Zootaxa 4995 (1): 027–055 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2021 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4995.1.2 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:72F7074D-0301-4308-B677-26E480EA7C4D

Catalogue of living crinoids (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) from Brazil

ANNE ISABELLEY GONDIM1,2,4, RAFAEL BENDAYAN DE MOURA3 & MARTIN LINDSEY CHRISTOFFERSEN2 1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação (PPGEC), Universidade Estadual da Paraíba (UEPB), Campus I, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil. 2Laboratório de Invertebrados Paulo Young, Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Campus I, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil. �[email protected]; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8108-1938 3Laboratório de Benthos, Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. �[email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4002-2688 4Corresponding author. �[email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6993-5291

Abstract

Knowledge of living crinoids from Brazil is chiefly restricted to the contributions of Dr Luis Roberto Tommasi between the decades of 1950 and 1970. Herein we present an updated catalogue of the crinoids occurring along the Brazilian coast, including data on synonyms, type localities, type material, geographical distribution, bathymetric ranges, and occurrences of species along the coast. The data is based on an extensive revision of the literature and on a survey of several databases. A total of 20 species were catalogued, of which two are endemic (Phrixometra longipinna var. brasiliensis and Thaumatometra minutissima). According to information from the literature, P. longipinna var. brasiliensis represents an undescribed taxon. Although Brazil supports the greatest number of crinoid species in the Southwestern Atlantic, its crinoid fauna remains understudied and likely underestimated. Research on crinoids remains a subject of great potential, not only for taxonomy but also for other areas of knowledge.

Key words: Echinoderms, sea lilies, feather-stars, diversity, South Atlantic

Resumo

O conhecimento sobre as espécies recentes de crinoides no Brasil se restringem basicamente as contribuições do Dr Luiz Roberto Tommasi entre as décadas de 1950 e 1970. Neste trabalho nós apresentamos um catálogo atualizado das espécies de crinoides que ocorrem no brasileiro, fornecendo dados de sinonímia, localidade tipo, material tipo, distribuição geográfica, batimétrica e ocorrência das espécies ao longo da costa. Para isto foi realizada uma extensa revisão bibliográfica, bem como, consulta a diferentes bancos de dados. Foram catalogadas um total de 20 espécies, das quais duas são endêmicas (Phrixometra longipinna var. brasiliensis and Thaumatometra minutissima). De acordo com dados da literatura, P. longipinna var. brasiliensis representa um taxon ainda não descrito. Em termos de números de espécies, o Brasil constitui a área mais rica do Atlântico Sul Ocidental. Apesar disto, acreditamos que a fauna brasileira de crinoides ainda permanece subestimada e pouco estudada. Desta forma, o estudo da mesma representa um vasto campo a ser explorado não só pela taxonomia como pelas demais áreas de conhecimento.

Palavras-chave: Equinodermos, lírios-do-mar, penas-do-mar, diversidade, Atlântico Sul

Introduction

Crinoids are a long-lived clade of echinoderms with a fossil record spanning nearly half a billion years. They are represented by slightly over 670 species living today in marine ecosystems (Wright et al. 2017; WoRMS Editorial Board 2020). Traditionally, the Post-Paleozoic crinoids are commonly divided into two categories, stalked and

Accepted by A. Kroh: 26 May 2021; published: 29 Jun. 2021 27 mostly sessile (“sea lilies”, about eight families, 25 genera, and 60 species) or stalkless and vagile (“feather-stars” or comatulids, about 26 families, 160 genera, and 613 species) (Cohen et al. 2004; Heremy et al. 2013; WoRMS Editorial Board 2020). These divisions, however, do not represent a natural system, as feather-stars are not monophyletic and include some stalked taxa (Hemery et al. 2013; Rouse et al. 2013; Messing et al. 2017). Although crinoids have received considerable attention from specialists around the world (Pawson 2007), they still remain the least studied group among extant echinoderms (e.g., number of papers published, current specialists in the field, etc.) (Rouse et al. 2013). There are few contributions on the Brazilian crinoids. Overall, fossil representatives have received more attention than living forms (e.g., Löfgreen 1937; Ferreira & Fernandes 1985; Scheffler & Fernandes 2007; Scheffler et al. 2006, 2010, 2011, 2014, 2015). Knowledge of living species is basically limited to the contributions of Dr Luiz Roberto Tommasi between the 1950s and 1970s. Böhlsche (1866) published the first record of Crinoidea in Brazilian waters with the description of Antedon duebenii based on material collected at Rio de Janeiro. Next, Verrill (1868) recorded this species at Abrolhos (Bahia), and Thomson (1878) described Endoxocrinus (Diplocrinus) maclearanus (as Pentacrinus maclearanus) from Pernambuco. Rathbun (1879) provided the first list of Echinodermata for Brazil and included four crinoid species [Tropiometra carinata (Lamarck, 1816) as Antedon carinatus, from Bahia and Pernambuco; Comactinia meridionalis meridionalis (L. Agassiz in E.C. Agassiz & A. Agassiz, 1865) as Antedon meridionalis, and A. duebeni Böhlsche, 1866 as A. dübenii, both from Rio de Janeiro; and Antedon sp., probably Comactinia echinoptera (Müller, 1840), from Paraíba and Pernambuco]. Ludwig (1882) expanded the number of echinoderm species recorded from Brazil (from 62 to 71 spp.) but cited only two species of Crinoidea [T. carinata and C. meridionalis meridionalis as Antedon carinata and Actinometra meridionalis, respectively]. Later, A.H. Clark (1908a, 1909a, 1913a) described three new species of the class based on material collected along the Brazilian coast by the Albatross and H.M.S. Challenger oceanographic expeditions. However, the first study dealing exclusively with the Crinoidea from Brazil was not published until 1963 by L.R. Tommasi, who presented descriptions and commentaries on four species [Davidaster rubiginosus as Nemaster rubiginosa, Neocomatella pulchella, C. echinoptera, and T. carinata]. The study was based on specimens deposited in Museu Nacional da Universidade Federal Rio de Janeiro (MN–UFRJ), in the Oceanographic Institute, Universidade de São Paulo (IOUSP), in the Department of Zoology of the Secretary of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce of the State of São Paulo, as well as on specimens collected by the author and by the yacht cruise “Annie”. Two years later, Tommasi (1965) published the first catalogue of living Brazilian crinoid species. On the basis of literature revisions and specimens deposited in the above-mentioned collections, Tommasi (1965) provided short descriptions and some illustrations for seven species known up to then, as well as a taxonomic key for the species recorded along the Brazilian coast. Four years later, Tommasi (1969a) published the first records of stalked crinoids and described a new variation of Crinometra brevipinna (Crinometra brevispina var. brasiliensis) based on material collected during the expeditions of the Oceanographic Ships Almirante Saldanha and Prof. W. Besnard. Next, Tommasi (1971a) studied material collected between latitudes 0º and 29º30′N by the Exploratory Fishing Base and Research Unit of Fishing Gear in Pascagoula, Mississipi (USA), and recorded Rhizocrinus lofotensis from the northern coast of Brazil (Pará State). Tommasi & Oliveira (1976) described Phrixometra longipinna var. brasiliensis from 21 specimens collected at depths of 146–174 m along the coasts of the States of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. In treating the zoogeography of Tropical Western Atlantic crinoids, Meyer et al. (1978) included 13 species recorded from Brazil. Finally, Vadon (1987) cited the family Isocrinidae from the littoral of Rio de Janeiro (18º59′9″S 37º49′6″W, 290–315 m, station CB80) based on specimens collected during the French-Brazilian Marion Dufresne Expedition MD55. This author also recorded other damaged species of stalked crinoids (lacking arms) from another three stations. Guille & Albuquerque (1987) mentioned some comatulids belonging to family Tropiometridae, also collected by Expedition MD55 from Montague bank (State of Espírito Santo). Few species, commonly T. carinata, are sporadically included in faunistic inventories after the period highlighted above (e.g., Alves & Cerqueira 2000; Magalhães et al. 2005; Netto et al. 2005; Martins & Martins de Queiroz 2006; Manso et al. 2008; Amaral et al. 2010; Xavier 2010; Gondim et al. 2011, 2020; Miranda et al. 2012; Bumbeer et al. 2016; Bueno et al. 2018). Studies on the ecology and biology of crinoid populations in Brazil are scarce. MacCord & Duarte (2002) analyzed spatial distribution patterns of T. carinata in the São Sebastião Channel (State of São Paulo), and Torrence et al. (2012) included Brazilian specimens in an analysis of genetic diversity in T. carinata. This paper presents an updated catalogue of the species of Crinoidea recorded along the Brazilian coast and provides data on type material, synonyms, geographical distribution, bathymetrical range, and specific areas of

28 · Zootaxa 4995 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press Gondim et al. occurrence. The taxonomic knowledge of the group is herein systematized, and gaps of information on species known to occur in Brazilian Waters are thus highlighted.

Material and Methods

This study is based on an exhaustive literature search (papers published from 1800 to 2020). Searches were additionally done in Web of Science, Google Scholar, Taxonomic Catalog of the Brazilian Fauna—TCFB (Moura 2020), GBIF.org, IZ collection Database (Smithsonian Institution), SiBBr, SpeciesLink, and Natural History Museum DataBase (Scott & Smith 2014), in which species names were used as keywords. The list of synonyms was elaborated considering literature reviews and all papers that cite each species. The species in the catalogue are listed systematically according to the classification in Hess & Messing (2011) and Messing (2013, 2021). A map indicating the Brazilian localities cited in the text is provided (Fig. 1).

FIGURE 1. Map of South America showing the coastal states of Brazil and oceanic islands. (AP) Amapá; (PA) Pará; (MA) Maranhão; (PI) Piauí; (CE) Ceará; (RN) Rio Grande do Norte; (PB) Paraíba; (PE) Pernambuco; (AL) Alagoas; (SE) Sergipe; (BA) Bahia; (ES) Espírito Santo; (RJ) Rio de Janeiro; (SP) São Paulo; (PR) Paraná; (SC) Santa Catarina; (RG) Rio Grande do Sul; (AR) Atol das Rocas; (FN) Fernando de Noronha Archipelago; (SS) São Pedro e São Paulo Archipelago; (TR) Trindade Island.

Acronyms used in the catalogue are: CRI—Natural History Museum of Denmark; MCZ—Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology, USA; MZB—Universität Humboldt, Zoologisches Museum, Germany; NHMUK—The Natural History Museum of London, England; NRS—Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden; USNM— Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, USA; ZMUG—Biodiversitätsmuseum Göttingen, Germany.

Results

Twenty species, belonging to 18 genera, 12 families, and two orders, are listed below.

Catalogue of living crinoids from Brazil Zootaxa 4995 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press · 29 Class Crinoidea Miller, 1821

Order Comatulida A.H. Clark, 1908a

Family Antedonidae Norman, 1865

Genus Antedon de Fréminville, 1811

Antedon duebeni Böhlsche, 1866

Antedon duebenii Böhlsche, 1866: 92, fig. b.—Grygier 1990: 188. Antedon duebeni: Pourtalès 1878: 214.—Bell 1882: 533, 534.—Mortensen 1920: 71.—A.H. Clark 1940: 140 (key).—A.H. Clark & A.M. Clark 1967: 143, 234–236.—Zoppi de Roa 1967: 271, 274.—Tommasi 1969a: 5, fig. 10; 1971b: 1, fig. 1, 2.—Meyer et al. 1978: 420–421.—A.M. Clark 1980: 193.—Maduro & Ávila 2011: 226 (table).—Madeira et al. 2019: 15. Antedon dübenii: Rathbun 1879: 157.—A.H. Clark 1908b: 469; 1915a: 38, 300, 316; 1921a: 744; 1923a: 41; 1931: 14. Antedon dübeni: Carpenter 1888: 181–183, plate XXXVII, figs. 2–3.

Type locality. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Type material. ZMUG 2824 (Holotype). Geographic and bathymetric range. St. Thomas, U. S. Virgin Islands, Grenada, Venezuela, and Brazil (Meyer et al. 1978; Maduro & Ávila 2011), at depths from shoreline to 168 m (Meyer et al. 1978). Brazilian localities. Pernambuco, Bahia, and Rio de Janeiro (Carpenter 1888; A.H. Clark 1921a; A.H. Clark & A.M. Clark 1967; Tommasi 1969a, 1971b; Meyer et al. 1978; present study).

Genus Hybometra A.H. Clark, 1913a insertae sedis

Hybometra senta A.H. Clark, 1913a

Hybometra senta A.H. Clark, 1913a: 54–55; 1918: 217; 1923a: 41; 1940: 140 (key), 144.—A.H. Clark & A.M. Clark 1967: 49, 55, 493, 550–552, fig. 31a–h.—Tommasi 1969a: 4, fig. 9.—A.M. Clark 1977a: 183.—Meyer et al. 1978: 422, 428, 431.—Messing & White 2001: 162, 163.—Fernandes et al. 2002: 408 (list).

Type locality. Pernambuco, Brazil. Type material. NHMUK 1893.4.7.6 (Holotype). Geographic and bathymetric range. Amphi-atlantic. Brazil, Angola, and Namibia (A.M. Clark 1977a; Tommasi 1969a), at depths from 42 to 1,643 m. The species is found in shallow water in the East Atlantic (42 m), and in deep water (1,427 to 1,643 m) in the Western Atlantic. Brazilian localities. Pernambuco (A.H. Clark 1913a).

Genus Isometra A.H. Clark, 1908c

Isometra vivipara Mortensen, 1917

Antedon hirsute: Andersson 1904: 662 [not of Carpenter, 1888]. ?lsometra angustipinna: A.H. Clark 1915b: 146 [not Antedon angustipinna of Carpenter, 1888; identification of Andersson’s specimens]. Isometra vivipara Mortensen, 1917: 208; 1918: 10–15, plate I, figs. 6–10, plate II, figs. 5–7; 1920: 31–48, plates XIX–XXIII.— A.H. Clark 1921a: 274, 291, plate CCXLIX, figs. 1328, 1331; 1923a: 42; 1937: 5, 8 (key); 1941: 35.—John 1937: 86; 1940: 123, 124, 125, 126, 128, 129.— A.H. Clark & A.M. Clark 1967: 6, 9, 30, 618, 619, 621 (key), 622, 628, 632–644, 837, fig. 36.—Tommasi 1969a: 7, figs. 6, 8, 12.—Holland 1976: 147–151.—Tommasi et al. 1988b: 2, 4, 9.—Larrain 1995: 76.—Fernandes et al. 2002: 408 (list).—Brögger et al. 2013: 367, 369.—Hemery et al. 2013: 513 (table).—Solís-Marín et al. 2013: 109, 544 (appendix).—Souto et al. 2014: 279.—Clouse et al. 2015: 4 (table).—Kammer et al. 2015: 310, fig. 2a–d.—Pertossi et al. 2019: 807–815, fig. 2a–f.

30 · Zootaxa 4995 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press Gondim et al. Type locality. 64º20′S 56º38′W, southeast of Seymour Island, in the Graham Land region, south of Cape Horn (Station 5a); 53º41′S 61º10′W, Burdwood Bank, South of the Falkland Islands (Station 59), Antarctic. Type material. CRI-000053 and CRI-000054 (Syntypes). Geographic and bathymetric range. Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and Falkland Islands (Malvinas)), and Southern Ocean (Scotia Arc), at depths from 79 to 350 m (A.H. Clark & A.M. Clark 1967; Tommasi 1969a; Tommasi et al. 1988b; Solís-Marín et al. 2013; Eléaume et al. 2014). Brazilian localities. Rio Grande do Sul (Mortensen 1918; A.H. Clark & A.M. Clark 1967).

Genus Phrixometra A.H. Clark, 1917a

Phrixometra longipinna var. brasiliensis Tommasi & Oliveira, 1976

Phrixometra longipinna var. brasiliensis Tommasi & Oliveira, 1976: 78–81, figs. 1–5. Phrixometra longipinna brasiliensis: Fernandes et al. 2002: 408 (list).

Type locality. 23º46′S 42º29′W, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Type material. Lost. Tommasi & Oliveira (1976) mentioned that the specimen is in the type collection of the Oceanographic Institute of the Universidade de São Paulo (IOUSP). However, this collection never existed officially (M. Petti, personal communication). Considering that most of the material previously held by Tommasi was donated to MZUSP, we checked with the staff, but the material could not be located. Geographic and bathymetric range. Brazil, at depths from 146 to 174 m. Brazilian localities. Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo (Tommasi & Oliveira 1976).

Genus Thaumatometra A.H. Clark, 1908c

Thaumatometra minutissima (A.H. Clark, 1908a)

Bathymetra minutissima A.H. Clark, 1908a: 233–234; 1931: 13, 15. Trichometra minutissima: A.H. Clark 1918: 247 (key); 1940: 139, 141 (key), 159.—H.L. Clark 1923: 149.—Mortensen 1927: 38. Thaumatometra minutissima: A.H. Clark & A.M. Clark 1967: 669, 691, 742, 751–752.—Tommasi 1969a: 6, fig. 11.—Meyer et al. 1978: 423.—Tommasi et al. 1988a: 4, 8.—Fernandes et al. 2002: 408 (list).—Oliveira et al. 2010: 3, fig. 1b.—Curbelo- Fernandez et al. 2017: 23.

Type locality. 15º39′00″S 38º32′54″W, Abrolhos Archipelago, Bahia, Brazil. Type material. USNM 22671 (Holotype). Geographic and bathymetric range. Endemic to Brazil, at depths from 125 to 1,495 m. Brazilian localities. Bahia and Rio de Janeiro (A.H. Clark & A.M. Clark 1967; Tommasi 1969a; Tommasi et al. 1988a; Oliveira et al. 2010). The REVIZEE Score NE II Project recorded this species between Pernambuco and Ceará, including submerged oceanic ridges belonging to the Fernando de Noronha seamounts. More precise data on the location of this specimen are unavailable.

Family Atelecrinidae Bather, 1899

Genus Atelecrinus Carpenter, 1881

Atelecrinus helgae A.H. Clark, 1913b

Atelecrinus helgae A.H. Clark, 1913b: 4–5; 1931: 52; 1941: 17, 19, 36.—Gislén 1924: 43, 45, 47, 50, 53, 81, 83, 93.—Mortensen 1927: 22–23, fig. 10.— A.H. Clark & A.M. Clark 1967: 819 (key), 831–832, 851.—Messing 2013: 12–15, fig. 6a–e. Atelecrinus balanoides: H.L. Clark 1941: 13.—A.M. Clark 1970: 49–51 (part). Atelecrinus balanoides form helgae: Messing & Dearborn 1990: 11, 23, 28, fig. 7b.—Massing 2003a: 280.

Catalogue of living crinoids from Brazil Zootaxa 4995 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press · 31 Type locality. 53º58′N 12º24′W, Northwest of Galway Bay, western Ireland, United Kingdom. Type material. USNM 35779 (Holotype). Geographic and bathymetric range. Northeastern Atlantic (north and west of the British Isles) and Western Atlantic (Gulf of Mexico, southern Blake Plateau, Strait of Florida, Bahamas, eastern Caribbean Sea, Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela, and Brazil), at depths from 640 to 2,825 m (A.H. Clark & A.M. Clark 1967; Messing 2013; IZ Batabase). Brazilian localities. Ceará and Alagoas (Messing 2013).

Family Bathycrinidae Bather, 1899

Genus Bathycrinus Thomson, 1872

Bathycrinus aldrichianus Thomson, 1876

Bathycrinus aldrichianus Thomson, 1876: 47, 48, 50–51, 54, fig. 1; 1878: 61, 84, 87, fig. 23.—Murray 1897: 358, 369; 1901: 254, 269.—A.H. Clark 1907a: 554; 1908b: 502; 1911a: 46.—Gislén 1938a: 15–16; 1951: 51–52, plate (figs 1–2, 5).— Tommasi 1969a: 2, fig. 2.—Macurda & Meyer 1976: 647–665, figs. 1–12.—A.M. Clark 1977a: 159–162, fig. 1g.—Bohn & Heinzeller 1999: 242, 247.—Fernandes et al. 2002: 408 (list).—Bohn 2006: 5, 7–9, 23 (table), 25 (table), 26, fig. 2–3.— Franzén-Bengtson 2007: 292.—Mironov 2008: 143; 2019: 402.—Hess 2011: T153, fig. 75 (1m–n).—Mironov & Pawson 2010: 49, 50, 51.—Eléaume et al. 2012: 1, 2, 3–4, 5, 19, 20, fig. 1a–f.—Mironov et al. 2014: 115. Bathycrinus campbellianus Carpenter, 1884: 238–240, fig. 15. Bathycrinus serratus A.H. Clark, 1908d: 205–207, fig. 1.

Type locality. 01º47′N 24º26′W, Virginia Beach, USA. Type material. USNM 22667 (Holotype). Geographic and bathymetric range. Amphi-atlantic. Northwestern Atlantic (off the northeastern USA, Emperor Seamounts, Nares Abyssal Plain), Central Atlantic (São Tome and Principe), Southwestern Atlantic (Brazil, Uruguay), and Southeastern Atlantic (Angola) (Tommasi 1969a; Bohn 2006), at depths from 3,317 to 5,850 m, possibly from 3,305 to 5,860 m (Eléaume et al. 2012). Brazilian localities. Pernambuco (nearby to São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago) (Tommasi 1969a).

Family Charitometridae A.H. Clark, 1911b

Genus Crinometra A.H. Clark, 1909b

Crinometra brevipinna (Pourtalès, 1868)

Comatula brevipinna Pourtalès, 1868: 111.—Carpenter 1879: 29.—Hartlaub 1912: 313.—A.H. Clark 1908b: 508; 1950: 280. Antedon brevipinna: Pourtalès 1869: 357.—Carpenter 1882: 746; 1888: 212.—Hartlaub 1912: 311–313, plate I, figs. 17, 18, 21–23, plate III, figs. 1, 3, plate IV, figs. 1, 2, 5–7, plate XI, figs. 1–9, plate XII, figs. 3–5.—Minckert 1905: 169.—A.H. Clark 1950: 280. Antedon granulifera Pourtalès, 1878: 215.—Carpenter 1888: 239.—A.H. Clark 1908e: 266; 1950: 280.—Hartlaub 1912: 298– 300, plate I, figs. 24, 25, plate V, figs. 1–13, plate XII, figs. 1, 2, 6–8. Actinometra granulifera: Carpenter 1881: 162.—Hartlaub 1912: 298.—A.H. Clark 1950: 280. Antedon pourtalesii: Graff 1883: 128. Antedon pourtalesi: Carpenter 1888: 54, 208, 209, 211, 212 (key), 379 (table).—Hartlaub 1912: 280 (list).—A.H. Clark 1908b: 488; 1918: 187; 1950: 280. Charitometra brevipina: A.H. Clark 1907b: 361 (list); 1950: 280. Charitometra granulifera: A.H. Clark 1907b: 361 (list); 1950: 280.—Hartlaub 1912: 298. Charitometra pourtalesi: A.H. Clark 1907b: 361 (list); 1950: 280. Charitometra imbricata A.H. Clark, 1908b: 505; 1908e: 266; 1950: 280. Crinometra brevipinna A.H. Clark, 1909b: 22; 1923a: 40; 1950: 280–291, plate XXX, fig. 90, plate XXXI, fig. 93.—Hartlaub 1912: 311.— A.H. Clark & A.M. Clark 1967: 280–291.—Marcuda & Meyer 1975: 2 (list), 21, plate XVIII, fig. 1.—Meyer et al. 1978: 419–420.—Messing 1984a: 188; 1997: 11, fig. 4.—Messing et al. 1990: 19, 20 (tables), 26, fig. 6a.—Rice & Miller 1991: 304, 305, 306, fig. 3f.—Fernandes et al. 2002: 408 (list).—Reed 2002: 64.—Herrera-Moreno & Betancourt-

32 · Zootaxa 4995 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press Gondim et al. Férnandez 2004: 7 (table).—Durán-González et al. 2005: 55.—Laguarda-Figueras et al. 2005: 111.—Alvarado et al. 2008: 39 (list).—Vázquez-Bader et al. 2008: 300, 302 (tables).—Alvarado 2011: 264 (table).—Benavides-Serrato et al. 2012: 31, 64–65 (two figures).—Rodríguez-Barrera & Messing 2013: 204.—Syverson et al. 2015: 51, 61 (tables).—Hofmann et al. 2016: 66. Crinometra concinna A.H. Clark, 1909c: 646; 1918: 187 (list); 1941, 72; 1950: 281.—Gislén 1934: 20, 24, 25. Crinometra gemmata A.H. Clark, 1909c: 647–648; 1918: 187 (list); 1921a: 338, fig. 679; 1950: 281.—Hartlaub 1912: 298.— Gislén 1934: 26. Crinometra insculpta A.H. Clark, 1909c: 646–647; 1923a: 40; 1941, 72; 1950: 281.—Gislén 1933: 480, 481; 1934: 20, 30.— H.L. Clark 1941: 10. Crinometra margaritacea A.H. Clark, 1909c: 645–646; 1918: 187 (list); 1950: 281.—Gislén 1934: 25. Crinometra pulchra A.H. Clark, 1909c: 644–645; 1918: 187; 1921a: 338. fig. 682; 1950: 281.—Hartlaub 1912: 322.—Gislén 1933: 481; 1934: 20, 25, 26. Pachylometra brevipinna: A.H. Clark 1909b: 22; 1950: 281. Pachylometra imbricata: A.H. Clark 1909b: 22; 1950: 281. Antedon angusticalix: Hartlaub 1912: 287–395, plate IV, figs. 3, 4, plate XII, fig. 9, plate XII, fig. 2.—A.H. Clark 1918: 187; 1950: 281 [not Antedon angusticalyx Carpenter, 1884]. Crinometra gracilis: H.L. Clark 1918: 5 (key), 10–11.—A.H. Clark 1950: 282. Crinometra ornata: H.L. Clark 1918: 6 (key), 11–12.—A.H. Clark 1950: 282. Crinometra coronata: A.H. Clark 1921b: 9 (list), 11 (list); 1950: 282. Crinometra mortenseni: A.H. Clark 1921a: 287, fig. 535, 536; 1950: 282. Crinometra granulifera: A.H. Clark 1923a: 40; 1950: 282. Crinometra transversa Gislén, 1933: 478, plate XXIII, figs. 1–4.—A.H. Clark 1941: 72; 1950: 282. Crinometra imbricata Gislén, 1934: 22, 23.—A.H. Clark 1941, 72; 1950: 282. Crinometra brevispina: Tommasi 1971a: 3–4, fig. 9. Antedon brevipinna var. coronata Hartlaub, 1912: 345–348, plate XI, fig. 7.—A.H. Clark 1918: 187; 1950: 282. Antedon brevipinna var. decora Hartlaub, 1912: 322 (key), 334, plate XI, figs. 4, 9.—A.H. Clark 1918: 187; 1950: 281–282.— Gislén 1933: 480. Antedon brevipinna var. diadema Hartlaub, 1912: 337–339.—A.H. Clark 1918: 187; 1950: 282.—Gislén 1933: 481. Antedon brevipinna var. elegans Hartlaub, 1912: 331–332.—A.H. Clark 1918: 187; 1950: 282.—Gislén 1933: 481. Antedon brevipinna var. gracilis Hartlaub, 1912: 328–329, plate XII, fig. 3.—A.H. Clark 1918: 187; 1950: 282. Antedon brevipinna var. granulosa Hartlaub, 1912: 351–352, plate XI, figs. 1, 2.—A.H. Clark 1918: 187; 1950: 282. Antedon brevipinna var. laevis Hartlaub, 1912: 323, 342–343, plate XI, fig. 6.—A.H. Clark 1918: 187; 1950: 282. Antedon brevipinna var. ornata Hartlaub, 1912: 348–351, plate IV, fig. 6, plate XII, fig. 4.—A.H. Clark 1918: 187; 1950: 282. Antedon brevipinna var. portualesi Hartlaub, 1912: 339–342, plate IV, fig. 1.—A.H. Clark 1950: 282. Antedon brevipinna var. pulchra Hartlaub, 1912: 329–330.—A.H. Clark 1918: 187; 1950: 282. Antedon brevipinna var. spinosa Hartlaub, 1912: 343–345, plate XI, fig. 8.—A.H. Clark 1918: 187; 1950: 282. Antedon brevipinna var. tuberosa Hartlaub, 1912: 333–337, plate XI, fig. 3.—A.H. Clark 1918: 187; 1950: 282.—Gislén 1933: 480. Crinometra brevipinna var. angusta A.H. Clark, 1950: 291 (key), 335–343. Crinometra brevipinna var. bevipinna A.H. Clark, 1950: 290 (key), 312–316. Crinometra brevipinna var. concinna A.H. Clark, 1950: 290 (key), 298–301. Crinometra brevipinna var. coronata A.H. Clark, 1950: 291 (key), 320–323. Crinometra brevipinna var. diadema A.H. Clark, 1950: 290 (key), 308–309. Crinometra brevipinna var. insculpta A.H. Clark, 1950: 289 (key), 291–296, plate XXXII, fig. 99. Crinometra brevipinna var. gemmata A.H. Clark, 1950: 290 (key), 318–320, plate XXX, fig. 92. Crinometra brevipinna var. gracilis A.H. Clark, 1950: 289 (key), 296. Crinometra brevipinna var. granulifera A.H. Clark, 1950: 290 (key), 326–334. Crinometra brevipinna var. granulosa A.H. Clark, 1950: 290 (key), 325–326. Crinometra brevipinna var. laevis A.H. Clark, 1950: 290 (key), 311–312. Crinometra brevipinna var. margaritacea A.H. Clark, 1950: 290 (key), 307–308, plate XXXI, fig. 94. Crinometra brevipinna var. ornata A.H. Clark, 1950: 291 (key), 323–325. Crinometra brevipinna var. portualesi A.H. Clark, 1950: 290 (key), 309–311. Crinometra brevipinna var. pulchella A.H. Clark, 1950: 289 (key), 297–298. Crinometra brevipinna var. pulchra A.H. Clark, 1950: 291 (key), 334–35, plate XXX, fig. 91. Crinometra brevipinna var. spinosa A.H. Clark, 1950: 290 (key), 316–317. Crinometra brevipinna var. transversa A.H. Clark, 1950: 290 (key), 301–303. Crinometra brevipinna var. tuberosa A.H. Clark, 1950: 290 (key), 303–307. Crinometra brevipinna var. brasiliensis Tommasi, 1969a: 3, fig. 3.

Type locality. Off Havana, Cuba. Type material. USNM 25473 (Holotype).

Catalogue of living crinoids from Brazil Zootaxa 4995 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press · 33 Geographic and bathymetric range. Western Atlantic (Florida USA, Bahamas, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean coast of Central America from Mexico to Venezuela, Antillean Arc from Cuba to Trinidad & Tobago, Guyana, and Brazil), and South Central Atlantic (St. Helena), at depths from 69 to 1,097 m (A.H. Clark 1950; Tommasi 1971a; Meyer et al. 1978; Alvarado 2011; Benavides-Serrato et al. 2012). Brazilian localities. Pará, Maranhão, and Rio Grande do Sul (Tommasi 1969a; Meyer et al. 1978; IZ Database).

Family Comatulidae Fleming, 1828

Genus Comactinia A.H. Clark, 1909d

Comactinia echinoptera (Müller, 1840)

Comatula echinoptera Müller, 1840: 311, 312, 316.—Carpenter 1879: 27, 28.—A.H. Clark 1908b: 510. Alecto echinoptera: Müller 1841: 143.—A.H. Clark, 1909d: 498. Antedon meridionalis: Pourtalès 1869: 355 (part).—Rathbun 1879: 157.—Carpenter 1881: 156 (part).—Krau 1950: 358. Actinometra echinoptera: Carpenter 1881: 156.—Hartlaub 1912: 280, 281, 413, 415–471, plates XVI, XVII, XVIII (part). Actinometra brasiliensis Carpenter, 1888: 302; plate IV, fig. 4a–c. Comactinia echinoptera: A.H. Clark 1909e: 149, 150 (part?); 1912: 30 (list); 1913c: 389–390; 1915a: 29, 31, 32, 46, 129, 249, 281, 291, 298, 325, 355 (part); 1921a: 14, 15, 16, 71, 219, 255, 323, 341, 662, 664, 665, 666, 672, 681 (part?), figs. 19, 20, 23, 24, plate XV; 1931: 128, 133, 231, 277, 280, 301, 351, 359, 375–400, 692, plates XLII–XLIV (part).—H.L. Clark 1918: 5 (key), 8–9.—Tommasi 1959: 601; 1963: 98–100; 1965: 6, 7, 8, 13, figs. 12–18 (part); 1971a: 3, fig. 7; 1985: 2, 3, 4; 2004: 161.—Lima-Verde 1969: 9.—Macurda 1975: 6,8, 12, 14, 16, 17.—Meyer 1973a: 253–255.—Messing 1978: 52–59, figs. 2, 3a–j, 4a–l; 2003b: 154; 2018: 245, 253.—Liddell 1979: 2413, 2415, 2419, 2420, fig. 3c, e; 1982: 33, 35, 36, 37, 38.—Young 1986: 103 (table).—Jangoux 1987: 60 (table).—Tommasi & Aron 1987: 1, 3.—Tommasi et al. 1988a: 4, 8.—Messing & Dearborn 1990: 5, 14 (key), 23, 24, 28, fig. 10a–g.—Hendler et al. 1995: 48–49, fig. 6.—Fernandes et al. 2002: 408 (list).—Herrera-Moreno & Betancourt-Férnandez 2004: 7 (table).—Magalhães et al. 2005: 63 (table).—Luna & Vallejo 2006: 85 (list).—Alvarado et al. 2008: 39 (list).—Manso et al. 2008: 182, fig. 2a–c.—Vázquez-Bader et al. 2008: 300, 302 (tables).—Pawson et al. 2009: 1186.—Oliveira et al. 2010: 2, fig. 1c.—Alvarado 2011: 264 (table).—Benavides- Serrato et al. 2012: 31, 46–47 (two figures).—Coppard & Alvarado 2013: 119.—Rodríguez-Barrera & Messing 2013: 203.—Summers et al. 2014: 322, 323, 325 (table), 335, fig. 3a, 4m; 2017: 164.—Alvarado et al. 2017: S275.—Gondim et al. 2020: 46.

Type locality. Unknown, but probably West Indies (Messing 1978). Type material. MZB1047 (Holotype). Geographic and bathymetric range. Western Atlantic (South Carolina to southeastern Florida USA, Bahamas, Caribbean coast of Central America from Mexico to Venezuela, Antillean Arc from Cuba to Barbados, Guyana, Suriname, French Guyana, and Brazil), at depths from 2 to 92 m (Tommasi 1965 1971a; Messing 1978; Messing & Dearborn 1990; Alvarado 2011). Solís-Marin et al. (2013) delimited the bathymetric range of the species to between 2 and 1,033 m. Brazilian localities. Maranhão, Ceará, Paraíba, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo, São Paulo, and Paraná (Tommasi 1963, 1965, 1985; Lima-Verde 1969; Young 1986; Tommasi & Aron 1987; Tommasi et al. 1988a; Oliveira et al. 2010; Gondim et al. 2020; IZ Dabase).

Comactinia meridionalis meridionalis (L. Agassiz, 1865)

Alecto meridionalis L. Agassiz in E.C. Agassiz & A. Agassiz, 1865: 121, 122, 153, 154. Antedon meridionalis: Pourtalès 1869: 355 (part); 1878: 214 (part?).—Carpenter 1879: 20 (part); 1881: 156 (part).—Krau 1950: 358. Comatula meridionalis: Carpenter 1879: 20, 27, 28 (part). Actinometra meridionalis: Carpenter 1881: 155, 156, 157, 161, 162, 164 (part); 1888: 301–302, plate IV, fig. 4a–c, plate LVI, figs. 1–2 (part).—Ludwig 1882: 6. Actinometra echinoptera: Hartlaub 1912: 280, 281, 413, 415–471, plates XVI, XVII, XVIII (part). Comactinia echinoptera: A.H. Clark 1909e: 149, 150 (part?); 1915a: 29, 31, 32, 46, 129, 249, 281, 291, 298, 325, 355 (part); 1921a: 14, 15, 16, 71, 219, 255, 323, 341, 662, 664, 665, 666, 672, 681 (part?); 1931: 128, 133, 231, 277, 280, 301, 351,

34 · Zootaxa 4995 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press Gondim et al. 359, 375–400, 692, plate XLII, figs. 125–128; plate XLIII, figs. 129–130, plate XLIV, figs. 131–135 (part).—Tommasi 1963: 98–100 (part?); 1965: 6, 7, 8, 14, figs. 12–18 (part?). Comactinia meridionalis: A.H. Clark 1909e: 150 (part?); 1913a: 11; 1913c: 389; 1915a: 34, 46, 315, 317, 321, 326; plate IV, fig. 548 (part); 1921a: 16, 220, 222, 225, 233, 280, 291, 312, 341, 370, 374, 509–510, 513, 514–517, 518, 520, 549, 555, 577– 586, 588–590, 596, 662, 663, 665, 666, 668, 672, 681, 706, 725, plate I, figs. 963–964 (part); 1921b: 9–11, 25–28 (part); 1931: 50, 136, 277, 283, 378 (part).—Messing 1978: 59–61, figs. 5a–c, 6a–j; 2003b: 154; 2018: 2018: 253.—Messing & Dearborn 1990: 1, 5, 15(key), 23, 24, 28, fig. 11a–i.—Bryan et al. 1997: 177, 180, 181, 182 (tables). Vázquez-Bader et al. 2008: 300, 302 (tables).—Alvarado et al. 2008: 39 (list).—Alvarado 2011: 264 (table).—Summers et al. 2014: 323, 325 (table), 328, 332, 335, fig. 4d.—Ausich et al. 2020: 531, fig. 4. Actinometra echinoptera var. meridionalis Hartlaub, 1912: 416 (table), 417 (table), 418 (table), 426–430, plate XVI, figs. 1–5, 10–12 (part). Comactinia echinoptera var. meridionalis Tommasi, 1963: 99 (part?).—Meyer 1973b: 118–120. Comactinia meridionalis meridionalis: Messing 1978: 61–71, figs. 7, 8, 9a–f, 10a–n.—Fernandes et al. 2002: 408 (list).— González et al. 2002: 90–91, fig. 2.—Herrera-Moreno & Betancourt-Férnandez 2004: 7 (table).—Pawson et al. 2009: 1186.—Benavides-Serrato et al. 2012: 31, 50–51 (two figures).—Herrera-Moreno 2014: 3, 7 (table).—Alvarado et al. 2017: S275.—Feng et al. 2017: 577.

Type locality. South Carolina, USA. Type material. MZC 33 (Lectotype), MZC 32 (Paralectotype). Geographic and bathymetric range. Western Atlantic (North Carolina to the Florida Keys USA, Bahamas, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean coast from Mexico to Venezuela, Antillean Arc from Cuba to Barbados, Suriname, and Brazil), at depths from 3 to 508 m (Messing 1978; Alvarado 2011). As for the previous species, Solís-Marin et al. (2013) cited a broader bathymetric range, from 3 to 1,033 m. Brazilian localities. Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo (A.H. Clark 1913a; Messing 1978; Meyer et al. 1978).

Genus Davidaster Hoggett & Rowe, 1986

Davidaster rubiginosus (Pourtalès, 1869)

Antedon rubiginosa Pourtalès, 1869: 356, 358 (table).—A.H. Clark 1908b: 493. Actinometra lineata: Carpenter 1882: 747 (list); 1888: 327.—Graaf 1884: 19, 36.—Hartlaub 1912: 280–281, 413, 419, 421– 422. Actinometra rubiginosa: Carpenter 1888: 58 (list), 60. Phanogenia rubiginosa: A.H. Clark 1908f: 124 (list); 1931: 24. Actinometra echinoptera var. rubiginosa Hartlaub, 1912: 416 (table), 436, plate XVIII, figs. 4, 13, 18. Actinometra echinoptera var. meridionalis-rubiginosa Hartlaub, 1912: 416 (table), 438, plate XVII, figs. 5, 6. Actinometra meridionalis var. carinata-rubiginosa Hartlaub, 1912: 416 (table), 418 (table). Nemaster rubiginosa: A.H. Clark 1921a: 9, figs. 956, 957, plate I; 1923a: 38; 1931: 225–232, plate XIX, figs. 42–45.—Tommasi 1963: 95–96; 1965: 5, figs. 8, 9; 1971a: 2–3, fig. 5.—Meyer & Macurda 1977: 77.—Liddell 1979: 2413, 2414, 2415, 2418, 2419, 2420, fig. 4a, b, c, d.—Lima & Fernandes 2009: 57, 58. Nemaster mexicanensis Tommasi, 1966: 155–157, figs. 1–3, photos 1–7. Davidaster rubiginosus: Hogget & Rowe 1986: 116.—Hendler & Pawson 2000: 280 (table), fig. 7a.—Alvarado et al. 2008: 39 (list).—Pawson et al. 2009: 1186.—Alvarado 2011: 264 (table).—Benavides-Serrato et al. 2012: 31, 56–57 (two figures).—Benavides-Serrato et al. 2013: 167.—Coppard & Alvarado 2013: 119.—del Valle-García et al. 2013: 409, 412.—Rodríguez-Barrera & Messing 2013: 202.—Summers et al. 2014: 322, 323, 324 (table), fig. 3c, 4i.—González- Gándara et al. 2015: 187 (table), 189.—Summers et al. 2017: 160, 161. Nemaster rubiginosus: Hendler et al. 1995: 53–54, fig. 8.—Herrera-Moreno & Betancourt-Férnandez 2004: 7 (table).— Magalhães et al. 2005: 63 (table).—Luna & Vallejo 2006: 85 (list). Davidaster rubiginosa: Williams et al. 2013: 455.

Type locality. Off Orange Key, Bahamas. Type material. MCZ 496 (Syntype). Geographic and bathymetric range. Western Atlantic (southeastern Florida, Bahamas, western Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean coast from Mexico to Venezuela, Antillean Arc from Cuba to Barbados and the Grenadines, and Brazil), at depths from 1 to 344 m (Meyer et al. 1978; Herrera-Moreno & Betancourt-Férnandez 2004; Alvarado 2011; Benavides-Serrato et al. 2012).

Catalogue of living crinoids from Brazil Zootaxa 4995 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press · 35 Brazilian localities. Paraíba, Pernambuco, Bahia, and São Paulo (A.H. Clark 1931; Tommasi 1963, 1965, 1969a, 1971a).

Genus Neocomatella A.H. Clark, 1909f

Neocomatella pulchella (Pourtalès, 1878)

Antedon pulchella Pourtalès, 1878: 216.—A.H. Clark 1908b: 490. Actinometra pulchella: Carpenter 1881: 160; 1888: 304.—Bell 1882: 533, 535.—A. Agassiz 1888: 125.—Hartlaub 1912: 280, 281. Antedon alata: A.H. Clark 1908b: 456. Actinometra echinoptera var. carinata pulchella Hartlaub, 1912: 416, 418 (tables). Actinometra echinoptera var. meridionalis pulchella Hartlaub, 1912: 417 (table). Actinometra echinoptera var. pulchella Hartlaub, 1912: 419, 447, fig. 14. Actinometra echinoptera var. pulchella subvar. planata Hartlaub, 1912: 419. Neocomatella pulchella: A.H. Clark 1921b: 9, 10, 11; 1931: 124–142.—H.L. Clark 1941: 4, 8.—Tommasi 1963: 96–98; 1965: 5–6, figs. 8, 9; 1969b: 56.—Meyer et al. 1978: 414.—Edwards & Lubbock 1983: 64.—Messing 1984b: 90.—Hoggett & Rowe 1986: 121, 123.—Jangoux 1987: 60 (table).—Tommasi et al. 1988a: 4, 8.—Pires 1992: 69, 71 (table), 73.— Messing 1997: 12, fig. 5(6).—Sumida & Pires-Vanin 1997: 781 (table).—Reed 2002: 64. Herrera-Moreno & Betancourt- Férnandez 2004: 7 (table).—Lalana et al. 2004: 8 (table).—De Léo & Pires-Vanin 2006: 273 (table), 274.—Alvarado et al. 2008: 39 (list).—Oliveira et al. 2010: 2.—Alvarado 2011: 264 (table).—Benavides-Serrato et al. 2012: 31, 60 (one figure).—Coppard & Alvarado 2013: 119.—Rodríguez-Barrera & Messing 2013: 202–203.—Wienberg et al. 2013: 3422, 3431 (table).—Summers et al. 2014: 325 (table), 335.—Sandino et al. 2017: S293.—Cambronero-Solano et al. 2019: 5, 8 (table).

Type locality. Unknown. Pourtalès (1878) mentioned that the locality label was lost. Type material. Not determined. Geographic and bathymetric range. Western Atlantic (Florida Keys*, Bahamas, southeastern Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean coast from Mexico to Venezuela, Antillean Arc from Cuba to Barbados and Grenada, and Brazil), at depths from 10 to 567 m (Meyer et al. 1978; Alvarado 2011; Benavides-Serrato et al. 2012; Cambronero-Solano et al. 2019; *C.G. Messing, personal communication). Brazilian localities. Maranhão, Pernambuco (São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago), Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo (A.H. Clark 1931; Tommasi 1963, 1965 1969b; Tommasi et al. 1988a; GBIF; IZ Database).

Family Rhizocrinidae Jaekel, 1894

Genus Democrinus Perrier, 1883a

Democrinus brevis (A.H. Clark, 1909a)

Rhizocrinus rawsoni: Carpenter 1888: 262 (part), 263, 267, fig. 19a–b. Rhizocrinus brevis A.H. Clark, 1909a: 675. Bythocrinus brevis: A.H. Clark 1917b: 392. Democrinus brevis: A.M. Clark 1977a: 168–169, fig. 2a–d.—Meyer et al. 1978: 426.—Messing & Dearborn 1990: 22.— Donovan & Pawson 1997: 571, 573, 576, 577, figs. 2, 3.—Donovan & Veltkamp 2001: 726, 729 (table).—Alvarado et al. 2008: 39 (list).—Alvarado 2011: 265 (table).—Simms 2011: 148, 150, 152, fig. 2d.—Solís-Marín et al. 2013: 604 (appendix).—Paschall & Waters 2016: 728, 730.—Messing et al. 2017: 22, fig. 7.36a.

Type locality. Panama. Type material. NHMUK 1900.5.17.I (Holotype), 1949.4.5.I (Paratype). Geographic and bathymetric range. Western Atlantic (Strait of Florida, Caribbean coast from Panama to Venezuela, and Brazil), at depths from 374 to 1,750 m (Meyer et al. 1978; Donovan & Veltkamp 2001). Brazilian localities. Maranhão (Meyer et al. 1978; IZ Database).

36 · Zootaxa 4995 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press Gondim et al. Democrinus chuni (Döderlein, 1907)

Rhizocrinus chuni Döderlein, 1907: 14, fig. 6, plate I, fig. 5, plate VI, fig. 6; 1912: 11, 12, 14, 15, fig. 5, fig. 6, plate III, figs. 1–7, plate V, figs. 2, 4, plate VII, figs. 1–5, plate VIII, figs. 1–10.—A.H. Clark 1911a: 47; 1912: 279; 1931: 38, 45. Rhizocrinus braueri: Döderlein 1912: 11, 12, fig. 3b, fig. 7, plate IV, figs. 1–6, plate V, figs. 2, 5, plate VI, figs. 1–6. Rhizocrinus (Bythocrinus) chuni Döderlein, 1912: 14–16, fig. 3a.—A.H. Clark 1917b: 392. Rhizocrinus (Bythocrinus) braueri Döderlein, 1912: 16–18, fig. 3b. Democrinus chuni: Gislèn 1938a: 26–27; 1938b: 21–22, plate II, fig. 8.—A.M. Clark 1972: 146–150, fig. 17; 1977b: 134; 1982: 126 (table).—Donovan & Pawson 1997: 571, 573, 576, 577, 579, fig. 1a–b.—Bohn & Heinzeller 1999: 242, 243 (tables), 245, fig. 1g, h.—Donovan & Lewis 1999: 321.—Donovan & Schmidt 2001: 264, fig. 1. Donovan & Veltkamp 2001: 725.—Paschall & Waters 2016: 730. Bythocrinus chuni: A.H. Clark 1917b: 392; 1941: 48.—Tommasi 1969a: 2.

Type locality. Off Somalia, Indian Ocean. Type material. USNM 35998 (Syntype). Geographic and bathymetric range. Amphi-atlantic. Southwestern Atlantic (Brazil), Southeastern Atlantic (South Africa), and Southwestern Indian Ocean (Mozambique) (Tommasi 1969a; A.M. Clark 1972; Donovan & Pawson 1997), at depths from 720 to 1,668 m (A.H. Clark 1911a; Bohn & Heinzeller 1999). Brazilian localities. Ceará (Tommasi 1969a).

Democrinus conifer (A.H. Clark, 1909a)

Rhizocrinus conifer A.H. Clark, 1909a: 674. Bythocrinus intermedius A.H. Clark, 1915a: 205, fig. 136.—A.M. Clark 1977a: 168, 177. Bythocrinus conifer: A.H. Clark 1917b: 392.—H.L. Clark 1941: 7.—Moore 1967: 7, fig. 12. Bythocrinus robustus: A.H. Clark 1917b: 392. Democrinus conifer: Gislèn 1938a: 25, 27.—Meyer et al. 1978: 426.—Messing & Dearborn 1990: 5, 10 (key), 22, 28, fig. 5a– g.—Grimmer et al. 1984: 163–176. Tommasi et al. 1988a: 4, 8.—Bohn & Heinzeller 1999: 247.—Fernandes et al. 2002: 408 (list).—Herrerra-Moreno & Betancourt-Fernández 2004: 514 (table).—Tommasi 2004: 161.—Alvarado et al. 2008: 39 (list).—Pawson et al. 2009: 1187.—Oliveira et al. 2010: 2.—Alvarado 2011: 265 (table).—Benavides-Serrato et al. 2012: 31, 79–80 (two figures).—Benavides-Serrato et al. 2013: 167.—Rodríguez-Barrera & Messing 2013: 208.—Solís-Marin et al. 2013: 603 (appendix).—Herrera-Moreno 2014: 3.—Sandino et al. 2017: S293.—Bueno et al. 2018: 183–138, fig. 15.—Botero et al. 2020: 5. Democrinus robustus: A.H. Clark 1954: 374 (list). Rhizocrinus lofotensis: Tommasi 1965: 12, 13, figs. 26, 28; 1971a: 1, fig. 1.

Type locality. Off Ceará, Brazil. Type material. USNM 22679 (Holotype). Geographic and bathymetric range. Amphi-atlantic. Western Atlantic (Bahamas, Caribbean coast from Honduras to Colombia, Antillean Arc from Cuba to the Lesser Antilles, and Brazil), and Eastern Atlantic (Josephine Bank off Portugal), at depths from 160 to 1,750 m (Moore 1967; Meyer et al. 1978; Pawson et al. 2009; Alvarado 2011; Solís-Marin et al. 2013). It possibly also occurs in shallower water from at least 119 m and beyond (Meyer et al. 1978). Meyer et al. (1978) suggested that D. brevis and D. conifer should be treated as a single taxon after a preliminary analysis of material of both species. The disjunct range of D. brevis and the continuous range of D. conifer across the W. Atlantic increase the likelihood that they are the same (C.G. Messing, personal communication; see also Meyer et al. 1978: 426). Brazilian localities. Pará, Maranhão, Ceará, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, and Santa Catarina (Meyer et al. 1978; Tommasi 1971a; Tommasi et al. 1988a; Oliveira et al. 2010; Bueno et al. 2018; IZ Database).

Genus Rhizocrinus Sars, 1868

Rhizocrinus lofotensis Sars, 1868

Rhizocrinus lofotensis Sars, 1868: 39, plates I–IV.—Pourtalès 1869: 357.—Thomson 1872: 770–772.—Carpenter 1877: 35– 53.—Ludwig 1877: 101–128.—Perrier 1883a: 450; 1883b: 223.—Carpenter et al. 1884: 356, 370, 371, 372, 377.—Rathbun

Catalogue of living crinoids from Brazil Zootaxa 4995 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press · 37 1886: 63.—A.H. Clark 1908b: 538, 539; 1908e: 265; 1909g: 215; 1913b: 5; 1917b: 391; 1954: 374.—Moore 1967: 7, fig. 11a–b.—Barel & Krames 1977: 89, 91, 105.—Meyer & Macurda 1977: 74.—Roux 1977b: 29, 39.—Besteiro & Urgorri 1988: 11.—Messing et al. 1988: 481.—Bohn & Heinzeller 1999: 242, 243 (tables), 245, 247, fig. 1i–j.—Schiaparelli et al. 2007: 1550 (table), 1552.—Etter & Hess 2015: 8887, 8891, 8894, fig. 4.—Buhl-Mortensen et al. 2010: 27, fig. 6a; 2012: 711, 713, fig. 51.6.—Oliveira et al. 2010: 2, fig. 1d.—Roux et al. 2019: 80. Conocrinus lofotensis: Roux 1977b: 29.—Messing & Dearborn 1990: 5, 9 (key), 22, 28, fig. 4a–d.—Solís-Marin et al. 2013: 603 (appendix). Rhizocrinus verrilli A.H. Clark, 1908d: 207–208; 1908b: 539.

Type locality. Lofoten Islands, Skraaven, Norway, Arctic Ocean. Type material. USNM 35773 (Syntype). Geographic and bathymetric range. Amphi-atlantic. Northeastern Atlantic (West of Ireland, south and west of the Faeroe Islands (between southeastern Greenland and Iceland), Northwestern Atlantic (Davis Straits southward to Massachusetts, possibly off northern Florida) (Messing & Dearborn 1990), and Southwestern Atlantic (Brazil) (Solís-Marín et al. 2013), at depths from 140 to 3,475 m (Messing & Dearborn 1990). Brazilian localities. Alagoas and Rio de Janeiro (Carpenter 1888; Oliveira et al. 2010).

Family Tropiometridae A.H. Clark, 1908c

Genus Tropiometra A.H. Clark, 1907b

Tropiometra carinata (Lamarck, 1816)

Comatula carinata Lamarck, 1816: 534–535.—Müller 1841: 142.—Carpenter 1879: 5.—A.H. Clark 1908b: 508–509. Alecto carinata: Müller 1841: 142. Comatula (Alecto) carinata: A.H. Clark 1913c: 384. Comatula picta Gay, 1854: 429. Antedon brasiliensis: Verrill 1867: 341 (list); 1868: 365.—Carpenter 1879: 386; 1881: 180.—Rathbun 1879: 156.—von Ihering 1867: 156.—A.H. Clark 1908b: 462. Antedon carinata: Ludwig 1882: 5.—Carpenter 1888: 169, 179, 202.—Hartlaub 1912: 371–376.—A.H. Clark 1913c: 384. Antedon dübeni: Verrill 1867: 365.—Carpenter 1888: 181, plate XXXVII, fig. 1 (part).—A.H. Clark 1908c: 125.—Gislén 1938a: 6. Antedon braziliensis: Rathbun 1879: 156. Antedon bicolor Carpenter, 1879: 29 [nomen nudum]. Antedon capensis Bell, 1905: 139. Tropiometra carinata: A.H. Clark 1907b: 349; 1908c: 125; 1908g: 244; 1913a: 39; 1913c: 382, 403.—H.L. Clark 1917: 113– 119.—Cherbonnier 1959: 105, 107.—Tommasi 1957: 21, 34, 37, figs. 26–27; 1965: 8.—Lima-Verde 1969: 9.—Clark & Rowe 1971: 11, 25 (key).—Liddell 1979: 2413, 2414, 2415, 2418, 2410.—Alves & Cerqueira 2000: 547, 549, 551 (tables).—MacCord & Duarte 2002: 219–224.—Attrill et al. 2004: 154 (table).—Herrera-Moreno & Betancourt-Férnandez 2004: 7 (table).—Netto et al. 2005: 212 (list), 215.—Martins & Martins de Queiroz 2006: 201–202 (one figure).—Ventura et al. 2007: 382 (table).—Oliveira et al. 2010: 3, fig. 1a.—Xavier 2010: 75 (table), 76.—Alvarado 2011: 264 (table).— Benavides-Serrato et al. 2012: 31, 70–71 (two figures).—Miranda et al. 2012: 10, 11, fig. 6.—Torrence et al. 2012: 355– 363.—Coppard & Alvarado 2013: 119.—Solís-Marin et al. 2013: 603 (appendix).—Bumbeer et al. 2016: 8 (table), fig. 4c.—Bueno et al. 2018: 184, fig. 16.—Guimarães et al. 2018: 339, 358 (table), 373 (list), 426 (table), fig. 11.3c.—Gurjão & Lotufo 2018: 11.—Gondim et al. 2020: 46.—Ventura & Tavares 2020: 268 (figure), 293. Tropiometra braziliensis: A.H. Clark 1907b: 349. Tropiometra audouini A.H, Clark, 1913c: 401–402. Tropiometra encrinus A.H. Clark, 1911a: 36; 1913c: 402. Tropiometra indica: A.H. Clark 1913c: 401, 402. Tropiometra clarki Gislén, 1938b: 4, 16. Tropiometra picta: A.H. Clark 1911a: 35–36; 1913a: 40; 1913c: 382, 402.—Krau 1950: 358. Tropiometra carinata audouini A.H. Clark, 1947: 342–345, plate XXXV, figs. 185, 186, plate XXXIX, fig. 202. Tropiometra carinata carinata: A.H. Clark 1947: 291–337, plate XXXV, figs. 183–184, plate XXXVI, figs. 187–188.—Costa 1962: 273.—Tommasi 1959: 601; 1963: 100–101; 1965: 9, figs. 19, 20; 1967: 50.—Lima-Verde 1969: 9.—A.M. Clark 1972: 131.—Marshall & Rowe 1981: 380, 397.—Tommasi & Aron 1988: 2.—Vanin et al. 1997: 39.—Hadel et al. 1999: 263.—Fernandes et al. 2002: 408 (list), 422, 423, 424.—Magalhães et al. 2005: 63 (table).—Ventura et al. 2007: 350.— Lima & Fernandes 2009: 55, 57, 58.—Brites et al. 2011: 277 (table).—Queiroz et al. 2011: 645, 646, fig. 2d–g. Tropiometra carinata clarki: A.H. Clark 1947: 281–291, plate XXXIV, figs. 175–179, plate XXXV, figs. 180–182. Tropiometra carinata indica: A.H. Clark 1947: 337–342.

38 · Zootaxa 4995 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press Gondim et al. Type locality. Mauritius Island. Type material. A.H. Clark (1908b) mentioned that the type material is at the Paris Museum (Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle). However, the specimen is not listed in the catalog. It is possible that it is in the Lamarck collection, housed in this museum (M. Eléaume, personal communication). Geographic and bathymetric range. Amphi-atlantic. Western Atlantic (Dominican Republic, and Lesser Antilles from Guadeloupe south, northern and eastern coasts of South America from Panama to Brazil), South Central Atlantic (Saint Helena, Ascension Island, and Tristan da Cunha), and Western and Central Indian Ocean (South Africa to Somalia, Madagascar, Reunion I., Mauritius, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, and southern India), at depths from 0 to 84 m (Meyer et al. 1978; Tommasi 1965; Alvarado 2011; Solís-Marín et al. 2013; Torrence et al. 2012). Brazilian localities. Pará, Maranhão, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, and Santa Catarina (A.H. Clark 1947; Tommasi 1957; Lima-Verde 1969; Gondim et al. 2011, 2020; Miranda et al. 2012; Guimarães et al. 2018. IZ Database; current study).

Order Isocrinida Sieverts-Doreck, 1952

Family Isselicrinidae Klikushkin, 1977

Genus Endoxocrinus A.H. Clark, 1908h

Endoxocrinus (Endoxocrinus) parrae (Gervais in Guérin, 1835)

Encrinus parrae Gervais in Guérin, 1835: 49, plate CXLVII, fig. 1.—A.H. Clark 1908b: 519. Pentacrinus caput-medusae Müller, 1843 (part): 177–248. Pentacrinus mülleri Oersted, 1857: 202. Pentacrinus (Neocrinus) mülleri: Thomson 1864: 7. Isocrinus parrae: A.H. Clark 1908i: 687. Endoxocrinus parrae: A.H. Clark 1908h: 151; 1913a: 68.—H.L. Clark 1918: 6 (key), 13–14, plates I–II.—Tommasi 1971a: 2, fig. 3.—Meyer et al. 1978: 424.—Herrera-Moreno & Betancourt-Férnandez 2004: 7 (table).—Lalana et al. 2004: 8 (table).—Alvarado et al. 2008: 39 (list).—Pawson et al. 2009: 1187.—Alvarado 2011: 264 (table). Cenocrinus parrae: Döderlein 1912: 21. Diplocrinus carolinae A.H. Clark, 1934: 4, plate I, fig. 3, plate II, fig. 5. Endoxocrinus prionodes H.L. Clark, 1941: 6–7, plate I. Endoxocrinus (Endoxocrinus) mülleri: Roux et al. 2002: 820. Endoxocrinus (Endoxocrinus) carolinae: Roux et al. 2002: 820. Endoxocrinus (Endoxocrinus) prionodes: Roux et al. 2002: 820 Endoxocrinus (Endoxocrinus) parrae: David et al. 2006: 34–35, fig. 4b–f, 5a–c, 18, 19a, 20a.—Hofmann et al. 2016: 65.

Type locality. Off Havana, Cuba (A.H. Clark 1908b; David et al. 2006). Type material. Lost. Geographic and bathymetric range. Western Atlantic (Bahamas, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean coast from Mexico to Venezuela, Antillean Arc from Cuba to Barbados, and Brazil), at depths from 154 to 518 m (Herrera- Moreno & Betancourt-Férnandez 2004; David et al. 2006; Rodríguez-Barrera & Messing 2013). Brazilian localities. Maranhão and Rio Grande do Sul (Tommasi 1971a; IZ Database).

Endoxocrinus (Endoxocrinus) parrae parrae Gervais (in Guérin, 1835)

Endoxocrinus (Endoxocrinus) parrae parrae: David et al. 2006: 35–36, figs. 4c–d, 5b, 18, 19a, 20a.—Benavides-Serrato et al. 2012: 26, 31, 76–77 (two figures), fig. 9a.

Type locality. Off Saint Croix near Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands (David et al. 2006). Type material. Uncatalogued, Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen (David et al. 2006). Geographic and bathymetric range. Western Atlantic (Bahamas, Caribbean coast from Mexico to Venezuela,

Catalogue of living crinoids from Brazil Zootaxa 4995 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press · 39 Antillean Arc from Cuba to at least northern Jamaica, to southern Brazil), at depths from 154 to 518 m (David et al. 2006; Benavides-Serrato et al. 2012). Brazilian localities. Southern Brazil (David et al. 2006).

Endoxocrinus (Diplocrinus) maclearanus (Thomson, 1878)

Pentacrinus maclearanus Thomson, 1878: 61, 113, fig. 31.—Carpenter 1884: 312.—A.H. Clark 1908b: 533. Pentacrinus mülleri: Carpenter 1884 (pars): 311. Isocrinus maclearanus: Döderlein 1907: 19. Cenocrinus (Diplocrinus) maclearanus: Döderlein 1912: 20–21. Diplocrinus maclearanus: A.H. Clark 1923b: 11.—Tommasi 1965: 11, fig. 25; 1969a: 1, fig. 1. Diplocrinus (Diplocrinus) maclearanus: Roux 1977a: 64. Endoxocrinus maclearanus: Rasmussen & Sieverts-Doreck 1978: T857.—Fernandes et al. 2002: 408 (list).—Ventura et al. 2007: 350, 367. Endoxocrinus (Diplocrinus) maclearanus: Roux et al. 2002: 820.

Type locality. Pernambuco, Brazil. Type material. NHMUK 3.30.21 (Holotype). Geographic and bathymetric range. Western Atlantic (Blake Plateau to Brazil), at depths from 432 to 878 m depth (David et al. 2006). Brazilian localities. Maranhão, Ceará, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, and Rio Grande do Sul (Carpenter 1888; Tommasi 1969a; Meyer et al. 1978; Ventura et al. 2007).

Discussion

Different literature sources have recorded different numbers of crinoid species in Brazilian waters. As examples, Hadel et al. (1999) cited a total of 22 species; Tommasi (1999, unpublished data), Fernandes et al. (2002), and Brites et al. (2011) mentioned 15 species; Ventura et al. (2013) 16 species, and Moura (2020) 14 species. After a thorough review of previous records and published taxonomic revisions (e.g., David et al. 2006; Messing 2013), we have arrived at a total of 20 species (12 feather stars and 8 sea lilies). This number represents about 3% of the global total, 41.7% of the species from the Caribbean Sea (48 spp.; C.G. Messing, personal communication), and 24% of the species from Latin America and the Canary Islands (82 spp.; Pérez-Ruzafa et al. 2013). According to Messing et al. (2017), the two most diverse areas for the group are the tropical Indo-West Pacific, with approximately 200 species (100 known from depths less than 50 m and a similar number from depths of 100–1,000 m), and the entire tropical West Atlantic, with 55 species. In the South Atlantic, Brazil represents the richest area; only two species are recorded from Uruguay [Isometra angustipinna (Carpenter, 1888) and I. challengeri (A.H. Clark, 1907b)] (A.H. Clark & A.M. Clark 1967), while two more are known from Argentina [I. vivipara and Phrixometra nutrix (Mortensen, 1918)] (Brögger et al. 2013). Within Brazil, the Northeastern Region (01º to 18ºS) has most records for the class (17 species), followed by the Southeastern Region (18º to 25ºS) (12), the South Region (25º to 33ºS) (7), and then the North Region (04ºN to 01ºS) (3). These results are closely related to the areas sampled by previous oceanographic expeditions, including R/V Oregon, Albatross, and Challenger, which captured several species in northeastern Brazil, particularly in Maranhão (01º to 02ºS). This material was later studied by the most reputed specialists of the class, such as P.H. Carpenter, A.H. Clark, C.G. Messing, and D.B. Marcuda (see IZ Database and SpeciesLink). When each state is analyzed individually, Rio de Janeiro (21º to 23ºS) is the most diverse (10 species), followed by Maranhão (8), Pernambuco (07º to 08ºS) (7), Ceará (02º to 04ºS), Bahia (11º to 18ºS), and São Paulo (23º to 25ºS), the latter three with six species each. Crinoids have not been recorded for the states of Amapá (04ºN to 0ºS), Piauí (02ºS), and Sergipe (10º to 11ºS). Gaps in knowledge of occurrences and diversity of crinoid species in some areas may be due to several factors, such as: scarcity of sampling and specialists, the fragile nature of crinoids, the use of inadequate sampling and fixation techniques (that make capture and conservation of relatively intact specimens difficult), the cryptic habits of many shallow-water species, and the rarity of many deep-water taxa (Arguelles et al. 2010; Mohammednowshad et al. 2020). The first two of these causes probably explain most of our current lack of knowledge of this fauna.

40 · Zootaxa 4995 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press Gondim et al. Overall, the Brazilian crinoid fauna shares 60% (12 species) of its species with the Caribbean Sea fauna, 30% (6) are amphi-atlantic, and 10% (2) are endemic. This high faunistic similarity with the Caribbean fauna is also shared with the other echinoderm classes (see Tiago & Ditadi 2001; Gondim et al. 2013, 2014, 2018; Ventura et al. 2013). Recent taxonomic work has revised the status of several taxa, although more work is needed. As an example, Atelecrinus balanoides Carpenter, 1881 was reported from Brazil (from Ceará and Pernambuco States) by Carpenter (1884), Tommasi (1965), A.H. Clark & A.M. Clark (1967), A.M. Clark (1977a), and Meyer et al. (1978). However, Messing (2013), in his revision of genus Atelecrinus, analysed the two known specimens from Brazil (MCZ 232, 1 specimen, 03º22′0″S 37º49′0″W, Fortaleza, Off Ceará, 762 m; NHM 88.11.9.1, 1 specimen, Challenger 122, off Barra Grande, 09º05′S 34º50′W, 640 m) and concluded that they belong to A. helgae. Here, we follow Messing’s (2013) restriction of the distribution of A. balanoides to the Gulf of Mexico and from the Strait of Florida to Colombia and Venezuela, including the West Indies. However, he emphasized that the Challenger specimen from Brazil remains of uncertain identity. The status of several species in Brazilian waters remains uncertain. A.M. Clark (1977a) and Tommasi (1999, unpublished data) mention that some Brazilian specimens identified as Rhizocrinus lofotensis correspond to the genus Democrinus. Considering the broadly disjunct geographical distributions of R. lofotensis and Democrinus chuni, a revision of both species in Brazil under these names is recommended. In taxonomic terms, Tommasi (1999, unpublished data) provided several remarks on the Brazilian crinoids based on a critical analysis of his previous publications. Among these remarks, he stated that Phrixometra longipinna var. brasiliensis represents a yet undescribed taxon, and that I. angustipinna and I. challengeri may occur off Rio Grande do Sul, as they are known from Uruguay and off the mouth of the La Plata River. On the basis of a genetic study, Torrence et al. (2012) indicated that T. carinata probably represents a species complex. Considering the extensive list of synonyms and the unresolved taxonomy of some species, a revision of those historical studies based on few individuals is highly recommended. We must stress that the validation of species records along the Brazilian littoral was not the aim of this paper. Another aspect to be stressed is that the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo and the Museu Nacional da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro are the scientific collections in Brazil housing the most varied and representative samples of Crinoidea. Thus, material deposited in these institutions should become the starting point for those wishing to investigate the Brazilian crinoid fauna. Also, most records from the coast of Maranhão are deposited in foreign institutions, such as SNHM and NHMUK. It is notable that over the last decade, the number of studies on Brazilian echinoderms has increased significantly and has included publication of several papers on different classes (e.g., Alitto et al. 2019; Barbosa et al. 2015; Contins & Ventura 2011; Gondim et al. 2013, 2014, 2018; Lopes et al. 2016; Martins & Souto 2020; Moura et al. 2015; Tavares et al. 2019) and the appearance of new specialists. However, this has not applied to Crinoidea. This taxon represents the last frontier for knowledge acquisition of echinoderms in Brazil.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Dr Marc Eléaume (Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France), Dr Carsten Lüter (Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany), Dr Alexander Gehler (Geowissenschaftliches Museum, Göttingen, Germany), Dr Maria Teresa Aguado Molina (Biodiversitätsmuseum Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany), Dr Mônica Petti (Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo—IOUSP, São Paulo, Brazil), and Dr Luciana Martins (Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo—MZUSP, São Paulo, Brazil) for gently providing information on type material of Crinoidea deposited in their respective institutions. To Dr Tomasz K. Baumiller (Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA) and Dr Charles G. Messing (Nova Southeastern University, Florida, USA) are thanked for kindly contributing with their constructive comments, the latter for literature suggestions and clarifying doubts in the initial preparation of this manuscript. Dr Sandra Bromberg and Marta D. A. de Miranda (IOUSP) are thanked for providing complementary literature. Martin L. Christoffersen was supported by a CNPq productivity research grant (Process number: 302388/2014-1). This work is dedicated to Dr Luiz R. Tommasi, for his pioneering and invaluable contributions towards the knowledge of the Echinodermata from Brazil.

Catalogue of living crinoids from Brazil Zootaxa 4995 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press · 41 References

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