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Adhesion in Echinoderms
Adhesion in echinoderms PATRICK FLAMMANG* Laboratoire de Biologie marine, Universite' de Mons-Hainaut, Mons, Belgium Final manuscript acceptance: August 1995 KEYWORDS: Adhesive properties, podia, larvae, Cuvierian tubules, Echinodermata. CONTENTS 1 Introduction 2 The podia 2.1 Diversity 2.2 Basic structure and function 2.3 Adhesivity 3 Other attachment mechanisms of echinoderms 3.1 Larval and postlarval adhesive structures 3.2 Cuvierian tubules 4 Comparison with other marine invertebrates 5 Conclusions and prospects Acknowledgements References 1 INTRODUCTION Marine organisms have developed a wide range of mechanisms allowing them to attach to or manipulate a substratum (Nachtigall 1974). Among 1 these mechanisms, one can distinguish between mechanical attachments (e.g. hooks or suckers) and chemical attachments (with adhesive sub- stances). The phylum Echinodermata is quite exceptional in that all its species, *Senior research assistant, National Fund for Scientific Research, Belgium. I whatever their life style, use attachment mechanisms. These mechanisms allow some of them to move, others to feed, and others to burrow in par- ticulate substrata. In echinoderms, adhesivity is usually the function of specialized structures, the podia or tube-feet. These podia are the exter- nal appendages of the arnbulacral system and are also probably the most advanced hydraulic structures in the animal kingdom. 2 THE PODIA From their presumed origin as simple respiratory evaginations of the am- bulacral system (Nichols 1962), podia have diversified into the wide range of specialized structures found in extant echinoderms. This mor- phological diversity of form reflects the variety of functions that podia perform (Lawrence 1987). Indeed, they take part in locomotion, burrow- ing, feeding, sensory perception and respiration. -
Evidence for Cospeciation Events in the Host–Symbiont System Involving Crinoids (Echinodermata) and Their Obligate Associates, the Myzostomids (Myzostomida, Annelida)
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 54 (2010) 357–371 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Evidence for cospeciation events in the host–symbiont system involving crinoids (Echinodermata) and their obligate associates, the myzostomids (Myzostomida, Annelida) Déborah Lanterbecq a,*, Grey W. Rouse b, Igor Eeckhaut a a Marine Biology Laboratory, University of Mons, 6 Av. du Champ de Mars, Bât. Sciences de la vie, B-7000 Mons, Belgium b Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202, USA article info abstract Article history: Although molecular-based phylogenetic studies of hosts and their associates are increasingly common Received 14 April 2009 in the literature, no study to date has examined the hypothesis of coevolutionary process between Revised 3 August 2009 hosts and commensals in the marine environment. The present work investigates the phylogenetic Accepted 12 August 2009 relationships among 16 species of obligate symbiont marine worms (Myzostomida) and their echino- Available online 15 August 2009 derm hosts (Crinoidea) in order to estimate the phylogenetic congruence existing between the two lin- eages. The combination of a high species diversity in myzostomids, their host specificity, their wide Keywords: variety of lifestyles and body shapes, and millions years of association, raises many questions about Coevolution the underlying mechanisms triggering their diversification. The phylogenetic -
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections [Vol
NEW GENERA OF RECENT FREE CRINOIDS By AUSTIN HOBART CLARK Assistant, Bureau of Fisheries Since the publication of Dr. P. H. Carpenter's great monograph on the recent unstalked crinoids in 1888, the group has received very- little attention from systematists, probably because of the rarity of most of the species and the difficulty in getting together representative material of even the more common ones. Dr. Carpenter included in the family Comatulidse the genera Thaumatocrinus, Eudiocrinus, Promachocrinus (including the subsequently differentiated Decame- trocrinus), Atelecrinus, Antedon, Comatula (=Actinometra) , and Thiolliericrinus. All of these, with the exception of Antedon and Comatula, are comparatively small, strictly homogeneous genera; with them, however, the case is quite different. The genus Antedon was divided by Dr. Carpenter into four "series," and all but the first series into two or more "groups," the characters used in the differ- entiation of the groups and series being (1) the character of the joint between the costals, (2) the number of arms, (3) the number of the distichals, (4) the character of the lower pinnules, (5) the development or absence of covering plates on the ambulacra, and (6) the rounded or "wall-sided" character of the costals and lower brachials. Of all these characters, the first alone is the only one not common to two or more of his series or groups, as diagnosed by him. Taking No. 2, for instance, five of his groups and also several unassigned species are ten-armed ; all the rest have more than ten arms. A number of single species have both ten and more than ten arms, as a result of purely individual variation. -
DEEP SEA LEBANON RESULTS of the 2016 EXPEDITION EXPLORING SUBMARINE CANYONS Towards Deep-Sea Conservation in Lebanon Project
DEEP SEA LEBANON RESULTS OF THE 2016 EXPEDITION EXPLORING SUBMARINE CANYONS Towards Deep-Sea Conservation in Lebanon Project March 2018 DEEP SEA LEBANON RESULTS OF THE 2016 EXPEDITION EXPLORING SUBMARINE CANYONS Towards Deep-Sea Conservation in Lebanon Project Citation: Aguilar, R., García, S., Perry, A.L., Alvarez, H., Blanco, J., Bitar, G. 2018. 2016 Deep-sea Lebanon Expedition: Exploring Submarine Canyons. Oceana, Madrid. 94 p. DOI: 10.31230/osf.io/34cb9 Based on an official request from Lebanon’s Ministry of Environment back in 2013, Oceana has planned and carried out an expedition to survey Lebanese deep-sea canyons and escarpments. Cover: Cerianthus membranaceus © OCEANA All photos are © OCEANA Index 06 Introduction 11 Methods 16 Results 44 Areas 12 Rov surveys 16 Habitat types 44 Tarablus/Batroun 14 Infaunal surveys 16 Coralligenous habitat 44 Jounieh 14 Oceanographic and rhodolith/maërl 45 St. George beds measurements 46 Beirut 19 Sandy bottoms 15 Data analyses 46 Sayniq 15 Collaborations 20 Sandy-muddy bottoms 20 Rocky bottoms 22 Canyon heads 22 Bathyal muds 24 Species 27 Fishes 29 Crustaceans 30 Echinoderms 31 Cnidarians 36 Sponges 38 Molluscs 40 Bryozoans 40 Brachiopods 42 Tunicates 42 Annelids 42 Foraminifera 42 Algae | Deep sea Lebanon OCEANA 47 Human 50 Discussion and 68 Annex 1 85 Annex 2 impacts conclusions 68 Table A1. List of 85 Methodology for 47 Marine litter 51 Main expedition species identified assesing relative 49 Fisheries findings 84 Table A2. List conservation interest of 49 Other observations 52 Key community of threatened types and their species identified survey areas ecological importanc 84 Figure A1. -
Överklass Crinozoa – Crinozoer KLASS Crinoidea – Liljestjärnor
2 • nationalnyckeln till sveriges flora och fauna ÖVERKLASS Crinozoa – crinozoer STAM Echinodermata ÖVERKLASS Överklassen Crinozoa omfattar tagghudingar vilkas crinozoer. Liljestjärnor utgör den äldsta av de nu le KLASS kropp byggs upp av en bägarlik struktur, calyx, där vande klasserna av tagghudingar och är kända genom ORDNING FAMILJ både mun och analöppning är placerade på översi ungefär 545 miljoner år gamla fossil, dvs. från början SLÄKTE dan. Undersidan (aboralsidan) fäster vid ett underlag, av kambrium. antingen direkt med ett antal ”gripklor” (cirrer) på Fossillagren antyder att crinozoer var en domine calyx eller med en mer eller mindre lång stjälk. Från rande djurgrupp fram till slutet av karbon (för ca 300 calyx övre del utgår fem eller fler armar, som kan vara miljoner år sedan), då många grupper dog ut. Ytterli mer eller mindre rikt förgrenade. gare grupper dog ut i det stora massutdöendet i slutet Förutom den nu levande klassen Crinoidea av perm (för ca 250 miljoner år sedan). (lilje stjärnor) finns åtminstone en utdöd klass av KLASS Crinoidea – liljestjärnor STAM Echinodermata ÖVERKLASS Crinozoa Liljestjärnor är den enda klassen av crinozoer som le Bland dessa finns stjälkade (ca 100) och ostjälkade KLASS ver i dag. Gruppens systematik är omdiskuterad, men (ca 550) arter. De ostjälkade arterna kallas hårstjärnor ORDNING FAMILJ man urskiljer när denna nationalnyckelvolym produ och de stjälkade benämner vi här sjöliljor (ett namn SLÄKTE ceras (2013) åtta ordningar, som inkluderar fler än som ofta har använts för hela gruppen Crino idea), 6 000 beskrivna fossila arter. I vilka av dessa ordning i analogi med engelskans indelning i stjälkade ”sea ar de nu levande ca 650 arterna ska placeras är inte lilies” och ostjälkade ”feather stars”. -
Vulnerable Forests of the Pink Sea Fan Eunicella Verrucosa in the Mediterranean Sea
diversity Article Vulnerable Forests of the Pink Sea Fan Eunicella verrucosa in the Mediterranean Sea Giovanni Chimienti 1,2 1 Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; [email protected]; Tel.: +39-080-544-3344 2 CoNISMa, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00197 Roma, Italy Received: 14 April 2020; Accepted: 28 April 2020; Published: 30 April 2020 Abstract: The pink sea fan Eunicella verrucosa (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Alcyonacea) can form coral forests at mesophotic depths in the Mediterranean Sea. Despite the recognized importance of these habitats, they have been scantly studied and their distribution is mostly unknown. This study reports the new finding of E. verrucosa forests in the Mediterranean Sea, and the updated distribution of this species that has been considered rare in the basin. In particular, one site off Sanremo (Ligurian Sea) was characterized by a monospecific population of E. verrucosa with 2.3 0.2 colonies m 2. By combining ± − new records, literature, and citizen science data, the species is believed to be widespread in the basin with few or isolated colonies, and 19 E. verrucosa forests were identified. The overall associated community showed how these coral forests are essential for species of conservation interest, as well as for species of high commercial value. For this reason, proper protection and management strategies are necessary. Keywords: Anthozoa; Alcyonacea; gorgonian; coral habitat; coral forest; VME; biodiversity; mesophotic; citizen science; distribution 1. Introduction Arborescent corals such as antipatharians and alcyonaceans can form mono- or multispecific animal forests that represent vulnerable marine ecosystems of great ecological importance [1–4]. -
BENTHIC FAUNA of the NORTH AEGEAN SEA II CRINOIDEA and HOLOTHURIOIDEA (ECHINODERMATA) Athanasios S
BENTHIC FAUNA OF THE NORTH AEGEAN SEA II CRINOIDEA AND HOLOTHURIOIDEA (ECHINODERMATA) Athanasios S. Koukouras, Apostolos I. Sinis To cite this version: Athanasios S. Koukouras, Apostolos I. Sinis. BENTHIC FAUNA OF THE NORTH AEGEAN SEA II CRINOIDEA AND HOLOTHURIOIDEA (ECHINODERMATA). Vie et Milieu / Life & Environment, Observatoire Océanologique - Laboratoire Arago, 1981, pp.271-281. hal-03010387 HAL Id: hal-03010387 https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-03010387 Submitted on 17 Nov 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. VIE MILIEU, 1981, 31 (3-4): 271-281 FAUNA OF THE NORTH AEGEAN IL CRINOIDEA AND HOLOTHURIOIDEA (ECHINODERMATA) Athanasios S. KOUKOURAS and Apostolos I. SINIS Laboratory of Zoology, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece BENTHOS RÉSUMÉ. - Deux espèces de Crinoïdes et 22 espèces d'Holothurioidea ont été récoltées CRINOÏDES au Nord de la Mer Égée. 7 espèces, Holothuria (H.) stellati, H. (H.) mammata, Paracucuma- HOLOTHURIDES ria hyndmanni, Havelockia inermis, Phyllophorus granulatus, Leptosynapta makrankyra, MÉDITERRANÉE Labidoplax thomsoni sont nouvelles pour la Méditerranée orientale (20° plus à l'est), 3 MER EGÉE espèces, Holothuria (Thymiosycia) impatiens, H. (Platyperona) sanctori, H. (Panningothuria) forskali sont nouvelles pour la Mer Égée, et 5 espèces, le Crinoïde Leptometra phalangium et les Holothurides Holothuria (H.) helleri, Leptopentacta tergestina, Thyone fusus et T. -
Zoogeography of Tropical Western Atlantic Crinoidea (Echinodermata) David L
Nova Southeastern University NSUWorks Oceanography Faculty Articles Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences 7-1-1978 Zoogeography of Tropical Western Atlantic Crinoidea (Echinodermata) David L. Meyer University of Cincinnati - Main Campus Charles G. Messing University of Miami, [email protected] Donald B. Macurda Jr. University of Michigan - Ann Arbor Find out more information about Nova Southeastern University and the Oceanographic Center. Follow this and additional works at: http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_facarticles Part of the Marine Biology Commons, and the Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology Commons Recommended Citation Meyer, David L., Charles G. Messing, and Donald B. Macurda Jr. "Biological results of the University of Miami deep-sea expeditions. 129. Zoogeography of tropical western Atlantic Crinoidea (Echinodermata)." Bulletin of Marine Science 28, no. 3 (1978): 412-441. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Oceanography Faculty Articles by an authorized administrator of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 28(3): 412-441, 1978 BIOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MTAMI DEEP-SEA EXPEDITIONS. 129. ZOOGEOGRAPHY OF TROPICAL WESTERN ATLANTIC CRINOIDEA (ECHINODERMATA) David L. Meyer, Charles G. Messing, and Donald B. Macurda, Jr. ABSTRACT Recent collcctions of crinoids from the intertidal zone to ],650 m in the tropical western Atlantic have provided significant range extensions for more than half of the 44 comatulid and stalked species known from the region. Of the 34 comatulid species, over 60% are endemic to the region; of the 10 stalked species, 90% are endemic. -
Evidence for a Sacrificial Response to Predation in the Reproductive
OCEANOLOGICA ACTA- VOL. 19- W 3-4 ~ -----~- Crinoidea Evidence for a sacrificial response Antedon Reproductive cycle Predation to predation in the reproductive Crenilabrus Crinoidea strate gy of the comatulid crinoid Antedon Cycle reproductif Prédation Antedon bifida from the English Channel Crenilabrus David NICHOLS Department of Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Prince ofWales Road, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK. Received 13112/94, in revised forrn 03/11/95, accepted 07111/95. ABSTRACT A population of the North-East Atlantic feather star Antedon bifida (Pennant) from a site in strong currents off South Devon, U.K., maintains a high level of maturity throughout its annual cycle, yet spawns only at a precise period of the year. Most individuals Jose a proportion (mean: 17 %) of their pinnules from pre dation by the corkwing wrasse, Crenilabrus melops. An account of sorne aspects of predation of the crinoid by the fish is given. It is suggested that the crinoid maintains the maturity of its reproductive tissues at an unusually high level throughout the year so that the predator will take the pinnules, including the energy-rich gonads, in preference to the more vulnerable calyx. It is also sugges ted that a stress-response may be involved in the maintenance of continuous gametogenic activity by the crinoid, and, further, that attracting the predatory fish to itself may help rid the crinoid' s exterior of epizoics. RÉSUMÉ Se sacrifier à la prédation, une stratégie de reproduction développée par la comatule Antedon bifida en Manche. Une population de la comatule du nord-est Atlantique Antedon bifida (Pennant), située dans une zone de forts courants au large de la côte du sud du Devonshire (U.K.), maintient sa maturité à un haut niveau pendant tout son cycle annuel, alors qu'eUe ne pond qu'à une période très précise de l'année. -
Crinoids, Belonging to the Families Antedonidae and Atelecrinidae
RECENT UNSTALKED CRINOIDS. 129 NOTE XXV. Descriptions of twenty new recent unstalked Crinoids, belonging to the families Antedonidae and Atelecrinidae, from the Dutch East Indies BY Austin+H. Clark The work of the the steamship »Siboga” among islands of the East Indian Archipelago resulted in the discovery of of unstalked many new species crinoids. In view of the amount of in and large work necessary assembling digest- the data ing accumulated on these, and especially on the species already known, it has seemed advisable to publish in advance preliminary diagnoses of the new forms in order to guard against possible anticipation. In the the present paper new species belonging to the families ANTEDONIDAE and ATELECRINIDAE, including among them the most striking of those collected by the »Siboga”, are considered. All of the new species will be described in greater detail and figured in the final memoir on these animals in the »Siboga” series 1). Family ANTEDONIDAE. Antedon moluccana, sp. nov. The centrodorsal is low hemispherical, the bare dorsal with rounded pole very slightly convex an obscure broadly median tubercle surrounded by obsolete cirrus-sockets, 1.5 mm. in diameter. See for the of the Nos f the various 1) explanation 0 page 156. Notes from the Leyden Museum, "Vol. XXXIV. 9 130 RECENT UNSTALKED CRINOIBS 15—17 the The cirri are about XXX, (usually latter), is the longest about 18 mm. long; the first segment very is and to two short, the second one one half times as median the third is from two and long as the diameter, three the -
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 72, NUMBER 7 SEA-LILIES AND FEATHER-STARS (With i6 Plates) BY AUSTIN H. CLARK (Publication 2620) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 1921 C^e Both (§aitimove (prcee BALTIMORE, MD., U. S. A. SEA-LILIES AND FEATHER-STARS By AUSTIN H. CLARK (With i6 Plates) CONTENTS p^^E Preface i Number and systematic arrangement of the recent crinoids 2 The interrelationships of the crinoid species 3 Form and structure of the crinoids 4 Viviparous crinoids, and sexual differentiation lo The development of the comatulids lo Regeneration 12 Asymmetry 13 The composition of the crinoid skeleton 15 The distribution of the crinoids 15 The paleontological history of the living crinoids 16 The fossil representatives of the recent crinoid genera 17 The course taken by specialization among the crinoids 18 The occurrence of littoral crinoids 18 The relation of crinoids to temperature 20 Food 22 Locomotion 23 Color 24 The similarity between crinoids and plants 29 Parasites and commensals 34 Commensalism of the crinoids 39 Economic value of the living crinoids 39 Explanation of plates 40 PREFACE Of all the animals living in the sea none have aroused more general interest than the sea-lilies and the feather-stars, the modern repre- sentatives of the Crinoidea. Their delicate, distinctive and beautiful form, their rarity in collections, and the abundance of similar types as fossils in the rocks combined to set the recent crinoids quite apart from the other creatures of the sea and to cause them to be generally regarded as among the greatest curiosities of the animal kingdom. -
FAU Institutional Repository
FAU Institutional Repository http://purl.fcla.edu/fau/fauir This paper was submitted by the faculty of FAU’s Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute. Notice: ©1989 Marine Biological Laboratory. The final published version of this manuscript is available at http://www.biolbull.org/. This article may be cited as: Eckelbarger, K. J., Young, C. M., & Cameron, J. L. (1989). Ultrastructure and Development of Dimorphic Sperm in the Abyssal Echinoid Phrissocystis multispina (Echinodermata: Echinoidea): Implications for Deep Sea Reproductive Biology. The Biological Bulletin, 176(3), 257‐271. Reference: BioL Bull. 176: 257—271.(June, 1989) Ultrastructure and Development of Dimorphic Sperm in the Abyssal Echinoid Phrissocystis multispina (Echinodermata: Echinoidea): Implications for Deep Sea Reproductive Biology KEVIN J. ECKELBARGER, CRAIG M. YOUNG, AND J. LANE CAMERON Division ofMarine Sciences, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, 5600 Old Dixie Highway, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946 Abstract. Mature males of the abyssal echinoid Phris et a!., 1982; Tyler, 1988). Until now, however, technol socystis multispina produce two types of sperm includ ogy has restricted the study of deep-sea reproduction ing a euspermatozoon typical of echinoids, and a para largely to the analysis of paraffin sections of preserved spermatozoon, which is bipolar-tailed. The structure of gonads collected from trawls or dredge collections the testis and most features of spermatogenesis are sim (Georgeand Menzies1967,1968;Rokop, 1974,1977; ilar to that of other echinoids. Development of both Ahfeld, 1977; Pain et a!., 1982a, b; Tyler and Gage, 1982, sperm types is identical until the spermatid stage when 1983, 1984; Tyler et al., 1982). Little is known about ga the nucleus ofthe paraspermatozoon undergoes chroma mete structure, fertilization biology, or development of tin reduction.