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Compositional and Taphonomic Variations in Modern Crinoid-Rich Sediments from the Deep- Water Margin of a Carbonate Bank Ghislaine Llewellyn Harvard University

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Compositional and Taphonomic Variations in Modern Crinoid-Rich Sediments from the Deep- Water Margin of a Carbonate Bank Ghislaine Llewellyn Harvard University Nova Southeastern University NSUWorks Marine & Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences 12-1-1993 Compositional and Taphonomic Variations in Modern Crinoid-Rich Sediments from the Deep- Water Margin of a Carbonate Bank Ghislaine Llewellyn Harvard University Charles G. Messing Nova Southeastern University, [email protected] Find out more information about Nova Southeastern University and the Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography. Follow this and additional works at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_facarticles Part of the Marine Biology Commons, and the Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology Commons Recommended Citation Llewellyn, Ghislaine, and Charles G. Messing. "Compositional and taphonomic variations in modern crinoid-rich sediments from the deep-water margin of a carbonate bank." Palaios (1993): 554-573. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Marine & Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles by an authorized administrator of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 554 RESEARCH REPORTS Compositionaland TaphonomicVariations in Modern Crinoid-RichSediments from the Deep-Water Marginof a CarbonateBank GHISLAINE LLEWELLYN Departmentof Earth and Planetary Sciences,Harvard University,Cambridge, MA 02138 CHARLES G. MESSING Nova OceanographicCenter, 8000 North Ocean Drive,Dania, FL 33004 PALAIOS, 1993, V. 8, p. 554-573 be identifiedin deep-watercarbonate bank-margin sed- iments.Such changesare largelya responseto differences Multivariateanalyses ofthe coarse-grainedfraction (>2 in benthicflow regime associated withsmall-scale topo- mm) of sedimentsaccumulating in deep water (419-434 graphicirregularities and may providean importantdi- m) along the westernmargin of the Little Bahama Bank agnostictool for the interpretationof fossil assemblages. reveal identifiable,small-scale compositional and tapho- nomic variationsamong local subhabitats (ridge crest, slope, foreslope,base of slope, pavementsand scour pit) INTRODUCTION separated by metersto tens of meters.Bulk composition variesbetween planktic- (crest and slope) and lithic-dom- Subfossilskeletal remainsof benthicmarine inverte- inated (pavements,scour pit) sediments.Local macro- bratesare widelyused to diagnosetaphonomic signatures benthicskeletal components also varysignificantly among and revealchanges in communitystructure over a variety subhabitats,but are commonlydominated by echinoid of spatial and temporalscales. Such workprovides impor- and crinoidmaterial; crinoid columnals contribute 9-52% tantinformation about the transitionbetween living com- of the coarse skeletal componentof 17 sedimentsamples munitiesand fossil assemblages (Cumminset al., 1986; considered. Distributional and taphonomic analyses Hendersonand Frey,1986; Firsich and Flessa, 1987;Kid- (abrasion, encrustation,breakage) indicate that colum- well,1988; Miller,1988, 1989; Davies et al., 1989;Parsons, nals produced in dense ridge-crestassemblages of Chla- 1989; Staffand Powell, 1990a; Milleret al., 1992). Similar docrinusdecorus are transporteddown and accumulate studiesusing fossil material contribute to the reconstruc- along an adjacent slope. Sediments fromhardgrounds tion of ancientcommunities and vastlyimprove our un- supportingscattered living assemblages show columnals derstandingof paleoenvironments (Brett and Baird, 1986; with the highestlevels of abrasion,implying prolonged Norris,1986; Speyer and Brett,1986, 1988; Parsonset al., local reworking.Elevated contributionsof Endoxocrinus 1988;Meyer et al., 1989;Kidwell and Behrensmeyer,1988). parrae columnalsto the fewsubhabitats where this spe- Althoughexceptions exist [e.g.,Mullins et al., (1981) on cies dominatesthe livingassemblage suggest limited lat- the recognitionof deep-waterfossil coral bioherms],the eral transportin the absence of steep gradients.High greatmajority of thisliterature treats material from shal- levelsof biologicalencrustation in areas ofthin sediment low-waterenvironments. coversuggest control by lengthof exposureof grains at Stalked crinoidswere important components of shallow thesediment-water interface. Lack ofany correlationbe- marineenvironments during much of the Paleozoic and tweenfrequency of broken columnals in samples and any Mesozoic and have successfullybeen used as taphonomic observedsedimentary or environmentalparameters sug- indicatorsin ancientcrinoid-rich limestones (Blyth Cain, gests the action ofpredators or scavengersin this deep- 1968;Ruhrmann, 1971a, b; Meyeret al., 1989,Meyer, 1990; watersetting. Donovan, 1991; Baumillerand Ausich,1992). As a result Small-scale variationsin sedimentcomposition, ben- ofthe Mesozoic marine revolution, however (Vermeij, 1977), thic skeletal assemblages,and taphonomiccharacteris- stalked crinoidsmoved into deep water,leaving shallow ticsare notunique to shallow-watersettings, but can also marine habitats to unstalked comatulidcrinoids which Copyright© 1993,SEPM (Societyfor Sedimentary Geology) 0883-1351/93/0008-0554/$3.00 This content downloaded from 137.52.76.29 on Mon, 9 Jun 2014 17:10:16 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions MODERN CRINOID-RICHSEDIMENTS 555 x . I : : I ' have since diversifiedsubstantially (Meyer and Macurda, A o80- 79" .78' B North Pavement Stalked crinoidshave remained Little Bahama Bank 1977). importantcompo- 27'N . nents of a varietyof deep-waterhabitats (Roux, 1980; S traits of Conan et et Florida | al., 1981; Messing,1985; Messing al., 1990), STUDY SITE* .. but because are moststudies .. ahama they relativelyinaccessible, Florida Island of moderncrinoidal skeletal materialhave concentrated NW Providence on shallow-watercomatulids. Although these unstalked '"' Channel 26" .... Great crinoidsare sometimes abundantand have suc- Miami extremely Bahama been used in biostratinomicand Bimini.. Bank Base of Slope cessfully taphonomic - studies (Meyer, 1971; Liddell, 1975; Lewis and Peebles, 2- 428 1988, 1989), theymake onlyminor contributions to local _ Slope- sediments(Meyer and Meyer,1986; Lewis et al., 1990). ) Limitedtaphonomic and compositionalinformation on l~?'';-T--7~,~6~e modernstalked crinoid skeletal material does exist.In two ""¥o__,'! /: Ii I1 '* Foreslope / sedimentsamples collectedvia submersiblein the north- I ' \ ' e, .PavementI - western (1985) notes that -- - - - - Bahamas, Messing (chiefly ,~ , \ -I'wrScourPit crinoidossicles contribute count stalked) 11.6% by grain \ lee _ to a sand fromlithoherm rubble - (7.8% byweight) gravelly _ / / SoutJhwest Margin , (550 m) whereliving crinoids are fewin number,and 8.8% I byweight of a chieflyforaminifer/thecosome sand adjacent to a pavementwith scattered isocrinids (300-400 m). Ame- 7 ziane-Cominardiand Roux (1987) discuss bacterialand lpv fungalbiocorrosion of a varietyof stalkedcrinoid ossicles recoveredfrom cores taken offNew Caledonia (735-1285 FIGURE1 -Map ofstudy area. A-Geographiclocation of study site. m). Althoughcrinoid ossicles make up fewerthan 10% of B-Detailed map of studysite. Dashed linesare isobathsin meters bioclasts,they distinguish autochthonous and allochtho- estimatedfrom individual depth measurements taken during sub- nous components.Ameziane-Cominardi's (1991) studyof mersibledives. Area covered is approximately100 m across. substantialnumbers of ossicles also takenfrom New Cale- donian cores includes morphologicaland distributional analyses,a comparisonof expected and actual proportions theLittle Bahama Bank in an area characterizedby locally of differentskeletal components, and a discussionof hy- dense (to 12 individualsm-2) populationsof the isocrinids drodynamicand biocorrosionalprocesses as possibletaph- Endoxocrinusparrae (Gervais) and Chladocrinus (for- onomicagents. No directcomparisons are made between merlyNeocrinus) decorus (Carpenter).The results re- sedimentsand local livingcommunities, however, and the ported herein are part of a largerproject investigating relativecontributions of crinoidaland othersedimentary stalkedcrinoid biology and ecology,as wellas taphonomy, componentsare not discussed. and the possible use of modernstalked crinoidsas ana- This paperprovides the first detailed compositional and logues forfossil forms. taphonomicaccount of a modern,deep-water, carbonate sedimentrich in stalkedcrinoid material. It also provides PHYSICAL SETTING the firstcorrelation of a livingstalked crinoid assemblage withpenecontemporaneous crinoidal sediment where co- The studyarea is located on the southwesternslope of lumnalsalone contributea mean of 23% by graincount the Little Bahama Bank, 7.41 km south of Settlement to the coarse fraction(>2 mm) of benthicbioclasts. As in Point and 4.55 km offthe beach at the westernend of shallow-waterenvironments, both composition and tapho- Grand Bahama Island (26038'N lat., 78°59' W long.;Fig. nomic characterof accumulatingsediments reflect local 1A). The substrate consists of extensive,gently slop- topographicand habitatvariations, permitting recognition ing, submarine-cemented,carbonate pavements (hard- of environmentaldistinctions and taphofaciescharacter- grounds),interspersed with areas coveredby unconsoli- isticsin a relativelyhomogeneous, deep-water, carbonate dated sediment,chiefly pelagic foram/thecosome material. environment.Criteria are proposedfor recognizing similar Moderate-relief(to about 8 m) topographicirregularities environmentsin the fossilrecord. A deep-watermodel for
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