group discussions among groups of farmers of different sexes and ages were held to pilot-test the questionnaires using farmer’s observations. This was followed by a formal survey of 145 individual farmers in four of the five selected regions of Cameroon. These four regions represent two eco-systems (warm humid and cool highland agro -ecosystem), the latter being where the bulk of Cameroon’s vegetable production is currently carried out. This was supplemented by interviews, discussions with key stakeholders in the fruit and v egetable sector.

Data was collected on general farming activit ies most especially o quantity produced per hectare, knowledge of pesticide laws, knowledge of risks and harm associated to pesticide usage, consumption data through the administration of ques tionnaires. Informal discussions and field observations were equally held with farmers to assess the activities, competences and their potential contribution to the vegetable industry in Cameroon. A total of 250

questionnaires were envisaged for five regions but only 152 out of the 250 questionnaires were effectively realized in 26 villages of the five regions. This was due to financial constrain, inaccessibility to some areas and time constrain. Structured and semi-structured interviews was used to ensure consistency and to allow every informant to expand his or her thinking, explore and generate ideas on pesticide use by fruits and vegetable farmers in the five regions.

3.4 Administration of the questionnaires Staff from the Global Initiative for Sustainable Development Programmes (NGO based in Buea) were acquainted with the questionnaires and trained on data collection. The questionnaires were Pilot-tested by using farmer’s observation with two focus group discussions among a group of farmers 18 to 60 years old of both sexes who are fruit and vegetable farmers. During the assessment, 145 farmers who use pesticides to combat pests on fruits and vegetables were interviewed. Discussions were also held with seven institutions on related pesticide law, policies and health related problems. The institutions included pesticide sellers and resellers, , hospitals to collect data on frequent cases of illnesses in the different regions, the African Regional Centre for Research on Banana and Plantains better known by its French acronym CARBAP for data on type of pesticides used on Banana, the Ministry of Agriculture for information related to pesticide laws and regulated list of pesticide and also the World Vegetable Centre (AVRDC) which is an international non-profit research and development institution committed to alleviating poverty and malnutrition in the developing world through the increased production and consumption of nutritious and health-promoting vegetables. While administering the questionnaires for the authorities, a list of homologated pesticides (annex 3) approved for use by the Cameroon government was consulted and a comparison was made with the pesticides used in the fields by farmers.

In each region, an interviewer visited and administered the questionnaires to users of pesticides depending on the farmer’s availability and his/her willingness to provide the needed information. Also depending on the accessibility, some farms were visited to appraise pesticide application practices taking place at that period in time. The aim was to interview those who were most likely to present the real situation in the field.

Table 3.1: Distribution of respondents per region Count sex of respondent * region of the respondent Cross tabulation region of the respondent

Northwest Southwest West Littoral Centre Total male 33 32 22 14 0 101 female 19 13 7 5 0 44 Institution 1 1 0 2 3 7 Total 53 46 29 21 3 152

The table shows that fewer interviews were conducted in certain areas such as is the case of the centre region where only authorities (institutions) were contacted for information. In the Littoral, mostly fruits are cultivated and this is mostly done by multinational companies. In the West region, due to the distances between farms, the availability of the farmers and language constraints, only 29 farmers were interviewed. In the North West and South West regions most of the farmers were available and access to the farms was much easier.

The pesticide users (farmers) were asked to name their preferred crops cultivated, give the approximate quantity they cultivate. They were equally asked to name the type of pesticide they use and on which crop. They were also asked to name the type of measuring equipment they use to measure the quantity of pesticide sprayed, how they mix the pesticides they use. We equally wanted to know through the questionnaire if the pesticide users work in collaboration with extension workers and the type of information they receive from the extension staff, In addition, we also wanted to know if the users of pesticides know of any pesticide laws, to if they can identify problems encountered as a result of pesticide use. and the solutions undertaken in case of strange diseases or crop damage on their farms. The majority of the people interviewed were either those who applied pesticides themselves on their own farms or were spray operators for a farm association, large farm or plantation.

3.5 Data Analysis Data collected was put into a database in the statistical programme for social science (SPSS) software from where frequency tables and cross tables were used to analyse the preference for 26

certain fruits and vegetables and distribution of the questionnaires within the regions respectively. Comparison of means was equally used to analyse if the presence of the extension staff on the farm has any effect on the knowledge of the farmer on pesticide laws, restriction of treatment before harvest and the illegal use of pesticides. Also the Kendall’s tau_b And the Spearman’s rho bivariate correlation were used to analyse the relationship between certain variables. The spreadsheet was also used for a better presentation of parts of the data.

Chapter 4: Results, Discussion and Observations

4.1 Results and Discussion 4.1.1 Farm size

The analysis shows that the overall size of farms owned by most respondents is less than 2 ha for vegetable farmers and for large plantations the average farm size range from 150–250 ha. The importance of individual crops varied in relation to the different regions of the country and between individuals. As indicated in table 4.1, carrots, cabbages, leeks, huckleberry, tomatoes, Irish potatoes, celery persil and green beans are highly cultivated in the northwest and west regions of the country as compared to bananas, papaws, oranges, pineapples in the southwest and littoral regions of Cameroon. Table 4.1: Preference for certain crops with respect to regions of the respondent Counts region of the respondent Major crops North west Southwest West Littoral Total Percentage Carrot 29 3 14 0 46 31.7 Cabbages 36 10 19 0 65 44.8 Leeks 34 5 11 0 50 34.5 Onion 19 0 3 0 22 15.2 huckleberry 30 38 8 0 76 52.4 Tomatoes 48 40 24 0 112 77.2 Irish Potatoes 40 2 12 0 54 37.2 Celery 43 6 20 0 69 47.6 Okra 17 23 12 0 52 35.9 Persil 36 2 29 0 67 46.2 Pepper 15 31 17 9 72 49.7 green beans 33 11 23 0 67 46.2 Lettuce 30 13 4 0 47 32.4 garden egg 11 15 0 0 26 17.9 Banana 0 14 1 8 23 15.9 Orange 0 37 0 4 41 28.3 Mango 18 28 2 0 48 33.1 Pawpaw 0 29 0 10 39 26.9 water melon 8 22 15 8 53 36.6 Pears 4 11 12 8 35 24.1 Plums 28 25 15 0 68 46.9 Pineapple 7 29 10 19 65 44.8 Tangerine 0 43 0 19 62 42.8 Apples 0 9 0 0 9 6.2

20 North west South west 10

percentageof respondents West 0 Littoral okra leeks persil pears onion celery plums apples mango lettuce orange pepper Carrots banana pawpaw cabbages tomatoes tangerine pineapple garden egg garden huckleberry green green beans water water melon Irrish potatoes Irrish types of crops

Figure 4.1: Production of some major fruits and vegetables in the five regions of Cameroon Figure 4.1, shows that vegetables are highly cultivated in the Northwest, South west and West regions of Cameroon. The south west and littoral regions cultivates the bulk of fruits especially banana, pineapples, mangoes, oranges to mention just a few. Fruits such as banana, pineapples and pawpaw are cultivated by multinational companies who export to Europe. Other fruits like oranges and mangoes are cultivated on smaller scale by individual smallholders for both the market and home consumption.

4.1.2 Quantity Produced

With respect to the quantity produced, variationexist between individuals and types of crops cultivated. Majority of the farmers produced less than 200 buckets of carrots amounting to approximately 5000kg with very few reaching more than 1000 buckets of carrots produced. The different crops produced are marketed in different measuring containers. A typical example is the case of carrots measured in buckets with each bucket weighing up to 50 kilograms. Other examples include tomatoes measured in baskets of different sizes 15kg, 25kg, green beans measured in bundles, Irish potatoes measured in bags of 75kg.

Quantity of carrots produced in bags (50kg) per unit area

> 1000 1% 800 - 1000 10% < 200 600 - 800 200 - 400 18% 400 - 600 < 200 600 - 800 400 - 600 57% 800 - 1000 6% > 1000 200 - 400 8%

Figure 4.2: Carrots produced per unit surface area in Santa Mbei

Quantity of tomatoes produced in baskets (25kg) per unit area

>400 < 100 17% 19%

100-200 < 100 3% 100-200 200-300 300-400 200-300 >400 21% 300-400 40%

Figure 2.3: Tomatoes produced per unit surface area in Santa Mbei

Celery garden amaranth

Water melon okra

cabbage celery

Figure 4. 4: Some vegetables and fruits cultivated in Cameroon

4.1.3 Pesticides used by farmers on fruits and vegetables in Cameroon

Table 4.2 shows the different pesticides used on fruits and vegetables by farmers in Cameroon. From the table, it can be noticed that although some of the pesticides are found on the homologated list of pesticides published by the Cameroon ministry of agriculture and rural development, some are either outdated (not found in the list), obsolete or have expired but are

still being used by the farmers. Pesticides are applied once to twelve times monthly (three times a week) on their crops depending on the type of crop and the weather conditions. This is mostly in situations whereby there is heavy rainfall after application.

Table 4.2: Pesticide used by farmers on fruits and vegetales in Cameroon Pesticide Product name Active ingredient Crop Fungicide Ivory 80 WP Mancozebe 800 g/kg tomato Ivory 75 WG Mancozebe 750g/kg banana Metro star 500WP Thiophanate-methyl 150 tomato g/kg + Oxychlorure de cuivre 200 g/kg + Soufre 150 g/kg Plantinep 80 WP Manèbe 80% fruits and garden crop Penncozep 80 Mancozèbe 80% Fruits and garden crop Balear 720 Sc SL Chlorothalonil 720g/l banana Rodomil plus Metalaxy/-M 6%+ Cocoa but used by most farmers Oxyde de Cuivre 60% for garden crops and fruits Herbicide Action 80 DF (Duiron) Diuron 800g/kg Garden crops Duiron WP Diuron 800g/kg Cotton but used for garden crops and fruits Herbistar 360 SL Glyphosate 360 g/l Surgar cane but used for garden crops Glyphader 360 SL Glyphosate Diverse crops Plantop 360 Glyphosate 360g/l Sugar cane but used for garden crops Glyphosate ammonium Cotton but equally used for Plantop ultra 75,7% wg 75% garden crops Gramozone Royal Not in list Round up 360 SL Obsolate stock not withdrawn from market

Pesticide Product name Active ingredient Crop

Insecticide Cypercal 50 EC Cypermethrine 50 g/l Garden crops, fruits and vegetables Cyperdim 260 EC not found in list but used extensively Callidium 400 EC Dimethoate 400 g/l Rubber, garden crops and food crops Dimex 400 EC Dimetheonate 400g/l tomato Decis 25 Ec Delthamethrine 25g/l coffee but used for garden crops PACHA 25 EC Lambdacyhalothrine tomatoes 15g/l + Acetamipride 10g/l CiGOGNE 12 EC Cypermethrine 12g/l tomatoes CIGOGNE 12 EC Cypermethrine 200g/l Cotton but many farmers use what is available Cyper plant 30 Ec Glycel 360 SL Tronsil WP

Source: (field survey)

Table 4.2 shows the different pesticides used by vegetable farmers. Comparing it to the recommended list from Cameroon, many pesticides used by the farmers are not found on the homologated list of pesticides from in Cameroon or exist but used for different crops as indicated in bold. When this list is compared to the list from Cordex Alimentarius, one notices that some pesticides like Mancozebe 800g/kg, Thiophanate-methyl 150g/kg + Oxychlorure de cuivre 200g/kg + Soufre 150g/kg, Manèbe 80%, Diuron 800g/kg don’t future on the Cordex list. Also, comparing the list from Cameroon (annex 3) in general to that of Cordex Alimentarius, there are many pesticides used in Cameroon for both fruits and vegetables which do not appear on the Cordex list. These include pesticides like: Fosetyl Aluminium 33

80%, Cyproconazol 100g/l, Oxyde de cuivre 40% Cymoxanil 9.6%, Alkydimethyl benzyl- amonium chloride 494.6g/kg, 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbonate 23.7g/kg., Bisodium actaborate tetrahydrate 74.2g/kg, Bacillus thuringiensis, Emamectine-benzoate , Epoxyconazole 75 g/l,, Soufre 60,8% + Oxychlorure de Cuivre 12,7%, Lozynil 100g/kg + 2,4 D 500g/kg, Quizalofop-Ethyl, Oxadiargyl 400g/l, Triclopyr, Tridemorphe 750g/l.

Farmers do not follow recommended dosage as prescribed on the label. The dosage used by most farmers is 50-75g/15 litres of water which is different from the recommended dosage mentioned on the homologated list. There is total variation in dosage used and in application frequency among the farmers. The dosage and frequency of application varies from once a month to as many as applications (three times a week) per month depending on weather conditions and on the severity of infection as shown in table 8. Table 4.3: Variation in application frequency

Spraying frequency Respondents Percent Once a month 9 6,2 Twice amonth 9 6,2 Three times a month 1 0,7 Four times a month 51 35,2 Eight times a month 58 40,0 Twelve times a month 15 10,3 Missing 2 1,4 Total 145 100,0

Table 4.3, shows that more than 50% of the farmers apply pesticides more than four times on their crops per month. Over aoolication of pesticides may lead high levels of concentrations on the plants which may be dangerous to the farmers themselves or to the consumers of the final product.

4.1.4 Knowledge on pesticides and harm caused by certain pesticides

Out of the 145 persons interviewed, 62 of them (42.8%) acknowledged they are aware of pesticide laws like age limit for handling pesticides, avoid contact with the skin, pesticides should be kept out of the reach of children, no smoking, eating and drinking during spraying and protect the environment during spraying while the remaining 83(57.2%) said they have no idea on pesticide laws. Figure 4.6 shows that the highest percentage is recorded by farmers who have knowledge on the age limit for handling pesticides, followed by those with knowledge in environmental protection and slightly more than 13% of the respondents are that aware smoking, eating and drinking during spraying is dangerous. Knowledge of the pesticide law involves age limit for handling pesticides/keeping the pesticides out of the reach of children, protecting themselves which includes; protecting their bodies, avoiding smoking, eating and drinking during spraying.

40,0

35,4 35,0

30,0

25,0

20,0 18,3 17,1 15,8 Percent 15,0 13,4 knowledge onpesticides knowledge 10,0

5,0

,0 should be kept Age limit for Avoid contact No Protect the out of reach of handling with the skin smoking, eating environment children pesticides and drinking

Figure4. 5: Farmers' knowledge on pesticide

During the survey, a higher number of the farmers who were interviewed indicated that the age limit for pesticide application is 15 years and above while a significant 10.3% still use children below 15years to spray pesticides on their farms. The use of children to spray pesticides in Cameroon is a common practice. In addition to exposing them to highly toxic pesticides; they also work with dangerous equipment, carry or transport heavy loads, work for very long hours daily etc. 113 out of the 145 farmers wait for a restricted time of treatment before harvest while 32 farmers harvest sometimes immediately after harvest. The duration observed ranged from less than a week to one month with the majority (34.5%) harvesting within less than a week after spraying and 28.2% waiting for up to two weeks before they harvest after spraying.

72.4% of the respondents are aware of the harm caused by pesticides while 27.6% are not. According to the pesticide users skin irritation, respiratory problems and crop damage were the most frequent problems they face with regards to pesticide usage. Catarrh, dizzleness, damage to the eyes and damage to the skin were also high while problems such as cough, stomach ulcer, nosea were amongst the lowest cases of harm that occurred. According to the testimony of a planter, an employee of one of the company (banana) who is in charge of mixing pesticides sprayed from airplanes has recently been poisoned. It's after eight years that the first symptoms were reported. Some users exposed themselves by storing toxic pesticides in their houses. The Mocap is particularly suspected by all. Some have had to store the product under their beds or in living rooms, and it has resulted in poisoning. Hospital sources also confirm common illnesses in the banana production areas like skin irritation, respiratory problems and damage to the eyes.

crop damage 8% 11% skin irritation 8% nosea stomach ulcer 8% 23% cough respiratory problems 12% dizzleness damage eyes 18% 3% 9% damage skin

Figure 4.6: Problems common to pesticide users in Cameroon

4.1.5 Pesticide problems

4.1.5.1 Small scale farms With respect to the problems caused by pesticides, 40% of the interviewed admitted that they have recorded problems in the use of pesticides. These problems include: body damage, contaminated environment, air pollution, water pollution, crop damage and soil damage. A least 4 cases of death were reported. This confirms earlier findings by Reynolds (1997) who emphasized on the unintended effects on the environment, air, water, soil, plants, animals, birds, amphibians, aquatic life and humans.

Pesticide application on the farm is either supervised by the farmer him/herself or by extension staff. According to the survey more than 85% of the application is done and monitored by the farmer him/herself. Only 15% of the farmers admitted that they were visited atleast once to twice a year by extension staff. During the meeting with extension staff, the farmer is more enlightened on how to spray, adjusting the spray nozzles and on mixing of pesticides. The fact that the extension workers are hardly available to advise the farmers, leads to the farmers relying on pesticide vendors for information on application techniques and safety precautions. The retailers lack the general knowledge and training to assist the users with precautionary measures.

4.1.5 .2 Banana and multinational cooperation In the banana production areas, some houses are very close to banana plantations. The people living there can easily breathe in popular products from airplanes. Besides that, children often play carelessly in these plantations and ingest newly sprayed pesticides. However, a survey on the field has noted that the banana companies have eliminated most of their plantations located near houses. This is in response to the International Organisation for Standardization (ISO). They are now separated from the houses more than 300 meters. In addition, hedges to form fences have been planted to block wind from blowing pesticides into homes in order to protect the inhabitants. However, some villages are still surrounded by banana plantations: the few known cases are Mbom in Njombe, Mpouli Mbanga, Tiko, Mondoni and some houses in Idisse. Although the above steps have been taken to redress the situation, the population still relies on some foodstuffs like snails gotten from the banana plantations...

4.1.6 Measuring of pesticides To spray, the farmers measure pesticide doses using tomato tins, in table spoons, measuring cups and beer corks depending on the type of pesticide and the means available. This is shown clearly in table 9.

Table 4.4: Measuring of pesticide dosage to be sprayed

Measuring method Frequency Percentage

tomato tin 25 17,4 . in table spoon full 28 19,4 measuring cup 23 16,0 beer corks 12 8,3 all of the above 34 23,6

Tomato tin and table spoons 11 7,6

Tomato tin and measuring 11 7,6 cups Total 144 100,0 Missing System 1

Total 145

4.1.7 Pesticide residue

All the farmers interviewed admitted having no data on pesticide residues. In Cameroon, data on pesticide residues can only be obtained from the pesticide control authorities but due to the fact that this body lack the appropriate equipment and finances and is not adequately trained and there is a shortage of personnel in pesticide control, very little is done in that domain. The laboratory in charge of pesticide control is centralized in Yaounde (the capital city) and does not have the adequate financial means and equipment for residue. The absence of strong policies with regard to the pesticide usage is also big problem although efforts are underway to revamp the sector.

4.1.8 Illegal use of pesticides

Some farmers (20% of the interviewed), claim they know of illegal use of pesticides. This includes the use of expired, banned, fake and adulterated pesticides. Most of the farmers obtain their pesticides clandestinely from neighbouring cities or countries and from the local markets. Very few farmers get their pesticides from registered centres that import under strict regulations. There are reported cases of theft and smuggling of pesticides from companies that export dessert bananas. These products are distributed clandestinely to persons who are not always notified when to and how to handle them and their degree of toxicity, let alone how to store them. This may constitute a danger primarily to those who use these smuggled products and to the entire population. Out of the 145 farmers interviewed, 48.3% reported problems related to pesticide usage ranging from spraying on crops not ready, wrong usage and the use of expired and banned pesticides while 51.7% had no problems.

4.1.9 Pest and disease impact

While some farmers abandoned their farm for some years after the farm is infested with a new kind of disease hoping that the farm will fallow and during the process this will naturally break the lifecycle of the pest, others increase the dosage of pesticide application to tackle the disease or pest. Some farmers dig a drainage canal to reduce the floods, which act like

breeding grounds for some pests. In very few cases some farmers use nematicide to treat the soil. To some, it is a climatic reason and therefore the solution is not at their reach.

4.1.10 Food Consumption

There is no consumption data available. Most of the crops cultivated are either eaten at home, in the village or consumed as an important staple diet for the community. Commonly eaten foods vary with the community. In the North West region for example, the people eat more Achu, which is pounded coco-yams and source commonly called yellow soup made from limestone and palm oil. All the fruit and vegetable types grown and imported from other parts of the country are common foods eaten in this region. The villagers equally eat starchy foods, roots and tuber crops. The same scenario can be observed in all the other regions of the country. There is a high consumption of products with high levels of pesticide residues especially in the banana production areas. The populations of Njombe, Penja, Mbanga and Tiko which are high banana production areas consume snails known in French as escargots, which are most often sold in the form of kebabs commonly called Kongo Meat. Some, if not most, of these snails are collected in banana plantations, though not allowed by the banana company. Although snails are rich sources of proteins and iron, they are in themselves a source of food poisoning that can, over time, lead to serious health problems. If a test should performed on some samples of snails inorder to find out the extend to which consumers are exposed to pesticide from that meat.

4.1.11 Food Preparation

While some foods are washed before eating, others are just peeled and eaten without washing, others still are only boiled and eaten without peeling and washing, and some farmers peel, wash and boil before eating. In some homes, water for washing and preparation of food is collected in used containers of pesticides. Though these containers have been thoroughly cleaned according to them, there is always the possibility of left over particles of pesticides.

4.1.12 Climate change

35% of the respondents admitted they record a new kind of crop or animal diseases in their farms while 65% did not record any. Some farmers pointed to climate change as the cause of new kinds of diseases, others said heavy rains are the cause, others still complained about the overuse of pesticides, weeds, crop damage, fungi to their crops to be the cause of new kind of diseases and still some said these diseases are the result of insect damage on crops and infected soils. To some, a combination of all of the above was the cause. More than 96% of the farmers use pesticides to fight or control the diseases.

The majority of the farmers (88.3%) are aware of climate change and according to them climate change is a change in weather, presence of wet and dry weather, drought and too much heat or a change in the planting season. Only 11.7 % of the farmers said they had no idea on what climate change is all about. To fight climate change, they plant more trees, stop the cutting down of trees and avoid environmental pollution such as water and air pollution. They are equally adapting to the climate change through seed multiplication, avoiding bush fires and farming across the slopes to avoid soil and water erosion. Most of the farmers have been involved in tree planting. The source of planting materials is either from old stems in their farms, from friends, from agric staff or research centres. It should be noted here that most of the planting materials comes from old stems. Tree planting is either organised by the farmer him/herself, by Local NGOs, by foresters or by the local council in collaboration with local NGOs or by the Government.

4.2 Observations Reliable sources talk of the Plantation du Haute Plateau (PHP), a major banana plantation in Njombe Cameroon having the political, administrative and judicial leaders in its pocket, the traditional chief, is paid monthly; the local administrator is also paid. A worried entrepreneur stressed that “It is very risky to talk about the banana sector, a lot of personalities have an interest in it” Many sources confirm that the president of the republic is a shareholder though refuted by the company’s General Manager. In any case PHP’s employees are sent on assignment to the president’s pineapple plantation inaugurated in 2000 in the presence of Chief Executive Officer of the fruit company. PHP is a member of the Cameroonian Banana Association a lobby group led by another MP of the ruling party and brother-in-law of the 41

Minister of Trade and who is no less a person than the Chairman of PHP’s board of directors. As a minister, he negotiated with the EU the Economic Partnership Agreement signed in January by Cameroon. Considered as a catastrophe by both NGOs and employers association. Irrespective of all these problems and the free trade agreement the EU is silent but for how long will it remain silent in the face of another potential health scandal? As was the case in the Caribbean where it has polluted the water and soil for centuries and could be the source of serious health problems. Chlordecone, a powerful insecticide has been used in plantations in Cameroon with possible effects on food crops grown in the area and sold as far as Yaounde.

Generally, in Cameroon as in many other developing countries, growers, employees and users of pesticides in the agro-industrial sector in particular, are actually exposed to numerous risks related to the use of chemicals. Furthermore, many people are not sufficiently aware of the potential dangers associated with pesticide use. There is always a lack of appropriate pesticide approval/registration procedures and/or inadequate resources to implement and enforce existing schemes, a lack of legislation on working conditions and lack of post-registration monitoring of pesticides. Access to acutely toxic (cheaper) pesticides is easy. Faulty equipment, poor-quality products and adulteration makes products more hazardous or ineffective and contributes to overdosing. Many problems faced by developing countries include: • Shortage of manpower and financial resources to advice on and enforce national laws and approved codes of conduct; • Inadequate management and storage of obsolete stocks and used packaging materials, • Lack of facilities for proper waste management; • Spray equipment in poor condition, including leaks and blocked nozzles; common use of "informal" application techniques (bucket and brush); • Lack of washing facilities to shower after spraying and for regular washing of clothes; clothes are usually washed in the sources of drinking water; • Reuse of containers of pesticides for food and drink storage, no facilities for safe disposal; • Supply problems caused by: repackaging in small containers without labels and instructions; limited range of products and quality of pesticide products;

• Lack of pesticide resistance monitoring data and resistance strategies to prevent overdosing; • Overlapping mandates and coordination of the necessary technical resources. As a result of the above mentioned problems, the following contributing factors arise: • Poor information flow leading to a lack of knowledge about pests and pesticides hazards (scientists, analysts, extension workers, decision makers and applicators); • Complex label instructions and sometimes misunderstanding of pesticide hazards; • Lack of information on record keeping at the small farm holdings on storage; handling, use of pesticides and disposal of waste pesticides and empty containers; • Even if protecting covering are available, harsh weather sometimes makes it difficult for the farmers to put on protecting; • No training in application procedures or hazard awareness leading to: mixing with bare hands; combining different products; applying on crops for which a product is not intended (cocoa pesticides on vegetables); • Houses near fields, and non-target crops and biodiversity affected by spray drift, Inability to recognize pests, predators and to measure economic losses, thus leading to a "pesticide treadmill" effect when no alternatives are available. The victims are mostly permanent employees who store or use regularly in smallholders’ vegetable farms or are assigned to guard or condition chemicals in multinational companies. After prolonged exposure, which lasts for years, poisoning by cumulative effects eventually causes a disease whose victims emerge in time. Testimonies from the respondents show that employees assigned to guard the chemicals in multinational companies are particularly vulnerable. Those who are responsible in mixing before spraying by aircraft still are. This is very common with employees of industrial plantations of dessert bananas where diagnoses show some discomfort after 8 to 10 years of prolonged contact with pesticides. As confirmed by a farmer, this phenomenon has occurred in IRAD Njombé for more than a decade. “Two people, who were assigned to the care and handling of pesticides, had been contaminated, one died. The other, who took care of formalin for many years (and who is now retired), has become very thin and is in very bad shape”. The same situation is common in companies that grow and export dessert bananas.

The absence of appropriate control techniques of pesticide application leads to some farmers poisoning themselves during spraying pesticides in their own fields. The farmers have very limited purchasing power, they prefer to use what they call “the available means“. The sprayer equipment, commonly called Matabi is generally used by farmers, but protective equipment such as a scarf, goggles, nostril covers (mask) long sleeves, long trousers and boots are usually neglected. Thus, during spraying, the farmer is breathing and inhaling the products he/she pours on his/her own crops. Others smoke, eat and even drink while spraying chemicals, which is very dangerous for their health. Inappropriate spraying, absence of control has led to a suspicion of contamination of water sources and rivers. The inhabitants fear the water sources and rivers on which the lower classes (most vulnerable) rely has been contaminated. Analyses of water and soil samples from the locality will provide a satisfactory solution to the problem. There are also cases of recurring eye problems, body itches, breathing problems and diarrhoea in the area since they spray without protective glasses. Some affected persons realize the damage to their eye late, others realize the effect immediately after spraying while for others still, their vision has been significantly reduced, and they cannot read. According to some accounts, 4/5 ths of the Njombé growers have eye problems. An epidemiological investigation is needed. Also cases of stomach ulcer are very popular in Njombe, Mbanga, Penja and Tiko (plantation areas). There are also frequent deaths reported in these areas; a cause some attribute to witchcraft and others to pesticide poisoning. They highly suspect pesticides to be the cause but lack adequate financial means to do thorough reviews. Such a problem, they say, is reminiscent

4.2.1 Infrastructure for pesticide use in Cameroon

Given the multi-faceted and multi-disciplinary issues of food safety, quality issues can only be resolved through integrated efforts by agriculture, industry and health authorities. Environmental, health and sanitary standards required by developed countries can be perceived to be non-tariff barriers to trade by developing countries. These trade measures can take various forms, such as technical standards and regulations, sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures, packaging regulations and labelling requirements.

4.2.2 Legal and institutional infrastructure Monitoring of food quality and safety has become more important both in the domestic and export market. Although food safety and quality control appears to be relatively new, the Cameroon government is trying to make some efforts in prioritizing food safety and quality measures as indicated by the director in charge of pesticide control in the ministry of agriculture and rural development. This according to her, is in order to: • prevent the adulteration of foodstuffs, • safeguard the rights and well-being of the consumers by retaining the standard of quality for food products during production, processing, import and export though not a lot still needs to be done, • provide minimal laboratory services for food quality control, import/export. Cameroon faces a significant challenge concerning food adulteration and contamination from primary production, processing, distribution, marketing and preparation. The Food Rules contain provisions for food additives, contaminants, inspections, licensing and analysis of food. The standards developed for food products by the EU are followed only on paper, their implementation and enforcement remains a major concern.

4.2.3 Pesticide management and registration system The Pesticide Act, 1991 and the Pesticide Rule, 1993 cover measures to regulate the importation, manufacturing, sale, storage, transport, distribution and use of pesticides. Mandatorily, any pesticide should be registered before importation and distribution, in accordance with the registration procedure adopted by the Pesticide Board. According to the regulations any pesticide, which is imported for scientific or research purposes is prohibited from sale (Frank D., Jacxsen L., Mieke U., 2009. Course Notes: Food Safety, Quality Assurance systems and Risk Analysis, Gent University). However these rules and laws are not being put into practice in Cameroon due to political, technical and financial constraints

4.2.4 Challenges for the Cameroonian Government

There are many challenges associated with the use of pesticides, including those categorized as Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) collectively with the non-POPs pesticides, many of which also share similar problems. These challenges include: harmful side effects on non- target organisms (water, air, humans…), resurgence of pest populations (because natural 45

control is disrupted), the development of resistance and the cost However, depending upon the socio-economic situation, the levels of industrialization, literacy and geographical features, these challenges would vary between countries.

Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Conclusion Approximately 98% of the insecticides and 95% of the herbicides reach destinations different from the targeted once. There are many but highly variable routes through which pesticide exposure occur.

The use of pesticides can have unintended effects on the environment, water, air, soil, plants, animals, birds, amphibians, aquatic life and humans. There is a significant increase in the use of pesticides in Cameroon after the Green revolution period when the government subsidized pesticides by 100%.

The survey pointed out that there is a significant proportion of the small scale vegetable farmers and workers of multinational companies and inhabitants within the neighbourhood of these companies at risk of health problems resulting from the use of pesticides. Inappropriate farming techniques, poor availability of pesticides/equipment, lack of safety precautions, poor staffing and mobility of extension workers, the extension workers generally lack support, they lack motivation, and there are hardly any follow-up, absence of well equiped laboratory for control and analysis of MRLs, weak policies on pesticides , lack of coordination between MINADER, NGO, the absence of effective control measures on maximum residue limits (MRLs) and absence of government regulatory role on pesticide control has resulted to farmers using what they call “what is available” to tackle pests in their farms. It is very common to find situations where farmers use obsolete, expired, fake and banned pesticides to spray their crops. Majority of the farmers don’t use body covering, eye protection, head covers or nose masks to protect themselves when spraying pesticides. Some farmers even eat, smoke or drink during spraying exposing themselves to hazards. Some farmers use pesticides meant for cocoa, coffee or cotton to spray garden crops and others mix insecticides and fungicides to spray against insects even in the absence of a fungi infection leading to loss in money.

Snails are commonly consumed in Cameroon and neighbouring countries. Some if not most of these snails are collected in banana plantations as confirmed by most inhabitants though not authorized by the banana company. Although snails are rich sources of proteins and iron, they are in themselves a source of food poisoning that can over time, lead to serious health problems if collected from areas sprayed by pesticides.

5.2 Recommendation

5.2.1 Rational control methods against plant diseases

Faced with the harm caused by pesticides to humans, some farmers indicated their intension to obtain knowledge on alternative methods to fight against plant diseases. In this regard, there is an urgent need to educate them through good agricultural practices through Integrated Crop and Pest Management (ICPM) practices which will include both cultural, physical or mechanical, biological and chemical pests control methods. This can easily be obtained by organising the farmers into small farming groups (farmer field schools) where the farmers are trained and are able to exchange their knowledge and experiences with each other.

5.2.2 Awareness / Training The small scale farmers and even the multinational companies do not understand the products they use. In this light, organizing an awareness campaign and training to help them better understand the products they use and to avoid possible dangers associated with misapplication will be of paramount importance to their health and that of others. This is a major challenge that needs attention through concrete actions. Training in safety standards which are primarily aimed at promoting practices that encourage farmers and pesticide users to adopt simple practices that protect them and the environment from hazards caused by pesticide exposure will be beneficial to users and to the consumers. These include: i) wearing of protective clothing, eye protection and nose mask, ii) ensuring safety for themselves and other farm workers; pesticides should be handled carefully, iii) thorough cleaning up (bathing) immediately after spraying or when pesticides accidentally come into contact with the skin,

iv) pesticides must be stored away from children and foodstuffs in fully secured pesticide storage units with adequate ventilation, v) pesticide containers and leftover pesticides, obsolete stocks must be disposed in ways that do not threaten the health of humans or animals, vi) no use of unapproved (usually more toxic) pesticides, vii) pesticides should only be applied when needed (taking note of threshold level of attack) and after judging if it is profitable to spray. Clearly there is urgent need for more training so that farmers are able to calibrate their equipment and improve the efficiency of application. The long-term aim is to introduce a proficiency test scheme for applying pesticides applicators to receive a minimal training and awareness of the need for safety of the operator and the environment.

5.2.3 Use of pesticide application equipment The farmers lack the appropriate equipment and training. This implies that training/retraining. The inappropriate use of pesticides can have an impact on public health. Pesticides have become the subject of discussion at the international level because of their effects on the environment and health. In developing countries, the poor are most vulnerable, especially in agricultural areas. It should therefore be of concern that the use of measures to avoid contamination that would reduce their life expectancy must be of prime importance. Collaboration with agro-industrial plantations, the agricultural research institutes who sometimes oversee testing activities of organic pesticidse in order to assess their efficacy prior to use, government services like the ministry of Environment and nature protection, Forestry and Agriculture, local authorities, firms, local dealers in pesticides, local leaders and experts in plant protection products will be highly needed. Also strong collaboration is needed from regional bodies such as the Committee on Pesticides in Central Africa (CCAP); a newly created body under the auspices of CEMAC responsible to inform countries of the sub region on pesticides and the Inter-African Phytosanitary Council of the African Union (AU-ICC) to raise awareness among people against the harmful effects of heavy use or misuse of pesticides, especially the most toxic, namely Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs).

5.2.4 Food Safety Generally in developing countries, food safety problems encountered for fruits and vegetables are primarily: residues of pesticides, phytosanitary issues, the quantity available, the reliability of supply, a decent price; quality and packaging problems, social and ethical issues including labor and political conditions.

Qualitatively, there are unavoidably direct costs to comply with food safety standards. This mainly involves heavy investments and higher operating costs. A crucial parameter in the economic decision making for private companies, producing for European markets, is risk assessment. The lack of information, innovation, and learning are other areas where cost is involved.

Collective action by the World Bank and other donor agencies is needed to assist companies in developing countries. These companies are often left on their own. They lack information on performance indicators, rules and regulations; poorly performing national authorities; lack of infrastructure for transport of goods; and lack of knowledge on changing demand patterns of European consumers. An urgent action through the improvement of technology; implementation of tracking and tracing systems; standardization of registration and documentation; organizing small-scale farmers in developing countries; training small-scale producers; making available accredited auditing agencies; local offices specialized in private standards; creating enabling export environments by national governments in developing countries, and investment in health and social care of employees in the agricultural sector.

The donor agencies should play a leading role in supporting the public sector in developing countries by strengthening the public institutions, specifically, the competent authority and inspection agencies. Assistance to the private sector can be under form of investments and organizational support. Major support should also be extended to the small-scale enterprises, which are at risk of being cut off from the supply chain due to their lack of knowledge of the food safety and quality requirements of the buyers and/or the lack of capacity to comply with these requirements. Assistance should focus on their inclusion in coordinated supply chains.

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Annexes

Annex 1: Sample questions to the farmers (users of pesticides) Annexe 2: Sample questionnaire Pesticide Control body/Ministry of Agriculture Annexe 3: List of homologated Pesticides

Annex 1: Sample questions to the farmers (users of pesticides) Region______Divivsion______Subdivision______Village______Name of farmer______Sex______Age______Q1. Types of vegetables cultivated

a) Name the 10 top important vegetables /fruits that you grow i) Leafy vegetables ------ii) Fruits ------b) Name in order of importance the quantity in tonnage produce per hectare for the different vegetables No. Name of Vegetable Quantity produce Economic importance i

iii

vii

viii

Xii

Xiii

Xiv

Q2 Pesticide residue control programme a) Do you know of any laws for the use of pesticide? 1 = yes, 2 = No ------If yes, specify: 1 = Age limit for handling pesticides 2 = avoid contact with skin 2

3 = should be kept out of the reach of children 4 =no smoking eating and drinking during spraying 5 = protect the environment 6 = body protection 7 = protect the environment, age limit for handling pesticides . Q3. Pesticide authorization List 10 important crops for which you use pesticides. No. Crops Pesticides Dosage Concentration Application Application Application (Vegetables/Fruits used (kg/ha) time (when) frequency method

10.

a) Is there a restriction between time of treatment and time of harvest? 1 = Yes, 2 = No ------If yes, for how long. 1= < “a week”, 2=“two weeks”, 3=“three weeks”, 4 = “four weeks” b) Do you know of any harm caused by pesticides? 1 = Yes, 2 = No ------If yes, specify . 1 = crop damage, 2 = skin damage, 3 = nosea, 4 = catarrh, 5 = stomach ulcer, 6 = cough, 7 = respiratory problems, 8 = dizzleness, 9 = damage to eyes, 10 = damage to skin, 11 = 1+2+3, 12 = 1+2+3+4+5+6, 13 = 1+3 ------c) What is the age limit for handling of pesticides? 1 = above 15 years 2 = from 8 years old d) What is the frequency of application? 1 = Once a week, 2 = twice a week, 3 = three times a week, 4 = four times a week, 5 = eight times a week, 6 = twelve times a week e) Have you recorded any accident caused by pesticides? 1 = Yes, 2 = No ------

If yes, name them: 1 = child death 6 = soil damage 2 = body damage 7 = crop damage 3 = contaminate environment 8 = 1+3 4 = air pollution 9 = 1$+5+6+7 5 = water contamination 10 = all of the above f) Who monitors the application of pesticides on your farm? 1= Farmers 2 = extension staff g) Do you have some visits from extension staff? 1 = Yes, 2 = No ------If yes how often? 1 = once a year, 2 = twice a year, 3 = thrice a year, 4 = four times yearly h) What information do you receive if visited by extension staff 1= how to spray, 2 = type of equipment to use, 3 = how to adjust the spray nozzle, 4 = mixing of pesticides, 5 = protective covering, 6 = all of the above I In what do you measure the dosage to be sprayed ? 1= tomato tin, 2 = in table spoon full, 3 = in measuring cup, 4 = beer cork, 5 = all of the above, 6 = 1+2, 7 = 1+3. Q4. Pesticide residue data a) Are there any available data on pesticide residues on crops? 1 = Yes, 2 = No ------If yes, details in mg pesticides/ kg of 1 = < 0.1 ppm, 2 = > 0.1 ppm ------b) Do you know about illegal pesticides used in your village? 1 = Yes, 2 = No ------If yes, which ones? 1 = expired pesticides, 2 = banned pesticides, 3 = fake pesticides, 4 = adulterated pesticides, 5 = all of the above ------Q5. Pesticide problems a) Is there any pesticide problems reported? 1 = yes, 2 = No If yes, what? 1 = sprayed on crops not ready, 2 = wrong dosage, 3 = use of expired and abandoned pesticides, 4 = all of the above, 5 = others. ------b) From where do you buy pesticides for your crops? 1 = imported under strict regulations, 2 = clandestinely from neighbouring cities 3 = clandestinely from neighbouring countries, 4 = from local manufacturers or resellers, 5 = 2+3, 6 = 2+4

c) Any available data on pesticide problems------Year Type of pesticide Problem caused No of affected

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

d) Have you recorded any new kind of crop/ animal disease in your village? 1 = Yes 2 = No e) If yes, what do you think is the cause of the disease? 1 = climate change, 2 = heavy rains, 3 = over use of pesticides, 4 = insect damage on crops, 5 = infected soils, 6 = 2+5, 7 = all of the above. f) How have you been controlling the disease? 1 = abandon farm, 2 = increase dosage of pesticide, 3 = digging of trench, 4 = climatic reasons, 5 = treat soil with nematicide after tilling Q6. Consumption data i) Is there any record on what people eat in your village? 1 = Yes, 2 = No ii) How important is the food? 1 = eaten at home, 2 = eaten in the village, 3 = eaten in the community iii) Name the commonly eaten foods in your locality. ------iv) How are foods prepared before consumption? 1= peeling and eating, 2 = washing and eating, 3 = boiling and eating, 4 = peeling, washing then eating, 5 = peeling, boiling then eating without washing, 6 = peeling, washing and then boiling before eating Q7. Information on climate change with respect to climate a) Have you heard about climate change? 1 = Yes, 2 = No b) What does it mean to you? (Specify) 1 = change in weather, 2 = wet and dry weather, 3 = drought and too much rain, 4 = change in planting season. c) What are you doing to fight climate change? (Specify) 1 = planting of trees, 2 = follow programme, = pollution stop cutting of trees, 4 = avoid environmental

d) How are you adapting to the changing climate? (Specify) 1 = making more seeds, 2 = planting trees, 3 = avoiding environmental pollution, 4 = avoid bush fires, 5 = farming across the slopes, 6 = no knowledge. e) Have you been involved in tree planting? 1 = Yes, 2 = No f) Who organizes it? (Specify) 1 = local NGO, 2 = forester, 3 = local council and NGO, 4 = self, 5 = government g) Where did you get the trees from? 1 = old stems, 2 = research centre, 3 = from agric staff, 4 = none of the above (specify)

Q8. Warming system a) Have you noticed the appearance of certain diseases under specific weather conditions (wet and dry weather) on your farm? 1 = Yes, 2 = no b) If yes what are the most prevailing causes? 1 = insects, 2 = fungi, 3 = weeds, 4 = crop damage, 5 = 1+ 2+3 c) What are you doing to control this? 1 = use pesticide, 2 = others (specify)

THANKS

Annexe 2: Sample questionnaire Pesticide Control body/Ministry of Agriculture Q1. Types of vegetables cultivated c) Which are the 10 top important vegetables /fruits grown in this area (Cameroon). National statistics on the following: i) Vegetables ------ii) Fruits ------d) Name in order of importance the quantity in tonnage produce per hectare the different vegetables No. Name of Vegetable Quantity produce Economic Value (most important – least important)

iii

vi i

vi ii

Q2 Pesticide residue control programme b) Is there any pesticide residue control programme, i) At the local market? yes No If yes, specify ------Who is responsible for this------ii) At Import? yes No If yes, specify ------Responsible:------

iii) At Export? yes No If yes, specify------Responsible:------

c) What sampling-methodology is used (how are samples taken and how much)? ------d) How is the pesticide-residue analysis conducted (method description)? ------i) How accurate is this (credit-worthy lab, expertise)------ii) What’s the margin of error?------iii) What’s the limit of detection (LOD)?------iv) On what base is the scope of the analysis decided (how does one decide what residues are looked for on a specific crop)------Q3. Pesticide authorization List for 10 important crops which pesticides are authorized to be used on them No. Vegetables/ Pesticides Dosage Concentration When are Frequency of Application Fruits authorized (kg/hectare) they applied application method 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

i) Who is in charge of the authorization of pesticides? ------j) When are the specific crops sown/planted and harvested? ------Is there a restriction between time of treatment and time of harvest? Yes No If yes, for how long ------k) What is the age limit for handling of pesticides? i) above 15 years ii) from 8 years old l) Who monitors the application of pesticides? i) Farmers ii) extension staff m) Do you have some visits from extension staff? 8

Yes No If yes how often? n) During visits from extension staff, what information do you receive? i) how to spray yes No If yes, specify ii) type of equipment to use yes No If yes, list types ------iii) How to adjust the spray nozzle Yes No iv) Spraying techniques. Yes No If yes (specify) ------v) Mixing of chemicals. Yes No If yes, specify------vi) Protective covering. Yes No If yes, which and how are they carried out------vii) Others (Specify) ------o) In what do you measure the dosage to be sprayed ? 2 tomato tins 3 in table spoon full 4 in measuring cup 5 other (specify) ------Q4. Pesticide residue data a) Are there any pesticide residue data on crops available? Yes No If yes, details in mg pesticides/ kg of crop ------Pesticides yearly data for the past 5 years Year Type of crop Pesticide used Residues on crop (mg of pesticides/kg of crop)

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

b) What upper limit is used to categorize a residue as ‘acceptable’ (MRL…) and who defines those limits? ------

Q5. Pesticide problems a) Are there any pesticide problems reported? Yes No If yes, which ones? (Adulteration, illegal use, fake, expired or banned pesticides)------b) Do you know about any obsolete stocks? Yes No If yes, in what state are they? ------c) Where are the pesticides bought? (imported under strict regulations, clandestinely from neighboring cities or countries, from local manufacturers, ------d) Any available data on pesticide problems?

Year Type of pesticide Problem caused No of affected

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Q6. Consumption data Information on consumption data in Cameroon (what and how much of it is consumed + what part of the plants are consumed + are there any processing steps)------Q7. Climate change Information on climate change with respect to climate ------Q8. Warming system

a) Information on warming systems i.e under specific weather conditions certain pests will drop. Does this occur in Cameroon and how does it relate to the types of pests on vegetables and crops? ------THANKS 10

Annexe 3: List of homologated Pesticides

REPUBLIQUE DU CAMEROUN REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON Paix-Travail-Patrie Peace-Work-Fatherland ------MINISTERE DE L’AGRICULTURE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT ET DU DEVELOPPEMENT RURAL ------GENERAL SECRETARIAT SECRETARIAT GENERAL ------NATIONAL REGISTRATION COMMISSION OF COMMISSION NATIONALE PHYTOSANITARY PRODUCTS AND D’HOMOLOGATION DES PRODUITS CERTIFICATION OF SPRAYERS PHYTOSANITAIRES ET DE CERTIFICATION ------DES APPAREILS DE TRAITEMENT SECRETARIAT OF THE COMMISSION ------SECRETARIAT DE LA COMMISSION

LISTE DES PRODUITS HOMOLOGUES

Avicides N° Nom Commercial Nom et teneur en matière Date (s) active(s) Spécialité Formulation Spéculation Expiration

Oiseaux 1 FENTHION 600UL Fenthion 600 g/l UL céréales 2011 granivores Oiseaux QUELETOX Fenthion 640 g/l UL céréales 2012 2 granivores

Fongicide

Nom Commercial Nom et teneur en matière Date Formulation Spécialité Spéculation N° (s) active(s) Expiration N° Arrêté ALIETTE Fosetyl Aluminium 80% WG Fongicide Ananas 2016 1. ALMANEB 80 WP Manèbe 80% WP Fongicide Tomate 2010 2. ALTO 100 SL Cyproconazol 100g/l SL Fongicide Hévéa 2014 3. Oxyde de cuivre 40% ANTEOR SUPPER 49 WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2007 4. Cymoxanil 9.6%

Alkydimethyl benzyl- amonium chloride 494.6g/kg ANTIBLU SELECT 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl EC Fongicide Bois 2014 5. carbonate 23.7g/kg. -Bisodium actaborate tetrahydrate 74.2g/kg Fosetyl – Alluminium ATHLETE WG Fongicide Bananier 2016 6. 800g/kg

BALEAR 720 SC Chlorothalonil 720g/l SC Fongicide Bananier 2015 7. BANKIT 25 SC Azoxystrobine 250g/l SC Fongicide Bananier 2010 8. BANKO 720 EC Chlorothalonil 720g/l SC Fongicide Bananier 2010 9. BAOBAB 80 WP Mancozèbe 800 g/kg WP Mildiou Tomates 2018 10. BRAVO 720 SC Chlorothalonil 720 g/l FO mildiou Tomates 11. BRAVO 720 SC Chlorothalonil 720g/kg SC Fongicide Bananier 2010 12. CAIMAN 500 OL Mancozèbe 500g/l OL Fongicide Bananier 2013 13. Pouriture du CALIETTE 80 WP Fosetyl-Aluminium 80g/kg WP Ananas 2011 14. coeur

CALIXINE Tridemorphe 750g/l EC Fongicide Bananier 2007 15. CALIXINE 86 OL Tridemorphe 860g/l OL Fongicide Bananier 2012 16. CALLIS 400 OL Methyl-thiophanate 400g/l OL Fongicide Bananier 2008 17. Oxyde de cuivre 6% CALLOMIL SUPER Méfénoxam (métalaxyl-m) WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2010 18. 66 WP 6%

CAOCOBRE Oxyde de cuivre 560g/l WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2007 19.

CAOCOBRE 50 WG Oxyde de Cuivre WG Fongicide Cacaoyer 2015 20. Hydroxide de cuivre CHAMPION 50 WP WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2007 21. 500g/kg

CHLOROPLANT 720 Chlorothalonil SC Fongicide Bananier 2017 22. SC

pourriture COBRA 75 WG Oxyde de cuivre 75 % WG brune des Cacaoyer 2020 23. cabosses

COGA 80 WP Mancozèbe 800 g/kg WP Mildiou Tomates 2018 24. Fenpropimorph 375 g/l + Maladie des COMET PLUS FO Bananiers. 2020 25. Pyraclostrobin 100 g/l raies noires.

CURLYPLANT 730 Soufre 60,8% + Oxychlorure WG Fongicide Tomates 2015 26. WG de Cuivre 12,7%

DITHANE DG NEO Mancozèbe 800g/kg WG Fongicide Bananier 2014 27. TEC

cercosporios DITHANE F 448 SC Mancozèbe 430 g/l SC Bananiers. 2020 28. e

DITHANE M 45 Mancozèbe 80% WP Fongicide Tomates 2011 29. FOLICURE 250 EW Tebuconazole 200g/l EW Fongicide Bananier 2007 30. Thiophanate-metyl 11% + FONGEX TWP Oxychlorure de cuivre 20% WP Fongicide Maraichère 2014 31. + soufre 12%

FONGICA Oxyde de cuivre WG Fongicide Cacaoyer 2017 32. FONGISTAR 72% WP Oxyde de cuivre WP Fongicide Tomates 2017 33. pourriture Dimethomorph 6% + FORUM R 46 WP WP brune des Cacaoyer 2020 34. Oxychlorure de cuivre 40% cabosses

Dimethomorphe 60g/kg+ FORUM* R Oxychlorure de Cuivre WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2011 35. 400g/kg

FOSTONIC 80 WP Fosetyl Aluminium WP ongicide Ananas 2017 36. FUNGURAN-OH 50 Hydroxide du cuivre 77% WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2014 37. WP

Bénalaxy 18% + Cuivre GALBEN PLUS WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2009 38. Métal 60%

Sulfate de Cuivre pourriture GOLDEN BLUE SG Cacaoyer 2018 39. pentahydraté 98,5 % brune

Hydroxide de cuivre (eq. HYDROX WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2017 40. Cuivre métal)

Hydroxide de cuivre (eq. HYDROX WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2017 41. Cuivre métal)

Pouriture HYDROX Oxyde de cuivre 770g/kg WP brune des Cacaoyer 2007 42. cabosses

HYDROX SUPER Hydroxide de cuivre WG Fongicide Cacaoyer 2017 43. IMPULSE 800 EC Spiroxamine 800g/kg EC Fongicide Bananier 2014 44. IVORY 75 WG Mancozèbe 750g/kg WG Fongicide Bananier 2011 45. IVORY 80 WP Mancozèbe 800g/kg WP Fongicide Tomates 2010 46. Oxyde cuivreux 600g/kg+ K. O. MIL WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2016 47. Metalaxyl 120g/kg

KENTAN 40 WG Hydroxide de cuivre WG Fongicide Cacaoyer 2017 48. Cacaoyer KOCIDE 101 Hydroxide de cuivre 56% WP Fongicide 2006 49. caféier

KOCIDE 2000 Hydroxyde de Cuivre 53.8% WG Fongicide Cacaoyer 2011 50. Traitement MAGNATE 75 SG Imazalil 75% SG Bananier 2014 51. post récolte

MANCO 80 WP Mancozèbe 800g/kg WP Fongicide Tomates 2016 52. MANCOBEX 80 WP Mancozébe 800 g/kg WP mildiou Tomate 2019 53. MANCOSTAR 80 WP Mancozèbe 800 g/kg WP Mildiou Tomates 2018 54. MANCOZAN Mancozèbe 750g/kg WG Fongicide Bananier 2016 55. Mancozèbe 640 g/kg + MANCOZAN SUPER WG mildiou tomate 2019 56. Metalaxy 80 g/kg

Cercosporios MANZATE 75 WG Mancozèbe 750 g/kg WG Bananier 2018 57. es

MANZATE R 75 WG Mancoz7be WG Fongicide Bananier 2017 58. (DF)

Metalaxyl 12 % Pourriture METACHAMP WP Cacaoyer 2019 59. +Hydroxyde de cuivre 40 % brune

Métalaxyl 120g/kg + Oxyde METALM 72 WP WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2010 60. du cuivre 600g/kg

Thiophanate-methyl 150 g/kg Tomates METROSTAR 500 WP + Oxychlorure de cuivre 200 WP Mildiou 2018 61. g/kg + Soufre 150 g/kg

la maladie MORFUS 720 SC Chlorothalonil 720 g/l SC des raies Bananiers. 2020 62. noires

NORDOX 50 Oxyde de cuivre 58% PM Fongicide Cacaoyer 2006 63. NORDOX 75 WG Oxyde du Cuivre 86% WG Fongicide Cacaoyer 2006 64. NORDOX SUPER 75 pourriture Oxyde cuivreux 86,2% WP Cacaoyer 2018 65. WP brune

NORDOX SUPPER 75 Oxyde de cuivre 86% PM Fongicide Cacaoyer 2006 66. pourriture Oxyde cuivreux 600 g/kg + O.K.MIL FO brune des Cacaoyer 2020 67. Metalaxyl 120 g/kg cabosses

ODEON 82,5 WDG Chorothalonil WDG Fongicide Bananier 2017 68. cercosporios OPAL 7,5 EC Epoxyconazole 75 g/l EC Bananiers. 2020 69. e

Tridémorphe 450g/l ORPHEE PLUS OL Fongicide Bananier 2008 70. Triadiméfon 100g/l

PARASOL Hydroxide de cuivre 50% WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2010 71. PENNCOZEB 75 DG Mancozèbe 750g/kg DG Fongicide Bananier 2014 72. - Vivrière PENNCOZEB 80 WP Mancozèbe 80% WP Fongicide 2010 73. - Maraîchère - Fruitière Champiogno Maraîchères PENNCOZEB 80 WP Mancozèbe 800 g/kg WP 2018 74. ns parasites et fruitières

Pourriture PLANTIETTE 80 WG Fosetyl-Aluminium 800 g/kg WG Ananas 2018 75. du coeur

- Maraîchère PLANTINEB 80 WP Manèbe 80% WP Fongicide 2010 76. - Vivrièr- Fruitière PLANTINEB 80 WP Manèbe 80% WP mildiou Tomates 2018 77. PLANTIZEB 80 WP Mancozèbe 80% WP Insecticide Tomates 2014 78. PLANTOCOBRE 50 Oxyde de Cuivre 60% WG Fongicide Cacaoyer 2015 79. WG

Oxyde de vuivre 600g/kg+ PLANTOMIL 72 WP WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2016 80. Metalaxyl 120g/kg

PUNCH 40 EC Flusilazol 400g/l EC Fongicide Bananier 2014 81. PYRUS 400 SC Pyrimethanil 400g/l SC Fongicide Bananier 2016 82. Pourriture REVUS 250 SC Mandipropamid 250 g/l SC Cacaoyer 2018 83. des cabosses

REVUS 250 SC Mandipropamid 250 g/l mildiou Tomate 2019 84. RIDOMIL GOLD Mefenoxam 5% (metalaxyl) WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2009 85. 65WP + Hydroxyde de Cuivre 60%

RIDOMIL GOLD Metalaxy/-M 6%+ Oxyde de WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2011 86. PLUS 66 WP Cuivre 60%

Cercosporios SICO 250 EC Difenoconazole 250 g/l EC Bananier 2018 87. es

SICO 250EC Defenoconazole 250g/l EC Fongicide Bannanier 2008 88. SIGANEX 60 SC Pyriméthanil 600g/l SC Fongicide Bananier 2014 89. pourriture Dimethomorph 12 % + STAROMIL 72 WP WP brune des Cacaoyer 2020 90. Oxyde de cuivre 60 % cabosses

SULIMA 75 SP Imazalil 75% SP Fongicide Bananier 2008 91. Mefenoxam (Metalaxyl- M) SUPRAMIL GOLD WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2017 92. + Oxyde de Cuivre

cercosporios TILT 250 EC Propiconazole 250 g/l EC Bananiers. 2020 93. e

TILT 250 EC Propiconazole 250g/l EC Fongicide Bananier 2007 94. TOLONYL Chlorothalonil 750g/l WG Fongicide Bananier 2015 95. cercosporios TRICAL 250 OL Triadimefon 250 g/l OL Bananiers. 2020 96. e

TRICAL 250 OL Triadiméfon 250g/l OL Fongicide Bananier 2008 97. TRIMANEB Manèbe WP Fongicide Maraichères 2015 98. Champiogno Maraîchères TRIMANGOL 80 WP Manèbe 800 g/kg WP 2018 99. ns parasites et fruitières

Mancozèbe 64% + Metalaxyl UNILAX 72 WP WP Mildiou Tomates 2018 100. 8%

VOLLEY 88 OL Fenpropimorphe OL Fongicide Bananier 2017 101. VONDOZEB 33 OF Mancozèbe 330g/l OF Fongicide Bananier 2010 102. Cercosporios VONDOZEB 42 SC Mancozèbe 420 g/l SC Bananier 2018 103. es

VONDOZEB 42 SC Mancozèbe 420g/l SC Fongicide Bananier 2010 104.

Herbicides

Nom Commercial Nom et teneur en Date N° Formulation Spécialité Spéculation N° Arrêté matière (s) active(s) Expiration

Pré-levée culture 1. ACTION 80 DF Diuron 800g/kg WG Cotonnier 2018 et adventices Lozynil 100g/kg + 2,4 2. ACTRIL DS EC Herbicide Cane-à-sucre 2013 D 500g/kg Pré-levée cultures Diverses 3. AGRAX 500 Amétryne 500g/l SC 2010 et adventices cultures 4. AGRAZINE 90 DF Atrazine 900g/kg DF Herbicide Maïs 2011 Pré-levée culture 5. AGRAZINE 90 DF Atrazine 900g/kg WG Cotonnier 2018 et adventices Adventices en 6. ALLIGATOR Pendimethaline 400g/l EC Canne à sucre 2015 post levée Adventices en Palmier à 7. ALLY 20 DF Metsulfuron-Methyl DF 2017 post levée huile Adventices en 8. ALMOXONE SUPER Paraquat 200g/l SL Caféier 2011 post levée Adventices en 9. ALMSMA 720 SL MSMA 720g/l SL Canne à sucre 2011 post levée Ametrène 250 g/l+ Adventices en 10. AMETRA 500 SC SC Canne à Sucre 2015 Atrazine 250g/l post levée Adventices en 11. AMISTAR 720 SL 2,4 – D sel d’amine SL Toute culture 2020 post levée Adventices en Diverses 12. ARMADA Glyphosate 90g/l SL 2006 post levée cultures Isoxaflutole 37,5g/l + Adventices en 13. ATOLL SC Maïs 2015 Atrazine 500g/l post levee Adventices en 14. ATRALM 80 WP Atrazine 900g/kg WP Maïs 2010 post levée Adventices en 15. ATRALM 90 WDG Atrazine 900g/l WDG Maïs 2012 post levée Glufosinate Adventices en Diverses 16. BASTA 6 SL SL 2007 ammonium 60g/l post levée cultures Glufosinate Adventices en Diverses 17. BASTA F1 SL 2007 ammonium 200g/l post levée cultures Glufosinate Adventices en Diverses 18. BASTA F1 SL 2019 ammonium 200g/l post levée cultures 2,4 –D Sol d’Amide Adventices en Diverses 19. CALLIHERBE SL 2007 720g/l post levée cultures Adventices en Diverses 20. CALLOXONE SUPER Paraquat 200g/l SL 2010 post levée cultures 17

Adventices en 21. CASSE-TOUT Glyphosate 480 g/l SL Toute culture 2020 post levée Adventices en Palmier à 22. CAVIAR 48 EC Tridopyr 480g/l EC 2015 post levée huile Loxinyl 100g/l + 2,4- Adventices en 23. CERTROL DS EC Canne à Sucre 2014 D 600g/l post levée Adventices en 24. CLEANFARM 360 SL Glyphosate 360 g/l SL Toute culture 2020 post levée CODAL GOLD 412,5 Prometryne 25 % + S- Pré-levée culture 25. DC Cotonnier 2018 DC Metolachlore 16,25 % et adventices Adventices en Palmier à 26. CORTA 480 Triclopyr 480 g/l EC 2018 post levée huile Adventices en 27. COTRAZINE Atrazine 80 % cotonnier 2019 prélevée Glufosinate Adventices en 28. CYCLONE 200 SL SL Palmier à huile 2019 ammonium 200 g/l post levée 2, D (Sel Adventices en Palmier à 29. DECAPLANT 720 Sl 2015 d’Amine) 720g/l post levée huile Amicarbazone Pré-levée culture 30. DINAMIC 700 WDG WDG Canne à sucre 2018 700g/kg et adventices Adventices en 31. DINO 800 SC Diuron 800g/l SC Canne à sucre 2014 post levée Adventices en 32. DINO 800 WG Diuron 800g/kg WG Canne à sucre 2014 post levée Adventices en 33. DIURALM 800 SC Diuron 80% SC Canne à sucre 2012 post levée Adventices en 34. DIURALM 8O WG Diuron 800g/kg WG Cotonnier 2014 post levée Adventices en 35. DIURON 80 WP Diuron 800g/kg WP Cotonnier 2010 post levée Metsulfuron-methyle Adventices en 36. ERAWEED 20 WG WG Hévéa 2019 20 % post levée EXTREME PLUS 750 Metribuzinze 643+ Adventices en 37. WP Canne à sucre 2015 WP Chlorimuron 107 post levée Adventices en Palmier à 38. FINISH 360 SL Glyphosate 360 g/l SL 2018 post levée huile Glyphosate 680 g/kg Adventices en Palmier à 39. FINISH 68 SG SG 2018 (sel d’isopropylamine) post levée huile Terbutylazine 345g/l Adventices en Diverses 40. FOLAR 525 SC SC 2007 + Glyphosate 180g/l post levée cultures Clamazone 150g/l + Adventices en 41. GALAXY 450 EC EC Riz 2013 Pendiméthaline 180g/l post levée Haloxyfob-R (ester de Adventices en 42. GALLANT SUPER EC Cotonier 2016 Methyl) 108g/l post levée Adventices en Diverses 43. GARLON 4E Tridopyr 480g/l EC 2007 post levée cultures EC Adventices en Adventices 44. GARLON 4E Triclopyr 2017 post levée des cultures Herbicide/ Pré- 45. GESAPRIM 90 WG Atrazine 900g/l WG Maïs 2011 levée Pré-levée cultures Maïs 46. GESAPRIM 90 WG Atrazine 900 g/kg WG 2011 et adventices Glyphosate 360 g/l Adventices en 47. GLYCEL 41 % SL (s/f de sel SL Toute culture 2019 post levée d’isopropylamine)

Adventices en 48. GLYCOT Glyphosate 480 g/l SL cotonnier 2019 post levée Adventices en Diverses 49. GLYPHADER Glyphosate 360g/l SL 2007 post levée cultures Adventices en Adventices 50. GLYPHADER 360 SL Glyphosate SL 2017 post levée des cultures Glyphosate 680g/kg Adventices en 51. GLYPHADER 750 SG Cotonnier 2018 (eq. Glyphosate acide) post levée Adventices en 52. GLYPHALM 500 WSG Glyphosate 500g/l WSG Cotonnier 2014 post levée Adventices en 53. GLYPHALM 72 WG Glyphosate 720g/l WG Cotonnier 2015 post levée Glyphosate 180g/l + Adventices en 54. GLYPHASINE COMBI SL Caféier 2011 Terbuthylazine 345g/l post levée Glyphosate 360g/l Adventices en 55. GLYPHOGAN (Sel SL Caféier 2011 post levée d’isopophylamine) Adventices en Palmier à 56. GLYPHOS 360 Glyphosate 360g/l SL 2013 post levée huile Glyphosate 360g/l Adventices en Palmier à 57. GLYPHOSALM 360 SL sous forme de sel SL 2011 post levée huile d’isoprophylamine Adventices en Diverses 58. GRAMAXONE SUPPER Paraquat 200g/l SL 2007 post levée cultures Adventices en Diverses 59. GRAMAXONE SUPPER Paraquat 200g/ SL 2007 post levée cultures 2,4-D sel d’Amine Adventices en Palmier à 60. HEBEXTRA SL 2010 720g/l post levée huile Isopropylamine Adventices en 61. HELOSATE 360 SL AE SL Canne à sucre 2013 360g/l post levée Adventices en Palmier à 62. HERBALM 720 2,4-D 720g/l SL 2011 post levée huile Asulam-sodium 400 Post-levée des 63. HERBAZUR SL Canne à sucre 2018 g/l adventices Post-levée des Atrazine 750g/l + 64. HERBIMAIS WG adventices et Mais 2016 Nicosulfuron 40g/l cultures en postlevée Dicamba 24 % + 65. HERBIMAIS SUPER HE cultures et maïs 2020 Nicosulfuron 4 % adventices Post-levée des 66. HERBISTAR 360 SL Glyphosate 360 g/l SL Canne à sucre 2018 adventices HERBISTAR PLUS 757 Adventices en 67. Glyphosate 757 g/kg WSG Toute culture 2020 WSG post levée HERBISTAR PRO 800 Adventices en 68. Glyphosate WSG Cotonnier 2017 WSG post levée Adventices en Diverses 69. KALACH 120 SL Glyphosate 120g/l SL 2006 post levée cultures Adventices en 70. KALACH 360 SL Glyphosate 360g/l SL Canne à sucre 2006 post levée Adventices 71. KALACH 360 SL Glyphosate 360 g/l SL Maïs 2018 des cultures Metsulfuron-methyle Adventices en Palmier à 72. KARLA 20 DF DF 2019 200 g/kg post levée Huile Trifloxysulfuron Adventices en 73. KRISMAT 75 WG WG Canne à sucre 2013 1,85% + Ametryne post levée 19

73,15% LASSO GD MICRO Alachlore 300g/l + Pré-levée cultures 74. CS et SC Maïs 2011 TECH Atrazine 180g/l et adventices Mesotrione 3,75% + Post-levée des S-Méthalochlore Maïs 75. LUMAX 537,5 SE SE adventices et 2015 37,5%+ Terbutylazine cultures 12,5% Adventice en post 76. MAIA 75 WG Nicosulfuron 750 g/l WG Maïs 2019 levée Adventices en 77. MASTER 720 SL MSMA 720g/l SL Canne à sucre 2014 post levée post-levé culture 78. NICOMAIS 40 SC Nicosulfuron SC Maïs et adventices Adventices en 79. NOMINEE 100 SC Bispyribac – Sodium SC Riz 2015 post levée Adventices en 80. PARAGON 500 EC Pendiméthaline 500g/l EC Canne à sucre 2014 post levée Adventices en 81. PENCAL 500 EC Pendimethaline 500g/l EC Cotonnier 2010 post levée Adventices en 82. PENDIMOST Pendiméthaline EC Maïs 2010 post levée Adventices en 83. PLANTOP 360 Glyphosate 360g/l SL Canne à sucre 2015 post levée PLANTOP ULTRA Glyphosate Adventices en 84. WG Cotonnier 2015 75,7% WG ammonium 75% post levee Adventices en Palmier à 85. PLANTOXONE SUPER Paraquat 200g/l EC 2016 post levée Huile Adventices en 86. PLANTURON 80% WG Diuron 800g/kg WG Cotonnier 2014 post levée Pré-levée Cotonnier 87. PREMISTAR 800 WG Diuron 800 g/kg WG adventices et 2018

cultures S-Metolachlore PRIMAGRAM GOLD Pré-levée cultures 88. 290g/kg + Atrazine SC Mais 2011 660 SC et adventices 370g/l Atrazine 170g/l + Pré-levée cultures Maïs 89. PRIMEXTRA 500 FW FW 2009 Metolachlore 330g/l et adventices PRIMEXTRA GOLD 720 Atrazine320g/l + S- Pré-levée cultures 90. SC Mais 2009 SC Metolachlore 400g/l et adventices PRIMEXTRA GOLD 720 Atrazine320g/l + S- Pré-levée cultures Diverses 91. SC 2019 SC Metolachlore 400g/l et adventices cultures Adventices en 92. RISTAR TM Oxadiazon 250g/l EC Riz 2016 post levée Adventices en Adventices 2017 93. ROUND UP 360 SL Glyphosate SL post levée des cultures Adventices en Palmier à 94. ROUND UP BIOSEC Glyphosate 640g/l GR 2011 post levée huile Adventices en Diverses 95. ROUNDUP 120 Glyphosate 120g/l SL 2007 post levée cultures Adventices en Diverses 96. ROUNDUP 360 Glyphosate 360g/l SL 2007 post levée cultures Adventices en Diverses 97. ROUNDUP 360 Glyphosate 360g/l SL 2019 post levée cultures Adventices en Palmier à 98. ROUNDUP 450 TURBO Glyphosate 450g/l SL 2014 post levée huile 20

Glyphosate 450 g/l sous forme Adventices en 99. ROUNDUP 450 TURBO d’équivalent acide HE Toute culture 2020 post levée (551 g/l de sel de potassium) Adventices en Diverses 100. SIKOSTO 120 SL Glyphosate 120g/l SL 2010 post levée cultures Adventices en Diverses 101. SIKOSTO 360 SL Glyphosate 360g/l SL 2010 post levée cultures Adventices en 102. SIKOSTO 360 SL Glyphosate 360 g/l SL Toute culture 2019 post levée Adventices en 103. SPRINGBOK 360 SL Glyphosate 360g/l SL Canne à sucre 2014 post levée Adventices en 104. SPRINGBOK 500 WSG Glyphosate 500g/kg WG Canne à sucre 2014 post levée Pré-levée cultures 2009 105. STOMP 500 EC Pendimethaline 500g/l EC Cotonnier et adventices Pendimethaline 455 Pré-levée cultures 106. STOMP CS CS Cotonnier 2019 g/l et adventices Adventices en Diverses 107. SUPRAXONE ROYAL Paraquat 200g/l SL 2007 post levée cultures Adventices en Diverses 108. SUPRAXONE ROYAL Paraquat 200g/l SL 2007 post levée cultures Adventices en Diverses 109. SUPRAXONE ROYAL Paraquat SL 2017 post levée cultures Pré-levée cultures 110. TARGA SUPER 50 EC Quizalofop-Ethyl Ec Cotonnier 2014 et adventices Adventices en 111. TOPSTAR 400 SC Oxadiargyl 400g/l SC Riz 2015 post levée Glyphosate-trimesium Adventices en Palmier à 112. TOUCH DOWN SL 2013 480g/l post levée huile TOUCHDOWN FORTE Adventices en Palmier à 113. Glyphosate 500g/l SL 2014 HI TECH post levée huile Adventices en 114. TREVESSIMO Glyphosate 720g/l SC 2007 post levée Glyphosate 250 g/l + Adventices en Diverses 115. TREVISSIMO SC 2018 Diuron 250 g/l post levée cultures Pré-levée culture Carotte 116. TROMISSIL 50 WP Linuron WP 2017 et adventices Adventices en Diverses 117. VELPAR 75 DF Hexazinone 750g/l DF 2010 post levée cultures Adventices en Diverses 118. VELPAR L 240 Hexazinone 240g/l DC 2010 post levée cultures Adventices en 119. VOLATRAZINE 500 SC Atrazine 500g/l SC Canne à sucre 2014 post levée Adventices en 120. VOLAZINONE 750 WG Hexazinon 750g/kg WG Canne à sucre 2014 post levée Adventices en 121. VOLCACET 900 EC Acétochlore 900g/l EC Canne à sucre 2015 post levée 2, 4-D Adventices en 122. VOLTRIL 600g/l+Loxynil EC Canne à sucre 2014 post levée 100g/l Adventices en 123. WILDBEES 2.4-D 600g/l SL Canne à sucre 2014 post levée

Insecticides

Nom Commercial Nom et teneur en Date N° Formulation Spécialité Spéculation matière (s) active(s) Expiration N° Arrêté 1. ACEPLANT 80 EC Acetamipride 80g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2016 2. ACTARA 25 WG Thiamethosam 250g/l WG Insecticide Bananier 2015 Pirimiphose- méthyl Denrées 3. ACTELLIC 2% DUST PP Insecticide 2007 20g/kg stockées Pirimiphos Methyl 4. ACTELLIC 50 EC EC Insecticide Maïs, Haricot 2008 20g/l 5. AKITO 25 EC Béta-Cyperméthrine EC Insecticide Tomate 2014 Phosphure Denrées 6. ALADIN Fumigant Insecticide 2016 d’Aluminium 56% stockeés 7. ALTERNAX Thiodicarb 800g/l WG Insecticide Cotonnier 2016 8. AMSAC 150 SC Indoxacarb SC Insecticide Cotonnier Fenobucarb (BPMC) 9. ANNIBAL 500 EC EC Insecticide Cacaoyer 2010 500g/l 10. ATTAKAN 350 SC Imidaclopride 350g/l SC Insecticide Bananier 2014 11. AVAUNT 150 SC Indoxacarbe 150g/l SC Insecticide Cotonnier 2013 12. BASSA 500 EC Feobucarb 500g/l EC Insecticide Cacaoyer 2007 13. BASTION 10 G Carbofuran 100g/kg GR Insecticide Bananier 2010 14. BASUDINE 600 EW Diazinon 600/l EW Insecticide Cacaoyer 2008 15. BATIK Bacillus thuringiensis 2010 16. BAYTHROID 025 EC Cyfluthrine 25g/l EC Insecticide Tomate 2010 17. BAYTHROID 100 EC Cyfluthrine 100g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2009 18. BENJI 80 SL Acétamipride 80g/l SL Insecticide Cotonnier 2016 ZC Thiametoxam + 19. BORADYN 045 ZC Mélange de Insecticide Cacaoyer 2017 Lambda Cyhalothrime SC et CS 20. CATCH 10 G Cadusaphos 100 g/kg 2017 Emamectine-benzoate Chenilles 21. CAÏMAN B 50 WG WG cotonnier 2019 50 g/kg carpophages 22. CALDOPHOS 600 SL Methamidophos 600g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2011 23. CALLISULFAN 50EC Endosulfan 500 g/l 2010 24. CALFOS 600 EC Profenofos 600g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2007 25. CALFOS 720 EC Profenofos 720g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2007 26. CALIFE 500 EC Profenofos 500g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2015 Chenilles 27. CALIFE B 400 EC Profenofos 400 g/l EC Cotonnier 2018 carpophages 28. CALLIDIM 200 EC Diméthoate 200g/l EC Insecticide Tomate 2007 Cultures Insectes maraîchères, 29. CALLIDIM 400 EC Dimethoate 400 g/l EC 2018 nuisibles légumières et fruitières - Hévéa 30. CALLIDIM 400 EC Diméthoate 400g/l EC Insecticide -Maraîchère 2010 - Vivrière CALLIFAN SUPER 40 Acétamipride 20 31. EC mirides cacaoyer 2019 EC g/l+Bifenthrine 20 g/l 22

32. CALLISULFAN 330 CS Endosulfan 330g/l CS Cacaoyer 2010 33. CALLISULFAN 35EC Endosulfan 350g/l EC Insecticide Caféier 2007 34. CAOFORCE 600 EC Diazinon 600g/l EC Insecticide Cacaoyer 2014 35. CAPORAL 750 EC Profénofos 750g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2014 Lambda-Cyhalothrine Mouches des 36. CAPT FORTE 184 WG 120 g/kg + WG Tomates 2018 fruits Acetamipride 64 g/kg 37. CARBOFALM 35 DS Carbosufaln 35% DS Insecticide Cotonnier 2014 Traitement des 38. CARBOFAN 35 DS Carbosulfan 350 g/kg DS Cotonnier 2018 semences Beta-Cypermétrine 39. CHINMIX 10 EC EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2012 100g/l 40. CIGOGNE 12 EC Cyperméthrine 12g/l EC Insecticide Tomate 2012 41. CIGOGNE 200 EC Cypermethrine 200g/l SL Insecticide Cotonnier 2007 42. CIGOGNE 360 EC Cypermethrine EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2017 Cultures 43. CIGOGNE 50 EC Cyperméthrine 50g/l EC Insecticide vivrière et 2019 maraîchères 44. CONFIDOR 010 UL Imidachlopride 10 g/l 2011 Bananiers et 45. CONFIDOR 200 SL Imidaclopride 200g/l SL Insecticide 2012 plantains 46. CONFIDOR 350 SC Imidaclopride 368g/l SC Insecticide Bananier 2015 Semences 47. CRUISER 350 FS Thiaethoxane 350g/l FS Insecticide 2016 cotonnières 48. CURACRON 500 EC Profenofos 500g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2019 49. CYGA 250 EC Cyperméthrine 250g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2016 50. CYPALM 200 EC Cyperméthrine 200g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2012 51. CYPALM 360 EC Cyperméthrine 360g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2019 52. CYPALM 50 EC Cyperméthrine 50g/l EC Insecticide Tomate 2011 53. CYPERAX 12 EC Cyperméthrine 12 g/l 2010 54. CYPERAX 200 EC Cyperméthrine 200g/l 2010 55. CYPERAX 50 EC Cyperméthrine 50 g/l 2010 Cotonnier 56. CYPERCAL 100 Cyperméthrine 100g/l EC Insecticide fruitier 2006 maraîchère Cultures Insectes maraîchères, 57. CYPERCAL 12 EC Cypermethrine 12 g/l EC 2018 nuisibles légumières et fruitières Cultures Insectes maraîchères, 58. CYPERCAL 50 EC Cypermethrine 50 g/l EC 2018 nuisibles légumières et fruitières Chenilles 59. CYPERCOT Cypermethrine 10 % EC cotonnier 2019 carpophages Cultures CYPERDIM 220 EC Cypermethrine 20 g/l + Insectes maraîchères, 60. EC 2018 Dimethoate 200 g/l nuisibles légumières et fruitières Hévéa Diméthoate 200g/l + 61. CYPERDIM 220 EC EC Insecticide Maraîchères 2007 Cypermethrine 20g/l Fruitière 62. CYPERPLANT 100 EC Cyperméthrine 100g/l EC Insecticide Tomate 2011 63. CYPERPLANT 12 EC Cyperméthrine 12g/l EC Insecticide Tomate 2013

64. CYPERPLANT 200 EC Cyperméthrine 200g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2014 65. CYPERPLANT 50 EC Cyperméthrine 50g/l EC Insecticide Tomate 2013 Diméthoate 240g/l + 66. CYPLANDIM 260 EC EC Insecticide Tomate 2014 Cyperméthrine 20g/l Chlorpyrifos –ethyl 67. CYREN 480 EC EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2012 200g/l Insectes 68. CYTHRINE 25 EC Cypermethrine 25 g/l EC maraîchères 2019 ravageurs Antiacridienne 69. DECIS 12,5 ULV Delthaméthrine 12,5g/l ULV 2006 Insecticide 70. DECIS 25 EC Delthaméthrine 25g/l EC Insecticide Caféier 2006 Maraîchères 71. DECISTAB Delthamethrine 25g/kg Tb Insecticide vivrières et 2010 fruitières Emamectine-benzoate Chenilles 72. DENIM 019 EC EC cotonnier 2019 19 g/l carpophages Dichlorvos 125g/l + 73. DIGRAIN 4 CE Café et Cacao 2012 Malathion 100g/l 74. DIMEX 400 EC Diméthoate 400g/l EC Insecticide Tomate 2014 75. DIMEZYL 400EC Diméthoate 400 g/l 2010 76. DUREXA 3,5 DP Chlorpyriphos 3,5% DP Insecticide Caféier 2010 Chlorpyriphos-ethyl 480 Scolytes des 77. DURSBAN 4 EC EC Caféier 2018 g/l baies Thiamethoxam 30 g/l + Mouches des 78. EFORIA 045 ZC Lambda-Cyhalothrine ZC Tomates 2018 fruits 15 g/l 79. ENDOSULFAN 50% EC Enfosulfan 500g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2011 Thiamethosam 146g/l 80. ENGEO 247 SC + Lambda- SC Insecticide Cacaoyer 2014 cyhalothrine 106g/l Chlorpyriphos-ethyl punaises caféier 81. EPERVIER 220 EC 200 g/l + EC 2020 nuisibles arabica. Cypermethrine 20 g/l Palmier à 82. EVISECT S Thiocyclam 500g/l WP Insecticide 2013 huile Acridiens 83. FENICAL 500 UL Fenitrothion 500g/l UL Ravageur 2012 Insecticide Chenilles 84. FYFANON 880 EC Malathion 880 g/l EC Cotonnier 2018 carpophages 85. GAWA 30 SC Imidaclopride 30g/l SC Insecticide Cacaoyer 2014 Traitement Haricot et 86. GENERAL 40 WS Carbosulfan 40% WS 2012 Semences Niébé Denrées 87. GOLIATH GEL Fipronil 0,05% GEL Insecticide 2010 stockées punaises caféier 88. GREFORCE 480 EC Chlorpyrifos 480 g/l EC 2020 nuisibles arabica. 89. GROSPLANT 480 EC Chlorpyriphos 480g/l EC Insecticide Caféier 2011 90. HOSTATHION 40 EC Triazophos 400g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2010 Chenilles 91. INDOCALM 150 SC Indoxacarb 1250 g/l SC cotonnier 2019 carpophages Charançons 92. INSECTOR 350 SC Imidaclopride 350 g/l SC Bananiers 2018 noirs 93. IRON 70 WG Imidaclopride WG Insecticide Cacaoyer 2017 94. K’OBIOL DP 2 Delthamithrine 2g/kg DP Insecticide Maïs en 2011

conservation 95. K-OTAB Deltaméthrine 25% 2009 96. K'OTHRINE 25 EC Deltamethrine 25 g/l 2007 Locaux de logement et 97. K’OTHRINE 25 WP Delthaméthrine 25g/l WP Insecticide 2010 stockage des denrées Lamda-Cyhalothrine 98. KARATE 5 EC EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2009 45g/l Lambda Cyhalothrine Cultures 99. KARATE MAX 2,5 WG WG Insecticide 2012 2,5% Maraïchères 100. KART 50 SP Cartap 500g/l SP Insecticide Cacaoyer 2016 101. KNOX-OUT Diazinon 240g/l 2008 KOMBAT CUTWORM Sodium fluosilicate 102. GR Insecticide Maïs 2009 BAIT 100g/Kg Lambdacyhalothrine 103. K-OPTIMAL 15g/l + Acetamipride EC Insecticide Tomate 2019 20g/l 104. KRISS 100 SL Acétamipide 100g/l SL Insecticide Cotonnier 2013 Imidaclopride 1% + 105. KUNFU B 50 EC EC Insecticide Cacaoyer 2015 Cyperméthrine 4% Lambda-Cyhalothrine 106. LAMBDACAL 100 EC EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2012 100g/l Lamda-Cyhalothrine 50 Mouches des 107. LAMBDALM 5% EC EC Tomates 2018 g/l fruits 108. LASER 480 SC Spinosad 480g/l SC Insecticide Cotonnier 2016 109. MALAGRAIN DP 5 Malathion 5% 2013 110. MALATHANE 50 EC Malathion 500g/l EC Insecticide Tomate 2010 Traitement 111. MARSHAL 35 DS Carbosulfan 35% DS 2009 Semences 112. MARSHAL 480 EC Carbusylfan 480g/l EC Insecticide Caféiers 2011 113. MATADOR 80 EC Acetamiprid 80g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2013 114. METEOR Dimethoate 400 g/l 2009 115. MITAC 20 EC Amitraz 200g/l EC Insecticide Cacaoyer 2007 116. MONOCALM 400 SL Monocrotophos 400g /l SL Insecticide Cotonnier 2012 117. MOSPILAN 200 EC Acétamiprid 200g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2013 Chlopyrifos-ethyl 200 Caféiers 118. NURELLE D 20/200 g/l + Cypermethrine 20 D punaises 2019 Arabica g/l Traitement 119. ONCOL 35 DS Benfuracarb 350g/l DS coton 2011 Semences 120. ONEX Imidaclopride 30 g/l SL mirides cacaoyer 2019 Traitement des 121. OPTIMAL Acétamipride 200g/l SP Cotonnier 2016 Semences 122. ORTHENE 50 SP Acéphate 500g/kg SP Insecticide Caféier 2007 Lambdacyhalothrine 123. PACHA 25 EC 15g/l + Acetamipride EC Insecticide Tomate 2016 10g/l Imidacloprid 20 g/l + mouches de 124. PARASTAR 40 EC Lambdacyhalothrine 20 EC fruits, les Maraîchères 2020 g/l pucerons Imidaclopride 20 g/l + 125. PARASTAR 40 EC Lambda-Cyhalothrine EC Mirides Cacaoyers 2018 20 g/l 126. PERMETHRINE 20 Ec Permethrine 200 g/l 2009 25

Pucerons et 127. PEGASUS 250 SC Diafenthiuron 25 % SC Mouches des Tomates 2018 fruits Methyl Parathion Cacaoyer 128. PENNCAP M Insecticides 2008 240g/l Caféiers Suspension de Méthyl-Parathion 129. PENNCAP M micro- Insecticide Maraïchère 2011 240g/l capsules Perméthrine 4g /l + Traitement des 130. PERCAL M 2% DP DP Grains stockés 2013 Malathion 16g/l denrées 131. PERMETALM 200 EC Permethrine 200g/l EC Les Simulies 2015 - Locaux logement 132. PERMETIOL 25 EC Perméthrine 250g/l EC 2010 -Denrées stockées Phosphure Insectes Denrées 133. PHOSFINON 2019 d’aluminium 57 % ravageurs stockées Solide Denrées Phosphure Insectes 134. PHOSTOXIN (plaquette, stockées et 2019 d’Aluminium 56% ravageurs (comprimés) entreprosées Lambda cylaothine 135. PILORI 15 EC EC Tomate 2011 15g/l Alphacypermé thrine 136. PLANTAC 60 WP Tomate 2015 6% 137. PLANTHOATE 400 EC Diméthoate 400g/l EC Tomate 2011 138. PLANTIMA 30 SC Imidaclopride SC Insecticide Cacaoyer Charançons 139. PLANTIMA 700 WG Imidaclopride 700 g/kg WG Bananiers 2019 noirs Chenilles 140. PLANTOFOS 75 EC Profenofos 750 g/l EC Cotonnier 2018 carpophages 141. PLEXUS 60 EC Deltaméthrine 60g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2014 142. POUDROX Malathion 50g/Kg PP Insecticides Grains stockés 2009 143. POUDROX Malathion 50g/Kg PP Insecticides Grains stockés 2019

Emamectin benzoate mouches de 144. PROCLAIM 019 EC EC Maraîchères 2020 19,2 g/l fruits, les pucerons 145. PROFENALM 500 EC Profénofos 500g/l Cotonnier 2014 146. PROFENALM 720 EC Profenofos 720g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2015 Chenilles 147. PROFENOCOT Profenofos 50 % EC cotonnier 2019 carpophages Thiaclopride 150 g/l + 148. PROTEUS 170 O-TEQ OD Mirides Cacaoyer 2018 Deltamethrine 20 g/l Chlopyrifos-ethyl 480 149. PYCHLOREX 48 EC EC Scolytes Caféier 2019 g/l 150. PYCHLOREX 48 EC Chlorpyrifos 480g/l EC Insecticide Caféier 2009 Cultures 151. REGENT 3 GR Fipronil 20g/l GR Insecticide 2012 maraiches 152. REGENT 5 GR Fipronil 20g/kg GR Insecticide Bananier 2007 153. REGENT 5 GR Fipronil 20g/kg GR Insecticide Bananier 2019 154. REGENT 50 SC Fripronil 50g/l SC Insecticide Caféier 2012 Scolytes des 155. SCOLYTALM 35 EC Endosulfan 350g/l EC Caféier 2010 Baie 156. SELECRON 720 EC Profenofos 72g/l EC Insecticide Tomate 2012 157. SEVIN 85 S Carbaryl 850g/Kg WP Cacaoyer Cacaoyer 2009 26

Insecticide 158. SHERPA 200 EC Cyperméthrine 200g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2012 Huille de pétrole 159. SPRAYBAN N° 3 UL Insecticide Bananier 2007 rafinée 830g/l Insectes Denrées 160. STARGRAIN 2 DP Deltaméthrine 0.2 % DP 2019 ravageurs stockées Chenilles 161. STEWARD 150 EC Indoxacarb 150 g/l EC Cotonnier 2018 carpophages 162. SULTAN 500 EC Endosulfan 500g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2015 163. TAMARON 600 SL Methamidophos 600g/l SL Insecticide Cotonnier 2011 164. Contre les Bacillus thuringionsis 165. TEKNAR HP – D SC simulies 2010 2.6% Insecticide 166. TENOR 500 EC Profenofos 500g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2014 Contre les 167. THIODAN 25 ULV Endosulfan 250g/l ULV glossines 2007 Insecticides Caféier , 168. THIODAN 35 EC Endosulfan 350g/l EC Insecticide cacaoyer 2007 cotonnier 169. THIODAN 50 EC Endosulfan 500g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2010 Cacaoyer 170. THIODANULTRACAPS Endosulfan 330g/l CS Cacaoyer 2015 Mirides 171. THIOFANEX 500 EC Endosulfan 500g/l Cotonnier 2010 Caféier 172. THIONEX 35 EC Endosulfan 350g/l EC Insecticide 2006 Cacaoyer 173. THIONEX 50 EC Endosulfan 500g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2009 174. THIOPLANT 50 WP Endosulfan 500g/kg WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2014 175. TITAN 25 EC Acetamipride 250g/l EC Insecticide Tomate 2011 Cotonnier 176. TRIALM 400 EC Triazophos 400g/l EC Insecticide 2015

Chenilles 177. TRIAZOFORCE 400 EC Triazophos 400 g/l EC Cotonnier 2018 carpophages 178. TRITOPLANT 35 EC Endosulfan 350g/l EC Insecticide Cacaoyer 2016 Lambda Cyhalothrine 179. TYSON 150 EC EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2013 150g/l 180. UNDEN 75 WP Propoxur 750g/kg WP Insecticide Cacaoyer 2007 mouches de 181. VYDATE 10 G Oxamyl 10 % G Maraîchères 2019 fruits, pucerons 182. ZIMOST 60 EC Diazinon 60% 2010 Chlorpyriphos-éthyl 183. PYRIFORCE 2010 600g/l

Insecticides – Fongicides

Date Nom Commercial N° Matière Active Formulation Spéculation Spécialité Expiratio

n N° Arrêté ALMTHIO 20/25 Insecticide/ Traitement de 1. Lindane + Thriame DS 2011 Fongicide Semences 20ù + APRON STAR 42 DS Insecticide/F Traitement de 2. Difénoconazole 2% + DS 2010 ongicide Semences Métalaxyl-M 20% CAIMAN ROUGE Endosulfan 250g/kg Insecticide/ Traitement de 3. DS 2014 + Thirame 2250g/kg Fongicide Semences Chlorpyrifos Ethyl Insecticide/ 4. CALLOXYL C 300g/l + TCMTB EC Grumes 2012 Fongicide 100g/l Chlorpyriphos 300g/l Insecticide/ 5. CALLOXYL C EC Bois 2012 + TCMTB 100g/l Fongicide Thirame 250g/kg + Insecticide/ Semence 6. CALTHIO C50 WS Chlorpyriphos -Ethyl WS 2010 Fongicide Cotonnier 250g/kg Thriame 250g/l + Insecticide/ 7. CALTHIO DS DS Semences 2010 Lindane Fongicide Endosulfan + Semence 8. CALTHIO E WS Insecticide 2012 Thirame Cotonnier Copper carbonate traitement champignon acid 15,5 % + Boric préventif des 9. CELCURE AC 450 INFO s et insectes 2020 acid 4,9 % + DDA poteaux xylophages carbonate 5,3 % électriques Insecticide/F 10. COUNTER 10G Terbufos 100g/kg GR Bananier 2007 ongicide Carbendazime 8g/kg + propiconazole 30g/kg + diluer dans Insecticide/ 11. CRYPTOGIL ASI IPIBC 30g/kg+ Bois 2014 l’eau Fongicide Cyperméthrine 3g/kg+ Bifenthrine1,5g/kg IPBC 12 g/l + Champignon 12. CRYPTOGIL ASI ++ Propiconazole 12 g/l + EC s et insectes Bois débités 2018 Bifenthrine 3 g/l xylophages IPBC 12 g/l + Champignon Bois débités CRYPTOGIL ASI ++ 13. Propiconazole 12 g/l + EC s et insectes 2018 PREMIUM Xamox 5 g/l xylophages protection

IPBC 12 g/l + préventive des CRYPTOGIL ASI ++ champignon 14. Propiconazole 12 g/l INFO grumes 2020 PREMIUM s et insectes + Xamox 50 g/l fraîchement xylophages abattues Champignon CRYPTOGIL DC6 ++ Xamox 0,8 g/l + 15. EC s et insectes Grumes 2018 PREMIUM D.C.O.I.T 1,5 g/l xylophages Bifenthrine 1,54g/l + diluer dans le Insecticide/ 16. CRYPTOGIL DG 6 Grumes 2014 Octilinone (DCOIT) gas oil Fongicide 28

3,46g/l Imidaclopride 250 Cotonnier Traitement 17. IMIDALM 450 WS g/kg +Thiram 200 WS 2019 de Semences g/kg INSECTOR T Imidaclopride 350 Traitement Cotonnier 18. WG 2019 g/kg +Thiram 100g/kg de Semences

Iodocarbamate Concentre Insectici 19. KOATGRUME (IPBC) 2% + Grumes 2014 liguide de/ Cyperméthrine 4,00% Fongicide IPBC 1,2 % + Champi Grumes et Bifenthrine 0,3 % + gnons et 20. KOATSCIAGE B2 EC Bois débités 2018 D.C.O.I.T. 0,75 % + insectes

Benzalkonium 0,7 % xylophages

Bifenthrine 0,76g/l + diluer dans 21. MAXYL GIO + Insecticide/ Grumes 2014 Octhilinone 3,40g/l gas-oil Fongicide

Xamox 5 g/l diluer dans 22. MAXYL GIO +LABEL Insecticide/ Grumes 2019 +DCOIT 1,5 g/l gas-oil Fongicide Bifenthrine 3 g/l + diluer dans Insecticide/ 23. MAXYL TSE + Propiconazde 12g/l + Bois 2019 l’eau Fongicide IPBC 12 g/l Cyperméthrine 3g/l + Bifenthrine 1,5g/l + diluer dans Insecticide/ 24. MAXYL TSE + Propiconazde 30g/l + Bois 2014 l’eau Fongicide Carbendazine 8g/l + Iodocarbamate 30g/l Xamox 5 g/l + diluer dans Insecticide/ 25. MAXYL TSE +LABEL Propiconazde 12g/l + Bois 2019 l’eau Fongicide IPBC 12 g/l Imidaclopride + 26. MOMTAZ 45 TS WS Semence Cotonnier 2017 Thiram Carbosulfan 250g/kg+ Insecticide/ 27. PROCOT 40 WS Carbendazime WS Cotonnier 2013 Fongicide 100g/kg+ Métalaxyl 50g/kg Bifenthrine 10g/l Insecticide/ 28. PROTEGRUME IF EC Grumes 2015 Octylisothiozolone Fongicide Tebuconazole 0.44%, Propiconazole 0.44% Insecticide/ Protection des 29. RESISTOL 6213 3-iodo – 2 – propynyl EC 2014 Fongicide Grumes carbamate, 0.06% Cypermèthrine 1% Cyperméthrine 1,5% Concentré Insecticide/ 30. SARPAGRUM + Iodocarbamate Bois 2013 liguide Fongicide (IPBC) 3% SARPAGRUM AF 200 IPBC 12,9 g/l + Champignon Grumes 31. B Bifenthrine 1,5 g/l + EC s et insectes 2018

Propiconazole 12,9 g/l xylophages SARPAGRUM AF 200 IPBC 12,9 g/l + Champignon Grumes 32. T Thiacloprid 1,5 g/l + EC s et insectes 2019

Propiconazole 12,9 g/l xylophages IPBC 6,5 g/l + Champignon 33. SARPALO AF 200 B EC Grumes 2018 Bifenthrine 1,5 g/l + s et insectes 29

Propiconazole 6,5 g/l xylophages + Tébuconazole 6,3 g/l IPBC 12,4 g/l + Champignon DCOIT 9,3 g/l + 34. SARPALO AF 200 T EC s et insectes Grumes 2019 Propiconazole 6,2 g/l xylophages + Thiacloprid 1,5g/l Cyperméthrine 1,6% + Tebuconazole 0,63% + Micré mulsion Insecticide/ 35. SARPECO TB Propiconazole 0,65% Bois 2013 concentré Fongicide + Iodocarbamate (IPBC) 0,65% TCMTB 18g/l + Insecticide/ 36. XYLOR IFT ChlorpyriphoséEthyl CE Bois 2014 Fongicide 552g/l Insecticides – Nématicides

Nom Commercial Date N° Matière Active Formulation Spécialité Spéculation Expiration N° Arrêté Carbofuran 100 charançons et Bananiers. 2020 1. BASTION 10 G G g/kg nématodes Insectes / Cultures 2019 2. BASTION SUPER Oxamyl 50 g/kg G Nematodes maraîchères charançons et Bananier 3. COSMOPOL 10G Terbufos 100g/kg GR 2011 nématodes charançons et Bananier 4. COUNTER 15 FC Terbufos 150g/kg FC nématodes EXTREME PLUS 750 Carbosulfan Traitements Cotonnier 5. DS 2015 WP 750g/kg semences charançons et Bananier 6. FOOTBALL Cadusafos 10% GR 2015 nématodes Insectes / Tomate 7. FURAPLANT 10G Carbofuran 100g/kg GR 2014 Nematodes Traitement cotonnier 8. GENERAL Carbosulfan 35% DS 2015 semences Ethoprophos charançons et Bananier 9. MOCAP 10G GR 2007 100g/kg nématodes charançons et Bananiers. 2020 10. RUGBY 10 G Cadusafos 10 % G nématodes charançons et Bananier 11. RUGBY 10 G Cadusafos 100g/kg GR 2008 nématodes

Molluscicides

Nom Commercial Date Matière Active Formulation Spécialité N° Spéculation Expiration N° Arrêté limaces et CALDEHYDE 5G Métaldehyde 5% GR Bananier 2013 1. escargots

limaces et DEADLINE BULLETS Metaldehyde 40 g/kg GB/Pellets Bananier 2018 2. escargots

limaces et LIMAC 5 G Métaldehyde 5% GB Bananier 2015 3. escargots

limaces et LIMASTOP 5% GB Metaldehyde 50 g/kg GB Bananier 2020 4. escargots

limaces et MOLLUCARB Thiodicarb 40 g/kg GB Bananier 2019 5. escargots

Nematicides

Nom Commercial Date N° Matière Active Formulation Spécialité Spéculation Expiration N° Arrêté Fenamiphos 1. AMACUR 10 G GR Nematicide Bananier 2016 100g/kg 2. CATCH 10 G Cadusaphos GR Nématicide Bananier 2017 3. FOOTBALL SUPER Fosthiazate 10 % NEM nématodes Bananiers. 2020 4. MOCAP 15G BIODAG Ethoprophos GR Nematicide Bananier 2014 Phénamiphos 5. NEMACUR 10 GR GR Nématicide Bananier 2007 100g/kg Fenamiphos 150 6. NEMACUR 15 GR NEM Nématodes Bananiers. 2019 g/kg 7. OXAPLANT 240 SL Oxamyl 240g/l SL Intématicide Bananier 2015 Ethoprophos 8. PACOM GR Nematicide Bananier 2016 20g/kg 9. SESAME 5G Carbofuran 5% GR Nematicide Bananier 2011 1, 3 – 10. TELONE 11 EC Dichloropropène EC Nematicide Bananier 2014 110g/l 11. TEMIK 10G Aldicarbe 100g/kg GR Nématicide Bananier 2007

Produits d’hygiHygiène publique

Nom Commercial Date N Spéculation Matière Active Formulation Spécialité Expirati o N° Arrêté on

Hygiène Pyrimiphos-methyl 1. ACTELLIC 50 EC EC Insectes vecteurs publique 2018 500 g/l paludisme Imprégnation BAYGON BLUE FIK Cylfuthrine 0,025%+ Bombe 2. insectes volants des 2015 Transfluthrine 0,04% aerosol moustiquaires BAYGON GREEN Propoxur 0,75% + Bombe Insectes 3. Insecticide 2015 CIK Cyfluthrine 0,025% aerosol rempant Moustiques 4. BISTAR 10 WP Bifenthrine 10% WP Hygiene public 2011 Insecticide Imidaclopride 21,5 5. CAF X GEL GEL Blattes Hygiene public 2018 g/kg Alpha-cypermethrine moustiques et 6. FENDONA 6 SC IN HY Hygiene public 2020 60 g/l insectes volants 7. FICAM VC Bendiocarbe 80% moustiques Hygiene public Imprégnation ICON 10 CS Lamsda- 8. CS Insectes des 2015 Cyhalathrine 100g/l moustiquaires Lambda-Cyhalothrine 9. ICON 10 WP WP Moustiques Hygiene public 2018 100 g/kg Moustiques Lambda-cyhalothrine 10. ICON® MAXX CS (femelle Hygiene public 2018 100g/l d’anohèles) Lambda 0 11. ICONTET 25 CS CS Moustiquaire Hygiene public 2014 Cyhalothrine Deltamethrine 250 12. K-OTHRINE 250 WG moustiques Hygiene public 2019 g/kg D-trans-Allethrine 13. MOON TIGER Spirales Moustiques Hygiene public 2018 0,26 % 14. PANTHERE NOIRE D-allethrine 0,30% Spirales Moustiques Hygiene public 2018 PERMETHRINE 20 15. Perméthrine 200g/l EC Simulie ygiènePublic 2009 EC 16. RAD D-allethrine 0,30 % moustiques Hygiene public 2019 Tetraméthrine 0,25% moustiques 17. RAID CAFARDS Hygiene public 2014 Cyperméthrine 0,14% Allethrin 5-10% Di- moustiques 18. RAID LIQUIDE tert-butyl-P-crésol 1- Hygiene public 2014

5% moustiques 19. RAID PLAQUETTES Allethrine 0,3% Hygiene public 2014

20. RAID SPIRALE Allethrin 0,3% moustiques Hygiene public 2014 Tetraméthrine 0,15% RAID TOUS 21. Allesthrine 0,25% moustiques Hygiene public 2014 INSECTES Deltaméthrine0,015% 22. SAFARI BRAND D-allethrine 0,35% Spirales Moustiques Hygiene public 2018

SPIRAL Spiral 23. ANTIMOUSTIQUE D-Allethrine Moustique Hygiene public 2017 fumigène TOTAL D- Phenothrine 0,1% Bombe Insectes volants et 24. TIMOR AEROSOL Hygiene public 2015 + Imiprothrine 0,04% aérosol rempants D-phenothrin 0,03 % moustiques et + Imiprothrin 0,02 % 25. TIMOR MORTEIN IN HY autres insectes Hygiene public 2020 + D-trans-allethrin volants 0,10 % D-tetaméthrine 1,2% + Paralléthrine TOTAL 0,035% + Bombe Contre insectes 26. Hygiene public 2016 INSECTICIDE Delthhaméthrine aérosol domestiques 0,06% Cyphénothrine 0,050%

Regulateur de croissance

Nom Commercial Date N° Matière Active Formulation Spécialité Spéculation Expiration N° Arrêté ALME PHON 50 LS Régulateur de 1. Ethéphon 50g/l PA Hévéa 2014 DR croissance Régulateur de 2. ALMEPHON 104 LS Ethéphon 104g/l PA Hévéa 2011 croissance Régulateur de Ananas 3. CALLEL 480 SL Ethéphon 480g/l SL 2011 croissance CALLEL 5% PA Stimulation du 4. Ethéphon 50 g/kg PA Hévéa 2018 latex Régulateur de 5. HEVETEX 104 Ethéphon 104g/kg PA Hévéa 2015 croissance Régulateur de 6. HEVETEX 5% PA Ethéphon 5% PA Hévéa 2015 croissance Régulateur de Ananas 7. MAT Ethéphon 480g/l SL 2016 croissance Acide gibberellique Retarde le 8. RYZUP 40 SG Banane 2019 40% mûrissement

Rodenticides

Nom Commercial Date N° Matière Active Formulation Spéculation Spécialité Expiration

N° Arrêté 1. Concentré 2. BROMA 2,5 BCR Bromadiolone 0,25% Rodenticide Rats et Souris 2018 liquide Cubes et 3. BROMAPESCE Bromadiolone 0,005% graulés Rodenticide Rats et Souris 2014

4. FANGA B+ Brodifacoum 0,001% Pâte huileuse Rodenticide Rats et Souris 2018 Blocs 5. KLERAT Brodifacoum 2,5g/l Rodenticide Rats et Souris 2015 parafinés

6. MUSAL Bromadiolone 2,5g/l CB Rodenticide Rats et Souris 2007 7. STORM Flocoumaféne 0,005 % Rodenticide Rats et Souris 2019 8. STORM * Flocoumafène 0,05g/kg BB Rodenticide Plantations 2007 VERTOX 0,25% 9. Brodifacoum 0,25% Rodenticide Rats et Souris 2019 CONCENTRATE VERTOX 10. Brodifacoum 0,005% Rodenticide Rats et Souris 2019 PELLETS

HERBICIDES

N° Nom Nom et teneur en Commercial matière (s) active(s) Spéculation Représentant Date Formulation Local Expiration N° Arrêté Spécialité

Syngenta Services B.P. 2276 douala Désherbant GRAMOXONE s/c ADER 1 Paraquat 200 g/l SL total non 2018 INTEON B.P.2368 selectif Douala s/c JACO B.P. 224 Yaoundé Syngenta Services B.P. 2276 douala Désherbant GRAMOXONE s/c ADER 2 Paraquat 200 g/l SL total non 2018 SUPER B.P.2368 selectif Douala s/c JACO B.P. 224 Yaoundé

LISTE DES PRODUITS AYANT BENEFICIE D’UNE AUTORISATION SPECIALE DE MISE SUR LE

MARCHE (ASM)

1 - FONGICIDE

N° Nom Nom et teneur en Commercial matière (s) active(s) Spéculation Représentant Date Formulation Local Expiration N° Arrêté Spécialité

Cacaoyer ADER Oxyde cuivreux 600g/kg Cameroun 1 O. K. MIL WP 2011 + Metalaxyl 120g/kg BP. 2368 Fongicide Douala