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Echinodermata: Crinoidea) from Brazil Zootaxa 4995 (1): 027–055 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2021 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4995.1.2 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:72F7074D-0301-4308-B677-26E480EA7C4D Catalogue of living crinoids (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) from Brazil ANNE ISABELLEY GONDIM1,2,4, RAFAEL BENDAYAN DE MOURA3 & MARTIN LINDSEY CHRISTOFFERSEN2 1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação (PPGEC), Universidade Estadual da Paraíba (UEPB), Campus I, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil. 2Laboratório de Invertebrados Paulo Young, Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Campus I, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil. �[email protected]; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8108-1938 3Laboratório de Benthos, Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. �[email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4002-2688 4Corresponding author. �[email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6993-5291 Abstract Knowledge of living crinoids from Brazil is chiefly restricted to the contributions of Dr Luis Roberto Tommasi between the decades of 1950 and 1970. Herein we present an updated catalogue of the crinoids occurring along the Brazilian coast, including data on synonyms, type localities, type material, geographical distribution, bathymetric ranges, and occurrences of species along the coast. The data is based on an extensive revision of the literature and on a survey of several databases. A total of 20 species were catalogued, of which two are endemic (Phrixometra longipinna var. brasiliensis and Thaumatometra minutissima). According to information from the literature, P. longipinna var. brasiliensis represents an undescribed taxon. Although Brazil supports the greatest number of crinoid species in the Southwestern Atlantic, its crinoid fauna remains understudied and likely underestimated. Research on crinoids remains a subject of great potential, not only for taxonomy but also for other areas of knowledge. Key words: Echinoderms, sea lilies, feather-stars, diversity, South Atlantic Resumo O conhecimento sobre as espécies recentes de crinoides no Brasil se restringem basicamente as contribuições do Dr Luiz Roberto Tommasi entre as décadas de 1950 e 1970. Neste trabalho nós apresentamos um catálogo atualizado das espécies de crinoides que ocorrem no brasileiro, fornecendo dados de sinonímia, localidade tipo, material tipo, distribuição geográfica, batimétrica e ocorrência das espécies ao longo da costa. Para isto foi realizada uma extensa revisão bibliográfica, bem como, consulta a diferentes bancos de dados. Foram catalogadas um total de 20 espécies, das quais duas são endêmicas (Phrixometra longipinna var. brasiliensis and Thaumatometra minutissima). De acordo com dados da literatura, P. longipinna var. brasiliensis representa um taxon ainda não descrito. Em termos de números de espécies, o Brasil constitui a área mais rica do Atlântico Sul Ocidental. Apesar disto, acreditamos que a fauna brasileira de crinoides ainda permanece subestimada e pouco estudada. Desta forma, o estudo da mesma representa um vasto campo a ser explorado não só pela taxonomia como pelas demais áreas de conhecimento. Palavras-chave: Equinodermos, lírios-do-mar, penas-do-mar, diversidade, Atlântico Sul Introduction Crinoids are a long-lived clade of echinoderms with a fossil record spanning nearly half a billion years. They are represented by slightly over 670 species living today in marine ecosystems (Wright et al. 2017; WoRMS Editorial Board 2020). Traditionally, the Post-Paleozoic crinoids are commonly divided into two categories, stalked and Accepted by A. Kroh: 26 May 2021; published: 29 Jun. 2021 27 mostly sessile (“sea lilies”, about eight families, 25 genera, and 60 species) or stalkless and vagile (“feather-stars” or comatulids, about 26 families, 160 genera, and 613 species) (Cohen et al. 2004; Heremy et al. 2013; WoRMS Editorial Board 2020). These divisions, however, do not represent a natural system, as feather-stars are not monophyletic and include some stalked taxa (Hemery et al. 2013; Rouse et al. 2013; Messing et al. 2017). Although crinoids have received considerable attention from specialists around the world (Pawson 2007), they still remain the least studied group among extant echinoderms (e.g., number of papers published, current specialists in the field, etc.) (Rouse et al. 2013). There are few contributions on the Brazilian crinoids. Overall, fossil representatives have received more attention than living forms (e.g., Löfgreen 1937; Ferreira & Fernandes 1985; Scheffler & Fernandes 2007; Scheffler et al. 2006, 2010, 2011, 2014, 2015). Knowledge of living species is basically limited to the contributions of Dr Luiz Roberto Tommasi between the 1950s and 1970s. Böhlsche (1866) published the first record of Crinoidea in Brazilian waters with the description of Antedon duebenii based on material collected at Rio de Janeiro. Next, Verrill (1868) recorded this species at Abrolhos (Bahia), and Thomson (1878) described Endoxocrinus (Diplocrinus) maclearanus (as Pentacrinus maclearanus) from Pernambuco. Rathbun (1879) provided the first list of Echinodermata for Brazil and included four crinoid species [Tropiometra carinata (Lamarck, 1816) as Antedon carinatus, from Bahia and Pernambuco; Comactinia meridionalis meridionalis (L. Agassiz in E.C. Agassiz & A. Agassiz, 1865) as Antedon meridionalis, and A. duebeni Böhlsche, 1866 as A. dübenii, both from Rio de Janeiro; and Antedon sp., probably Comactinia echinoptera (Müller, 1840), from Paraíba and Pernambuco]. Ludwig (1882) expanded the number of echinoderm species recorded from Brazil (from 62 to 71 spp.) but cited only two species of Crinoidea [T. carinata and C. meridionalis meridionalis as Antedon carinata and Actinometra meridionalis, respectively]. Later, A.H. Clark (1908a, 1909a, 1913a) described three new species of the class based on material collected along the Brazilian coast by the Albatross and H.M.S. Challenger oceanographic expeditions. However, the first study dealing exclusively with the Crinoidea from Brazil was not published until 1963 by L.R. Tommasi, who presented descriptions and commentaries on four species [Davidaster rubiginosus as Nemaster rubiginosa, Neocomatella pulchella, C. echinoptera, and T. carinata]. The study was based on specimens deposited in Museu Nacional da Universidade Federal Rio de Janeiro (MN–UFRJ), in the Oceanographic Institute, Universidade de São Paulo (IOUSP), in the Department of Zoology of the Secretary of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce of the State of São Paulo, as well as on specimens collected by the author and by the yacht cruise “Annie”. Two years later, Tommasi (1965) published the first catalogue of living Brazilian crinoid species. On the basis of literature revisions and specimens deposited in the above-mentioned collections, Tommasi (1965) provided short descriptions and some illustrations for seven species known up to then, as well as a taxonomic key for the species recorded along the Brazilian coast. Four years later, Tommasi (1969a) published the first records of stalked crinoids and described a new variation of Crinometra brevipinna (Crinometra brevispina var. brasiliensis) based on material collected during the expeditions of the Oceanographic Ships Almirante Saldanha and Prof. W. Besnard. Next, Tommasi (1971a) studied material collected between latitudes 0º and 29º30′N by the Exploratory Fishing Base and Research Unit of Fishing Gear in Pascagoula, Mississipi (USA), and recorded Rhizocrinus lofotensis from the northern coast of Brazil (Pará State). Tommasi & Oliveira (1976) described Phrixometra longipinna var. brasiliensis from 21 specimens collected at depths of 146–174 m along the coasts of the States of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. In treating the zoogeography of Tropical Western Atlantic crinoids, Meyer et al. (1978) included 13 species recorded from Brazil. Finally, Vadon (1987) cited the family Isocrinidae from the littoral of Rio de Janeiro (18º59′9″S 37º49′6″W, 290–315 m, station CB80) based on specimens collected during the French-Brazilian Marion Dufresne Expedition MD55. This author also recorded other damaged species of stalked crinoids (lacking arms) from another three stations. Guille & Albuquerque (1987) mentioned some comatulids belonging to family Tropiometridae, also collected by Expedition MD55 from Montague bank (State of Espírito Santo). Few species, commonly T. carinata, are sporadically included in faunistic inventories after the period highlighted above (e.g., Alves & Cerqueira 2000; Magalhães et al. 2005; Netto et al. 2005; Martins & Martins de Queiroz 2006; Manso et al. 2008; Amaral et al. 2010; Xavier 2010; Gondim et al. 2011, 2020; Miranda et al. 2012; Bumbeer et al. 2016; Bueno et al. 2018). Studies on the ecology and biology of crinoid populations in Brazil are scarce. MacCord & Duarte (2002) analyzed spatial distribution patterns of T. carinata in the São Sebastião Channel (State of São Paulo), and Torrence et al. (2012) included Brazilian specimens in an analysis of genetic diversity in T. carinata. This paper presents an updated catalogue of the species of Crinoidea recorded along the Brazilian coast and provides data on type material, synonyms, geographical distribution, bathymetrical range, and specific areas of 28 · Zootaxa 4995 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press GONDIM ET AL.
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