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The Forgotten Fronts the First World War Battlefield Guide: World War Battlefield First the the Forgotten Fronts Forgotten The
Ed 1 Nov 2016 1 Nov Ed The First World War Battlefield Guide: Volume 2 The Forgotten Fronts The First Battlefield War World Guide: The Forgotten Fronts Creative Media Design ADR005472 Edition 1 November 2016 THE FORGOTTEN FRONTS | i The First World War Battlefield Guide: Volume 2 The British Army Campaign Guide to the Forgotten Fronts of the First World War 1st Edition November 2016 Acknowledgement The publisher wishes to acknowledge the assistance of the following organisations in providing text, images, multimedia links and sketch maps for this volume: Defence Geographic Centre, Imperial War Museum, Army Historical Branch, Air Historical Branch, Army Records Society,National Portrait Gallery, Tank Museum, National Army Museum, Royal Green Jackets Museum,Shepard Trust, Royal Australian Navy, Australian Defence, Royal Artillery Historical Trust, National Archive, Canadian War Museum, National Archives of Canada, The Times, RAF Museum, Wikimedia Commons, USAF, US Library of Congress. The Cover Images Front Cover: (1) Wounded soldier of the 10th Battalion, Black Watch being carried out of a communication trench on the ‘Birdcage’ Line near Salonika, February 1916 © IWM; (2) The advance through Palestine and the Battle of Megiddo: A sergeant directs orders whilst standing on one of the wooden saddles of the Camel Transport Corps © IWM (3) Soldiers of the Royal Army Service Corps outside a Field Ambulance Station. © IWM Inside Front Cover: Helles Memorial, Gallipoli © Barbara Taylor Back Cover: ‘Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red’ at the Tower of London © Julia Gavin ii | THE FORGOTTEN FRONTS THE FORGOTTEN FRONTS | iii ISBN: 978-1-874346-46-3 First published in November 2016 by Creative Media Designs, Army Headquarters, Andover. -
Greek-Australian Alliance 1899
GREEK-AUSTRALIAN ALLIANCE 1899 - 2016 100th Anniversary Macedonian Front 75th Anniversary Battles of Greece and Crete COURAGE SACRIFICE MATESHIP PHILOTIMO 1899 -1902 – Greek Australians Frank Manusu (above), Constantine Alexander, Thomas Haraknoss, Elias Lukas and George Challis served with the colonial forces in the South African Boer War. 1912 - 1913 – Australian volunteers served in the Royal Hellenic Forces in the Balkans Wars. At the outbreak of the Second Balkan War in 1913, John Thomas Woods of the St John Ambulance volunteered for service with the Red Cross, assisting the Greek Medical Corps at Thessaloniki, a service for which he was recognised with a Greek medal by King Constantine of Greece. 1914 - 1918 – Approximately 90 Greek Australians served on Gallipoli and the Western Front. Some were born in Athens, Crete, Castellorizo, Kythera, Ithaca, Peloponnesus, Samos, and Cephalonia, Lefkada and Cyprus and others in Australia. They were joined by Greek Australian nurses, including Cleopatra Johnson (Ioanou), daughter of Antoni Ioanou, gold miner of Moonan Brook, NSW. One of 13 Greek Australian Gallipoli veterans, George Cretan (Bikouvarakis) was born in Kefalas, Crete in 1888 and migrated to Sydney in 1912. On the left in Crete, 1910 and middle in Sydney 1918 wearing his Gallipoli Campaign medals. Right, Greek Australian Western Front veteran Joseph Morris (Sifis Voyiatzis) of Cretan heritage. PAGE 2 1915, 4th March – The first Anzacs landed on Lemnos Island, in Moudros Harbour and were part of the largest armada ever assembled at that time. The island served as the main base of operations for the Gallipoli Campaign, including hospitals. In the waters around Lemnos and the island’s soil now rest over 220 Anzacs. -
Macedonians and the Greek Civil War
Macedonians and the Greek Civil War By By Naum Peiov (Translated from Macedonian to English and edited by Risto Stefov) Macedonians and the Greek Civil War Published by: Risto Stefov Publications [email protected] Toronto, Canada Originally published in Macedonian in June 1968 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without written consent from the author, except for the inclusion of brief and documented quotations in a review. Copyright 2015 by Naum Peiov & Risto Stefov e-book edition November 16, 2015 2 INDEX Foreword ............................................................................................4 PART ONE – The Greek Civil War 1945 – 1949 - Introduction ......8 CHAPTER ONE – Unilateral Civil War .........................................21 CHAPTER TWO - Restoration of the monarchy ............................52 CHAPTER THREE – ESTABLISHING A DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT..............................................................................72 CHAPTER FOUR - Withdrawal of the Democratic Army .............81 PART TWO - Macedonians in the Greek Civil War .......................91 CHAPTER FIVE – Systematic persecution of the Macedonian people ...............................................................................................91 CHAPTER SIX - RESISTANCE TO NEW PRESSURE .............127 CHAPTER SEVEN - RELATIONS BETWEEN NOF AND THE CPG................................................................................................136 -
Balkan Wars Between the Lines: Violence and Civilians in Macedonia, 1912-1918
ABSTRACT Title of Document: BALKAN WARS BETWEEN THE LINES: VIOLENCE AND CIVILIANS IN MACEDONIA, 1912-1918 Stefan Sotiris Papaioannou, Ph.D., 2012 Directed By: Professor John R. Lampe, Department of History This dissertation challenges the widely held view that there is something morbidly distinctive about violence in the Balkans. It subjects this notion to scrutiny by examining how inhabitants of the embattled region of Macedonia endured a particularly violent set of events: the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913 and the First World War. Making use of a variety of sources including archives located in the three countries that today share the region of Macedonia, the study reveals that members of this majority-Orthodox Christian civilian population were not inclined to perpetrate wartime violence against one another. Though they often identified with rival national camps, inhabitants of Macedonia were typically willing neither to kill their neighbors nor to die over those differences. They preferred to pursue priorities they considered more important, including economic advancement, education, and security of their properties, all of which were likely to be undermined by internecine violence. National armies from Balkan countries then adjacent to geographic Macedonia (Bulgaria, Greece, and Serbia) and their associated paramilitary forces were instead the perpetrators of violence against civilians. In these violent activities they were joined by armies from Western and Central Europe during the First World War. Contrary to existing military and diplomatic histories that emphasize continuities between the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913 and the First World War, this primarily social history reveals that the nature of abuses committed against civilians changed rapidly during this six-year period. -
Battle of Kosturino: the Irish-Australian Connection
Battle of Kosturino: the Irish-Australian connection Dr Jeff Kildea Adjunct Professor in Irish Studies University of New South Wales Battle of Kosturino: the Irish-Australian connection The Battle of Kosturino is a little-known action in the little-known Macedonian campaign during the very well-known First World War. While this minor clash in the Balkans in December 1915 is of little significance in the overall context of the war, its interest for me as an Australian is that the battle involved troops from the 10th (Irish) Division, recently transferred from Gallipoli where the division’s 29th Brigade had served alongside the Anzacs during the August offensive at Lone Pine, Quinn’s Post, Chunuk Bair and Hill 60. At the Battle of Kosturino a small contingent of Australian soldiers served alongside the Irish.1 Background Today, Kosturino is a village in the Republic of Macedonia (aka Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), given the country’s naming dispute with Greece since 1991 following the break-up of Yugoslavia). In 1915 the village was in the Kingdom of Serbia. As every school student knows the First World War had its origins in the Balkans when a Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip assassinated the Austrian Archduke Ferdinand and his wife Sophie in Sarajevo. But once the fighting began the focus of the war quickly shifted to Belgium, France and Russia while the Balkans, the source of the conflict, was all but forgotten. Out of the limelight, the Serbians held the vengeful Austrians back for twelve months while the governments of their Balkan neighbours (especially Bulgaria and Greece) debated within themselves whether to side with the Austrians or the Entente. -
Greek-Australian Alliance 1899
GREEK-AUSTRALIAN ALLIANCE 1899 - 2016 100th Anniversary Macedonian Front 75th Anniversary Battles of Greece and Crete COURAGE SACRIFICE MATESHIP PHILOTIMO 1899 -1902 – Greek Australians Frank Manusu (above), Constantine Alexander, Thomas Haraknoss, Elias Lukas and George Challis served with the colonial forces in the South African Boer War. 1912 - 1913 – Australian volunteers served in the Royal Hellenic Forces in the Balkans Wars. At the outbreak of the Second Balkan War in 1913, John Thomas Woods of the St John Ambulance volunteered for service with the Red Cross, assisting the Greek Medical Corps at Thessaloniki, a service for which he was recognised with a Greek medal by King Constantine of Greece. 1914 - 1918 – Approximately 90 Greek Australians served on Gallipoli and the Western Front. Some were born in Athens, Crete, Castellorizo, Kythera, Ithaca, Peloponnesus, Samos, and Cephalonia, Lefkada and Cyprus and others in Australia. They were joined by Greek Australian nurses, including Cleopatra Johnson (Ioanou), daughter of Antoni Ioanou, gold miner of Moonan Brook, NSW. One of 13 Greek Australian Gallipoli veterans, George Cretan (Bikouvarakis) was born in Kefalas, Crete in 1888 and migrated to Sydney in 1912. On the left in Crete, 1910 and middle in Sydney 1918 wearing his Gallipoli Campaign medals. Right, Greek Australian Western Front veteran Joseph Morris (Sifis Voyiatzis) of Cretan heritage. PAGE 2 1905-1923 -Sir Samuel Sydney Cohen was born on 11 March 1869 at Darlinghurst, Sydney, and was the eldest son of Jewish Australian parents George Judah Cohen and his wife Rebecca, daughter of L. W. Levy. He was a prominent and respected businessman in Newcastle and was appointed Vice-Consul General for Greece in Newcastle in March 1905. -
Inniskillings, Spent Time As a Prisoner in Germany from August 1914
remembrance ni ! The Advance in Flanders. Troops of the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, 36th (Ulster) Division, advancing from Ravelsburg Ridge, 1 September 1918. Inniskilling insights WW1 The Regiment raised 13 Battalions and was awarded 46 Battle Honours and 8 Victoria Crosses, losing 5,890 men during the course of the war. Page !1 Derry Fusiliers in the hell of Passchendale The Third Battles of Ypres 1917, more commonly known as the battle of Passchendaele, took place between July and November 1917. It actually consisted of eight officially listed ‘battles’. Mustard Gas 8th August 1917 On the night of 7th August 1917 the 10th R. Inniskilling Fusiliers moved up to the front line at Passchendaele and in the darkness they entered a nightmare world. Carrying their heavy kit whilst struggling through deep, sticky mud, the light from flares and explosions illuminated a sea of water-filled shell holes and thick mud. There were no trenches as they flooded, so men had little protection from the high explosive shells and machine-gun fire and took cover where they could. At 1am on 8th August as the battalion relieved the 15th RIR from their stint in the front line, suddenly, without warning, artillery shells fell among them. This time they were not filled with explosives, but the German's new horror weapon … mustard gas. Gas masks offered some protection for the eyes and lungs from gas clouds, but were not effective this time as men had been heavily splattered by the liquid gas and it burned through their uniforms creating huge blisters as big as the palm of the hand and burning through flesh to the bone. -
British Aid to Greece, 1940-1941
University of Kentucky UKnowledge Military History History 1986 Diary of a Disaster: British Aid to Greece, 1940-1941 Robin Higham Kansas State University Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Thanks to the University of Kentucky Libraries and the University Press of Kentucky, this book is freely available to current faculty, students, and staff at the University of Kentucky. Find other University of Kentucky Books at uknowledge.uky.edu/upk. For more information, please contact UKnowledge at [email protected]. Recommended Citation Higham, Robin, "Diary of a Disaster: British Aid to Greece, 1940-1941" (1986). Military History. 9. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_military_history/9 Diary of a Disaster o Moscow ° Berlino ATLANTIC OCEAN °Ankara Malta ~Athe~ns ALGERIA MEDITERRANEAN SEAc/ Benghazi . Cairo i I I I I I I SUDAN I I Khartoum )J ...\~ .Jl~N£Q!!E~ENT ROUTE ,/ ~- ""'------- ~--_/ ~ / / / / EAST AFRICA I I 1000 MILE RADIUS FROM LONDON AND CAIRO Diary of a Disaster British Aid to Greece 1940-1941 ROBIN HIGHAM THE UNIVERSITY PRESS OF KENTUCKY For Barbara for thirty-six years of love and friendship Copyright © 1986 by Robin Higham Published by the University Press of Kentucky Paperback edition 2009 The University Press of Kentucky Scholarly publisher for the Commonwealth, serving Bellarmine University, Berea College, Centre College of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky University, The Filson Historical Society, Georgetown College, Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky State University, Morehead State University, Murray State University, Northern Kentucky University, Transylvania University, University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, and Western Kentucky University. All rights reserved. -
A Short History of the Great War - Title Page
A.F. Pollard - A Short History Of The Great War - Title Page A SHORT HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR BY A. F. POLLARD M.A., Litt.D. FELLOW OF ALL SOULS COLLEGE, OXFORD PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON WITH NINETEEN MAPS METHUEN & CO. LTD. 36 ESSEX STREET W.C. LONDON file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/Owner/My%20Documents/My%20eBooks/pollard/shogw10h/title.html12/03/2006 6:37:33 PM A.F. Pollard - A Short History Of The Great War - Note NOTE The manuscript of this book, except the last chapter, was finished on 21 May 1919, and the revision of the last chapter was completed in October. It may be some relief to a public, distracted by the apologetic deluge which has followed on the peace, to find how little the broad and familiar outlines of the war have thereby been affected. A. F. P. file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/Owner/My%20Documents/My%20eBooks/pollard/shogw10h/note.html12/03/2006 6:37:33 PM A.F. Pollard - A Short History Of The Great War - Contents Page CONTENTS CHAP. I. THE BREACH OF THE PEACE II. THE GERMAN INVASION III. RUSSIA MOVES IV. THE WAR ON AND BEYOND THE SEAS V. ESTABLISHING THE WESTERN FRONT VI. THE FIRST WINTER OF THE WAR VII. THE FAILURE OF THE ALLIED OFFENSIVE VIII. THE DEFEAT OF RUSSIA IX. THE CLIMAX OF GERMAN SUCCESS X. THE SECOND WINTER OF THE WAR XI. THE SECOND GERMAN OFFENSIVE IN THE WEST XII. THE ALLIED COUNTER-OFFENSIVE XIII. THE BALKANS AND POLITICAL REACTIONS XIV. -
The Blue Cap Vol 13. December 2006
THE BLUE CAP JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL DUBLIN FUSILIERS ASSOCIATION VOL. 13. DECEMBER 2006 Sergeant Horace Augustus Curtis VC. Cornwall, both from the 2nd RDF. Of the three, 7th and 2nd Battalions, Royal Dublin only Bob Downie could trace his lineage back to Fusiliers. the Emerald Isle, his parents hailing from County Donegal. All three VC winners survived the War. Horace Curtis was a Cornishman born and bred Dan Finnigan and this is his story. The Royal Dublin Fusiliers Association. Horace Curtis was born on 7 March 1891 at Many men seek fame in a great variety of ways, Cellars House, St Anthony in Roseland, Cornwall, but on one small select band, the mantle settles the son of Thomas and Catherine (nee Ball) without them searching for it. I’m referring to men Curtis. Thomas Curtis, head of the household was who were awarded the Victoria Cross without employed as the gamekeeper at Cellars Plantation, doubt the most prestigious award in the world for a wooded area on the west coast tip of the Manor bravery in the face of the enemy. It is a plain little estate. He came from the parish of St. Newlyn medal indeed. The cost of the metal from which it East Newquay on the north coast of the county, is made is actually only a few pence. Bronze from but his wife Catherine was a local lady from Russian cannons of Chinese origin, captured Gerrans just up the road in Roseland. The Place during the Crimean War 1854-56, is still used in Manor estate had been given to the Spry family in the manufacture of the medal to this day. -
SCREENING Report
Small‐scale, low‐cost, environment friendly irrigation schemes: sites selection and preparation of full work tender dossier EuropeAid/137393/DH/SER/MK MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND WATER ECONOMY SCREENING Report Date: 13th October 2017 A project implemented by: This project is funded by the European Union This project is funded Small Scale Irrigation Projects by the European Union EuropeAid/137393/DH/SER/MK Document control sheet Small‐scale, low‐cost, environment friendly irrigation schemes: sites Project Name: selection and preparation of full work tender dossier Reference No: EuropeAid/137393/DH/SER/MK Contracting Authority: European Union Delegation to the R. Macedonia Beneficiary: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy (MAFWE) Consultant: Consortium: Eptisa – Temelsu – PointPro Report: Screening Report DRAFT Prepared by Checked by Approved by Oscar Coronel Tatjana Todoroska Tatjana Todoroska Name Huseyin Yavuz Angel Panov Signature Date 11th October 2017 13th October 2017 13th October 2017 Disclaimer The contents of this report are the sole responsibility of the Consortium and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. File name: Screening Report Page 2 | 111 This project is funded Small Scale Irrigation Projects by the European Union EuropeAid/137393/DH/SER/MK LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviation Full Text AC Asbestos‐concrete pipes AHP Analytical Hierarchical Process CR Consistency ratio DJK Dovezence‐Jachince‐Klechovce EU European Union ETO Evapotranspiration GDP Gross Domestic Product -
Investment Guide for the South-East Planning Region
1 2 This document is prepared as part of the Project “Expanding the functions of the Centres for development of the planning regions towards the implementation of activities/services for support of the private sector” financed by the Ministry of Local Self- Government. Provisioned by: Centre for development of the South – East planning region Str.”Boro Djoni” No. 10 2400 Strumica Republic of Macedonia The e-investment guide was prepared by Knowledge Center, Skopje. Team: PhD, Andrijana Bogdanovska G. MBA, Branko Djurovic MA, Meglena Dimitrova Lector: Dejan Vasilevski 3 It is our pleasure to present you the Investment Guide for the South-East Region of Republic of Macedonia. Its main aim is to outline the opportunities for investment in the South-East Region, the national and regional policies, the measures for support of investments, and the characteristics of the existing industrial zones and investment locations available in the region. Geographically, the South-East Region includes the territory of the south-east part of Macedonia, or more precisely, the region of Strumica-Radovish and Gevgelija-Valandovo Valley, following the flow of the river Strumica and Vardar. The region borders Greece to the South and Bulgaria to the East, whereas on the North and West, it borders with the East and Vardar Planning Region. According to population projections for 2014, the region has 173.457 citizens, or 8,48% of the total national population. The Region covers a total area of 2.835 км2, or a 10, 9 % from the total area of the country. The population density is 61, 2 inhabitants per km2.