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Oceanography Faculty Articles Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences
7-1-1978 Zoogeography of Tropical Western Atlantic Crinoidea (Echinodermata) David L. Meyer University of Cincinnati - Main Campus
Charles G. Messing University of Miami, [email protected]
Donald B. Macurda Jr. University of Michigan - Ann Arbor
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Recommended Citation Meyer, David L., Charles G. Messing, and Donald B. Macurda Jr. "Biological results of the University of Miami deep-sea expeditions. 129. Zoogeography of tropical western Atlantic Crinoidea (Echinodermata)." Bulletin of Marine Science 28, no. 3 (1978): 412-441.
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Oceanography Faculty Articles by an authorized administrator of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 28(3): 412-441, 1978
BIOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MTAMI DEEP-SEA EXPEDITIONS. 129. ZOOGEOGRAPHY OF TROPICAL WESTERN ATLANTIC CRINOIDEA (ECHINODERMATA)
David L. Meyer, Charles G. Messing, and Donald B. Macurda, Jr.
ABSTRACT
Recent collcctions of crinoids from the intertidal zone to ],650 m in the tropical western Atlantic have provided significant range extensions for more than half of the 44 comatulid and stalked species known from the region. Of the 34 comatulid species, over 60% are endemic to the region; of the 10 stalked species, 90% are endemic. At the familial level, this fauna has its strongest affinities with the tropical Indo-Pacific region. Comatulids are most abundant above 300 ill, while stalked species occur primarily between 100 and 700 ill. Species that occur primarily above 600 ill (the deepest penetration of the 10°C isotherm in the region) have depth ranges generally narrower than 200 m. Species that are found below 1,000 m generally have much broader depth ranges.
During the 1950's and 1960's, extensive of this region in both diversity and abundance collections of marine life were made in the of crinoids, and is also the most intensively tropical western Atlantic Ocean by M/V studied part to date. The Blake Plateau and OREGON,operated by the U.S. Fish and Wild- the coast of the United States from south- life Service, and R/V ]OHNELLIOTTPILLS- eastern Florida to Cape Lookout, North BURY and R/V GERDA,in connection with Carolina, appear to represent a warm temper- the University of Miami's Deep-Sea Biology ate transitional zone. At least regarding Program. These collections have generously crinoids, this zone is more closely related to broadened our knowledge of the marine bio- the tropics than to more northerly waters. geography of the region, a knowledge based With the exception of the more tropical previously on the expeditions of the 19th and Flower Garden Banks, south of Port Arthur, early 20th centuries. The recent widespread Texas, the northern Gulf of Mexico also use of SCUBA in marine research has opened falls into this zone. For the crinoid fauna, up previously inaccessible environments and however, the precise tropical-temperate has thus added to the picture. boundaries in the Gulf are unknown. The This paper summarizes zoogeographical difficulties encountered in erecting marine and bathymetric data on the Crinoidea zoogeographic boundaries are compounded (Echinodermata) collected by these vessels by species, including many crinoids, that are and by SCUBA and presents revised distribu- limited to warm water latitudes but that live tions for many of the 44 species, both comat- in deeper, colder waters. The parameters ulid and stalked, currently known from the governing the distribution of these deep tropical western Atlantic. In this paper, the water, tropical species remain largely un- tropical western Atlantic region extends from defined. southeastern Florida southward along the The tropical western Atlantic crinoids first Antillean Arc to Trinidad, and along the became widely known during the period of Brazilian coast as far south as Rio de Janeiro, intensive oceanographic exploration of the and includes the Caribbean Sea, southern late 1800's. The U.S. Coast Survey pio- Gulf of Mexico, and the Bahama Islands. neered the work in this region during the The Caribbean, including the Antillean Arc late 1860's (Pourtales, 1867, 1869), fol- and the Bahamas, constitutes the richest part lowed by the extensive work of BLAKE
412 MEYER ET AL.: CRINOID ZOOGEOGRAPHY 413
(1877-80) and the U.S. Fish Commission Florida using the collections made from RjV vessel ALBATROSS (1884-85). CHALLEN- GERDAin the 1960's. GER visited the Caribbean in 1873. The BLAKE and ALBATROSScollections provided MATERIALSANDMETHODS the bulk of the material on which studies of Crinoids were taken at approximately 25% tropical western Atlantic crinoids have been of the successful bottom stations made by based until recently (Pourtales, 1878; Car- PILLSBURY and GERDA. We have included penter, 1881, 1884, 1888; Hartlaub, 1895, several RjV COLUMBUS ISELIN (University 1912; A. H. Clark, 1915, 1921a, b, 1923a, of Miami) stations, as well as OREGON ma- b, 1931,1947,1950; A. H. Clark and A. M. terial in the University of Miami collections. Clark, 1967). In particular, A. H. Clark's These specimens were divided among the "Monograph of the existing crinoids" repre- three authors in such a way that each investi- sents a comprehensive systematic treatment gator examined some representatives of most of the comatulid crinoids which summarized of the species. Macurda took primary re- all previous information on the group. Car- sponsibility for the stalked crinoids and n~n- penter (1884, p. 374-385) summarized all comasterid comatulids; Messing has studied previous records of stalked crinoids in the all comatulids from the Straits of Florida tropical western Atlantic and elsewhere. (Messing, unpublished thesis and 1978); and A. H. Clark (1923a) listed all comatulid Meyer took primary responsibility for the and stalked crinoids known from the Atlantic comasterid comatulids. Identifications were and provided keys. . . made following A. H. Clark's monograph for Collection of additional crinoid matenal In the comatulids, and Carpenter (1884), Clark the Caribbean and adjacent areas during the (1923b), and Gislen (1938) for the stalk~d late 19th and early 20th centuries was due crinoids. The distributional and bathymetnc mainly to the University of Iowa's Bahamas summaries presented for each species com- Expedition of 1893 (H. L. Clark, 1918) and bine all previous records with the new ma- Barbados-Antigua Expedition of 1918 (A. H. terial, and range extensions are indicated. Clark, 1921b) and Woods Hole Oceano- Appendix 1 lists the stations at which each graphic Institution's RjV ATLANTIS, operat- species was collected. GERDAoperated in the ing off Cuba in 1938-39 (R. L. Clark, 1941). Straits of Florida and Yucatan Channel; More recently, Tommasi (1965, 1969, PILLSBURYcollected chiefly in the Caribbean 1971a) reported on Brazilian crinoids, a proper. species from the Gulf of Mexico (1966) and The bathymetric distribution of each spe- a series of collections made by MjV OREGON cies is presented as both a confirmed depth from Florida to Brazil (l971b). Zoppi de range and possible depth range because of ~he Roa (1967) listed crinoids from the Vene- uncertainties inherent in deep-sea collectmg zuelan coast. Diving investigations of the methods. The actual depth at which trawling Caribbean crinoids above 60 m were initiated or dredging gear is operating can almost by Meyer in the 1960's and have been con- never be determined with certainty. Depths tinued by Meyer and Macurda (Meyer, 1972, measured by a Precision Depth Recorder do 1973a, b; Macurda, 1973, 1975; Meyer and not necessarily coincide with actual gear Macurda, 1976). Crinoids from the West depth. Furthermore, one cannot always be Flower Garden Bank, Gulf of Mexico, have certain the gear is actually on the bottom for been listed by Burke (1974). The first direct the duration of the trawL A range of depth observations of stalked crinoids were made is usually given for each station, since depth from the submersible NEKTON GAMMA in changes are recorded during the entire period 1972 (Macurda and Meyer, 1974). Messing of trawling. Specimens can be taken from (unpublished thesis) studied the systematics any part of that depth range, which is often and distribution of crinoids in the Straits of considerable. 414 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 28, NO.3, 1978
In the following text, the possible depth Neocomatella alata: A. H. Clark, 1931: 142- range of a species extends from the shallow- 150. est point of the shallowest station to the Material examined.-289 specimens; 38 stations. deepest point of the deepest station at which Distribution.-Southeastern Gulf of Mexico the species was collected. The confirmed (Campeche Bank and Florida continental range extends from the deepest point of the shelf) ; Bahama and Turks and Caicos shallowest station to the shallowest point of Islands; Antillean Arc from the north coast the deepest station. While a species may of Cuba to Grenada and Barbados; Arrow- occur throughout the former range, it must smith Bank in the YucaUin Channel; San occur within the latter. BIas Islands off Panama; off Venezuela; S1. Additional sources of error occur in the Paul's Rocks; off Guanabara, Brazil. A collecting and recording process. Occasion- questionable record exists from off Cape Ca- ally, specimens caught in the netting are naveral, Florida. washed into the cod end during the next The GERDAmaterial extends the known haul and are included with the catch from range northward along the Bahamian side of the subsequent station. This can result in a the Straits of Florida, north of the Little species being recorded far out of its normal Bahama Bank and into the Northwest Provi- depth range. We have eliminated such dence Channel. In addition, Tommasi anomalous stations from our compilations (1971b: 3) has reported this species (identi- wherever possible. Despite the utmost care, fied by him as N. alata, but see below) from specimens can be mislabeled with the wrong an OREGONstation off Cape Canaveral, Flor- station number. Also, the number of speci- ida (but see p. 419). The PILLSBURYcollec- mens per station does not necessarily reflect tions include the first reports of this species abundance in the catch because excessive from the Caribbean coast of South America. numbers of individuals are sometimes dis- Confirmed depth range: 10-567 m. Pos- carded. While such instances should be re- sible: 10-695 m. corded in the station log, this is not always PILLSBURYcollected N. pulchella at five done. Given all of these uncertainties in- stations above 200 m, three stations between volved in modern deep-sea techniques, it is 200 and 400 m, two stations below 400 m, clear that many of the older records should and at four stations either overlapping these be treated with extreme caution and skep- depths or lacking depth data. GERDAcol- ticism. lected this species at one station above 200 m, We have utilized the higher taxonomic 11 stations between 200 and 400 m, four categories proposed by Gislen (1924) and stations below 400 m, and at five stations Ubaghs (1953). The order of presentation either overlapping these depths or lacking of the comatulids follows that of A. H. data. Clark's monograph. The reader is referred We consider Neocomatella alata (Pour- to this work and other systematic studies tales, 1878) a junior synonym of N. pulchella cited in the text for descriptions and illustra- (Pourtales) following Messing (thesis) who tions of the species. found the two to intergrade smoothly. RESULTS Nemaster grandis Clark, 1909 Order COMATULIDA Suborder COMASTERINA Nemaster grandis: A. H. Clark, 1931: 216-218. Family COMASTERIDAE Material examined.-102 specimens; 31 stations. Subfamily CAPILLASTERINAE Distribution.-J amaica; along the Caribbean Neocomatella pulchella (Pourtales, 1878) coast of Central and South America from Honduras to Islas los Roques, Venezuela, in- Neocomatella Plilchella: A. H. Clark, 1931: 124-142. cluding Cura!rao and Bonaire. A single speci- MEYER ET AL.: CRINOID ZOOGEOGRAPHY 415
men was collected by PILLSBURYnorthwest records from Cuba exist), induding Grand of the Dominican Republic. No other speci- Cayman and Jamaica; the Caribbean coast mens of N. grandis were collected during that of Central and South America from (at particular cruise along the north coast of least) Belize to Bahia, Brazil. Hispaniola. The record appears to be valid Confirmed: 1-334 m. All PILLSBURY unless the specimen was mislabeled. records of N. rubiginosa are shallower than Nemaster grandis was first collected by 60 m. The poor representation of this species ALBATROSSin 1884 off Colon, Panama. in the collections belies its actual abundance. This remained the only record until Bayer N. rubiginosa is the most abundant comatulid et al. (1970) reported it from PILLSBURY on coral reefs virtually throughout the tropi- stations along the coast of Panama and Tom- cal western Atlantic, but these habitats are masi (1971b: 2) recorded it from two ORE- not sampled by trawling or dredging. Obser- GON stations, one off Jamaica and: the vations with SCUBA have shown that N. other off Venezuela. Studies of the ecology rubiginosa favors the fore-edges of reef es- of N. grandis, made while using SCUBA in carpments at depths of 3-15 m (Meyer, waters off Cura9ao, Colombia, and Panama 1973a, b; Macurda, 1973, 1975). (Meyer, 1973a), have supplemented these Nemaster iowensis (Springer) has been records and show that this species is rheo- designated as a synonym of N. rubiginosa by philic and occurs where persistent currents Meyer (1973a). In 1966, Tommasi de- of low to moderate velocity exist. Our exam- scribed Nemaster mexicanensis from the ination of the entire PILLSBURYcollection western Gulf of Mexico, and differentiated it extends the known range of N. grandis from N. rubiginosa chiefly on the absence of northward and eastward along the coasts of well-developed dorsal processes on the basal Central and South America, and confirms its pinnulars of the oral pinnules. Our experi- presence off Jamaica. ence with Nemaster rubiginosa throughout Confirmed: 3-102 m. Only a single rec- the West Indian region has shown this to be ord below 100 m exists, an OREGONstation variable and unlikely to be a reliable specific made off Venezuela (Tommasi, 1971b). character. We therefore regard N. mexi- Observations of N. grandis when using canensis to be an intraspecific variant of SCUBA have established its abundance in N. rubiginosa. less than 60 m. In the San BIas Islands off Panama, it occurs as shallow as 3 m. Meyer Nemaster discoidea (Carpenter, 1888) ( 1973a) showed that the density of N. Nemaster discoidea: A. H. Clark, 1931: 232- grandis increases sharply below about 30 m 240. along the lower part of the fore-reef slope off Material examined.-87 specimens; 28 stations. Cura9ao. Elsewhere, the species is concen- trated along the foot of reef slopes. Distribution.-Gulf of Mexico; southeastern Florida from the Dry Tortugas at least to Boca Raton; Bahama and Turks and Caicos Nemaster rubiginosa (Pourtales, 1869) Islands; Antillean Arc from the north coast Nel1laster rubiginosa: A. H. Clark, 1931: 225- of Cuba to Barbados and the Grenadines, in- 232. Nel1U1ster iOlVe/lsis: A. H. Clark, 1931: 218-225. cluding Grand Cayman and Jamaica; Carib- Nel1laster mexicanensis Tommasi, 1966: 155- bean coast of Central and South America 157. from Yucatan to Colombia, Cura9ao, and Material examined.-26 specimens; 10 stations. Bonaire. Distribution.-Western Gulf of Mexico; Confirmed: 0.6-355 m. For the PILLS- southeastern Florida from the Dry Tortugas BURYand GERDAcollections, there are only to Key Largo; Bahama and Turks and Caicos three possible occurrences deeper than 100 Islands; Antillean Arc from Hispaniola to m. This is another shallow-water species Barbados and the Grenadines (no definite that has been widely encountered by diving 416 BULLETIN OF MARiNE SCiENCE, VOL. 28, NO.3, i978
(Meyer, 1973a, b; Macurda, 1973, 1975). These studies have shown that the depth range of N. discoidea overlaps that of N. rubiginosa, with which it often occurs, but that N. discoidea is most common below the primary occurrence of N. rubiginosa on fore- reef slopes. The higher frequency of N. discoidea in the PILLSBURYand GERDAcol- lections compared to N. rubiginosa is in ac- cordance with these diving observations.
Leptonemaster venustus Clark, 1909 Leptonemaster venllstlls A. H. Clark, 1931: 276- 284. Material examined.-164 specimens; 34 stations. Distribution.-Southeastern Gulf of Mexico (Campeche Bank and Florida continental Figure 1. Distribution of Leptollelllaster I'ellllst/ls shelf); Bahama Islands; Antillean Arc from Clark; a species restricted in the tropical western the north coast of Cuba to Barbados and Atlantic to the central and most diverse portion. Grenada, including Jamaica; Caribbean coast of Central and South America from Hon- TROSSin 1886 on the Blake Plateau off duras east to Trinidad (Fig. 1). Georgia (A. H. Clark, 1931). The new The GERDAcollections extend the known records extend the range southward to the range of this species northward along the Straits of Florida and the Northwest Provi- Bahamian side of the Straits of Florida. Pre- dence Channel. vious to the PILLSBURYexpeditions, it had been collected off the northern coast of South M icrocomatula mortenseni Clark, 1931 America only at a single station in the Gulf of Darien. The PILLSBURYcollections Microcolllatliia mortens£'lli A. H. Clark, 1931: 287-288. establish its occurrence along this coast to Trinidad. Material examilled.-none. Confirmed: 24-236 m. Possible: 24- Distribution.- This species is based on a 549 m. Seventeen of the total of 34 stations single specimen taken off St. Croix, U.S. (72 of 164 specimens) are from confirmed Virgin Islands, in 91-183 m. It is either depths above 100 m. In the Straits of Florida quite rare, a synonym of another comasterid, there are no records above 100 m while or inhabits environments not adequately most records from the northern coast of sampled by trawling (e.g., Ctenantedon South America and Panama are above kinziei Meyer). According to A. H. Clark 100m. (1931) this is the smallest known comatulid (he gives no measurements other than cirri Comatilia iridometriformis Clark, 1909 4.5 mm long). Despite the presence of well- Comatilia iridometriformis A. H. Clark, 1931: developed gonads, this small size suggests 285-287. that it may be a precociously developed juve- Material examined.-36 specimens; 4 stations. nile of another species. Distribution.-Blake Plateau; northern Straits of Florida; Northwest Providence Channel. Comatonia cristata (Hartlaub, 1912) Confirmed: 256-686 m. The GERDA COlllatol/ia cristata: A. H. Clark, 193 I: 289- collections include the only records of this 292. species since it was first collected by ALBA- Material examined.-13 specimens; 8 stations. MEYER ET AL.: CRINOID ZOOGEOGRAPHY 417
Distribution.-Off Cape Lookout, North Distribution.-Gulf of Mexico; southeastern Carolina; south of the Lower Florida Keys United States from Cape Lookout to the (Pourtales Terrace); Arrowsmith Bank, Florida Keys; Bahama Islands; throughout Yucatan Channel. All but two of the known the Caribbean from Yucatan and Cuba to specimens were collected on the Pourtales Surinam (possibly extending southward Terrace south of the Florida Keys. FISH along the Brazilian coast to Sao Paulo, but HAWK collected one off Cape Lookout, material previously collccted there has yet to North Carolina and GERDA took one off be re-examined). This species occurs at Arrowsmith Bank in the Yucatan Channel. more dredging stations and in generally Confirmed: 14-366 m. Possible: 14- greater abundance in dredge hauls than any 419 m. For specimens collected on the other crinoid in the tropical western Atlantic. Pour tales Terrace, the possible range is 146- Confirmed: 3-190 m. Possible: 3-508 411 m and the confirmed range is 152-306 m. Though occurring in very shallow water m. The Cape Lookout specimen was taken in off the Carolinas and Central America, this 14 m and the Arrowsmith Bank specimen subspecies appears to occur no shallower was collected between 419 and 434 m. than 50 m in the Straits of Florida.
Subfamily COMACTINIINAE Comactinia meridionalis hartlaubi Messing, 1978 Comactinia echinoptera (Miiller, 1840) Comactillia echinoptera: A. H. Clark, 1931: Comactinia echinoptera: A. H. Clark, 1931: 375-400 (part). 375-400 (part); Messing, 1978: 49-80. Comactillia meridiona!is hartlallbi Messing, 1978: 49-80. Material examined.-16 specimens; 7 stations. Distribution.-Southeastern Florida; Bahama Material examined.-87 specimens; 19 stations. and Turks and Caicos Islands; Antillean Distribution.-Gulf of Mexico; Bahama Is- Arc from Cuba to Barbados, including Grand lands; Antillean Arc from the north coast of Cayman and Jamaica; Caribbean coast of Cuba to Carriacou and Barbados; Caribbean Central and South America, from Arrow- coast of Colombia; off Surinam. smith Bank in the Yucatan Channel to Cabo Confirmed: 58-373 m. Possible: 46- Frio (and, perhaps, to Isla de los Alcatraces 549 m. Of the 19 PILLSBURY and GERDA off Sao Paulo), Brazil. A single specimen is stations, only 2 are from confirmed depths known from off South Carolina (Messing, above 100 m, indicating that this subspecies 1978). generally occurs at greater depth than the SCUBA stations: 2-30 m. PILLSBURY more common C. m. meridionalis. C. m. stations: 18-27 m, possible. GERDA sta- hartlaubi is distributed over much the same tions: 37-92 m, confirmed; 37-183 m, pos- area as C. m. meridionalis, but it is not clear sible. This species appears to be widely dis- as to what differences there might be in pre- tributed throughout the West Indian region. ferred habitats between the two, other than Diving investigations have shown that this depth. Messing (1978) has noted that C. m. species feeds nocturnally at depths above 30 hartlaubi occurs only on the southern and m (Meyer, 1973a, b; Macurda, 1973, 1975). eastern slopes of the Straits of Florida, while C. m. meridionalis occurs on both sides of Comactinia meridionalis meridionalis (Agas- the Straits. siz, 1865) Suborder MARIAMETRINA Comactinia echilloptel'll: A. H. Clark, 1931: Family COLOBOMETRIDAE 375-400 (part). Comactinia meridiona!is meridiolla!is: Messing, Analcidometra armata (Pourtales, 1869) 1978: 49-80. Analcidometra armata: A. H. Clark, 1947: 79- Material examilled.-l,576 specimens; 77 stations. 83. 418 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 28, NO.3, 1978
Analcidometra caribbea A. H. Clark, 1947: 84- 88. Material examined.-177 specimens; 23 stations. Distribution.-Dry Tortugas; Bahama and Turks and Caicos Islands; Antillean Arc from Hispaniola to Barbados and Grenada, including Jamaica and Grand Cayman; Caribbean coast of Central and South Amer- ica from Honduras to Guyana. No material has been definitely identified from Cuban waters. Confirmed: 3-148 m. This species was collected below 100 m at only one station. Most material was taken between 50 and Figure 2. Distribution of Tropiometra carinata 70 m. (Lamarck); a species restricted in the tropical Examination of the PILLSBURYcollec- western Atlantic to the southern portion. Hatched areas indicate numerous records. tions and collections made by diving (Meyer, 1973a, b; Macurda, 1973, 1975) have shown that there are no consistent differences which Africa from the Cape of Good Hope to justify recognition of both A. armata and A. northern Somalia, including Zanzibar; Mada- caribbea Clark, 1908. The latter is treated as gascar; islands from the Comoros to the a junior synonym of A. armata in this com- Seychelles, Mascarene Islands, and Cargados pilation. Carajos Shoals. The PILLSBURYcollections and those made The PILLSBURYcollections have extended by diving (Meyer, 1973a, b; Macurda, 1973, the known range of T. carinata in the Carib- 1975) have demonstrated that A. armata is bean along the northern coast of South widespread throughout the Caribbean region. America as far west as Cartagena, Colombia, It had been previously known only from the and along the Guianas in shallow water. Div- Straits of Florida, Bahamas, scattered locali- ing investigations have established the pres- ties along the Antillean Are, and from one ence of this species along the Antillean Arc station off Panama. The preference of this as far north as Dominica (Meyer, 1973a) species for shallow water and the fore-edge of and during this study to Guadeloupe. In reef escarpments suggests that trawling rec- view of the extensive trawling and diving in- ords will not provide a complete picture of its vestigations elsewhere in the tropical western abundance and distribution. Atlantic, the range of this species in the re- gion has now probably been established. Its Family TROPIOMETRIDAE absence from other parts of the Caribbean Tropiometra carinata (Lamarck, 1816) may possibly be attributed to insufficient time for colonization of suitable habitats. Tropiometra carinata: A. H. Clark, 1947: 291- The transoceanic distribution of this species 337. suggests that its larval life can be prolonged Material examined.-382 specimens; 27 stations. and thus the species might be expected to ex- Distribution.- Tropical western Atlantic: tend its range further northward and west- Antillean Arc from Guadeloupe south; coast ward. of South America from Cartagena, Colombia Confirmed: Intertidal-84 m. None of the eastward and southward to the Santa Cata- PILLSBURYrecords for this species is below rina Islands, Brazil, including Trinidad, To- 100 m. The single record of 508 m was ob- bago, and islands off the Venezuelan coast tained off St. Lucia by INVESTIGATORin (Fig. 2). St. Helena. Indian Ocean: east 1888. Since INVESTIGATORwas a cable re- MEYER ET AL.: CRINOID ZOOGEOGRAPHY 419 pair ship, this record is suspect. Diving in- of 658 m, given for OREGONstation 5417 vestigations have further established the south of Great Inagua Island, is unusually preference of this species for shallow water, deep for this species. particularly that which is wave- or current- agitated (Meyer, 1973a). The species has Horaeometra duplex (Carpenter, 1888) also been recorded at low tide level in Mo- Horaeometra duplex: A. H. Clark, 1950: 186- zambique (H. L. Clark, 1923, cited in A. H. 191. Clark, 1947). It has been observed on the Material examined.-61 specimens; 15 stations. lee side of the barrier reef crest in less than 1 m of water in Mauritius by Macurda and Distribution.-Bahama Islands; Antillean Meyer (unpublished). Arc from the north coast of Cuba to Gre- nada. Suborder THALASSOMETRINA Confirmed: 159-567 m. Possible: 159- Family THALASSOMETRIDAE 575 m. GERDAmaterial: 403-567 ro, con- firmed; 384-575 m, possible. The GERDA Stylometra spinijera (Carpenter, 1881) material represents the first records for this Stylometra spinifera: A. H. Clark, 1950: 30-41. species in the Bahamas and is deeper than Material examined.-52 specimens; 16 stations. previously existing records which were Distribution.-Off Cape Canaveral, Florida mostly between 300 and 400 m. (questionable); Bahama Islands; Antillean Arc from the north coast of Cuba to Bar- Family CHARITOMETRIDAE bados and Grenada; Caribbean coast of Cen- Crinometra brevipinna (Pourtales, 1867) tral and South America from Arrowsmith Bank in the Yucatan Channel to Cabo Cor- Crinometra brevipinna: A. H. Clark, 1950: 280- dera, Venezuela; north of the Rosalind Bank 347. between Honduras and Jamaica. The GERDA Material examined.-329 specimens; 46 stations. collections extend the range of this species Distribution.-Northern and eastern Gulf of into the Bahamas. The PAWNEEI station Mexico; southeastern Florida; Bahama listed by Clark (1950, p. 36) as English Islands; Antillean Arc from the north and Cay, Bahamas, is an error for English Cay, south coasts of Cuba to Barbados and Gre- Belize (Messing, thesis, p. 179). The PILLS- nada, including Jamaica; Caribbean coast of BURYcollections provide the first records of central and South America from Arrowsmith S. spinifera from the south coast of His- Bank in the Yucatan Channel to Venezuela, paniola and from the north coast of South Trinidad, Tobago, and southward to Rio America. Grande do SuI, Brazil. St. Helena (Fig. 3). Confirmed: (58.5?) 102-658 m. Pos- Meyer identified C. brevipinna from ma- sible: 55-658 m. For the PILLSBURYand terial collected by NEKTONGAMMAon the GERDAmaterial, the confirmed ranges are West Flower Gardens Reef in the northern considerably narrower: 155-296 m and Gulf of Mexico (specimens on loan from 293-384 m, respectively. The extremes are Texas A&M) and off Discovery Bay, Ja- OREGON stations recorded by Tommasi maica (specimens on loan from the Discovery ( 1971b: 3) . Tommasi listed the depth for Bay Marine Laboratory). OREGONstation 5190, off Cape Canaveral, The PILLSBURYcollections have confirmed Florida, as 42-58 m. The station data list the presence of this species along the Vene- sent to us by the National Marine Fisheries zuelan coast where it was first recorded by Service indicates 30-32 fm (55-58.5 m) for Tommasi (1971 b) from an OREGONstation. this station. In either case, the record is Another OREGONstation for this species unusually shallow and should be verified by listed by Tommasi established its presence further collecting in that area. The record off Surinam, and an additional OREGONsta- 420 BULLETIN OF MARiNE SCiENCE, VOL. 28, NO.3, i978
tion extends its occurrence off the mouth ----r~---;r, of the Amazon. That the species does ex- tend farther south along the Brazilian coast is indicated by its occurrence off Rio Grande do SuI (Tommasi, 1969). The record from St. Helena (Gislen, 1933, cited from Clark, 1950: 303) shows that this is practically a trans-Atlantic species, and suggests that it might eventually be found along the West African coast. It was not obtained, however, ~... during any of the PILLSBURYwork in the Gulf of Guinea. Observations from NEKTONGAMMAoff Discovery Bay, Jamaica showed that C. brevipinna sometimes lives with large stalked crinoids of the family Isocrinidae and may even attach by its cirri to their stalks (Ma- curda and Meyer, 1974). Isocrinids were Figure 3. Distribution of Crillometra brel'ipinna taken at 12 of the 24 GERDAstations and 6 (Pourtales); a species with a broad range in the of the 21 PILLSBURYstations where Cri- tropical westem Atlantic. nometra brevipinna was taken, indicating the frequent association of these crinoids. Confirmed: 95-731 m. Possible: 69- Clark's 19 varieties must be considered as 1,097 m. In the Straits of Florida, most ma- subspecies. Nevertheless, following Clark's terial was collected between 500 and 600 m. and Messing's conclusions, wc have treatcd In the Caribbean, most material was collected these subspecies as infrasubspecific variants shallower than 400 m. pending a more detailed study of material Crinometra brevipinna has been called from the entire region. "perhaps the most variable comatulid known" (Clark, 1950, p. 284). The variable Suborder MACROPHREATINA characters include brachial ornamentation, Family ANTEDONIDAE nature of the division series, the cirri, and Antedon nuttingi (A. H. Clark, 1936) the pinnules-features which "usually are Antedoll lIuttingi: Clark & Clark, 1967: 143- assumed to be reasonably constant in any 145. single species" (Clark, 1950, p. 284). This Material examined.-none. variability led to a succession of specific and Distribution.-Northern coast of Cuba; varietal names for these crinoids which Clark Barbados. (Known from 3 specimens.) (1950) reduced to the synonymy of C. Possible depth range: 364-429 m. brevipinna in a thorough review of its his- tory. He also recognized 19 varietal names Antedon duebeni B6hlsche, 1866 which were admitted to be largely intergrada- tional in morphology. In a study of C. Antedon duebeni: Clark & Clark, 1967: 234- brevipinna from the Straits of Florida, Mes- 236. sing (thesis) concluded that there is not Material examined.-none. enough evidence at present for recognition Distribution.-St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Is- of any of the morphological variants as dis- lands; Grenada; northern coast of Venezuela tinct species or subspecies. In accordance (?); Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. with the International Code of Zoological Possible: Shoreline (?) to 168 m. Ante- Nomenclature (1964, Art. 45d(i) and e(i)) don duebeni is very likely thc only comatulid MEYER ET AL.: CRINOID ZOOGEOGRAPHY 421 found in both the tropical western and tropi- eliminates it from trawl and dredge collec- cal eastern Atlantic (Gulf of Guinea). tions and it must be actively sought using Gislen (1955) synonymized A. bifida moroc- SCUBA. A specimen collected at 85 feet cana and A. hupferi, both from the eastern on West Flower Garden Reef in the northern Atlantic, with A. duebeni. A. M. Clark (in Gulf of Mexico is provisionally referred to Clark and Clark, 1967, p. 235) was inclined this species, although positive identification to agree with Gislen regarding A. bifida could not be made (specimen on loan to moroccana and A. duebeni but felt that A. Meyer from Texas A&M). hupferi is distinct. In view of the paucity of material available for A. duebeni from the Coccometra nigrolineata Clark, 1908 western Atlantic, she concluded that reduc- Coccomelra nigrolinl'ata: Clark & Clark, 1967: tion of the two eastern Atlantic species was 276-278. premature. Zoppi de Roa (1967) has listed Material examined.-5 specimens; 2 stations. A. dl/ebeni from four localities along the Venezuelan coast from depths of 1-20 m. Distribution.-North of Cuba; Jamaica; However, a photograph given by Zoppi de Puerto Rico; Arrowsmith Bank in the Yuca- Roa (1967, Fig. 3) as A. duebeni is not com- tin Channel. patible with the character of the cirri as given Possible: 40-987 m. Six of the nine rec- by Clark and Clark (1967, p. 234) and ap- ords with depth data fall between 175 and pears to us to actually be a Tropiometra 400 m. The identifications of GERDA ma- carinata. Thus the identity of the Venezuelan terial are tentative. The two stations, both material must be held in question pending made on the Arrowsmith Bank, are very further study. Tommasi (1969) listed A. close in locale and depth to ALBATROSSsta- duebeni as occurring in Brazilian waters, but tion 2354 (20059'30"N, 86°23'45"W, 237 gave no indication that any additional ma- m) where this species was taken in 1885 terial has been collected there since Bohlsche (Clark and Clark, 1967). described the type from Rio de Janeiro in 1866 (see Clark and Clark, 1967: 236). Coccometra guttata Clark, 1918 Unfortunately, the PILLSBURY and GERDA Coccometra guttata: Clark & Clark, 1967: 278- collections have not added anything to the 279. scant picture of A. dl/ebeni in the western Material examined.-none. Atlantic and the puzzle of this Atlantic A nte- don must remain unresolved. Distribution.-Santiago de Cuba, ALBATROSS station 2134. This species is known from Ctenantedon kinziei Meyer, 1972 a single specimen taken in 464 m.
Cll'lI11llledon kinziei Meyer, 1972: 54-62. Coccometra hagenii (Pourtales, 1867) Mllll'rillll'xalllined.-2 specimens; 2 stations. Coccometra hageni: Clark & Clark, 1967: 279- Distribution.-Northern Gulf of Mexico 285. (questionable); Bahama and Turks and Material examined.-l,176 specimens; 17 stations. Caicos Islands; Antillean Arc from Anguilla Distribution.-Off Cape Lookout, North to Barbados; Jamaica (W. D. Liddell, per- Carolina; Blake Plateau; Pour tales Terrace sonal communication); Belize; Panama; south of the Florida Keys; off Havana, Cuba; Colombia; Cura\(ao. Campeche Bank; Arrowsmith Bank in the Confirmed: 9-49 m. This cryptic co- Yucatan Channel (Fig. 4). matulid lives primarily within crevices and Confirmed and possible: 14-1,046 m. beneath platelike corals on reefs, particularly For the specimens collected on the Pourtales along the edge of drop-offs. Despite its wide Terrace, the confirmed and possible ranges distribution, its preferred habitat virtually are 110-402 m and 81-411 m, respectively, 422 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 28, NO.3, 1978
firmed depths above 100 m, and all but one 60" of these 13 are from the southern Caribbean.
Zenometra columnaris (Carpenter, 1881) Zeflometra COllllllflaris: Clark & Clark, 1967: 496-499. Material examifled.-l0 specimens; 3 stations. Distribution.-Northeastern Gulf of Mexico; ~ Blake Plateau; northern Straits of Florida; ... off Navassa Island between Haiti and Cuba; Figure 4. Distribution of Coccometra lwgenii off St. Lucia. (Pourtales); a species restricted to the northern Confirmed and possible: 308-1,034 m. portion of the tropical western Atlantic and the A PILLSBURYstation represents the first rec- adjacent transitional zone. ord of this species from the Greater Antilles and also the deepest known occurrence. The five records from the Blake Plateau fall with most material taken between 150 and between 504 and 804 m. 250 m. A single specimen was collected off Cape Lookout in 14 m. The two Blake Hybometra senta A. H. Clark, 1913 Plateau records-80S m and 1,046 m-are the deepest. The records from off Havana Hybometra senta: Clark & Clark, 1967: 550- 552. are also deeper than most of those from Florida: 323, 373 and 442 m. The great Material examined.-none. abundance of this species on the Pourtales Distribution.-Known from a single speci- Terrace has been known since it was first de- men collected in 42 m off Recife (Pernam- scribed in 1867. The 567 specimens col- buco), Brazil. lected at one GERDAstation represent the The written description of this species is greatest number of individuals of any crinoid very similar to that of Leptometra and im- species taken at any GERDAor PILLSBURY mediately precedes it in Clark and Clark station. (1967). Leptometra celtica has been re- ported off Sierra Leone in 68 m, across the Hypalometra dejecta (Carpenter, 1888) narrowest neck of the Atlantic from Recife. Hypalometra defecta: Clark & Clark, 1967: Although we have not examined the holo- 488-491. type, which lacks cirri and complete Ph it Material examifled.-159 specimens; 16 stations. seems quite possible that Hybometra senta and Leptometra celtica are congeneric if not Distribution.-Bahama Islands; north coast conspecific. of Cuba; southeast of Hispaniola; Yucatan Channel; Panama; north coast of South Caryometra spp. A. H. Clark, 1936 America from Colombia to French Guiana. This species was previously known only from Caryometra spp.: Clark & Clark, 1967: 595- off Havana, Cuba (see Clark and Clark, 617. 1967). The PILLSBURYand GERDAcollec- Material examined.-4 specimens; 2 stations. tions extend the range to north of the Little Distribution.- The GERDAmaterial was col- Bahama Bank, and to the southern Carib- lected off Grand Bahama Island and on bean. Arrowsmith Bank, Yucatan Channel. Cary- Confirmed and possible: 60-386 m. ometra has been previously recorded chiefly Thirteen of the 16 new stations are from con- off the northern coast of Cuba, Puerto Rico, MEYER ET AL.: CRINOID ZOOGEOGRAPHY 423 and possibly from Grenada (Clark and made in greater than 500 m. Of the nine Clark, 1967). earlier records from the Blake Plateau south- The GERDAmaterial was collected from ward, all but one (northern Gulf of Mexico, 241-320 m and 384-403 m. The confirmed 309 m) fall between about 500 and 800 m. depth range for the genus is 338-777 m and The boreal depth range is 293-2,193 m. No the possible range is 165-914 m (Clark and evidence exists for tropical submergence. Clark, 1967). However, a preliminary examination of ma- A. M. Clark (in Clark and Clark, 1967, p. terial in the National Museum of Natural 596-597) noted that five of the six species History indicates that two species-group taxa of Caryometra fall into a size sequence on may exist in the western Atlantic-a northern some characters, and that C. monilicirra and a southern, with a possible overlap on Clark, 1940 and C. atlantidis Clark, 1940 are the Blake Plateau. A definitive answer the only distinct species. In view of these awaits a thorough morphological analysis of problems, we have deferred specific determi- all material. nation of the GERDAmaterial until a review of the genus can be made. Thaumatometra minutissima (A. H. Clark, 1908) Trichometra cubensis (Pourtales, 1869) Thaumatometra minutissima; Cark & Clark, Trichometra cubensis: Clark & Clark, 1967: 1967: 751-752. 671-676. Material examined.-none. Material examined.-71 specimens; 33 stations. Distribution.-Known from a single speci- Distribution.- Tropical western Atlantic: men collected at ALBATROSSstation 2761, northeastern Gulf of Mexico; Blake Plateau; east of the Abrolhos Is., Brazil, in 1,495 m. Bahama Islands; Antillean Arc from the north coast of Cuba to St. Vincent; Yucatan Family PENTAMETROCRINIDAE Channel; off Santa Marta, Colombia. North- ern Atlantic: off Nova Scotia and New- Pentametrocrinus atlanticus (Perrier, 1883) foundland northward to the Davis Strait and Pentametrocrinus atlallticus: Clark & Clark, eastward to south of Iceland and west of 1967: 790-794. the Faeroe Islands (see Clark and Clark, Material examilled.-l specimen; 1 station. 1967; A. M. Clark, 1970). Distribution.- Tropical western Atlantic: The PILLSBURYand GERDA collections Blake Plateau; off Martinique. Eastern At- considerably extend the known range of lantic: from the Canary Islands and Mo- this species. Previous expeditions in this rocco to the Porcupine Bank southwest of region collected it only on the Blake Plateau, Ireland. off northern Cuba and in the northeastern Four additional specimens collected by Gulf of Mexico. This comatulid ranges ATLANTISat three stations on the Blake farther north than any other species found in Plateau (Messing, in preparation) indicate, the tropical western Atlantic. with the single GERDArecord, that this spe- Confirmed: 210-2,193 m. Possible: cies is more widespread in the western At- 177-2,193 m. Of the 32 PILLSBURYand lantic than previously thought. Western At- GERDAstations at which this species was col- lantic: 458-779 m, confirmed; 374-779 m, lected, 18 were made at confirmed depths possible. Eastern Atlantic: 650-2,115 m, between 500 and 1,000 m, only two or three confirmed and possible. Of the five western were made below 1,000 m and none deeper Atlantic records, four are shallower than than 1,200 m. In the Yucatan Channel, 650 m. Of the 12 eastern Atlantic records, however, only one of the seven stations was ten are deeper than 1,000 m. 424 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 28, NO.3, 1978
Family A TELECRlNIDAE 1884). In addition, this species was found to be quite common at depths of .183-244 m A telecrinus balanoides Carpenter, 1881 off Discovery Bay, Jamaica during observa- AtelecrillllS balanoides: Clark & Clark, 1967: tions from NEKTON GAMMA in 1972 (Ma- 823-83 I.-A. M. Clark, 1970: 49-51. corda and Meyer, 1974). Material examilled.-87 specimens; 27 stations. Distribution.- Tropical western Atlantic: Endoxocrinus pW'rae (Gervais, .1835) Blake Plateau; Straits of Florida; Bahama PelltacrinllS miilleri: Carpenter, )884: 306-312 and Turks and Caicos Islands; Antillean (part). Arc from the north and south coasts of Cuba Endoxocrinlls parrae: Clark, 1923a: 44; 1923b: to Grenada, including Jamaica; Caribbean ll.-Tommasi, 1971b: 2. coast of Central and South America from Material examilled.-127 specimens; 27 stations. Arrowsmith Bank in the Yucatan Channel to Distribution.-Off Cape Canaveral, Florida Tobago and south to Recife, Brazil. North- (questionable); Bahama Islands; Antillean ern Atlantic: west of Ireland and southwest Arc from Cuba to Barbados, including of the Faeroe Islands. Jamaica; Arrowsmith Bank in the Yucatan Previously published records of this spe- Channel; .1s1aProvidencia off Honduras; west cies in the tropical western Atlantic were of Aruba; off San Luis, Brazil. limited to a few stations on the Blake The collections made by PILLSBURY, Plateau, in the Straits of Florida, along the GERDA, and OREGON have provided a wealth Antillean Arc, and off Brazil. The PILLS- of new data on the distribution of E. parrae. BURYand GERDA material extends the known Clark (1923b) listed its range as northern range almost throughout the entire Carib- Cuba to St. Vincent. In 1941, H. L. Clark bean. The GERDA collections indicate that reported the occurrence of 225 specimens this species is particularly abundant in the from 11 ATLANTIS stations along the north Straits of Florida. Limited data suggest that and south coasts of Cuba. Tommasi this species prefers fine, unconsolidated sub- (1971 b: 2) listed eight OREGON stations for strata. this species, including the northernmost rec- Confirmed: 531-1,527 m. Possible: ord (off Florida). The Florida stations are 458-1,545 m. PILLSBURY, GERDA and ISE- anomalously shallow (18, 20-28 m and 55- LIN collected this species at 5 stations above 58.5 m). E. parrae was also taken at an ex- 600 m, 14 stations between 600 and 1,000 ceptionally shallow depth (49 m) at an m, 7 stations below 1,000 m and one station OREGON station west of Aruba. Since the overlapping the latter two ranges. next shallowest confirmed depth for this spe- cies is 154 m, verification of these OREGON Order ISOCRlNIDA records should be sought by further collecting Family ISOCRINIDAE in those areas. The OREGON collections also Cenocrinus asterius (Linne, 1775) extended the range of the species westward to the coast of Central America off Isla PentacrillllS asterills: Carpenter, 1884: 300-305. Cellocrinlls asteria: Clark, 1923a: 44; 1923b: 10. Providencia and Yucatan, and to the coast of South America off Aruba. An additional Material examined.-2 specimens; 2 stations. OREGON station reported here is the first Distribution.-Northwest Providence Chan- occurrence of this species off Brazil. GERDA nel; Antillean Arc from Saba to Barbados, encountered this crinoid frequently in the including Jamaica. vicinity of the Little Bahama Bank, North- Confirmed and possible: 183-585 m. The west Providence Channel, and elsewhere GERDA collections are the first records of this along the insular margin of the Straits of elusive isocrinid since it was taken off Mont- Florida. serrat by BLAKE in .1877-78 (Carpenter, PILLSBURY collected E. parrae around the MEYER ET AL.: CRINOID ZOOGEOGRAPHY 425
Greater Antilles and northern part of the An- Arc from Cuba to Barbados, including tillean Are, but turned up no specimens dur- Jamaica; Arrowsmith Bank in the Yucatan ing the extensive work along the north coast Channel; Isla Providencia, off Honduras; of South America, Panama, and Central northern coast of Venezuela. The GERDA America. The Straits of Florida appears stations extend the range northward into to be the area most richly inhabited by E. the Bahamas and Straits of Florida. The pal'rae and other isocrinids as well. Of PILLSBURY stations extend the range west- course, it is difficult to know just how ade- ward to Venezuela; others fill in gaps be- quately its distribution has been sampled, tween stations given by Carpenter (1884). since it may occupy irregular hard-ground H. L. Clark (1941) reported this species topography relatively inaccessible to trawling. from seven ATLANTIS stations along the north Observations of this species and Cenocrinus and south coasts of Cuba. asterius off Discovery Bay, Jamaica from Confirmed: 154-1,220 m. Possible: NEKTON GAMMA (Macurda and Meyer, (55?) 101-1,220 m. Again an anomalously 1974) revealed that these isocrinids were shallow record (55-58.5 m) is one of the attached to rocks and ahermatypic corals OREGON stations off Florida (Tommasi, along a sandy carbonate talus slope. Massive 1971b), which must be verified. Of the 14 rock projections on the slope had fewer stations at which GERDA took this species isocrinids than the talus itself. Photographs in the Straits of Florida, only one was made taken from the submersible ALVIN which definitely below 500 m, in contrast with were loaned to us by A. C. Neumann show Endoxocrinus. E. parrae living adjacent to lithified carbonate mounds off the Little Bahama Bank (Ma- lsocrinus blakei (Carpenter, 1882) curda and Meyer, 1976). These observa- Pelltacril/us blakei Carpenter, 1884: 328-330. tions suggest that this species and other Neocl'illllS blakei: Clark, 1923a: 44; 1923b: II. isocrinids probably do occur on some sub- Isocril/us blakei: Rasmussen, 1961: 87. strata inaccessible to trawling, and thus may Material examilled.-80 specimens; 20 stations. have even wider distributions than the data Distribution.-Bahama Islands; Antillean show. Arc from Cuba to Barbados; Arrowsmith Confirmed: 154-971 m. Possible: 18- Bank in the Yucatan Channel. This species 971 m. Most of the Straits of Florida (chiefly was previously known from four BLAKE sta- GERDA) material was collected between tions along the Antillean Arc (Carpenter, about 500 and 600 m. PILLSBURY col- 1884) and from four ATLANTIS stations lected no specimens below 500 m in the north and south of Cuba (H. L. Clark, Caribbean. 1941). The GERDA stations extend the Endoxocrinus prionodes Clark, 1941, is range northward to the Bahamas. The probably a synonym of E. parrae. Material PILLSBURY stations extend the range west- from PILLSBURYand GERDAcollections iden- ward to the Arrowsmith Bank off Yucatan, cifiable as E. prionodes based upon the ser- and provide additional localities along the rate arm profile have been listed here as Antillean Arc. E. pal'rae. Confirmed: 220-650 m. Possible: 220- 711 m. All but two of thc 14 GERDA Straits Neocrinus decorus Wyville Thomson, ] 864 of Florida stations at which this species was Pel/taCl'illllS decol'lIs: Carpenter, 1884: 330-337. taken are below 500 m. Neocril/lis decol'lls: Clark, 1923a: 44; 1923b: 11.-Tommasi, 1971b: 1-2. Diplocrinus maclearanus (Wyville Thomson, Material exalllil/ed.-l06 specimens; 19 stations. 1877) Distribution.-Off Cape Canaveral, Flor;da Pelltacl'il/IIS miilled: Carpenter, 1884: 306-312 (questionable); Bahama Islands; Antillean (part). 426 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 28, NO.3, 1978
Pentacrinus maclearanus: Carpenter, 1884: 312- Democrinus conifer (Clark, 1909) 313. Diplocrinus maclearanus: Clark, 1923a: 44; Rlzizocrinus conifer Clark, 1909: 674. 1923b: 11. Bytlzocrinus conifer Clark, 1923a: 45. Democrinus conifer: Gislen, 1938: 25,27. Material examined.-98 specimens; 7 stations. Distribution.-Northern Straits of Florida; Material examined.-333 specimens; 46 stations. west of Anegada Island; Martinique; Brazil, Distribution.-Blake Plateau; Bahama Is- off San Luis, Barra Grande (off Rio Grande lands; Antillean Arc from Cuba to Grenada, do Sul). . including Jamaica and Navassa Island west Confirmed: 187-604 m. Possible: 154- of Haiti; Caribbean coast of Central and 910 m. PILLSBURYmaterial: 204-622 m, South America from Honduras to Colombia. possible. GERDAmaterial: 512-604 m, con- Josephine Bank, off Portugal. Gislen (1938) firmed and possible. The GERDAand PILLS- gave the range as being from Cuba to Brazil, BURYcollections are the first records of this and the Josephine Bank off the coast of species in the Bahamas and Caribbean. Portugal. Thus the range is extended north- Tommasi (1969) reported this species from ward and westward by the PILLSBURY-GERDA a BESNARDstation off Rio Grande do SuI, material. Brazil. It is identifiable in some of the photo- Confirmed: 170-1,750 m. Possible: graphs taken by A. C. Neumann in the 119-1,750 m. PILLSBURY: 170-1,650 m, Straits of Florida from the submersible AL- confirmed; 119-1,650 m, possible. All but VIN(Macurda and Meyer, 1976). three of the PILLSBURYstations are from con- The validity of separating D. carolinae firmed depths less than 1,000 m. GERDA: Clark, 1934 from D. maclearanus is open 249-787 m, confirmed; 236-824 m, possible. to question and all material examined has Most of the latter were collected below been identified as D. maclearanus. 300m.
Order BOURGUETICRINIDA Democrinus brevis (Clark, 1909) Family BATHYCRINIDAE Rhizocrinus brevis Clark, 1909: 675. Democrinus rawsonii (Pourtales, 1874) Democrinus brevis: Gislen, 1938: 25, 26. Rllizocrinus rawsoni: Carpenter, 1884: 262-269. Material examined.-18l specimens; 20 stations. Democrinus rawson;;: Clark, 1923a: 45.- Gislen, 1938: 25, 29. Distribution.-Straits of Florida; Caribbean coast of Central and South America from Material examined.-27 specimens; 8 stations. Panama to Venezuela; off San Luis, Brazil. Distribution.-Bahama Islands; Antillean Confirmed: 210-878 m. Possible: 165- Arc from the Dominican Republic to Barba- 1,109 m. D. brevis was described from a dos; Caribbean coast of Central America single record at 540 m northeast of Col6n, from the Yucatan Bank to Panama; off Panama by Clark (1909). Gislen (1938) Guyana. continued to recognize a difference between Confirmed: 66-652 m. This species was it and D. conifer. A preliminary examination previously known from the Yucatan Bank, of the PILLSBURYand GERDAmaterial by one Cuba, and the Bahamas to Barbados (Gislen, of us (Macurda) indicates a complete grada- 1938). A GERDAstation extends the range tion between these two so the records are northward to the northeast Straits of Florida probably best treated as a single taxon. while the PILLSBURYstations extend it to northern South America and to Central Monachocrinus caribbeus (Clark, 1908) America. Most of the PILLSBURYand GERDA material was collected between 100 and 200 Batlzycrinus caribbeus Clark, 1908: 235-237. Monaclzocrinus caribbeus Clark, 1923a: 45, 56. m and nothing was taken below 317 m. -Gislen, 1938: 19, 20. MEYER ET AL.: CRINOID ZOOGEOGRAPHY 427
Material examined.-3 specimens; 2 stations. crinoid fauna of the tropical western At- Distribution.-Cuba; Bonaire and Cura~ao; lantic Ocean. Recent investigations on shal- Colombia. Gislen (1938) indicated it came low-water forms (above 60 m), particularly from the Gulf of Mexico north of the Yuca- in the Caribbean Sea, demonstrate that these tan Bank to Guadeloupe but the material for animals are far commoner and more wide- these records is fragmentary. H. L. Clark spread than previously thought (Meyer, (1941) reported the species from ATLANTIS 1973a, b; Macurda, 1973, 1975; Meyer and station 2975 off Oriente Province, Cuba, at Macurda, 1976). As the results reported 1,857 m. This crinoid is quite rare. here indicate, the same is true for the deeper Possible: 421-1,857 m. ~a~er inhabitants of the region. While sig- mfIcant range extensions are reported here Order CYRTOCRINIDA for more than half the known species, only Family HOLOPODIDAE one new species has been recently described (Meyer, 1972). In addition, two species- H%pus rangii d'Orbigny, 1837 group taxa have been resurrected (Messing, Holopus rangi: Carpenter, ]884: 199-211. 1978) and several species names have been Holopus rangii: Clark, ]923a: 44. synonymized. Although further work is Material examined.-3 specimens; 2 stations. necessary, particularly among the Macro- Distribution.-Bahama Islands; Antillean phreatina, the taxonomy is fairly stable. Arc from Cuba to Barbados, including Ja- None of the families is restricted to this maica. region. All but the Holopodidae are known Possible: 100-458 m. This crinoid has from the Indo-West Pacific and all but the more external resemblance to a barnacle than Colobometridae, Tropiometridae and Char- an ordinary crinoid. It affixes to rock sur- itometridae occur in the temperate northeast- faces and is very difficult to obtain through ern Atlantic. The latter two of these, how- trawling. Direct observation of suitable rock ever, occur off St. Helena in the southeastern substrata from the submersible NEKTON Atlantic. The Antedonidae is the only truly GAMMA off Discovery Bay, Jamaica, re- cosmopolitan family and is the only tropical vealed numerous individuals between 274 western Atlantic family known from the and 305 m (Macurda and Meyer, 1974). tropical eastern Pacific. Seventeen of the 31 genera (12 comatu- The new records are from the Northwest lids, 5 stalked) are at present considered Providence Channel and south of Great Inagua Island; Jamaica is from Macurda and monotypic; of these, only Crinometra extends beyond the tropical western Atlantic and the Meyer, 1974; the other records are from northern transitional zone. Eight more Clark (1923a). A shallow depth record of genera are monotypic within the region but 9 m from Barbados is apparently in error have other species in other areas (Neocoma- (J. Lewis, personal communication). The tella, Tropiometra, Trichometra, Pentametro- new records (329-458 m) are deeper than crinus, Atelecrinus, Thaumatometra, Diplo- previous occurrences. Minimum depth is apparently below 70 m as this animal has crinus and Monachocrinus) . Six genera not been observed during extensive research (Neocomatella, Antedon, Trichometra , Pen- on the shallow-water crinoids of the West tametrocrinus, A telecrinus and Democrinus) Indies using SCUBA. are found in the temperate northeastern At- lantic, and of these, all but Neocomatella DISCUSS]ON occur in the Indo-West Pacific. Tropiometra is also found in the latter region; it does not Zoogeography occur in the northeastern Atlantic but is Forty-four currently recognized species in found off St. Helena. The lack of generic 31 genera and 11 families compose the affinity between the tropical western Atlantic 428 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 28, NO.3, ]978
Table I. Occurrence of genera and species of tropical western Atlantic crinoids by geographic region
-.6
Table I. Continued.
~.c0,.: ~:!l'"o._u ~ .:2 '" IIi IIi 'u ~e"O::>~c ;: .;"c i en ~'" otl}(tI~ ..::! . " 0 ~.~ "0 <;;; c8.arn <: ,,~ ~~ t'>(,c c '0 •...c il§ " ;; Co_ ~ .t:lUOctl 'N ~ E~""Co- E~ 0 g~~~ 5" ~ ,,< ,,< Crinoid species til Iii" ell 0 f-< f-< .:;'"
lIlollilicirra X mlalltillis X Trichollletra X X X X X cllbellsis X X X X TIUl/lllwtolllet I'a X X X lIlillII tissiilia X PI'lIlallletrocrilllls X X X X atlawiclis X X X A telecrilllls X X X X X halalloides X X X X ISOCRINlDA CellocrillllS X aslerills X Elldoxocrilllls X X parrae X X Neocrilllls X decorlls X /SOcriIlIlS X blakei X Diplocrilltls X X X lIIac/earalllls X X MILLERlCRINlDA Delllocrililis X X X X X X rawsollii X cOllifer X X X X brevis X X MOllac!lOcrillus X X X caribbeus X CYRTOCRINIDA HoloplIs X l'allf.:ii X
and Indo-West Pacific may be artificial. Ac- lantic and Indo-West Pacific faunas exist cording to A. H. Clark (1911: 10), "very for many other groups of marine inverte- closely related, ... corresponding East In- brates and most likely stem from the closer dian genera" exist for 10 tropical western association of these regions prior to Tertiary Atlantic comatulid genera. Although more continental drift and the disappearance of the recent inquiries (Messing, unpublished thesis Tethys Sea. and 1978; Macurda and Meyer, unpub- Tables 1 and 2 indicate that the Straits of lished) also acknowledge these relationships, Florida, Bahamas and Caribbean Sea consti- further detailed analyses are needed to con- tute by far the area richest in crinoid species firm or deny the identity of the genera in in this region. The Gulf of Mexico, south- question. Close familial and generic rela- eastern United States, Blake Plateau and tionships between the tropical western At- Brazil are clearly depauperate in comparison. 430 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 28, NO.3, 1978
Table 2. Numbers of genera and species of tropical western Atlantic crinoids shared with other regions
Comatulids Stalked Genera Species Genera Species
TOTAL TROPICAL WESTERN ATL. (SE Florida, Southern Gulf of Mex. and Bahamas to Brazil) 23 34 8 10 (No. Carolina, northern Gulf of Mex. to Brazil) 23 34 8 10 STRAITS OF FLORIDA, BAHAMAS AND CARIBBEAN SEA 21 32 8 10 WARM TEMPERATE SOUTHEASTERN U.S. AND BLAKE PLATEAU 8 9 1 1 GULF OF MEXICO 8(9?) 9(10?) I (2?) 1(2?) BRAZIL 9 9(10?) 3 4 BOREAL NORTHERN ATLANTIC 4 2 I 0 TEMPERATE N.E. ATLANTIC 6 2 2 1 SOUTHEASTERN ATLANTIC (ST. HELENA) 2 2 1 0 INDO-WEST PACIFIC 6 1 3 0 TROPICAL EASTERN PACIFIC 0 0 0 0 ENDEMIC TO TROPICAL WESTN. ATL. (SE Fla., southn. Gulf of Mex. and Bahamas to Brazil) 9(10?)(39-43%) 21 (22?)(62-65%) 5(63%) 9(90%) (No. Carolina, northern Gulf of Mex. to Brazil) 15(65%) 29(85%) 5(63%) 9(90%) ENDEMIC TO STRAITS OF FLA., BAHAMAS AND CARIBBEAN SEA 6(7?) (29-33%) 15(16?)(47-50%) 4(50%) 6(60%) ENDEMIC TO BRAZIL 1(11%) 2(20-22%) 0 0
Several species previously known only from the south), none warrants recognition of sub- the Antillean Arc occur in the Bahamas regions within the tropical western Atlantic. (Messing, unpublished thesis) and along the H. L. Clark (1919) placed the southern limit Central and South American coasts. These for Antillean littoral echinoderms at Tobago, include Neocomatella pulchella, Analcido- but the ranges of almost one-third of the metra armata, Crinometra brevipinna, Hy- crinoids of the region (including all of those paJometra defecta, Endoxocrinus parrae and he mentioned) overlap this point. Neocrinus decorus. A characteristic coral Table 2 also indicates the high levels of reef fauna comprised of Nemaster rubiginosa, generic and specific endemism exhibited by N. discoidea, Comactinia echinoptera, A. crinoids of the region. At these levels, ende- armata and Ctenantedon kinziei has been mism among both comatulids and stalked found throughout the Bahamas and Carib- forms greatly exceeds that of echinoderms in bean (Macurda, 1975; Macurda and Meyer, general, of which 67% and 6% of the species unpublished). Nevertheless, only five species and genera, respectively, are endemic (Ek- are at present known to extend from the Gulf man, 1953). Ekman's figures include forms of Mexico or transitional warm temperate found in the warm temperate transitional zone southward to Brazil. Though several zone but almost certainly do not include species do have restricted ranges (e.g., Coc- deep-water forms, which are less likely to cometra hagenii, Comatonia cristata and be endemic. Endemism among the 6 genera Comatilia iridometriformis in the north; Ne- and 9 species regularly found above 100 m master grandis and Tropiometra carinata in is 83% and 89%, respectively. Comparison MEYER ET AL.: CRINOID ZOOGEOGRAPHY 431
,il
__ ~J I
Figure 5. Possible (open bar) and confirmed (solid bar) depth ranges; PILLSBURYand GERDArecords only. Comatulids collected only above 1,000 m (Comasterina and Mariametrina). The three bars under each species, when present, represent the fol- lowing geographic areas (from left to right): (1) Straits of Florida, (2) Yucatan Channel, (3) Caribbean Sea and Antillean Arc. Figure 7. Possible (open bar) and confirmed (solid bar) depth ranges; PILLSBURYand GERDA with Indo-Pacific forms could reduce the records only. Stalked crinoids collected only above generic endemism of the region by almost 1,000 m. one-half. The two species supposedly endemic to Brazil (Hybometra senta and Thaumatome- tra minutissima) are each known only from single damaged specimens and their identi- ties are thus suspect. Regarding other regions of the Atlantic, o the tropical western Atlantic has more genera
500
§ ....I • 100 a. w 0 1000
§ 300 I w~ CI 500
1500
u ,
Figure 6. Possible (open bar) and confirmed Figure 8. Possible (open bar) and confirmed (solid bar) depth ranges; PILLSBURYand GERDA (solid bar) depth ranges; PILLSBURY,GERDAand records only. Comatulids collected only above ISELIN. Crinoids collected with ranges at least 1,000 m (Thalassometrina and Macrophreatina). possibly extending below 1,000 m. + indicates a + indicates a single station at a single depth. single station at a single depth. 432 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 28, NO.3. 1978
'"'«> oS ~ /i'fj's1 c 1 57 9 55
1B 23 200
19 3 300
2~ ~ .§ ~oo ::c f- 10 a. 500 w o 33 ~ 600
12 3 700
7 2 800+ ~J 11 9 Figure 9. Depth distribution for most frequently collected species; PILLSBURY, GERDA and ISELIN records only; comatulids. The width of each diagram represents the number of stations at which a species was collected as a percentage of all stations at which crinoids were taken within specified depth intervals (0-49 m, 50-99 m, 100-199 m, 200-299 m, etc,) and geographic areas (S = Straits of Florida, C = Caribbean Sea and Antillean Arc as in Figs. 5-8; too few stations were made in the Yucatan Channel for inclusion). All stations below 800 m are taken together as I interval. Marks along upper margin of figures denote 10% intervals. Numbers beside each diagram indicate number of stations for that species in the particular depth interval and geographic area. Columns at right indicate total stations (at which crinoids were collected) per depth interval and area. Stations with depth ranges strongly overlapping the intervals used here have been omitted.
and species in common with the boreal north- 1974: 480), but the species, C. wahlbergi, is ern, temperate northeastern and southeastern endemic to southern Africa. The narrow, (St. Helena) regions than with the tropical tropical eastern Atlantic region, with its eastern Atlantic. The shared taxa occur al- poorly developed reef environment, has few most uniformly in deep water. None of the shallow-water crinoid species, The tropical comatulids that dominate the shallow-water, eastern Pacific, similarly limited and isolated tropical western fauna are found in the by a broad, deep-oceanic barrier, has none. tropical eastern Atlantic. The one species The 5 crinoid species that occur in the latter that may possibly occur in both tropical re- region (4 antedonids and 1 hyocrinid) all gions, A ntedon duebeni, is very rare in the live in deep water. Recent investigations of west. (Antedon is the only tropical, amphi- eastern Pacific coral reefs have failed to re- Atlantic genus.) The single, shallow-water port any crinoids (Glynn et at, 1972; Birke- crinoid found on both sides of the Atlantic, land et at, 1975). Tropiometra carinata, occurs at St. Helena and is unreported north of the Cape of Good Zoobathymetry Hope on the eastern coast. One chiefly Many species of tropical western Atlantic Indo-West Pacific comatulid genus, Coman- crinoids occur in shallower water in the thus, has been collected on the Vema Sea- Caribbean Sea than in the Straits of Florida mount off southwestern Africa (A. M. Clark, and Bahamas (Figs. 5-12). Wind- and MEYER ET AL.: CRINOID ZOOGEOGRAPHY 433
Comactinia [I!. meridionalis s
50
100~51
200 ~
300 E - 400 I I- Q. ~ 500
600
Figure 10. Depth distributions for most frequently collected species; PILLSBURY, GERDA and ISELIN records only; comatulids, continued. (For explanation, see legend for Fig. 9.)
current-induced vanatlOns in vertical tem- relatively shallow water. In the Yucatan perature profiles appear to be governing fac- Channel and Straits of Florida, isothermal tors, although not enough data exist to assign surfaces tilt steeply across the strong, prevail- different species to specific temperature ing currents; warm water penetrates to ranges. Along the Caribbean coast of South greater depths on the insular side and is America, trade wind-induced upwelling of restricted to a relatively thin superficial layer cold water (Claes Roath, personal communi- along the continental side of both channels cation) may restrict many crinoid species to (Cairns, 1976; Wtist, 1964).
Crinometra breviginna li<.JrrichometraSi cubensis ,>" y S C ~I S C I 50 100
800+
Figure 11. Depth distributions for most frequently collected species; PILLSBURY, GERDA and ISELIN records only; comatulids, continued. (For explanation, see legend for Fig. 9.) 434 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 28, NO.3, 1978
Atelecrinus balanoides Democrinus conifer S C S C 1~~1 200
300 1 I .' I 8i~ 400 1 2 I : 500 I : Ii. 600 1 2 I 700 I
800· I ~
Figure 12. Depth distributions for most frequently collected species; PILLSBURY, GERDA and ISELIN records only; comatulids, concluded, and stalked species. (For explanation, see legend for Fig. 9.)
In the Yucatan Channel, GERDA and four have broad depth distributions-the PILLSBURY collected crinoids only along the narrowest about 600 m and the broadest continental margin (chiefly, Arrowsmith about 1,500 m. With the exceptions of the Bank), thus accounting for the shallow rec- shallow records for the two comatulids in the ords characteristic of this area. In the Straits Yucatan Channel, the variations in depth dis- of Florida, however, most species are re- tribution with geographic area and hydro- stricted to insular slopes and, thus, occur graphy characteristic of the shallower water in deeper water here than elsewhere. crinoids do not exist for these four species. Sixteen comatulid and five stalked species In addition to the five species that are collected during this study (at more than 3 widespread on western Atlantic coral reefs stations each) have maximum confirmed (see above), four additional comatulids (Ne- depths above about 600 m-the greatest master grandis, Comactinia meridionalis depth of the 10°C isotherm in the Straits of meridionalis, Tropiometra carinata and Florida (Cairns, 1976). All but two of Hypalometra defecta) generally occur above these comatulids (88%) are restricted to 100 m as well, although some of these nine confirmed ranges narrower than 200 m. The range deeper. Most of the comatulids, all of other two comatulids (Neocomatella pul- the isocrinids and Holopus rangii generally chella and Crinometra brevipinna) and the occur between 100 and 700 m. The bathy- five stalked species (all isocrinids) either crinids and a few comatulids (Trichometra, have similarly restricted depth distributions Atelecrinus and Zenometra columnaris) com- in part of their geographic ranges (anyone prise a third group that occurs below 1,000 of the three areas in Figs. 5-8) or the m but that may be found considerably shal- great majority of material was collected over lower than this. Messing (unpublished thesis) a confirmed range narrower than 200 m, or discussed the bathymetry of comatulids in both. the Straits of Florida and Macurda and Four species, collected at more than three Meyer (1974) observed parts of these three stations each (Trichometra cubensis, Atele- depth groupings from NEKTON GAMMA off crinus balanoides, Democrinus conifer and Discovery Bay, Jamaica. These bathymetric D. brevis), penetrate below 1,000 m. All groups are not mutually exclusive (see also MEYER ET AL.: CRINOID ZOOGEOGRAPHY 435
Macurda and Meyer, 1976) but do suggest a in T. J. Bright and L. H. Pequegnat, eds. Biota general pattern related to the hydrographic of the West Flower Garden Bank. Gulf Pub- lishing Co., Houston. 435 pp. and substrate requirements of the various Cairns, S. D. ]976. Cephalopods collected in species. the Straits of Florida by the R/Y GERDA. Bull. Mar. Sci. 26: 233-272. Carpenter, P. H. ]881. Reports on the results of TAXONOMIC CHANGES dredging ... by the U.S. Coast Survey Steamer The list below summarizes the taxonomic "Blake" . . . XVI. Preliminary Report on the Comatulae. Bull. Mus. Compo Zool. 9: changes suggested for tropical western At- 151-169, pI. 1. lantic crinoids herein or by Messing (unpub- ]884. Report on the Crinoidea collected lished thesis) : during the Voyage of H.M.S. "Challenger" during the years 1874-1876. The stalked Analddometra caribbea Clark, 1908 is synonymous crinoids. Rep. Sci. Results Yoy. "Challenger," with A nalddometra armata (Pourtales, ] 869). Zool. 11: 442 pp. Democrinlls brevis Clark, 1909 is synonymous with 1888. Report on the Crinoidea cal1ected DemocrinllS conifer Clark, ]909? Diplocrinus carolinaI' Clark, 1934 is synonymous during the Voyage of H.M.S. "Challenger" with Diplocrinlls maclearanlls (Wyville Thomson, during the years 1874-[876. The Comatulae. 1877)? Rep. Sci. Results Voy. "Chal1enger," Zool. 26: Endoxocrilllls priollodes Clark, ]941 is synonymous 399 pp. with Elldoxocrilllls pm'rae (Gervais, 1835)? Clark, A. H. 1908. Notice of some crinoids in Nemaster mexicanellsis Tommasi, 1966 is synon- the collection of the Museum of Comparative ymous with Nemaster mbigillosa (Pourtales, Zoology. Bull. Mus. Compo Zoo I. 51: 233- 1869). 248, 2 pIs. Neocomatella alata (Pourtales, 1878) is synon- ymous with Neocomatella Pllichelia (Pourtales, 1909. Four new species of the genus 1878) (Messing, unpublished thesis). Rhizocrilllls. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 36: 673- 676. 1911. The recent crinoids of the coasts ACKNOWLEDGMENTS of Africa. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 40: I-51. 1915. A monogrsph of the existing This paper is a contribution from the Rosenstiel crinoids. The comatulids. Bull. U.S. Nat. School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Uni- Mus. 82, v. 1, pt. 1, 406 pp. versity of Miami, and is one of a series resulting ]921a. A monograph of the existing from the National Geographic Society-University crinoids. The comatulids. Bull. U.S. Nat. of Miami Deep-Sea Biology Program. Drs. G. L. Mus. 82, v. ], pt. 2, 795 pp. Voss and F. M. Bayer of the University of Miami I921b. Report on the crinoids. Univ. have been most helpful in arranging for the loan of Iowa Studies. Studies in Nat. Hist. 9(5): 3-28. the GERDA,OREGON,and PILLSBURYcrinoids to us ] 923a. Crinoidea. The Danish Ingolf for study. Financial support for research by Exped. 4: 1-58. Macurda and Meyer was provided by NSF GB- 1923b. A revision of the Recent repre- 36439. sentatives of the crinoid family Pentacrinidae, with the diagnosis of two genera. J. Wash. LITERATURE CITED Acad. Sci. 13: 9-12. 1931. A monograph of the existing Bayer, F. M., G. L. Voss, and C. R. Robins. 1970. crinoids. The comatulids. Superfamily Coma- Bioenvironmental and radiological safety feasi- sterida. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 82, v. 1, pt. 3, bility studies Atlantic-Pacific interoceanic 815 pp. canal. Report on the marine fauna and benthic 1947. A monograph of the existing shelf-slope communities of the Isthmian crinoids. The comatulids. Superfamily Maria- region. Univ. Miami Rosenstiel School Marine metrida (concluded-the family Colobo- Atmospheric Sciences. 99 pp. Appendix. A]- metridae) and Superfamily Tropiometrida A3] 1. (except the families Thalassometridae and Birkeland, C. D., D. L. Meyer, J. P. Stames, and Charitometridae). Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 82, C. L. Buford. ]975. Subtidal communities v. I, pt. 4b, 473 pp. of Malpelo. Pages 55-68 in J. B. Graham, 1950. A monograph of the existing ed. The biological investigation of Malpelo crinoids. The comatulids. Superfamily Tropio- Island, Colombia. Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. metrida (the families Thalassometridae and ]76: 98 pp. Charitometridae). Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 82, Burke, T. E. ]974. Echinoderms. Pages 312-33] v. 1, pt. 4c, 383 pp. 436 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 28, NO.3, 1978
---, and A. M. Clark. 1967. A monograph deep-water photographs. Bull. Mar. Sci. 26: of the existing crinoids. The comatulids. Sub- 20'5-2]5. ordcrs Oligophreata (concluded) and Macro- Messing, C. G. 1975. The systematics and phreata. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 82, v. 1, pt. 5, distribution of the Crinoidea Comatulida (ex- 860' pp. clusive of the Macrophreatina) collected by Clark, A. M. 1970'. Echinodermata Crinoidea. the R/V GERDAin the Straits of Florida and Mar. Invert. Scand. 3: I-55. adjacent waters. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Miami. 1974. Notes on some echinoderms from 296 pp. South Africa. Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Zool.) J978. A revision of the comatulid genus 26: 423-487. Comactinia (Crinoidea: Echinodermata). Bull. Clark, H. L. 1918. Report on the Crinoidea and Mar. Sci. 28: 49-80'. Echinoidea collected by the Bahama Expedi- Meyer, D. L. 1972. Ctenantedon, a new ante- tion from the University of Iowa in 1893. donid crinoid convergent with Comasterids. Univ. of Iowa Monographs. Bulletins from Bull. Mar. Sci. 22: 53-66. the Laboratories of Natural History 7: 1-37, J973a. Feeding behavior and ecology of 5 pis. shallow-water unstalked crinoids (Echino- 1919. The distribution of the littoral dermata) in the Caribbean Sea. Mar. BioI. echinoderms of the West lndies. Carnegie 2: 105-129. Inst., Papers Dept. Mar. BioI. J3: 49-74. 1973b. Distribution and living habits of 1941. The echinoderms (other than comatulid crinoids near Discovery Bay, holothurians). Rep. sci. results "Atlantic" Jamaica. Bull. Mar. Sci. 23: 244-259. Exp. to the West Indies. Mems. Soc. Cub. ---, and D. B. Macurda, Jr. ]976. Distribu- Hist. Nat. 15: 153 pp. tion of shallow-water crinoids near Santa Ekman, S. 1953. Zoogeography of the sea. Marta, Colombia. Mitt. aus dem Inst. Sedgwick and Jackson, London. 417 pp. Colombo-Aleman. 8: 141-156. Gislen, T. ] 924. Echinoderm studies. Zool. pourtales, L. F. de. 1867. Contributions to the Bidr. Upps. 9: 1-316. fauna of the Gulf Stream at great depths. ] 938. A revision of the recent Bathy- Bull. Mus. Compo Zool. 1: 103-120'. crinidae. Lunds Univ. Arsskr., N.F. 34(10'): 1869. List of crinoids obtained on the I-3D. coasts of Florida and Cuba, by the U.S. Coast ] 955. West African crinoids. Atlantide Survey Gulf Stream Expeds., in 1867, 1868, Rep. 3: 83-92. 1869. Bull. Mus. Compo Zool. I: 355-358. Glynn, P. W., R. H. Stewart, and J. E. McCosker. 1878. Report on the dredging operations ]972. Pacific coral reefs of Panama: struc- of the U.S. Coast Survey Steamer "Blake." ture, distribution and predators. Geol. Rund- Crinoids and corals. Bull. Mus. Compo Zool., schau 61: 483-5]9. 5: 213-216, pI. 2. Hartlaub, C. 1895. Reports on the dredging Rasmussen, H. W. 196]. A monograph on the operations ... carried on by the "Albatross" Cretaceous crinoids. BioI. SkI'. Dan. Vid. during 189]. XVII£. Die Comatuliden. Bull. Selsk. 12, no. I. 428 pp. + 60' pIs. Mus. Compo Zool. 27: 127-152. Tommasi, L. R. 1965. Usta dos crin6ides do 1912. Reports on the results of dredg- Brasil. Contr. Inst. Oceanogr. Univ. S. Paulo, ing . . . by the U.S. Coast Survey Steamer ser. Ocean. BioI. 9: 33 pp. "Blake." XLV. Die Comatuliden. Mem. Mus. 1966. Sabre alguns equinodermos da Compo Zool. 27: 491 pp. regiao do Golfo de Mexico e do Mar das International Commission on Zoological Nomen- Antilhas. Ann. Inst. BioI. Univ. Mex. 37: clature. 1964. International Code of Zoo- 155-165. logical Nomenclature. International Trust for 1969. Nova contribuc1io a lista dos Zoological Nomenclature, London. 176 pp. crin6ides recentes do Brasil. Contr. Inst. Macurda, D. B., Jr. 1973. Ecology of comatulid Oceanogr. Univ. S. Paulo, ser. Ocean. BioI. 17. crinoids at Grand Bahama Island. Hydro-Lab 8 pp. Jour. 2: 9-24. 1971 a. Equinodermos do Brasil. I. 1975. The bathymetry and zoogeog- Sobre algumas especies novas e outras pouco raphy of shallow water crinoids in the Bahama conhecidas, para 0 Brasil. Bol. Inst. Oceanogr. Islands. Hydro-Lab Jour. 3: 5-24. S. Paulo 20': 1-12. ---, and D. L. Meyer. 1974. Feeding posture 1971 b. Equinodermos da regiao entre of modern stalked crinoids. Nature 247: 394- Amapa (Brasil) e a Florida (E. U.A.). I. 396. Crinoidea. Contr. Inst. Oceanogr. Univ. S. 1976. The identification and interpreta- Paulo, ser. Ocean. BioI. 23: 1-8. tion of stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from Ubaghs, G. 1953. Crinoldes. Pages 658-756 ill MEYER ET AL.: CRINOID ZOOGEOGRAPHY 437
J. Piveteau, ed. Traite de Paleontologic, 3. Coma/ilia iridometriformis.-GERDA stations: 170- Masson, Paris. 1063 pp. 10, 177-4,849-15,1327-7. Wlist, G. 1964. Stratification and circulation in the Antillean-Caribbean Basins. Part I. Co- Comatol/ia cris/ata.-GERDA stations: 220-1, 589- lumbia Univ. Press. x + 201 (+ I map). 1,840-1,865-1,885-1,977-3,978-1, 1102-4. Zoppi de Roa, E. 1967. Contribuci6n al estudio Comae/inia echinoptera.-PILLSBURY stations: 439- de los equinodermos de Venezuela. Acta Bio- 1,900-3. GERDAstations: 412-1,423-2,582-1,600- 16gica Venezuelica 5: 267-333. 3, 956-5.
DATE ACCEPTED: March 28, 1977. Comactinia meridiol/a/is meridiol/a!is.-PILLSBURY stations: 324-3,330-44,341-1,365-33,372-11,392- ADDRESSES: (D.L.M.) Departmel/t of Ge%gy, 41, 394-1, 396-20, 397-30, 398-1, 401-2, 402-21, UI/ilwsity of Cil/cinl/ati, Cil/cil/nati, Ohio 45221; 403-3, 412-3, 413-1, 415-1, 422-1, 425-7, 430-53, (C.G.M.) Rosel/stiel SellGol of Marine and A tmo- 433-48, 434-16, 436-1, 437-5, 444-1, 614-1, 625-4, splll'fic Science, Di~'ision of Biological Science, 629-6,650-117,652-1,657-3,658-36,671-113,672- UI/il'asit)' of Miami, 4600 Rickel/backer Causeway, I, 684-26, 699-1, 707-7, 708-28, 709-195, 736-81, Miami, Florida 33149; (D.B.M.) Museum of 737-224,749-9,768-14,773-4,791-5,792-4,835-1, 837-24,838-32,842-8,848-2,854-3,887-14,952-1, Paleol/tology, UI/iversity of Michigan, A I/n Arbor, 1143-1,1187-1, 1317-22, 1327-11, 1331-47, 1332- Michigan 48109. 30, 1333-2,1365-46, 1368-1, 1369-12, 1384-6, 1386- 10, 1393-5. GERDAstations: 391-1,392-34,393-1, 562-1, 564-11, 600-4, 636-1, 713-8, 724-6, 1246-1. OREGON station: 4165-1; (see Tommasi, 1971b; APPENDIX 1 additional OREGON material identified as "Com- ac/illia echinoptera" which may be referable to Material Examined1 Comac/inia meridionalis listed here).
Nl'oeoll/ateJ/a puleheJ/a.-PILLSBVRY stations: 209- Comactinia meridiona/is hartlaubi.-PILLSBURY sta- 2,211-4,594-2,596-1,736-25,745-8,757-1,856-1, tions: 375-1, 400-1, 403-1, 592-3, 783-2, 786-16, 875-2,876-6,907-3,931-1, 1140-2,1141-61,1157-2, 875-3, 907-2, 1303-7, 1393-5, 1395-7. GERDA sta- 1425-3. GERDAstations: 234-1,246-2,251-35,493- tions: 493-16, 510-1, 526-1, 692-1, 693-1, 698-2, 3,503-1,509-7,510-18,522-2,692-4,697-3,698-1, 725-16, 1329-1. 725-11,879-1,893-13,894-1,897-10,899-10,1275- 8,1312-1,1314-1,1329-30. OREGONstation: 4225- A nalcidometra arma/a.-PILLSBURY stations: 324- 2. 3,331-17,403-1,417-4,418-1,422-1,425-1,428-1, 444-4, 691-6, 692-1, 709-28, 736-22, 737-13, 749- Nl'master gralldis.-PILLSBURY stations: 324-1, 47, 773-9, 842-2, 853-1, 855-3, 910-3, 1317-2, 1366- 330-23, 365-2, 376-1, 409-1, 412-1, 419-1, 422-3, I, 1386-6. 425-6, 430-4, 434-1, 619-1, 623-6, 624-7, 625-21, 626-1, 627-2, 628-4, 629-1, 746-1, 751-1, 759-1, Tropiometra carinata.-PILLSBURY stations: 650- 767-1,772-3,793-1,795-1, 1149-1, 1198-1, 1336-1, 17, 654-16, 655-64, 669-3, 684-9, 686-2, 687-89, 1366-2, 1369-1. 688-1,695-71,696-29,701-2,773-2,791-14,792-7, 840-2,887-1,895-1,9.12-1. OREGONstations: 4165- Nell/aster mbiginosa.-PILLSBVRY stations: 324- 2,4166-1,4170-1,4215-13,4216-17,4217-1,4221- fragments, 341-1, 442-fragments, 443-1, 630-1, 3, 4229-10, 4232-3. 1191-3,1196-4,1198-2, 1286-1, 1366-13. Stylome/ra spil/ifera.-PILLSBURY stations: 211-2, Nemaster discoidea.-PILLSBURY stations: 324-2, 610-3,736-5,907-12,969-1,991-1, 1140-4, 1303-1, 330-5, 365-2, 392-1, 396-5, 402-1, 422-1, 425-7, 1395-1. GERDAstations: 251-2, 493-2, 503-8, 533- 430-11, 434-2, 436-1, 629-3, 773-1, 792-1, 853-1, 6,692-2,698-1,897-1. 856-1,857-1 (+27), 887-4, 912-1, 1149-3, 1190-1, 1252-1,1298-3,1317-4,1369-4. GERDA stations: 391-2, 636-1, 887-15. Homeome/ra dup/ex.-PILLSBURY stations: 209-3, 1141-3. GERDA stations: 234-5, 241-10, 242-2, Leptol/emas/er ~'elllistus.-PILLSBURY stations: 330- 246-11, 247-1, 252-1, 261-3, 533-1, 695-1, 706-13, 1125-3,1312-1,1314-3. 6,372-1, 392-2, 396-1, 403-2, 422-1, 424-1, 425-4, 430-2, 433-1, 434-1, 707-3, 708-10, 709-1, 734-1, 736-32,737-24,837-8,840-9,1186-1, 1303-3, 1369- Crillometra brevipillna.-PILLSBVRY stations: 197- I, 1386-7, 1393-1, 1421-1. GERDAstations: 392-6, 1,209-3,211-13,478 or 479-4,736-1,739-3,838-4, 493-5,681-1,683-1,713-1,724-11,725-13,984-1, 848-8, 904-10, 944-1, 969-1, 991-1, 1141-2, 1143- 1329-1. 108, 1303-11, 1384-10, 1386-3, 1387-15, 1393-35, 1395-8, 1410-1. GERDA stations: 132-1, 169-4, 234-1, 242-2, 246-15, 247-2, 251-6, 252-1, 261-4, I AnoJ1101ous records, porticulorly those few listing shelf 386-9, 503-9, 510-3, 663-1, 678-1, 679-5, 688-1, ond slope species from the bottom of the Puerto Rico Trench, arc italicized. They are probably the result of 693-2,707-1,715-1,897-3,936-1,1012-2,1125-1, mislabelling. 1314-4. OREGONstation: 4225-6. 438 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 28, NO.3, 1978
Ctenantedo/l kinziei.-PILLSBURY stations: 935-1, Democrinlls conifer.-PILLSBURY stations: 105-3, 983-1. 198-3, 340-1, 341-1, 364-9, 388-2, 394-6, 399-5, 447-18, 797-49, 850-1, 861-11, 881-26, 1187-2, Coccometra nigrolineata.-GERDA stations: 897-4, 1225-1, 1261-4, 1356-1, 1435-1. GERDA stations: 899-1. 56-1, 62-8, 66-9, 76-15, 77-4, 122-4, 146-1, 154-1, 197-3, 222-1, 265-3, 289-5, 439-15, 472-8, 474-3, Coccometra I/Ggenii.-GERDA stations: 457-8, 589- 475-9, 476-4, 830-3, 915-9, 966-22, 967-3, 999-1, I, 841-frags., 842-26, 862-1, 863-1, 864-11, 865-1, 1008-1,1018-2, 1099-21, 1101-8, 1102-3, 1329-22. 972-196, 974-146, 975-51, 976-101, 977-5, 978-9, 1028-37, 1035-15, 1102-567. Democrinlls brevis.-PILLSBURY stations: 753-2, 754-13, 781-10, 785-2, 846-1, 1306-5, 1309-2. Hypalometra defecta.-PILLSBURY stations: 392-1, GERDAstations: 15-5,67-24, 112-11, 126-6,266-1, 424-12, 650-1, 707-13, 708-9, 709-7, 728-4, 736-1, 478-27, 825-5, 828-4, 834-4, 845-5, 861-1, 930-1. 737-5, 749-25, 766-50, 768-8, 775-20, 1387-1. OREGONstation: 4226-52. GERDAstations: 882-1, 934-1. Monachocrinlls caribbells.-PILLSBURY stations: Zenometra coillmnaris.-PILLSBURY station: 1187- 394-1,754-2. 2. GERDAstations: 181-8, 808-arms only. Holoplls rangii.-PILLSBURY station: 1141-2. Caryometra Spp.-GERDA stations: 533-1, 893-3. GERDA station: 692-1. Trichometra cubensis.-PILLSBURY stations: 105-9, 585-1, 587-12, 602-1, 781-5, 881-1, 919-1, 923-6, Station Data List 930-1,944-1,1187-1,1225-5,1256-1,1262-1,1356- 1. GERDA stations: 169-2,18]-1,182-1,190-2, PILLSBURYstations.-BLAKE PLATEAU AND 235-1, 241-1, 357-1, 386-4, 672-1, 815-1, 828-1, NORTHERN STRAITS OF FLORIDA: P-1D5, 859-1, 879-1, 889-2, 897-1, 936-1, 1286-1. Co- 30058'N, 79°42'W, 388-403 m, 27 July 1964.- LUMBUSISELIN station: 140-1. P-197, 27°59'N, 79°20'W, 567-586 m, 11 Aug 1964.-P-198, no locality, position is for P-201, Pentametrocrinus atlanticus.-GERDA station: 181- same date, 27°30'N, 79°10'W, 256-265 m, 11 Aug 1. I964.-P-200, no locality, position is for P-201, same date, 2r30'N, 79°10'W, 329-348 m, 11 Aug Atelecrinus balanoides.-PILLSBURY stations: 636- 1964.-P-209, 26°58.5'N, 79° (5.5'W, wire length 2,740-3,754-1,781-30,847-1,920-4,946-1,1261- 1,000 m, 12 Aug 1964.-P-2IO, 26°40'N, 79°07'W, 3, 1438-1, 1441-1. GERDA stations: 93-2, 112-1, 503-531 m, 12 Aug 1964.-P-211, 26°41'N, 79°05' 146-1, 182-1, 242-1, 289-12, 362-7, 374-2, 403-1, W, 384-403 m, 12 Aug 1964. PANAMA: P-324, 439-2, 448-2, 861-1, 889-2, 963-1. COLUMBUS 9°42.5'N, 79°30.5'W, 55-64 m, 7 July 1966.- ISELIN stations: 27-2,60-1, 103-1. P-330, 9°37'N, 78°52.5'W, 64-]28 m, 8 July 1966. -P-331, 9°31.5'N, 78°55.2'W, 33-46 m, 8 July Cenocrinlls asterills.-GERDA stations: 493-1, 693- 1966.-P-340, 9°13.5'N, 77°46'W, 307-366 m, 9 1. July 1966.-P-341, 9°01.8'N, 77°41'W, 33-55 m, 9 July 1966. COLOMBIA: P-364, 9°20.2'N, 76° Endoxocrinlls parrae.-PILLSBURY stations: 944-2, 34.2'W, 933-961 m, 13 July 1966.-P-365, 9°32.5' 984-2, 991-1, 1141-23, 1171-1, 1186-1. GERDAsta- N, 76°17'W, 56-58 m, 13 July 1966.-P-372, 9° tions: 168-1, 169-3, 242-2, 246-14, 247-2, 251-14, 48'N, 76°09.6'W, 82-101 m, 13 July 1966.-P-375, 261-1, 386-4, 398-1, 503-8, 526-1, 533-1, 694-3, 9°59'N, 75°59.7'W, 130-135 m, 14 July 1966.- 697-2,707-1,889-1, 897-1, 1125-4, 1312-17, 1314- P-376, 9°53.9'N, 75°50.2'W, 51-64 m, 14 July 8. OREGONstation: 4226-8. 1966.-P-388, lDolD.4'N, 76°08.8'W, 824-1,061 m, ]5 July 1966.-P-392, 9°45.4'N, 76°1D.8'W, 75-79 Neocrinlls decO/'lls.-PILLSBURY stations: 210- m, 16 July 1966.-P-394, 9°27.4'N, 76°29'W, 421- stem(?), 739-7, 991-19, 1410-1, 1439-3. GERDA 641 m, 16 July 1966.-P-396, 9° 17.6'N, 76°25'W, stations: 168-2, 261-1,270-1, 503-50, 526-2, 533-1, 68-70 m, 17 July 1966.-P-397, 9°11'N, 76°27.8'W, 692-1, 693-1 stems(?), 696-2, 697-8, 698-1, 705-2, 62-66 m, 17 July 1966.-P-398, 9°07.2'N, 76°30.9' 706-2, 880-1. W, 117-176 m, 17 July 1966.-P-399, 9°00.1'N, 76°38.5'W, 119-179 m, 17 July 1966.-P-400, 8° lsocrinlls blakei.-PILLSBURY stations: 197-2, 587- 52.4'N, 76°5I.5'W, 92-99 m, 17 July 1966.-P-401, 5, 861-2, 877-7, 889-6, 891-9, 944-16. GERDAsta- 8°50.7'N, 77°01.9'W, 73-79 m, 17 July 1966.- tions: 158-1, 169-2, 179-1, 246-3, 386-11, 503-2, P-402, 8°49.1'N, 77 °04. I'W, 73 m, 17 July 1966. 664-2,679-3,694-3,707-1,708-1,972-1, 1312-2. -P-403, 8°47.6'N, 77°14.2'W, 97-99 m, ]7 Ju]y 1966.-P-409, 8°51.2'N, 77°28.I'W, 55 m, 18 Ju]y Diplocrinus maclearanlls.-PILLSBURY stations: I 966.-P-412, 8°41.6'N, 77° I3'W, 55-60 m, 18 891-38, 991-1. GERDA stations: 169-18, 246-1, July 1966. PANAMA: P-415, 9°22.4'N, 78°08.4' 386-32, 936-6. OREGONstation: 4226-2. W, 60 ro, 19 July 1966.-P-417, 9°24.8'N, 78° 12.7'W, 51 m, 19 July 1966.-P-418, 9°26.8'N, Democrinus rawsonii.-PILLSBURY stations: 200- 78°17'W, 57-59 m, 19 Ju]y 1966.-P-419, 9°29.2'N, 6, 697-1, 1303-5, 1354-2, 1384-1, 1387-1. GERDA 78 °2 l.7'W, 51-55 m, 19 July 1966.-P-422, 9° station: 725-9. COLUMBUSISELIN station: 37-2. 34.7'N, 78°36.7'W, 70-73 m, 19 July.-P-424, 9° MEYER ET AL.: CRINOID ZOOGEOGRAPHY 439
37.5'N, 78°52.2'W, 110-119 m, 19 July 1966.- 18'W, 234-280 m, 23 July 1968.-P-740, 1J028'N, P-425, 9°40.2'N, 79° 17.4'W, 64-70 m, 19 July 66°1O'W, 732-924 m, 23 July 1968.-P-745, 11° 1966.-P-428, 9°43.7'N, 79°22.2'W, 46 m, 20 July 59.5'N, 66°49'W, 64-66 m, 24 July 1968.-P-746, 1966.-P-430, 9°30.5'N, 79°52.5'W, 60-64 m, 20 11°54.5'N, 66° 54.5'W, 23-27 m, 24 July 1968.- July I966.-P-433, 9°19.6'N, 80015.5'W, 64-68 m, P-749, 10040.3'N, 67°57.9'W, 59 m, 25 July 1968. 20 July 1966.-P-434, 9°I3.5'N, 80022.8'W, 48-49 -P-751, 10045.3'N, 68°08.3'W, 44-46 m, 26 July m, 20 July 1966.-P-436, 9°07'N, 80040.3'W, 55- 1968.-P-753, ] 1°31.9'N, 68°25'W, 384-607 m, 59 m, 20 July 1966.-P-437, 8°59.7'N, 80046.7'W, 26 July 1968.-P-754, 1J036.9'N, 68°42'W, 728- 55 m, 20 July 1966.-P-439, 8°51.3'N, 81°03.4'W, 1,109 m, 26 July ]968.-P-757, 11°42'N, 69°20'W, 18-22 m, 20 July ]966.-P-442, 8°49.6'N, 81°13' 161-187 m, 27 July I968.-P-759, ]2°09'N, 69° W, ]8 m, 21 July 1966.-P-443, 8°49.9'N, 8]° 49'W, 35-37 m, 27 July I968.-P-766, ]2°16.9'N, 21.5'W, 31 m, 21 July I966.-P-444, 8°57.5'N, 81° 70039.9'W, 64 m, 28 July 1968. COLOMBIA: P- 31'W, 73 m, 21 July 1966.-P-447, 9°04.0'N, 8] ° 767, 12°16.1'N, 71°03.3'W, 24 m, 28 July 1968.- 13.8'W, 664-68] m, 21 July 1966.-P-478, 11°32' P-768, 12°34.5'N, 71°1O.6'W, 64-66 m, 28 July N, 62°07.2'W, 586-608 m, 2 Aug 1966.-P-479, 1968.-P-772, 12°21.2'N, 71°54'W, II m, 29 July 11°19.7'N, 62°01.2'W, 123-134 m, 3 Aug 1976. I968.-P-773, ]2°18'N, 72°13.8'W, 60-64 m, 29 YUCATAN CHANNEL: P-585, 21°02'N, 86°29' July ]968.-P-775, ]2°06'N, 72°37'W, 78-82 m, W, 567-571 m, 23 May ]967.-P-587, 21°17'N, 29 July 1968.-P-78I, 11034.5'N, 73°20'W, 53]- 86° I3'W, 448-458 m, 14 March 1968.-P-592, 21° 567 m, 30 July ]968.-P-783, 1l022'N, 73"44'W, OO'N, 86°23'W, ]74-243 m, 15 March 1968.- 143-l74 m, 31 July I968.-P-785, II °19.7'N, 74° P-594, 21 °OO.5'N,86°23'W, 329 m, 15 March 1968. ]4.4'W, 210-165 m, 31 July ]968.-P-786, ]]0 -P-596, 21°04'N, 86°22'W, 229-254 m, ]5 March 07.6'N, 74°19.3'W, 101-165 m, 31 July 1968.- I968.-P-602, 20022.5'N, 8r 11.5'W, 412-457 m, P-791, 10056.9'N, 75°26.9'W, 42-44 m, I Aug 16 March 1968. BELIZE: P-61O, 17°03'N, 8r I968.-P-792, 10049.9'N, 75°23.6'W, ] 1-13 m, 38.5'W, 296-311 m, 18 March 1968. HON- 1 Aug 1968.-P-793, 10040'N, 75°31'W, 26-29 m, DURAS: P-614, ]6°03.8'N, 88°34.1'W, ]8-31 m, I Aug ]968.-P-795, ]0031.8'N, 75°34.9'W, 27-64 19 March 1968.-P-619, 15°56'N, 87°33.5'W, 27- m, I Aug 1968.-P-797, 10020.2'N, 75°44'W, 150- 55 m, 20 March ]968.-P-623, ]5°59.6'N, 86°07' 170 m, I Aug 1968. TRINIDAD: P-835,9°36'N, W, 51 m, 21 March ]968.-P-624, 15°59.5'N, 86° 6001O'W, 48 m, 30 June I969.-P-837, LOolO.3'N, 04'W, 40-48 m, 21 March 1968.-P-625, 15°59.5' 60033.2'W, 55 m, 30 June J969.-P-838, L0032'N, N, 86°02.5'W, 27-37 m, 21 March 1968.-P-626, 60023'W, 93-95 m, 30 June I969.-P-840, 10° 15°57.6'N, 86°09'W, 40 m, 21 March 1968.- 40.5'N, 60037.5'W, 33-37 m, I July 1969.-P-842, P-627, 15°56.5'N, 86°l4'W, 46 m, 21 March 1968. IJOI0.9'N, 60032.3'W, 68 m, I July 1969. LESSER -P-628, 15°57'N, 86°]5.2'W, 46-48 m, 21 March ANTILLES: P-846, 11°38.8'N, 60037.5'W, 878- 1968.-P-629, ]5°58.2'N, 86°09'W, 40 m, 21 March 942 m, 2 July 1969.-P-847, 1I°4]'N, 61°01.3'W, 1968.-P-630, 15°59.2'N, 86°02'W, 37 m, 21 920-1,244 m, 2 July] 969.-P-848, 11°23.8'N, 61° March 1968. STRAITS OF FLORIDA: P-636, 25.8'W, 146 m, 2 July ]969.-P-850, 11°46.5'N, 23°54'N, 81°27'W, 1,003-],336 m, 25 March ]968. 61°29'W, 897-924 m, 3 July 1969.-P-853, 11° GUIANAS: P-650, 6°07'N, 52°19'W, 84-91 m, 8 55'N, 61°43.5'W, 15-20 m, 3 July 1969.-P-854, July 1968.-P-652, 6°20'N, 52°34'W, 62 m, 8 July 12°02'N, 61°35.7'W, 73-77 m, 3 July 1969.- 1968.-P-654, 6°08.5'N, 53°21.5'W, 31 m, 9 July P-855, 12°07'N, 6] °32.5'W, 27 m, 3 July 1969.- 1968.-P-655, 6°07'N, 53°4l'W, 26 m, 9 July 1968. P-856, ]2°17.5'N, 61°29'W, 35 m, 3 July 1969.- -P-657, 7°0l'N, 53°15'W, 128-132 m, 9 July P-857, 12°23.5'N, 61°21.6'W, 37-251 m, 3 July 1968.-P-658, 7°JO'N, 53°36'W, 126-135 m, 9 July 1969.-P-861, ]2°42.5'N, 61°07.3'W, 357-659 m, 1968.-P-669, 6°43'N, 55°20'W, 33 m, 10 July 4 July 1969.-P-875, 13°1O.2'N, 61°05.5'W, 108- I969.-P-67I, 7°07'N, 55°05'W, 64 m, 11 July 159 m, 6 July 1969.-P-876, 13°13.9'N, 61°04.7' I969.-P-672, r37'N, 55°27'W, 1,179-],336 m, W, 242-262 m, 6 July ]969.-P-877, BOI8.6'N, II July ]969.-P-684, 7°19'N, 56°51'W, 55-59 m, 6J006.1'W, 348-466 m, 6 July 1969.-P-881, 13° 14 July ]968.-P-686, 7°00'N, 57°08'W, 26-27 m, 20.8'N, 6l002.5'W, 659-842 m, 6 July 1969.- 15 July 1968.-P-687, rl3'N, 57°36'W, 27 m, 15 P-887, ]4°1O.5'N, 60056.1'W, 73-77 m, 7 July July 1968.-P-688, 07°42'N, 57°32'W, 57 m, 15 I969.-P-889, 14°06.3'N, 60051'W, 371-402 m, 7 July 1968.-P-691, 8°25'N, 58°08'W, 82-88 m, J5 July ]969.-P-891, 14°07.8'N, 60050.7'W, 274- July 1968.-P-692, 8°26'N, 58° 100W, 86-88 m, 567 m, 7 July 1969.-P-895, 14°05.7'N, 61°00.8'W, 15 July 1968.-P-695, 8°04'N, 58°35'W, 37 m, 16 18 m, 8 July 1969.-P-900, 13°38.5'N, 60058.3'W, July 1968.-P-696, 8°35'N, 58°5l'W, 55-59 m, 16 18-27 m, 9 July 1969.-P-904, 13°45.5'N, 61°05.7' July 1968.-P-697, 9°02'N, 59°06'W, 106-108 m, W, 417-589 m, 9 July 1969.-P-907, 14°26.8'N, 16 July 1968. TRINIDAD: P-699, 9°30'N, 60°15' 60058.3'W, 170-214 m, 9 July 1969.-P-91O, 14° W, 64 m, ]6 July J968.-P-701, SW corner 33'N, 61°06.3'W, 51-82 m, 10 July I969.-P-912, Maracas Bay, N. coast, -2 m, ]8 July J968. VENE- 14°37.8'N, 6l009.I'W, 51-91 m, IO July 1969.- ZUELA: P-707, ] 1°23.5'N, 62°23.0'W, 78 m, J9 P-919, 16°05.6'N, 6JOI9'W, 704-732 m, 12 July July 1968.-P-708, 11°26.6'N, 62°40.5'W, 69-73 1969.-P-920, 16°06.5'N, 61°22.1'W, 631-704 ill, m, 19 July J968.-P-709, 1l012.9'N, 62°45.5'W, 12 July I969.-P-923, 16°06.2'N, 61°22.7'W, 549- 46 m, 19 July 1968.-P-728, 10025.7'N, 65°21.6'W, 686 m, 14 July 1969.-P-930, 15°30.3'N, 61°]2.4' 86 m, 21 July 1968.-P-734, 11°01.0'N, 65°36.3'W, W, 210-399 m, ]5 July 1969.-P-931, 15°32'N, 61° 60-68 m, 22 July ]968.-P-736, 11°03'N, 65°59'W, 13.1'W, 174-357 m, 15 July 1969.-P-935, 15° 69-155 m, 22 July 1968.-P-737, 10045'N, 66°08' 36.5'N, 61°18.8'W, 37 m, 15 July I969.-P-944, W, 60-73 m, 22 July 1968.-P-739, 10057.6'N, 66° 16°34.4'N, 61°37.2'W, 382-421 m, J7 July 1969.- 440 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 28, NO.3, 1978
P-946, 16°45.1'N, 61"56.5'W, 732-832 m, 17 July 1962.-G-76, 25°28'N, 80000'W, 344-348 m, 28 1969.-P-952, 16°51.8'N, 62°11.7'W, 27 m, 18 July Sept 1962.-G-77, 25°33'N, Soo02'W, 329-339 m, 1969.-P-969, 17°27.8'N, 6l041.1'W, 70-220 m, 28 Sept 1962.-G-93, 25°0S'N, 79°44'W, 732 m, 20 July 1969.-P-983, 18°20'N, 62°38.5'W, 49 m, 19 April 1963.-G-112, 24°14'N, S2°56'W, 641- 22 July I969.-P-984, 18°28'N, 63°11.1'W, 421- 686 m, 18 June 1963.-0-122,24°] I'N, 81°57'W, 439 m, 22 July 1969.-P-99l, 18°47'N, 64°46.8'W, 686-769 m, 19 June 1963.-G-126, 24°06'N, 81° 204-622 m, 23 July 1969. BAHAMAS: P-1140, 33'W, 741-824 m, 20 June 1963.-G-132, 24°29' 20049.7'N, 73°36.2'W, 284 m, 13 Jan 1970.- N, 80050'W, 275-302 m, 21 June 1963.-G-134, P-1141, 20050'N, 73°19'W, 421-458 m, 13 Jan 24°30'N, 80051'W, ]90-201 m, 21 June ]963.- 1970.-P-1143, 20054.5'N, 73°28.2'W, 110-220 m, G-146, 24°45'N, 80009'W, 622-686 m, 23 June 13 Jan 1970. HISPANIOLA: P-1149, 19°58.7'N, 1963.-G-154, 26°29'N, 79 °20'W, 54901, 25 June 71"33.7'W, 22-33 m, 15 Jan I970.-P-1l 57, 19° 1963.-G-158, 26°36'N, 79°24'W, 531-540 m, 25 06.3'N, 69°01'W, 18-40 m, 16 Jan 1970. SAN- June 1963.-G-168, 27°01.5'N, 79°11.5'W, 229- TAREN CHANNEL: P-1171, 23°34'N, 79°20' 275 m, 29 June 1963.-G-169, 27°04'N, 79°21'W, W, 516-522 m, 27 June 1970. HISPANIOLA: 522-567 m, 29 June 1963.-G-170, 27°] I'N, 79° P-1186, 18°29.7'N, 74°38.7'W, -183 m, 2 July 30'W, 659-677 m, 29 June 1963.-G-I77, 27°20' 1970.-P-1l87, 18°17'N, 75°07'W, 1,034 m, 2 July N, 79°34'W, 686 m, 30 June 1963. BLAKE 1970. JAMAICA: P-1190, 17°40'N, 75°42'W, PLATEAU: G-179, 27°51'N, 79°14'W, 5]2-567 31 m, 2 July 1970.-P-1l91, 17°41'N, 75°41'W, m, I July 1963.-G-181, 27°57'N, 78°56'W, 779 m, 33 m, 2 July 1970.-P-1196, 17°27.S'N, 7soS7'W, 2 July 1963.-G-182, 27°S7'N, 78°40'W, 860-897 26 m, 3 July 1970.-P-I 198, 17°49.4'N, 76° I2.3'W, m, 2 July 1963. NORTHWEST PROVIDENCE 29-3701,4 July 1970.-P-1225, 17°47'N, 77°55.8' CHANNEL: G-190, 25°57'N, 78°07'W, 732-897 W, 530-558 m, 6 July 1970.-P-1252, 17°09'N, m, 4 July 1963. STRAITS OF FLORlDA: G-197, 78°57'W, 26 01, 14 July 1970.-P-1256, 17°27'N, 25°45'N, 79°51.5'W, 329 m, 10 Sept 1963.-G-220, 78°10'W, 603-655 m, 14 July 1970.-P-1261, 17° 24°33'N, 80031'W, 304-320 01, 22 Jan 1964.- 18'N, 77°45'W, 722-769 m, 15 July 1970.-P-1262, G-222, 24°29'N, 80018'W, 787-824 m, 22 Jan 17"21.4'N, 77°34.8'W, 915-1,065 m, 15 July 1970. 1964.-G-234, 25°44'N, 79°22'W, 452-474 01, 30 HISPANIOLA: P-1286, 17"53'N, 71" I3'W, ]8-37 Jan 1964.-G-235, 25°46.5'N, 79°22'W, 531 m, 30 m, 19 July 1970.-P-1298, 18°19'N, 70046'W, 22- Jan 1964.-G-241, 25°33'N, 79°21'W, 494-502 Dl, 24 m, 20 July 1970.-P-1303, 18°2I'N, 69°14.3'W, 30 Jan 1964.-G-242, 25°38'N, 79°22'W, 458-531 170-176 01, 21 July 1970. SOUTHEASTERN m, 30 Jan 1964.-G-246, 27°00'N, 79°]2.5'W, 512 FLORIDA: P-1306, 25°44.5'N, 79°50.0'W, 302- m, 5 Feb 1964.-G-247, 27°IO'N, 79°20'W, 567 m, 366 m, 4 Dec 1970.-P-1309, off Miami, 311 m, 5 Feb 1964. BLAKE PLATEAU: G-251, 27°25' 5 Dec 1970. COSTA RICA: P-1317, 9°59'N, 82° N, 78°37.5'W, 293-311 m, 5 Feb I964.-G-252, 55'W, 55-69 m, 27 Jan 1971. NICARAGUA: P- 27°29.5'N, 78°37.5'W, 485-496 m, 5 Feb 1964. 1327, 1l009'N, 83°41'W, 37 m, 27 Jan 1971.-P- STRAITS OF FLORIDA: G-26], 27°24'N, 79° 1331, 11051.2'N, 83°35.3'W, 20 m, 28 Jan 1971.- 32'W, 494-512 01, 7 Feb 1964.-G-265, 25°41'N, P-1332, 12°06'N, 83°34'W, 18 m, 28 Jan 1971.- 79°59'W, 329-335 m, 29 March 1964.-G-266, 25° P-1333, 12°15.8'N, 83°31.1'W, 11-13 01, 28 Jan 45'N, 79°57'W, 339-342 m, 29 March 1964.-G- 197J.-P-1336, ]2°42'N, 82°47'W, 38-46 m, 29 270, 25°32'N, 79°21'W, 311-329 m, 30 March Jan 1970.-P-1354, 14°21'N, 81°55'W, 192-26301, I964.-G-289, 24°I5'N, 81°20'W, 549-604 Dl, 3 31 Jan 1970. HONDURAS: P-1356, 14°53.9'N, April I964.-G-357, 25°33'N, 79°31'W, 842 m, 81"23.2'W, 296-375 m, 31 Jan ]970.-P-1365, 16° 25 Aug 1964.-G-362, 24°10'N, 8l042'W, 625-641 00.5'N, 84°19.5'W, 38 m, I Feb 1971.-P-1366, 01, 15 Sept 1964.-G-374, 23°50'N, 81°37'W, 16°04'N, 84°44'W, 51 01, 2 Feb 1971.-P-1368, 1,208-1,241 01, 17 Sept 1964.-G-386, 27°09.5'N, 16°03.2'N, 85°12'W, 117-124 m, 2 Feb 1971.- 79°17.5'W, 604 Dl, 19 Sept I964.-G-391, 27°21' P-1369, 16°07'N, 85°38'W, 55-57 m, 2 Feb 1971. N, 79°11'W, 46-92 Dl, 19 Sept 1964.-G-392, 27° HISPANIOLA: P-1386, ]8°22.8'N, 69°06.6'W, 21.5'N, 79°1l'W, 124-137 m, 19 Sept 1964.-G- 92-148 m, 9 July 197I.-P-1387, 18°2J.4'N, 69° 393, 27°22'N, 79° ll'W, 165-174 m, ]9 Sept 1964. 08.7'W, 130-165 m, 9 July 1971.-P-1393, 18° BLAKE PLATEAU: G-398, 27°33'N, 79°04'W, 21.7'N, 69°18.4'W, 150 m, 10 July 1971.-P-1395, 403 m, 20 Sept 1964.-G-403, 27°49'N, 78°50'W, 18°20.9'N, 69°11.8'W, 165-16701,10 July 1971.- 824 m, 20 Sept 1964. STRAlTS OF FLORIDA: P-141O, 20011'N, 68°52.9'W, -180 m, 17 July G-412, 26°36'N, 79°59'W, 37 m, 22 Sept 1964.- 1971. BAHAMA AND TURKS AND CAICOS G-423, 26°08'N, 80004'W, 55 m, 22 Sept ]964.- ISLANDS: P-1421, 21°36.I'N, 71°01'W, 71-95 m, G-439, 24° 14'N, 82°23'W, 565-584 m, 29 Nov 19 July I971.-P-1425, 20056.5'N, 71°34'W, 403- 1964.-G-448, 23°54'N, 82°21'W, 1135-1184 m, 1 0 430 m, 19 July 1971.-P-1435, 21°58'N, 73°41.5' Dec 1964.-0-457, 24°38'N, 80 46'W, 174-183 Dl, W, 1,650 01, 22 July ]971.-P-]438, 22°27.3'N, 23 Jan 1965.-G-472, 24°14'N, 82°56'W, 549-567 73°10.1'W, 742-770 m, 23 July 1971.-P-]439, 22° m, 25 Jan 1965.-G-474, 24°15'N, 82°52'W, 576 m, 35.5'N, 73°32'W, 200 m, 23 July 1971.-P-1441, 25 Jan 1965.-G-475, 24°14'N, 82°35'W, 549-555 22°25.l'N, 73°52'W, 855 m, 23 July 1971. m, 26 Jan 1965.-G-476, 24°15'N, 82°17'W, 512- GERDA stations.-STRAlTS OF FLORIDA: 549 m, 26 Jan ]965.-G-478, 24°15'N, 82°08'W, G-15, 25°45'N, 80000'W, 275-302 m, 30 May 1962. 348-543 m, 26 Jan 1965. NW PROVIDENCE -G-56, 25°31'N, 79°20'W, 458 m, 28 Aug 1962.- CHANNEL: G-493, 26°29'N, 7S052'W, 183-549 G-62, 25°30.5'N, 80000'W, 384-403 m, 29 Aug 01,3 Feb ]965.-G-503, 26°28.5'N, 78°45.5'W, 366 1962.-0-66, 25°25.5'N, 79°59'W, 366 01, 26 Sept m, 4 Feb 1965. STRAlTS OF FLORIDA: G-509, 1962.-G-67, 25°31'N, 79°57'W, 351 m, 26 Sept 26°08'N, 79°1l'W, 311-329 m, 2 March 1965.- MEYER ET AL.: CRINOID ZOOGEOGRAPHY 44]
G-510, 26° 10'N, 79°08.4'W, 311-329 01, 2 March 1967. NW PROVIDENCE CHANNEL: G-9]5, 1965. NW PROVIDENCE CHANNEL: G-522, 25°54'N, 78°]2'W, 43901,26 Sept ]967. BLAKE 26°08.9'N, 78°50'W, 322-366 01, 3 March 1965.- PLATEAU: G-930, 27"25'N, 79°lO'W, 238 01, 30 G-526, 26°28'N, 78°40.5'W, 278-329 01, 3 March Sept ]967.-G-934, 27°32'N, 78°44'W, 375-421 01, ]965.-G-533, 26°27.5'N, 78°44.5'W, 384-403 01, 30 Sept 1967. STRAITS OF FLORIDA: G-936, 4 March J965. STRAITS OF FLORIDA: G-562, 26°35'N, 79°20'W, 604 m, 1 Oct 1967. YU- 24°32'N, 83°18'W, 71 m, ]2 April ]965.-G-564, CATAN CHANNEL: G-956, 20050'N, 86°30'W, 24°32'N, 83°15'W, 68 01, 12 April ]965.-G-582, 46-183 m, 29 Jan 1968. STRAITS OF FLORIDA: 24°3I'N, 8JD23'W, 92 m, 14 April 1965.-G-589, G-963, 23°41'N, 82°16'W, 1,442-1,455 01, 1 Feb 24°39'N, 80045'W, ]48-152 m, 14 April 1965.- I968.-G-966, 24°lO'N, 82°22'W, 553-558 m, 2 G-600, 25°02.5'N, 800 18.8'W, 71-73 m, 15 April Feb 1968.-G-967, 24°15'N, 82°26'W, 500-503 m, 1965.-G-636, 26°04'N, 79°13'W, 46-128 m, 30 2 Feb 1968.-G-972, 24°24'N, 80052'W, 22]-231 June ]965. BLAKE PLATEAU: G-663,27°34'N, 01, 3 Feb ]968.-G-974, 24°22'N, 80057'W, 251- 79°22'W, 569-576 m, 17 July 1965.-G-664, 27° 252 01, 3 Feb 1968.-G-975, 24°27'N, 81° 15'W, 38'N, 79°22'W, 564-567 m, 17 July 1965.-G-672, 181-183 01,3 Feb 1968.-G-976, 24°30'N, 81°13' 27°52.7'N, 79°03'W, 796 m, J8 July 1965. NW W, ]83 m, 3 Feb ]968.-G-977, 24°32'N, 81°08'W, PROVIDENCE CHANNEL: G-678, 25°56'N, 78° J83 01, 3 Feb 1968.-G-978, 24°32'N, 81°07'W, 09'W, 540-576 01,20 July 1965.-G-681, 25°52'N, 183 01, 3 Feb 1968.-G-984, 24°05'N, 80020'W, 77°53.5'W, 198-223 01,20 July 1965.-G-683, 25° 156-23101,5 March 1968.-G-999, 27°18'N, 79° 51'N, 77°51.5'W, 225-227 01, 20 July 1965.-G- 39'W, 530-551 01,21 May 1968.-G-1008, 24°00' 688, 26°35'N, 78°16'W, 472-512 m, 21 July 1965. N, 79°42'W, 540-576 01, 14 June 1968. SAN- -G-692, 26°34'N, 78°26.2'W, 329-42] m, 21 July TAREN CHANNEL: G-]012, 23°37'N, 79°32'W, 1965.-G-693, 26°34'N, 78°25'W, 275-293 m, 21 509-531 m, 14 June 1968.-G-1018, 24°00'N, 79° July I965.-G-694, 26°27.I'N, 78°42.5'W, 622- 26'W, 55601, 15 June 1968. STRA]TS OF FLOR- 695 01, 21 July 1965.-G-695, 26°28'N, 78°43'W, IDA: G-1028, 24°28.4'N, 81°24.3'W, ]37-143 m, 555-575 m, 22 Ju]y ]965.-G-696, 26°29'N, 78°39' 25 Feb 1969.-G-1035, 24°34.7'N, 80058.6'W, W, 458-467 m, 22 Ju]y ]965.-G-697, 26°29'N, 150-18301,26 Feb I969.-G-1099, 24° 12.5'N, 82° 78°44'W, 247-373 m, 22 J ulyI965.-G-698, 26° 50'W, 619-622 m, 28 April 1969.-G-IIO], 24° 29'N, 78°40'W, J65-329 m, 22 July 1965.-G-705, IO'N, 82°51.5'W, 787 m, 28 April 1969.-G-1I02, 26°28'N, 78°43'W, 362-393 m, 22 July 1965.- 24°15.5'N, 81°34'W, 249 01, 29 April 1969.-G- G-706, 26°28'N, 78°40'W, 489-522 m, 22 July 1125, 26°45'N, 79°05'W, 494-531 m, 13 June ]969. ]965.-G-707, 26°26.8'N, 78°42.3'W, 514-586 m, -G-1246, 23°57.7'N, 80028.6'W, 6501 (SCUBA), 22 July I965.-G-708, 26°27'N, 78°47.2'W, 650 11 March 1970. YUCATAN CHANNEL: G-1275, 01, 22 July 1965. STRAITS OF FLORIDA: G- 21°02'N, 86°29'W, 225-375 m, 21 Aug 1970.- 725, 26°00.8'N, 79°09.8'W, 143-210 m, 3 Aug G-1286, 21°06'N, 86°28'W, 2]0-348 01, 23 Aug 1965.-G-808, 26°38'N, 79°33'W, 750 m, 13 Sept 1970. STRAITS OF FLORIDA: G-1312, 26° 1966.-G-815, 24°08'N, 79°48'W, 619 m, 22 June 38.4'N, 79°02.5'W, 505-527 m, 31 March 1971. 1967.-G-828, 25°34'N, 79°57'W, 333-340 m, 7 -G-13 14, 26°52.4'N, 79°] 1.8'W, 531-540 01, July 1967.-G-830, 25°43'N, 79°59'W, 342 m, 7 31 March 1971. NW PROVIDENCE CHANNEL: July.-G-834, 25°15'N, 80° lO'W, 79-86 m, lO G-1327, 25°59.5'N, 78°33'W, 421-426 m, 1l Dec July 1967.-G-840, 24°24'N, 80°41 'W, 289-296 01, 197J.-G-1329, 25°50'N, 78°22'W, 236-265 01, 1I I] Ju]y J967.-G-841, 24°39'N, 80044'W, 179 m, Dec 1971. 11 July 1967.-G-842, 24°38'N, 80042'W, 179 01, COLUMBUSISELINstations.-BAHAMAS: CI-27, 11 July 1967.-G-845, 25°36'N, 80001'W, 296-318 25°24.9'N, 78°05.4'W, 658-666 01, 7 July 1972.- m, 12 July 1967.-G-849, 25°55'N, 80000'W, 256 CI-37, 25°09.3'N, 77°11.25'W, 512-540 01, 9 Ju]y m, 2 Aug 1967.-G-859, 24°01'N, 81°53'W, J,162- I972.-CI-60, 24°26.I'N, 77°29'W, 1,527-1,545 1,200 m, 29 Aug 1967.-G-861, 24°08'N, 81°36'W, m, 28 Feb 1973.-CI-I03, 24°06.2'N, 77°22'W, 514-558 01,29 Aug I967.-G-862, 24°19'N, 81° 1,423-1,450 m, 21 Sept 1973. STRAITS OF 07'W, 242-247 m, 29 Aug 1967.-G-863, 24°19'N, FLORIDA: CI-140, 26°27'N, 79°36.4'W, 732-738 81°07'W, 234 m, 29 Aug 1967.-G-864, 24° 18'N, m, 28 Sept J973. 81°07'W, 223 01,29 Aug 1967.-G-865, 24°3I'N, OREGONstations.-GUIANAS: 0-4165,7°57'N, 80058'W, 174 m, 29 Aug 1967. YUCATAN 58°00'W, 59 m, 18 Feb 1963.-0-4]66, 7°34'N, CHANNEL: G-879, 21°03'N, 86°25'W, 210 m, 57°26'W, 47 01,18 Feb ]963.-0-4170, 6°23'N, 56° 9 Sept 1967.-G-880, 21°04'N, 86°25'W, 101-329 U5'W, 31 m, 19 Feb J963. BRAZIL: 0-4215, 0° m, 9 Sept 1967.-G-882, 21°12'N, 86°20'W, 64-73 27'S, 47"09'W, 22 m, 8 March J963.-0-4216, 0° 01,9 Sept 1967.-G-885, 21°]4'N, 86°27'W, 4]9- ]5'S, 46°45'W, 27 m, 8 March 1963.-0-4217, 434 m, 9 Sept 1967.-G-887, 21°05'N, 86°28'W, 0° 14'S, 46°40'W, 27 m, 8 March 1963.-0-4221, 37-157 m, 9 Sept 1967.-G-889, 20055'N, 86°28' 0008'N, 45°33'W, 72 01, 8 March 1963.-0-4225, W, 178-220 m, 10 Sept 1967.-G-893, 21°10'N, 00J8'N, 44°23'W, 183 m, 9 March 1963.-0-4226, 86°21 'W, 241-320 m, lO Sept 1967.-G-894, 21° 0018'N, 44°17'W, 274 m, 9 March J963.-0-4227, II.5'N, 86° 19'W, 174-207 m, lO Sept 1967.-G- 01024'S, 43°11'W, 73 m, 10 March 1963.-0-4229, 897, 20059'N, 86°24'W, 210-293 01, lO Sept ]967. 1050'S, 43°06'W, 65 m, ]0 March 1963.-0-4232, -G-899, 20057'N, 86°34'W, 40-165 m, 10 Sept 2000'S, 42°45'W, 50 m, lO March 1963.