PEKI 70 Moy 19, 1978

rI Ghina Enter$ a Jlew Period 4, Moss Orgonizotions Reoctivoted A Horn of Africa: Militory lntervention ,k " On Invitation" PEKING Vc!. ?tr Ne. 20 Mry t9, l9f8

REVIEW Published in English, Prench, Spanish, Japanese, German, Arebic end tL d" [q.e Poriuguese editions ,EElJtNo ztrouBAo

CONTENTS

THE WEET Fremler Huo Fetes Nepolese King ond Queen Protest Agoinst Soviet Militory Provocotion Vlce-Premier .Ku Mu Visits Fronce $hinq Lodges Protest Wth Joponese Ggvernment Concentrotlng Efforts on Copitol Constructlon

ABTICTES AND DOCUMENTS Chinq Enters o New Period - Hsieh Li 6 Moss Orgonizotions Reostivoted Communlst Youth Leogue, Trqde Union Fed. erotion ond Women's Federotion- to hold notionol congresses t0 Moderniziing_ Science ond Technolggy: Forwqrd Morch * Qur Corresporident Chou Ko 13 Young Chinese Mothemoticions Abrood r8 A Visit to Romqnis: A People With o Trodition cf Heroic StruEgle 19 Hor:n qf Africo: Mllitory tntervention "On tnuitndon"-.[ eesl66ntory by Hsinhuo Correspondent 21 U.S. Poper "The Coll": The Rood to Communist Unity 23 Africo: Coostol Stotes Develop Moritime Shipping 25 E.E.C.: Jolnt Meosures to Counter Soviet Moritime Competition a Explonotory Notes to Volurne V of "Selected Works of Moo Tsetung" (10) z7

ROUND THE WORTD 2A tJ.N. Security Council: S. Africo's Attock on Nomibion Comps Bre:hnev's W. Germon Visit: Of Li,mited Volue Itoly: Murder of Moro ProtEstqd Rhodesio: Squobbles in "Tronsitionol Goverhment"

ON THE HOME FRONI

Rich lron Ores Found : llnderground Reservoirs New Highwoy Bridge.

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Premier llua Fetes ilepalese tion between the two countries. our own national effort for Last February Vice-Premier ecoiromic development.". and l(ing Oueen Teng Hsiao-ping visited Nepal " His' Majesty King Birendra and was accorded a warm recel> Protest lgainst touiet Bir Bikram Shah Dev and Her tion. "T-hese exchanges," Pre- mier Hua said, in the tradi- Itlilitary Prouocalion Majesty Queen Aishwarya Raj- "are of ya Laxmi Devi Shah ,of Nepal, ti6n of mutual visits between Yu Chan, Vice-Minister May 11 on their way to Japan, arrived our two peoples as neighbours Foreign Affairs, on met and kinsmen. Through visilts by appointment Soviet Ambas- in Peking ,.on May 14 for an uriofficial visit at the invitation kinsmen become closer and sador to China'V. S. Tolstikov believe handed note the of the Chinese Government. closer to each other. We and a of. They were given a warm wel- that every meeting between the Chinese Foreign Ministry to come at the airport by Vice- leaders of our two countries is him. The note, whieh contains Premier Teng Hsiao-ping, Vice- a new contribution to mutual a strong protest against the political Chairman of the N.P.C. Standing support, economic co- Soviet Union for its recent provocation Committee Ngapo Ngawang- operation and better under- organized military standing between two against China aircraft and Jigme and Foreign , Minister our with Huang Hua. sides." military boats, reads as follows: Setf-Sufficient In disregard of China's Kinsmen Become ' Closer Building Up a Economy. In his toast, His sovereignty and universally Through Visits. That evening, recognized pi"inciples guiding gave Majesty King Birendra spoke Premier Hua Kuo-feng a international relations, the banquet of highly of the growing spirit of in the Great Hall Soviet Union side, on the morn- the People in honour of the understanding and co-operation that characterized. the relations ing of May 9, 1978, dispatched King and the Queen. In his toast, a helicopter to .intrude into the Premier praised the remark- between Nepal and China. He China's air space, crossing the achieved Ne- recalled with particular satis- able results by border river Wusuli and pene- pal in utilizing her own na- faction the wide-range and cor- dial exchange of views with trating four kilometres over tional resources and in develop- Yueyapao District, Huling ing agriculture and small and Premier Hua in Chengtu, County, Heilungkiang Provirrce. medium-sized industrial southwest China, in 19?6 and enter- It also dispatched 18 mili- prises suited to domestic condi- the recent conversation with tdry boats to intrude into tion and needs. Premier Hua Hsiao-ping Vice-Premier Teng China's waters in the same re- pointed China and on out that in Kathmandu. Dwelling gion. About 30 Soviet trooPs Nepal have always sympathized Nepal's national economic con- then landed on the Chi- with and supported and helped struction, the King said: "We nese bank of the river. TheY each other. two coun- "Our have aimed at a more ba- chased and tried to round uP tries," he stressed, "are true lanced progress and a more Chinese inhabitants, shooting friends who can trust each self-reliant economy. Towards continually and wqunding a other." He recalled the increas- this eud, I have gonstituted in number of them. Penetrating ing friendly contacts between our country four regions for the four kilometres into Chinese {he leaders and peoples of China purpose of development so that territory, they seized 14 Chi- and Nepal in recent years and, each region receives the atten- nese inhabitants and drag- in partieular, the many visits to tion due. to it. The totalitY of ged them all the waY to the China by His Majesty King the Nepalese economic situation riverside, 'giving them kicks Birendra who attaches great im- has led us to believe that co- and blows. Under the rePeated portance to the development of operation from a friendly coun- protests of the Chinese in-' friendly relations and co-ope.ra- try can play a helpful role in habitants the Soviet trooPs

Mag 79, 1978 ". " .' finally released them. It was and his party. France was the benefit will sureLy produce a only due to the restraint of the first country the Vice-Premier positive effect on the trium- Chinese side that the incident visited in his European tour. He phant advance of the struggle o{ did not develop into an armed was accorded a warm welcome the world's people against conflict. and a grand reception by'Prime hegemonism." The above-mentioned Minister Barre and other top atroci- During his stay in France, ties French officials at Orly Field. of the Soviet troops con- Vice-Premier Ku held- talks stitute This was not the first meeting an organized military with Prime Minister Barre, provocation between Vice-Premier Ku and against China oc- visited Marseilles and Lyons curring Prime Minister Barre. Earlier at a time when the and was received by President Sino-Soviet this year in January he hald boundary negotia- Valery Giscard d'Estaing at the tions just accompanied Prime Minister had resumed. They ElySee Palace on May 11 just Barre to northeastern China's are a serious infringement on before he ended the visit. China's sovereignty and terri- Liaoning Province and Shang- torial integrity as well as a hai when the French Prime grave, calculated step to create Minister,was visiting China. China lodges Protest Uith tension on the border and vi- Since the establishment of Japanese Gouernmenl tiate ttre relations between diplomatic relations in 1964, the the two countries. The Chinese relations between the two coun- Han Nien-lung, Vice-Minister Government hereby lodges a tries have steadily developed in of Foreign Affairs,'on May I0 strong protest with the Soviet every field. This ten-day visit met by appointment Shoji Government against this and of Vice-Premier Ku, which Sato, Japanese Ambassador to demands that the Soviet side began May 2, is indicative of China, and lodged a strong pro- make apology, test with an punish the this. At the banquet on May 3, the Japanese Govern- culprits who created this ment against its eontinued in- he pointed out that in spite of ' cident of bloodshed and guar- their difference in social sys- infringement on China's sover- antee that no similar incident tem, there was no lack of eignty by submittingi the so- lrYould occur in future. Other- mutual understanding between called "special measures act for wise, the Soviet side must bear China and France, and there the implementation of ihe full responsibility for the con- was no need for them to guard Japan-south Korea agreement joint sequences arising therefrom. against each other. Moreover, on the development of the the two countries had much continental shelf" for ad.option lice-Premier l[u ilu common ground. by the Diet. Iisits France Vice-Premier Ku also spoke Vice-Minister Han pointed out: Regarding the so*called "The official visit you are of the international situation Japan-south Korea "agreement paying'to our country, by deci- and other problems as related on the joint development of the sion of Chairman Hua Kuo-feng superpowers' to the attempt to continental shelf" by which the and on the invitation the of seek world hegemony. He said: Japanese Government and the French Government, is in itself "We appreciate very much the south Korean authorities mark- a twofold sign: that of a certain vigorous efforts made by the ed off, behind China's back, a common view on problems .of Republic of France under the "joint development zone" on the world and that of the es- leadership of President Valery the continental shelf in the East tablishment of a profound and Giscard d'Estaing to promote 'China Sea, the Chinese Govern- long-term co-operation between West European union and ment has twice issued state- our two countries." strengthen defence along inde- ments pointing out that this is ?hus French Prime Minister pendent lines. In our view, the an infringement on China's sov- Raymond Barre began his union and growth in strength ereignty and that the so-called speech at the banquet given by of West European countries and "agreement" is wholly illegal the French Ministry of Foreign their unity and closer relatiohs' and null and void, and abso- Affairs on May 3 in honour of with 'third world eountries on lutely unacceptable to the Chi- Chinese Vice-Premier Ku Mu the basis of equality and mutual nese' Government.

4 Peking RelJiew, No. 20 The Vice-Minister stressed: It forces and fighting a battle of is regrettable that the Japanese annihilation Government, in utter disregard Total state investment in of the just stand of the Chinese capital construction for itre Government, had the so-called years 19?8*85 will surpass that o'special . measures act for the of the previous 28 years. Major implementation of the Japan- projects envisaged include the south Korea agreement on the continuation of the harnessing joint development of the con. of the Yellow River, the Yang- tinental shelf" passed on April tze River. and other big rivers 7 by the House of Representa- and the building of a large num- tives and submitted it to the ber of medium-sized and small House of Councillors for its de- water conservadcy works. As liberation. fhe Chinese Gov- regards the basic industries, ernment lodges a strong protest 120 large projects will be built with the Japanese Government or completed. These include ten against this deliberate, serious iron and steel complexes, nine act of infringing upon China's non-ferrous metal complexes, sovereignty. The Japanese Gov- eight coal mines, ten oil and ernment should cease forthwith gas fields, 30 power stations, its infringement on China's six new trunk railways and soverqignty, which is detrimen- five key harbours. In addition, Phtting up high-voltage tal to Sino-Japanes,e relations. tens of thousands of other in- wires in Honan Province. Otherwise, it must bear full dustrial and civic projects will responsibility for all the con- be undertaken. Large in scale, designing. It was urged at the sequences arising therefrom. all these projects will be built conference that there should be policy in the short span of a few years, strict adherence to the involving a high level of tech- of limiting the size of big cities cities Goncenlraling Ellorts on nical stilt. The confer€nce and building more smaller and towns where ordinary Gapital Gonstruction decided that they should be built in the ordqr of importance projects should be built. Concentrute a Superior Force and urgency and that man- Over the past year the temPo to Destrog the Enemg Forces power, material and financial of capital construction has been One by Oze is a celebrated resources should be, concentrat- quickened. The year 1977 saw work written by Chairman Mao ed and utilized in the best way more big and medium-sized in 1946. It dealt at length with so as to accomplish the tasks by projects completed and put into the theme of cdncentrating a stages and in groups. At pres- production than in. the last few force several times the enemy ent, efforts should be devoted years. The five big chemical strength to encircle and wipe to boosting the production of fertilizer plants in Taching out ttre enemy. A nationai coal, power and oil and bring- in Heilungkiang Province, capital construction conference ing about a rapid increase in Luchou in Szechuan Province, was held recently in Peking. the volume of transport. Liaoho in Liaoning Province, Discussion focused on this The conference held that to Tsangchou in Hopei Province question: How should we accomplish these tasks, it is and in Yunnan and ',the srviftiy push forward capital necessary to do a good job in ethylene plant in Peking with construction to meet the needs preparatory work. This means an annual productive capacitY of the new situation and pro- that conscientious efforts should of 300,000 tons were all Put into mote the development of the be made. in selecting locations production after a single suc- national economy at top speed? for the plants, in drawing uP cessful trial-run. Since the The conference held that plans for industrial and mining beginning gf this year, capital it is necessary to keep to areas and new cities and towns construction has been stePPed the principle of concentrating as well as in surveying ahd up noticeably.

May 79, 197,8 China Enters a ilew Period

by Hsieh Li nnnnnnrulnuuitttttuunrtnruuulnrnutlunttnrnuurtitturntuuunnulru

T*nU smashing of the 'ogang of four" and with and fighters of the whole army and the people I it the successful conclusion of the first Great of various nationalities have all raised their con- Proletarian Cultural Revolution ushered in a sciousness of class struggle and two-line struggle new period of development in China's socialist to a higher level and increased their ability to revelution and socialist construction. In his distinguigh genuine from sham Marxism. The Report on the Work of the Government to the whole nation has gained rich experience, both Fifth National People's Congress, Chairman Hua positive and negative,'on the political, economic put forward the general task for the whole and ideological. and cultural fronts. A correct nation in the new p'briod as follows: Persevere summing-up of this expeiience will ensure that in continuing the revolution under the'dictator- we comprehensively and coirectly implement ship of the proletariat, carry forward the three Chairman Mao'q revolutionary line and over- great revolutionary movements of class struggle, come all difficulties in the struggle to reach the the struggle for production and scientific experi- grand goal of bringing about the four moderni- ment, and make China a great and powertul zations modernization of agriculture, industry, socialist country with modern agriculture, in- national- defence and science and technology. dustry, national defence and science and technology by the end of the century. Attoining the Ultimote Gool of Proletorion Revolution Stoge by Stoge The suiceds of the first Cultural Revo- lution created many favourable conditions The ultimate aim of the proletarian revolu- for us to fulfil the general task in the new tion is to eliminate all classes and realize com- period. munism. To accomplish this great historical In this Cultural Revolution our Party mission there is a long process of struggle. We should never .abandon revolution way emerged victorious in the ninth, tenth and 11th the half but must carry through to the end. On the struggles between the two lines. In the course it of these three-struggles, Liu Shao-chi's re- other hand, we cannot expect success overnight; push yisionist linq was defeated and the plots of Lin instead, we must the revolution forward stage by stage specific condi- Piao and the "gang of four" to undermine our according to the realities. socialist revolution and construction were foiled; tions in the development of objectlve their counter-revolutionary revisionist line went The proletariat must be adept in closely integrat- bankrupt and their counter-revolutionary head- ing the target to be met in the long run with the quarters were shattered. As we now enter the tasks involved in current struggles so as to con- new period and begin carrying out the general tinue the revolution without a break and embark tqgk, we find the dictatorship of the- pro- on a new stage in good time after successfully letariat in our country unpreeedentedly con- fulfilling the revolutionary task set for the solidated and solid and our Party through previous historical stage. tempering ali the more united, staunch and . Applying the Marxist principle of combining the thi:ory of uninterrupted revolution with that , In this acute and complex struggle, cadres of the development of revolution by stages, at all levels throughout the country, commanders Chairman Mao long ago foresaw the advent of

6 Peking Reui,pto,'No' 20 a new pefiod in China's socialist revolution and of this general line, a big leap forward took construction. place and the people's communes were estab- . lished in all parts of the country. Our socialist The founding of the People's Republtc of cohstruction advanced by leaps artd.bounds. China tn 1949 marked the basic completlon of the nbw-democratic revolution and the beginning In fult accord with the ardent desire offie of the soclalist revolution. At the end of the Chinese people in t\eir hdndreds. of millions, three-year.rehabilitation period of the national Chairman Mao and PrerniEi Cho-q put forward economy, the Party Central Committee headed the goal of turning China into a moderrl and by Chairman Mao in 1953 set forth the general powerful socialist country. But-bviing to Sabo- line for the transition period*. By 1956, the tage by the Soviet revisionisf tg4egade clique, socialist transformation of agriculture,. handi- the interference of Liu Shao-bSi's . revisionist crafts and capitalist industry and commerce had line, and serious sabotage and interferen€.by ln the main been completed in China. As a Lin Piao and the "gairg of four" in particiildr, result, our soeialist relations of production were our effort to build up a modern and powerful basically ln harmony with the nature of our socialist country met with setbackg on several productive forces, which was a favourable con- occasions. Now that the gang has been crushed, dition for high-speed development of China's the people of the. whole country are futl of con- productive forces. fidence in transforming China lnto a gteat and powerful socialist country with the four mod- 'Speaking at the National Conference of the ernizations by the end of this century. Communist Party of China irn 1955, Chairman Mao said: "We have entered a period, a hew period in our history, in which what we have Firmly Toking the Sociolist Rood set ourselves to do, think about and dig into is socialist industrialization, socialist transforma- In setting forth the general task for the nerrr tion and the modernization of our national period, Chairman Hua clearly pointed out: "It defence, and we are beginning to do the same shows that we must follow the road of great thing with atomic energ'y." When he addressed socialism unswervingly, grasp the three the first session of the preparatory rneeting for revolutionary mdvements'simultaneously and the Eighth National Congress of the Chinese accomplish the splendid goal of the four modern- Communist Party the following year, he called izations." for transforming China into a powerful socialist steadlastly take country and catching up with and surpassing In other words, we must grand the United States, the most powerful capitalist the socialist road if we are td reach the country in the world. Chairman Mao warned goal of the four modernizations. Modernization that if after working at it for 50 or 60 years and itself bears no class character, but under what we are stilt unable to overtake the United States, social and economic conditions it is realized does then we "should be read off the face of the have a class character. So in working for earth." In his brilliant work Oo the Conect modernizatibn, we must firmly keep to the so- Handling of Contrailictionq Among the People cialist road. Our modernization ie aimed at published in 19f7, he issued the call to l'unite building up a powerful socialist country free the people of all nationalities in our country for from exploitation alld oppression, not a powerful the new battle, the battle against nature." In capitalist country with exploitation and oppres- 1958, Chairman Mao put forward the general sion of man by man. Our effort to brlng about Iine of going all out, aiming high and achieving the fsur modernizations is marked by the funda- greater, faster, better and more economical mental feature of holding high the great banner results in building socialism. Under the guidance of Marxism.Leninism-Mao Tsetung Thought, persisting in the dictatorship of the proletariat * The general line for the transition period is and adhering to the economic system of socialist bastcally to accomplish the industrialization of the public ownership. In a word, we are to bring country and the soclalist transformation of Agricul- to ture,. handlcrafts and capitalist industry and. com- about the four moderuizations according merce over a falrly long period of time. Chairman Mao's revolutionary line.

NIag 79, 1g?8 " The dictatorship of the proletariat and the the proletariat. Fifth, it will help improve step four modernizations promote each other. A by step the material and cultural life of the peo-' powerful dictatorship of the protetariat will ple and enhance the prestige of the dictatorship ensure the socialist orientation and smooth of the proletariat among thern, so that the people advance of the four modernizations whose reali- will love and support our Party still more. zation in turn will vastly strengthen thls dicta- Sixth, it will reduce the differences between torship in the following aspeets, first, it will town and country, between' industry and agri- make the working cleds more powerful, fof only culture and between mental and manuhl labour, when industry dbvelops €nofrnously and agri- and create conditions for the gradual transition culture becomes industrialized can the ranks'of to communism. The realization of the four thb working class. steadily grow in number and modernizations will narrow the difference strmgth. Second, the worker-peasant alliance between industry and agriculture, favour the will become more consolidated when industry intellectualization of workers and peasants and providEs agriculture with more machines and help intellpctuals become workers at the same other products and agriculture lives greater sup time. This in turn will reduce the differencss port to industry. Third, it will expand socialist between mental and manual ]abour and between ownership in- both the cities and countryside so town and country. as to gradually raise the 'level of collective ownership in agriculture and finally turn the Choirmon Moo Attoched lmportonce to two socialist ownership of the existing kinds'of Econorinic Work means of productiotr, i.e., collective ownership by the working people and ownership by the . Chairman Mao had always considered whol-e people, into a single ownership by the economic construction as a great revolutionary whole people. Fourth, it will substantially in- struggle. Under his leadership our Party paid cr€ase the material basis for the dictatorship of due attention to setting up and consolidating

Towards the year ?000. Woodcut ba Tsai, Ping

Peking Reuieut, No. 20 revolutionary base areas from the very start of the suppression of counter-revolutionaries, in its armed struggle. While carrying on the news agencies, newspapers and broadcasting revolutionary war, it led the people in the base stations - atl tnis work revolves around and areas to engage in industrial.and agricultural serves the central task, production and construc- production. In his article Pag Attention 'to tion." Economic Work wntten in 1g33, Chairman Mao After the completion of the socialist trans- severely criticized the tendency among some formation of agriculture, handicpafts and capi- comrades who did not attach importance t0 talist industry and commerce following thr6e economic work. He said: "Some comrades have years of economic recovery, Chairman Mao put thought it impossible to spare time for economic more stress on economic construction. He construction because the revolutionary war issued in 1956 the great call to transform China a. powerful keeps people busy enough, and they have con- intg rnodern and socialist colrntry, and in 1958 laid down the general line build- demned anyone arguing for it as a 'Right devia- for ing socialism with greater, faster, better and tionist.' )' '*lt is uttdrly wrong to think that no more economical results and led the people economic construction should be undertaken in throughout the eountry in starting the big leap the midst of the revolutionary war. Those who forward in the national economy. think this way often say that everything should . be subordinated to the war effort, but they fail With the smashing of the "gang of four," to undersfand that to dispense with economic that bane of the nation, the biggest obstacle to modernizations was removed and construction would weaken the war effort the four making China a modern and powerful rather than subordinate everything to it. Only socialist country becomes our most important by extending the work on economic the front political task currently and our strategic task in and building the economy of the Red areas can the new period as well. Throughout this new we provide an adequate material basis for the period; the chief hallmark of revolution or reac- revolutionary proceed war, smoothly with our tion lies.in.whether one approves and supports military offensives and strike effective blows at or opposes and undermines the realization of the enemy's .'encirclement and suppression' the four modernilations, and the chief hallmark campaigns." During the War of Resistance of true revolution or fake revolution lies in Against Japan, a mammoth production campaign whether one promotes or holds back efforts to was launched various in the anti-Japanese base achieve the four modernizations. This is because areas.under the leadership of Chairman Mao. the realization of the four modernizations is our He once again sternly criticized the tendency of Party's central task in the new period. belittling economic work. Without the four modernizations, building 'On the eve of country-wide victory, Chair- a lowerful socialist'country'is out of the ques- man Mao rnade a report to the Second Flenary tion. Internally speaking, a powerful socialist Session of the Seventh .Central Committde of country is one thdt cannot be subverted or top- the Party on March 6, 1949, in which he celled pled by any class enemy. Externally speaking, for shifting our attention to economic construc- it is one that chnnot be destroyed by any enemy tion and making production the central task of who dare invade, whether they are social- the Party when the war came to an end. He imperialists or imperlalists and whether they said: ,After nationwide lileration, "only whed impose a nuclear waf, or a conventiohal war on production in the cit'ies is restored and develop- us; instOad they will be vanquished by us ed, when consumer-cities are transformed .into eventually. Only when we make China a froducer-cities, can the people's political power powerful socialist country and build up an in- be consolidated. Other work in the cities, for creasingly abundant rrtaierial basis for our example, in Party organization, in organs of dictatorshlp of the proletariat ean we smoothly political power, in trade unions and other peo- continue our march towards the bright future ple's organizations, in culture and education, in of communism.

May 19, 1978 Mass Orga nizations Reactivated

Communist Youth Leogue, Trode Union Federotion - gnd Women's Federotion to hold notionol congresses

Central Committee of the Communist In China, are 48 League THE* there million Youth Party of China recently issued a circular on members and 300 million children and young convening the Tenth National Congress of the people; the workers are the leading class, and Communist Youth League of China in Peking women. account for half the populatiop. To- this October. Ttre Youth League's Ninth Na- gether they constitute the main force for accom- tional Congress was held in June 1g64. plishing the general task in the new period. As Earlier, ine al-Cnina Women's Federation Chairman Hua pointed out at the 1lth National had issued a circular on holding the Fourth Na- Congress of the Communist Party of China, "the tional Women's Congress in September, and Party must invigorate its leadership over trade also the AII-China Federation of Trade Unions, unions, the Communist Youth League, women's on conVening the Ninth National Trade Union federations and other mass orgahizations and Congress in October this year. Both organiza- must effectively overhaul and build them up tions held their last congresses iil 195?. and give a free rein to their due role." Apart frorn summing up experience, revising constitutions and electing new leading Contributions organs, all three congresses will undertake to Since it was founded in May 1922, the Corn- mobilize the people in their hundreds of millions munist Youth League has been a mass organiza- to strive to fulfil the general task in the new tion of advanced young people charged with the period (see p. 6). task of uniting with and educating the youth of all our nationalities. After the founding of New China, it has persistently inculcated in the young people the communist spirit and rallied them closely around the Party so that they have played an important role in all fields of en- deavour. It has also tr.ained large numbers of outstairding cadres for the Party and successors to the revolutionary cause of the proletariat.

Trade unions which are mass organizations of the working class were founded in China in May 1922. It was at the Second National La- bour Conference held in Kwangchow in May Labour hero Chou Yun-chang (right) of an irol a16 steel works in Hunan Provinee. 1925 that the All-China, Federation of Trade

10 Peking Reuiew, No. 20 firere are nolv women in all trades and pro- fessions, many 6f them labour heroines, ad- vanced workers or leading cadres, Of the 3,497 Deputis to the Fifth National People's Congress and the'1,510 delegates 1o the llth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, womel made up 21.2 and.l9 per cent respec- tively. AU this signifies a profound change in the statw of women in China,

lntcrfercnc€ Practice'has proved that these three mass organizations are essential channels through which the Party unites hundreds of millions of people.' But over the years, their uiork has Communist Youth Leagu" mu-te.s ot suffered from the interference and sabotage by a Peking middle school experimenting. Liu Shao-chi, Lin Piao anil a6ove all the "gang Unions, a unified leading organ of trade unions of four." of -the Chinese working class, was set up. 'This The gang viciously attacked the Communist' name has remained unchanged to this day. Youth League as having "turned revisionist to Born in the course of the struggle between the hilt" before the Cultural Revolution, the the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, the trade workers' movement as having been "controlled unions devbloped into a pillar of the dictator- by revisionists" and the women's federation as ship of the proletiriat after the birth of ihe having been "dominated by the bourgeoisie." People's Republic, while serving as a bridge Under these grouhdless pretexts, they actually linking the Party with the workers and a tried to slap the label of "capitalist-roader" on school educating the workers in eommunism. the leading members and throw them out of They have done a great deal of work in our office before putting these organizations under socialist revolution and construction. their own control and turning them into their tools in usurping Party and state power. Owing Way back in the long years of revolutionary to the gang's disruptive activities, these organi- wars, large numberr of women had joined in zations for some years failed to play their prop- struggles and acquitted 'themselves weII: In er role and some of their local organizations old China, however, the labouring women, were completely paralysed. who found themselves on the lowest rung of the social ladder, had their fill of oppression by " Under the signboard of revolution and class struggle, the gang wreaked havoc with the four authorities - political, clan, rdligious and masculine. In the course of -the struggle the work o{ these mass organizations by stirring for national liberation and emancipation of the up ultra-"Left" trend of thought and raising labouring masses, big advances were also made many misleading slogans. For example, acting in womenls liberation. Since the founding of in accordance with the instructions of Chair- the All-China Women's Federation in 1949 and man Mao and the Party Central Committee, the mobilization of emancipated women to go the said organizations had made big efforts to in for socialist revolution and construction, get the greatest possible number of children, they have "propped up half the sky" as a popu- young people, workers and women throughout lar saying goes. the country organized. But the gang vilified

Mag 19, 7978 11 and the call to build the country and manage one's household through hard work and frugality as "trying to get rich."

A11 this confused people's minds and prevented these organizations from functioning effectively. It was only after the smashing of the "gang of four" that they have come to life again and resumed activities.

Rerponrcs- The above-mentloned cirqrlars have _been warmly received by the Chang Feng-yun (first from right), wom&n dep- children, young peoplg, workers and uty squadron leader of a P.L.A. alr force unit and Deputy to the Fifth Netional People's Con- women, who are determined to greet gress, with other women pilots. the national congresses with concrete actions. i this as neglecting class analysis and class strug- ' Youth ieague, trade union and women's gle and turning the Communist Youth League federation at att levels are now mobilizing into "a leqgu.e of the whole people," the trade the masses,to study the general task for the new unions into "trade unions of the whole people" period. Young people pledge to work hard to and the women's federation into an organization accomplish the historic mission of . bringing working for "class capitulation." about ssclalist modernization, for the next 23 years will be a period in which people of the Following Chairman Mao's directive that younger generation can give full scope to their attention must be paid both to their 'The "full [young energies and abilities. vrorkers, on their people's] work and study and to their iecrea- part, aware that they are the leading class,. are tion, sport and rest," the Youth League under- 'force determined to play. the role of the main took to organize activities suited to the charac- in Iulfilling the general task. Through study teristlcs of youth and much to their therefore women have come to nealize"that socialist mod- Iiking. This, however, was the gang wed by ernization is of paramount iynportance to their pretext as a to smear the Youth League as "a cor4plete liberation, for only by mastering r4od- grasp recreation club" whlch did not class strug- ern productlon techniques can they free them- gle. selve$,from heavy menual labour and only when Similarly, the trade unlonq which'organiaed production develops, the material basis becomes the workers to study politics and techniques so more'abundant and eollective welfare facilities as to ralse their educational level and do a good incre'ase cqn they free themselves further from job irr production were branded ,"ploduction tedious household chores. trade unions." When they ehdwed concern for All the three mass organlzations have urged the the wprkers and thqy welltbeing of eteff, the rflasees to continue the in-depth exposuii: were dubbed "welfare trade unions." and critieism of the "gang of four," eliminate Efforts by the women's federation to mo- its pernicious influence and consolidate the or- ganizations various levelt the course of bilize women for partlcl$atiop ln social produc- . at .in struggle. tive labour were disparaged as applying the "theory of the unique importance of produc- These organizations also called on the tive forces.r' Welfare arrangements for worhen masses to redouble their efforts in studyiSrg and children were derided as i'family trifles," works by Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin and

12 Peking Reoieut, No. 20 by Chairman Mao and learning cultural and In response to the calls of their respective scientific knowledge, techniques, economic organizations, young people, workers and wom- affairs and management. The circular of the en on all fronts are taking an active part in All-Chirra Federation of Trade Unions pointed sociali.

Modernizing Science dnd Technology Forword Morch

by Our Correspondent Chou Ko

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Following the Notionol Science Confer- together with his assistants, bred some fine ence in Morch, o mighty contingent of scien- spring wheat strains in recent years and is now tific ond technologicol personnel is being built working on a project to breed better strains. His up in Chino to fulfil the 1978-85 notionol plon buoyant'spirit is also found in other Chinese for the development of scienpe qnd technology. scientists. lilho ore the members of this force? Old but Vigorous LTHOUGH I'm 82, I feel quite.young. I'm A There are many scientists in China of Pro- /a going to work like a 28-year-o1d and de: fessor Chin Shan-pao's generation. In the old vote my remaining years to building up a mod- China, their talents could not be employed to ern motherland," said Chin Shan-pao, the well- the full. OnIy after nationwide liberation in known cropbreeder and President of the Chi- 1949 were they able to use their abilities and nese Academy of Agronomy and Forestry, in give a good account of themselves. The 12-year an interview with our correspondent. plan drawn up in 1956 fon scientific develop- Professor Chin has taught and done re- ment was fulfilled in seven years despite an search work for over half a ceritury. He has, imperialist and social-imperialist blockade. Re-

Mag 19, 1978 13 nulnbers, he and his student Wang Yuan work- ed out the new method of numerical integra- tion - known to the world as the Hua-Wang method. Apart from research in pure mathe- matics, he has also done much in the study and popularization of applied mathematics. itris author of. A Plain Course on Ooerall Ptanning has toured the land with his team of mathema- ticians to popularize a quick method ior seek- ing the best plan and the overall planning method, which involve applying mathematieal principles to select the best technological pro- cess and make overall managerial plans to im- prove quality of products, boost production and lower raw material consuinption.

A "Humon Lodde/'

Chin Shan-pao (ccntre) at en experimentel plot. Professor Hua pays close attention to.spot- ting and training talented people. On reading Chen search and development of atomic energy, semi- an artiqle on mathematics written by conductors, computer technology, electronic Ching-jun, a librarian in a south China univer- technology and automation were started and sity, the professor saw at once that h'ere weS a promising young man successfully pursued. The Chinese people proud- new talent and had the called these five achievements their new transferred to the Institute of Mathematics .ly young "five golden flowers." Then the suceessful where he carefully coached him. This atdmic and hydrogen bomb tests were conducted mathematician later obtained important results and man-made satellites launched. These and in his research on the Gotdbach conjecture, a many other achievements could not have been very knotty problem in the field of mathematics. possible without the indefatigable efforts of "I'm willing to be a part of the 'ladder' for the younger generation pinna- scientists of the older generation. However, to use to scale the when Lin Piao and the "gang of four" were on the loose, they were badly persecuted and abused. Today, things have changed. These old experts are more confident and animated than ever befor6. To them, these lines from an ancient poem.are particularly close to their hearts: '1The old charger eagerly looks forward to covering a long distance; the elder valiant fighter aspires to greater things." This is an apt description of Professor Hua Lo-keng, the 68-year-old Vice-President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He was already an acknowledged mathematician when he was a young man. Not long after New China was founded he turned down an offer of a life- long position at University of' Illinois in the United States to return to the motherland. He has made outstanding achievements in the study of the theory of numbers, algebra and the theory Hua Lo-keng lecturing on the of functions. Applying the algebraic theory of method of seeking the best plan.

14 Peking Reuiew, No. 20 cles of science and technology," Hua said re- required instrument in 1967, he and hls col-. cently. league.s immediately went through available foreign reference materiqls and studied and com- These words of Professor Hua's remind one pared those instruments in use in the country. of a real incident place that took in l94B during Half a year later they produced one which was, the War of Liberation. A People's Liberation up to advanced world level at that tim;. Buf pursuing Army unit some fleeing Kuomintdng sornething more was desired. It corild show that troops was held up by a turbulent river. Defying there were errors, but not where they were or enemy jumped shelling, ten soldiers into the why they occurred. He decided to make a better water with a ladder on their shoulders, forming instrument. a bridge, over which their comrades advanced to : put the enemy ouf, of action. Professor Hua In those days when Lin Piao and the."gang Lo-keng's willingness to be a "ladder" is a mani- of four" were spreading ultra-"Left" ideas, festation of that dauntless spirit displayed by Huang Tung-nien was. accused of taking the those P.L.A. soldiers. "white and expert"' road and wanting to be a "bourgeois expbrt." His reply: "socialism Mariy other senior scientists, too, are will- needs science and technology." ing to serve as a "ladder," Thei are keen to do their bit to build up that 800,000-strong contin- He threw himself into his work, immersing gent of professional scientific researchers re- himself in eharts, curves and statistics. After quired by the 8-year plan for the development repeated setbacks he finally came up with an of science and technology. entirely new instrument in 1977 which takes one minute to measure some 20 kinds of errops of a Tang Ao-ching, a well-known quantum gear, pinpoint them and show their causes. It chemist, has always been this way.. Once he re- has surpassed advanced world levels ceived a letter from a young factory worker tell- ing him about a technical innovation he had The National Science Conference has given worked out which could effect a great economy scientists of Huang Tung-nien's age a tremen- for the state. Although the chemist did not dous boost. They are determined to scale the know the worker, he took a keen interest in heights of science and do all they can to this. When he found some fault in theoriza- modernize China's science and technology. tion in the young.man's paper, he went to the factory hundreds of kilometres away help to Worker- ond Peqsont-Erperts him. He did some experiments himself and helped the worker arrive at the correct theori- In addition to proftssional scientific re- zation. With his help the worker wrote a paper searchers there are large numbers of worker- and on this and it caught the attention of depart- peasant-researchers and technicians. Today, ments concerned. there are more than 10 miilion peasants engaged

The Moin Assoult Force Over 90 per cent of China's professional scientific and technological. personnel were trained after liberation, and,two-thirds of them are children of .working people. They are the chief assault force in conquering difficult prob- lems in science and technology, and many of them proved their mettle. Wu Chi-chang, vet- eran cotton-grower, One of them is Huang Tung-nien, a 1.954 honoured at a science graduate of an engineering university and the conferenci. man chiefly responsible for devising an instru- ment for measuring the errors in gears. dfter Huang was assighed the task of making .the

Mag 79, 1978 15 in agro-scienti{ic experiments and in the fac- of branches and leaves,get adequate sunlight tories there are organized groups of workers do- .and allow plenty of room for ventilation. Best ing scientific research. of a1l, only 20 per cent of its bolls and buds are lost. Comrade Wu Chi-chang, a veteran grower of cotton in Honan Province, has accumulated Wu Chi-chang now confidently etpects to a fund of experience in cotton growing which fulfil by 1981 the tdsk Premier Chou had is being used in many parts of the country. assigned him, five years ahead of schedule.

One big obstacle to heavier cotton yields is The "Militio" Force that some 70 per cent of the cotton buds and In his speech the Scientific and Cul- bolls fall in the course of growth. "Raise tural Level of the Entire Chinese Nation" de- When Wu Chi-chang was in Peking for a livered at the National Science Conference, meeting on cotton production in January 1966, Chairman Hua likened the hundreds of millions Premier Chou said to him: "C[airman Mao's of people to a vast militia force on the sciehtific instructions are to boost grain and cotton pro- and technological front and the professionals to duction at the same time, and solve the prob- the field armies and regional forces. Both lem of cotton buds'and bolts falling off before Chairman Hua and Vice-Chairman Teng called they mature. Noy, I want you to take up this for integrating the professional contingent with -research task and solve the problem." Wu Chi-chang the masses in doing scientific work. answered hesitantly, "I'm just an uneducated The suceess in hybridizing riie is indicative of countryman. Besides, I'm well on in years. ." what integration can do. Premier Chou said: "You are only 57, I'm 67 Research in this began in the 50s in other and Chairman Mao is our senior by many years. countries but so far no satisfactory results Let us try and fulfil in 20 years this task Chair- have been achieved. In China, the first man Mao has given us. What about.it?" "Right," to take up this work was Yuan Lung- replied Wu Chi-chang, grasping Premier Ch6u's ping, a young teacher of an agricultural harfts firmly in his. school in Hunan Province. In 1964, he and some of his students began experimenting. . Wu Chi-chang got togeither some fellow Six years later, Comrade Hua Kuo-feng, who villagers and began experimenting. But follow- was then in charge of work in Hunan Province, ers of Lin Piao and the "gang of four" soon instructed that this programme should be taken branded him as "a bad example" of "putting out to the masses. Not long afterwards a group techniques before evjrything else." And to made up of people from the provincial academy overthrow this "bad example," they framed of agronomy and agricultural college was form- various charges against him, persecuted him ed and joint research began on this subject: and even physically attacked him. But this did not shake his will to fulfil the task. Unable to At the national conference of agronomy and carry on the research work himself he secretly forestry held in the spring of" 1972, Comrade got other cotton-growers to continue the ex- Hua Kuo-feng again pointed out that rice hy- periment. In the day under the scorching sun bridization should be made a key research item he would watch the cotton pl4nts jointing and in China. Several thousand professors and ex- flower. At night he would sit out in the fields perts and a large number of peasants in observing the falling of the cotton buds and bolls. 27 provinces, municipalities and.autonomous re- gions were mobilized. They worked in close co- Days and nights were spent in this way and ordination and encouraged each other. Any finally Wu Chi-chang found some out breakthrough in any place was immediately rules governing cotton gro#ing. fiu br.ed made known to all. There was no keeping it a a new variety of cotton with main "two secret or taking out as in a capital-. stalks" instead of one, and this was followed "patents" ist society. in L977. by another hew variety which had many stalks and two tiers of branches. This Their research was rewarded in 1973. They variety produced more bolls and its two tiers got their first hybrid rice. Under the same con-

16 Pgking Reuieu, No. 20 ditions hybrid rice gives 20 to 30 per cent more than fine varieties. The amount of protein it contains is 50 per cent higher than in other varieties of rice. In 1976 hybrid rice was sown on 2.13 million hectares and the figure is ex- pected to reach 6.6 million this year.

Scientists"'lntimote Friends"

Working in this contingent of scientists and technicians are a number of Party workers, many of whom took part in the revolutionary war. Today they are organizing battles to storm the citadels of science and technology with the same enthusiasm as when they attacked and Li Chia-yu (left)- at iho recent seized enemy positions in war. N&tional Science Conference. Li Chia-yu, deputy secretary of the Urum- chi city Party committee, is a good example. In the fine varieties Comrade Tao had bred,,sent recent years he has diligently studied science some young people to be his assistants and'ls-, and technology to meet the requirements of vited him to give lectures. socialist construction. He is called ,,Party sec- When the "gang of four" were maligning retary cum agronomist." When the ',gang of scientists with fine records of accomplishments four" attacked and persecuted scientific per- as "reactionary bourgeois authorities," it took sonnel, he upheld the Party's policy on intellec- a lot of courage for a Party worker to do what tuals, took care of them and supported their Li Chia-yu did. It was courting trouble. He work. This made him a dose friend of the could easily have been labelled as "surrendering scientists and technicians in Urumchi. The to the bourgeoisie." following is one instance of his solicitude for the scientis'ts. The mental'shackles imposed by the gang have been removed with their ouster. Party There is a senior agronomist named Tao workers on the scientific and technological fro:rt Shu-hsien working on the seed farm in the sub- are determinediy carrying out the Party's line urbs of Urumchi. He is in his sixties. Tao had and policies,.becoming close friends of scientists come to the farm in the early 50s from south of and doing supportive work well to provide the Yangtze where living conditions were far scientists with favourable working conditions. better than in Urumchi to help build up the Many have proniised to be a "Po Lo serving the border area. Over the years he worked hard proletariat." According to folklore, there once and managed to breed some fine varieties suited was a man named Po Lo who knew a good horse to the local. natural conditions and which give when he saw one. He once saw a fine charger, high yields. He was held in esteem by the local treated like a hack, pulling a cart of salt. Po Lo P.arty organizations and people. took off his coat, rushed over to the steed and But when the "gang of four" were on the threw it over the animal, murmuring words of loose he was accused of all sorts of things and sympathy and encouragement. Moved by this, given a rough time. His work was shunted aside. the horse gave a resounding snort of acknow- dn learning this, Li Chia-yu made a special trip ledgement. It was later put to better use. A to the seed farm. "How are things with you,' Po Lo today is one who correctly implements Comrade Ta"o?" Li asked, shaking the 'old the Party's policies concerning scientific and scientist's hand. "We've come to learn from technological personnel, and is able to spot and you." The agronomist felt a surge of warmth appreciatd talent, foster and organize talent so flood his whole body. His eyes grew moist. Li that our scientists can make rapid advances in Chia-yu told the farm leadership to popularize their endeavours.

Mag 19, 1978 17 Young maticians had used certain theorems advanced Chinese by the Finnish mathematician Nevanlinna. Mathematicians Abroad The symposium afforded the two mathe- maticians an excellent opportunity t0 learn from A CADEMIC exchanges between China and their colleagues abroad and to exchange ex- fl. q15sp countries have grown since last year. perience. They followed attentively every paper' learnt Many scientific and technical personnel have read at the symposium and modestly from the others. The content of the gone abroad on study tours or to take part in paper by the distinguished mathematician in the international acaderiric actiVities, and foreign theory of functions Professor W.K. Hayman scientists have come to lecture or join their was linked to Chang's work, so after the pro- Chinese counterparts in research work. fessor had finished reading his paper Chang Two young Chinese rnathematicians, Yang Kuang-hou discussed topics of common inter- Lo and Chang Kuang-hou, read two papers est with him. Bombieri is a young Italian in an internationhl symposium on analysis mathematician with many achievements in which was held in Zurich in April. research into the theory of. numbers and ' other fielfs. Yang Lo had heard much about The symposium was attended by more than his work and now he was with him at the 50 well-known mathematicians from ten coun- symposium, listening to his speech. Yang aBked tries, including Switzerland, Finland, Britain, Bombieri about his work and expressed his the United States, and West Germany. Italy wish to learn from him. Some 20 of them read their papers on the basic theory of mathematics. During the symposium Yang Lo and Chang Kuang.hou had extensive contacts with their In his paper, Yang Lo gave an account of colleagues and talked with them about cuirent results he had obtained from his researches into research into theories of mathematics. The days the relations between the number of deficient in Zurich also promoted friendship and under- values, deficient values and singular directions standing with fillow mathematicians from other of entire and meromorphic functions; the law countries. of distribution of singular directions; and mathe- singular directions of a new character. Chang Aftbr the Swiss symposium the two Kuang-hou's paper dealt with four important maticians werb invited. to visit England, theorems proving the interconnections between where on April 24 they spoke at Imperial deficient values, asymptotic values and Julia College of Science and Technology in London. Hayman directions three important concepts in the The noted mathematician Professor - spoke highly of their theory of entire and meromorphic functions. who chaired the lecture achievements. Most of those present were senior Both papers were warmly acclaimed. Yang professors and doctofs of mathematics and and Chang expressed that they would not have people engaged in teaching and research in the been able to accomplish so much if they had. value distribution theory of functions and they not the vast amount of results obtained by were greatly interested by the distinctive re- foreign mathematicians in the theory of func- sults Yang and Chang had obtained. After the tions tb guide them and the help and support reports, Yang -and Chang entered into discus- given them by senior Chinese'mathematicians. sions with Professor J,G. Clunie of Imperial They had drawn heavily on research into the College of Science and Technology and Dr. J.N. theory of functions carried out in other coun- Anderson of University College. They ex- tries, they said. In Chang Kuang-hou's re- changed research treatises. Mathematicians of searches, for example, he had used the the two countries said they should make more American mathematician L. Ahlfors' theorem contacts and work in closer co-operation for of deviation. The two young Chinese mathe- greater achievements.

18 Peking Reui,ew, No. 20 A Yisit to Romanio A People With a Tradition of Heroic Struggle

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A ilelegation from the Chinese People's forulard the cause of socialist revolution Associatr.on for Friendsh,ip With Foreign Coun- until communism is triumphant throughout tries and, the China-Romania Friendship the world. Associ,ati,on uisited Romnnia in Aqril, The Chou En-lai, d"elegation toured Bucharest and the fw,r Car- pathian counties o! Prahoua, .Si,biu, Alba a,nd June 24, 1966 Vilcea. The lollouttng article toas written by o Glorious History member o! the ilelegati.on after its return, - EiI. From.the many we were our days in Romania, we saw for historical relics flURING shown we learnt something the numerous L, ourselves the heroic Romanian people's about national heroes in Romania's history. There revolutionary spirit of daring to struggle and were Stephen the.Great and Michael the Brave. daring to win in fighting for the independence On the walls were murals depicting the deeds and unification of their motherland over the of Horea, Closca and Crisan, the three leaders centuries. When we visited Romania's Museurir 1?84 Romanian peasant rebellion who of Revolutionary History, we saw nearly a mil- of the were thrown into prison by the rulers of the lion exhibits which convincingly demonstrated Austro-Hungarian Empire, tortured and finally this historical truth, The museum had been set broken on the wheel. The imperialists, stupid up in 1966 and its director told us that the and brutal, always to put down revolu- Romanian people feel honoured that the first try tionary forces by fire and sword but develop- foreign guest to visit the museum was none ments in history always make mockery of their other than China's Premier Chou En-lai. In efforts. Slaughtering the revolutionaries in- the visitors' book, we saw the firm handwriting evitably brings forth the great motive force in of Premier Chou. It reads: the eruption of a mightier and more inspiring The Romanian people are a people revolution. What took place in the Field of with a tradition of heroic struggle and the Liberty in Blaj on March 3, 1848 proves this. Romanian Communist Party is a Party with a glorious revolutionary history. On that day, a bourgeois nationalist revolu- tion of the Romanian people erupted in the To overthrow reactionary domestic and valley of Blaj. More than 40,000 people from foreign rule, the Romanian people, under -all parts of the country poured into a small the leadership of the Romanian Communist mountain town. Their voices merged into the Party, struggled wave upon wave until mighty shout of "We want unification and in- they finally won victory, set up people's dependence!" After the whole country'was power and opened up a new era in Roma- liberated, the Romanian Government gave this nian history. spot the name of the Field of Liberty. Standing We admire tremendously your revolu- in this square today are bronze statues of 24 tionary spirit of heroic struggle. Romanian thinkers and revolutionaries. We sincerely hope you will carry on The Communist Party and Government of and give full play to this glorious revolu- Romania hold dear the country's glorious his- tionary tradition and con-tinuously pu.sh tory and constantly teach the younger genera-

MaA 19, 1978 l 19 tion abqut their country's past. Wben.,we were 19th century Ploiesti oil was used in Bucharest at the Museum of Re'iolutionary History, we to light the first kerosene lamps in Europe.. saw..lro-up after.group of children making their The Floiesti Combine's buildings cover 480 pledges joining Pioneers on the Young before hectares and are divided into oil-refining and We saw the statues of revolutionary martyrs. petrochemical production. The combine refines young people and children placing wreaths at 6 million tons of crude oil annually and its 48 the Field of Liberty and even in mountain vil- subsidiary plants turn out 1 million tons of 'kindergarten singing lages we heard infants petrochemical products each year. songs about the motherland's independence and unification, This is a .heroic nation, a, nation The refining and petrochemical industries which loves lndependence and liberty above in Ploiesti has developed very quickly. It now everything else. takes only 28 days to produce 1938's total output of crude oil. One and a half days' production today is equivalent to the 1938 output .of pe- lndustry ond Agriculture trochemical products. The Ploiesti Combine is among the country's bsst for labour efficiency Industrial production in Romania has with each worker turning out 1 million lei developed very rapidly in recent years and the worth of products each year. country is beginning to rank among the advanced industrial iountries. Its annual steel Standing beside the Ploiesti Petrochemical output averages half a ton per.person. Combine is tho I Mai Oilfield Equipment En- terprise. This big, modern enterprise grew out Prahova, we the Ploiesti Petro- In visited of a small repair works set up in 1908. It has chemical Combine, one of Romahia's main oil now 12,000. workers and staff and lxoduces centres. Romania is known to the world as one complete sets of oil prospecting equipment. producers. of the world's earliest great oil Its Its bits 'and gusher prevention apparatus first oil well was in Ploiesti and in the mid- are among the world's top-quality products and exported to many countries. The Bucharest Knltwear Mill. We also visited.a beramics works, a woollen mill and a furniture factory. Our general im- prepsion is that Romania's industry is develop- ing'with great speed and the factories are well managed. For instance, we never found a blob of clay on the floor at the ceramics works nor a wisp of fluff flying about at the woollen mill. The Centqal Committee of the Romanian Communist Party has now issued the.new mili- tant call "to turn quantity into a new quality." We are convinced that,Romania's industry will 8ee a new and faster develoPment' Agriculture in Romania is also very much developed. The level of mechanization has been very high since co-operative farrning became established. Irlearly a ton of grain per peltson per year has been reached. During our ten days in Romania, we saw luxuriant greiln forests, fertile soil, tidy fields and vast pastures, For several days, we lived an idyllic country life. We were shown every hospitality when we were the guests of a forestry worker. Our

Peki,ng Reuiew, No. 20 hall, Romanian musicians played for ras the popular Romanian song ?he Skyl,ark which the Chinese people are very fa- miliar with, and singers sang us moving folh songs and stirring marches. The fine performances, fragrant wirie and , moving friendship made us feel very close to each other. The p'oet in our delegation Comrade Chu Tzu-chi dashed off a poem on the spot and recited it himself : We carne from the fraternal faratnay eest, Are here i,n the land of ancient Dacia 2,000 Aears ago, Inslde a Romanlan vlllago shop. I sazr the Jtashing soord of Michael, Humbling three arrogant enLperors. host offered us wine and cheese he had made Deuils tremble and quauer uhen theg see lt, himself and was very proud of the fine and lnends cheer anil applaud! happy life which came with victory in the' Shguld arry greedg tArant, revolution. Dare lorce his uay into your free and beautiful garclen, Profound Friendchip In toilag's raging tid.e against hegem,ony, During our stay in Romafiia we were looked The enemg will meet a fate no better than upon by everyonb we met as the beagets of Osrnan's! friendship from the people of Chiuu. Ah, heroic Romania! One evening we were the guesB'ht a ben- Aecept the salute of your Chi,nese comrailes- quet given in a vineyard by the Alba County in-artns, Committee. In the huge, brightly lit banquet And, Listen to this song frorn mg heart!

Horn ol Alrico Militory Intervention "On lnvitotion" I

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! NIORE than two monthp heve, elapeed alnce tional withdrawal of Somali troops" should not rvr Somali tfoops withdrew froryr Qgaden on be "llnked with the military personnel" of the March 9. Yet, the Soviet and Cuban troops ln Soviet Union and Cuba in the Horn of Africa. the Horn of Africa still refuse to pull out. Why? Pra,ud,a'said that this was because the Moreover, Moscow's propaganda meohines are Soviet and Cuban troops were stationed there trying by every conceivable means to churh out "on invitation." pretexts for them to hang on there. It can be recalled that the Kremlin brandish- In a recent commentary, the Kremlin rid the banner of "aid ip oppqsing aggression" mouthpiece Pratsd,a argued that "the uncondi: when it sent tens of thousands of Soviet and

May 19, 1978 21

;I@ffi*t Cuban military personnel to interfere on a big Namibia and Zimbabwe. in southern Africa. scale in the Horn of Africa. But this "reason- i Obviously, this new theory is aimed at provid- ing" being untenable, it is flaunting the sign- \. ing a "theoretical" .excuse when Moscow re- board of interfering "on invitation" in the hope sumes military contention in the Horn of of covering up.its expansionist ambitions. Africa and southern Africa;

The Kremlin had applied this "theory" ten Second. More and' more countries are years ago to one of its "fraternal countries." strongly opposed to the continued Soviet and In August 1968, Moscow sent large numbers of . Cuban military presence in the Horn of Africa. troops to invade Czechoslovakia under the bap- Public opinion in the United States and a'nurn- ner of "invitation" of the victim.. Thus, ber of West European countries holds that the Czechoslovakia f€ll under long-term Soviet Soviet and Cuban troops in the region con- military occupation. It is under the same sort stitute a grave threat to the sea routes for oil of pretext that Moscow deployed lirge numbers transport to America and Western Europe and of troops and modern weapons in the Mongo- pose a challenge to these countries as well. Pub- lian People's Republic, subsequently turning lic opinion in the third world points out that the country into its military base. Comment- the military intervention constitutes not only i4g on the "reason" why the Soviet Union re- the main cause of intranquillity in the region fused to withdraw its troops from Mongolia, but also a menace to the sovereignty and secu- j'The TASS said recently: Soviet troops are rity of the third world countries. stationed in Mongolia at the invitation of the Many African countries which suffered a Government of the Republic." great deal from Soviet intervention are most In recent years, the Soviet Union has even strongly demanding that ihe Soviet and Cuban applied to African countries the theory that troops get out of the Horn of Africa and iet the military intervention f'on invitation" is legal. Africans solve their problems themselves. A case in point was its armed intervention in Moscow's theory of military intervention years Angola two ago when the Kremlin had "on invitation" is nothipg but a pretext to puIl the impudence to say this was done "at the in- out of its passivity in the face of world opinion vitation a legal government." of and_- continue its unbridled intervention in Evidently, the Prauila and TASS propg- Africa. ganda about "invited" Soviet military interven- Facts show that the course of rnilitary in- tion in the Horn of Africa is a repetition of tervention and aggression and expansion what the Kremiin did in Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Uni-on has taken "on - invitatidn" Mongolia and Angola. is precisely the course taken by tsarist Russia, But Moscow is harbouring new designs Hitler Germany apd U.S. imperiaiism. Tsarist when it applies this theory to the issue of the Russia, out to partition Poland in 1??9, sent a Horn of Africa. hundred thousand troops in the name of "in- vitation" to carry out Large-scale armed inter- First. Since the withdrawal of Somali vention and aggression against the country. In troops from Ogaden, Soviet and Cuban troops, 1833, tsarist ftussia forced Turkey to sign the instead of pulling out of the Horn of Africa as Treaty of Hunkiar-Iskelessi providing that Tur- they are requested, have increased in number. key must "invite" Bussia to rdndei" "military They now stand at over 17,000 as against 12,000 assistance." Engels pointed out: It was "through prior to the Somali withdrawal. Moreover, the Treaty of-Hunkiar-Iskelessi to place Turkey they aqe meddling in the question of Eri-trea. under Russian domination over a period of And Moscow has reportedly fixed its eye on

22 Peking Reoieu, No. 20 In 1938, Hitler sent more than 200,000 \- The law of history. is inexorable. Every- German tioops to annex Austria. He claimed body knows what imperialirst (on these countries that this had not only'been done invita- finally got for their military expansion under ,,admiration tion" but had also won the of the the cover of "invitatibn." Soviet social-imperial- Austrian people." In 1gb8, the U.S. Gov- ism is doomed to meet with the same histcirical ernment, under the pretext of receiving the fate. "invitation" of the Lebanese Government, land- ed troops in Lebanon and intervened in this (A commentary.'W Hsinhua sovereign state. Corr esponl,ent, May 72 ) BMILk U.S. Poper "The Call" The Roqd to Communist Unity

"The call," organ of the U.S. Communist .Our Party has helped to unite many forces Partg (Marcist-Leninist), on December 26, who were previously scattered and disunited. 7977, camied an ed,itorial entitted, "Tlto Roacl In addition, the Programme and Political Re- to Com,mru,nist Uni.tg," calling orl the U.S. port of the Founding Congress have'become Mardst-Leninists to strengthen their unitg. major guiding documents for Marxist-Leninists Follousing are excerpts Jrom this ed.itoriat. throughout the country. Finally, the CPML has Ed. - provided these forces with a leading cenfte around which to rally all those who can be can communist unity be strengthened? united in common struggle against imperialism, T{OW exploitation rr What contributions can the Communist and oppression. Party Marxist-Leninist (CPML) make in uniting Then why the need for a new Unity Com- with those genuine revolutionaries who are still mittee to further advance the Party-building outside our Party? These are some of the ques- efforts? tions to which the CPML is directing its atten- tion at present. The truth is that the founding of the CPMI did not put an end to the struggle for communist rffhile To advance the cause of communist unity unity. the current situation within our and our efforts to forge a single unified Com- movement is extremely favourable, there are munist Party in the United States, the CPML is still some important shortcomings in our efforts initiating a series of steps in the near future, to forge a single unified Marxist-Leninist Party. including the formation of a Marxist-Leninist There are still many honest and committed Unity Committee, Marxist-Leninists who remain outside the Ttre founding of our Party marked a great CPML. Some of these people are actively seeking step forward for the communist movement and unity with our Party. Others have disagreements or questions programme. for the whole working class. Since its Found- about our line and ing Congress, the CPML has pushed forward Our Party expressed in its founding do- the level of our movement and has succeeded cuments its desire and intention to carry on the in uniting the broad revolufionary forces more unity efforts for a long period atter our Party than at any time during the recent period. was founded. In the Political Rep.grt, we put

May 19, 1978 23 it this way: "This Congress of unity is a major olutionary-ririnded workers are turning towards step in uniting a. significant number of Com- Marxism for answers to their problems. munists into a single unified Marxist-Leninist Agaiflst this positive trend stand the revi- Party, but this task is by no means. over.'Based sionists of various types who all direct their on our strengthened unity and on thq firm basis main blow at the rising communlst movement. of Marxism-teninism-Mao Tsetung Thought, In building Marxist-Lqninist unity, we must *.rr rtust be able to unite even greater numbers overcorne new .attempts by these revisionists to of Communists who still remain in some local sabotage our efforts. circles and in organizations under opportunist In some iountries, revisionist attacki on Congress should bi a rallying ieadership. Our Marxism-Leninism-Mao Tsetung Thoughit and cry of 'Marxist-Leninists unite!' " on the People's Republic of 'China and its great In fact, throughout this whole period, Party have gained some popularity among petty- Party-building remains the central task of our bourgeois elements. But these forces still rep- movement. The Marxist-Leninist Party in the resent a counter-current against the rising tide U.S. stiIl must be planted firmly and squarely of revolutionary unity. on its feet. Communist unity must still be in Furthermore, the sharpening contradictions the ferefront of Our thoughts, and this thinking in the United Sta'tes and throughout the world must be translated into a conerete plan of ac- have forced modern revisionism, 'headed by tion for Communists to follow. These unity Soviet social-imperialism, to come out more and efforts must be carried out in the heat of mass more into the open as the counter-revolutionary struggle, uniting the Party while building the force that it is. Because of this, many who were workers movement and the fightback of the previously taken in by its "socialist" words are masses against the capitalist system. waking up to the imperialist character of the Soviet superpower. The need to step up our Party-building ef- forts and the favourable conditions for doing so In addition, many of the opportunists who cdn be seen by examining the rapidly changing conciliated with modern revisionism have alFo conditions both in our country and around the been forced to reveal themselves. world. With such favourable conditions around us' genuine Internationally, the unity trend among the our Party is calling on'the Communists get organlzed on the Marxist-Leninist Parties and organizations con- throughout tlre country,to basis of support for Marxism-Lqninism and op- tinues to move , forward and develop in the position struggle against revisionism, Faced with the to revisionism. developing factors lor war and revolution on a Recognizing that differences do exist along- necessary to olganize the strug- world scale, the communist movement is gather- side unity, it is gle single tlnified Party" Moreover, lt ing its forees.and deepenlng its tieq to the masses for e must be org;nized in such I way that unity in the capitalist countrles. The growing war serves as a foundatlon for principled struggle, danger especially has brought home the urgency leading agaln to an even hlgher level of unity, of Party-building. Our Party has summed up the strong and Further highlighting this urgency is the weak points of past unity efforts, such as the deepening general crisis of. capitalisrn. The crisis Organizing Committee for a Marxist-Leninist has brought about a rising tide in the strike Party (OC), which paved the way towards the movement in the United States and a growing founding of the CPML. On that basis, we are awareness on the part of many workers of the initiating efforts to form 'a new communist need for class struggle. Large numbers of rev- Unity Committee. u 24 , eking Retsiew, No. 2o Atrica Coostql Stotes Develop Mqritime Shippins llillillllllllulllllllltllllllllllltilltttlil]llilillltlilttlilililrtilllItllilullilttlItililttlilil.

A FRICA has a very extensive coastline with African maritime countries have also beeir /r numerous natural harbours, but shipping paying attention to training their own shipping in Africa has long been in the hands of the personnel. In his address to the fir6t group of Western industrialized countries. This has been graduates, the president of the Algerian Higher one of the major factors in the continued ex- Maritime Institute said: "The key question ploitation dnd slow economic development of is to -consolidate the independence of the Afriean states. More and more African coun- national fleet by training Algerian cadres." tries have now come to realize that if they want Higher maritime institutes . arid schools have to develop their national economies, they must now been set. up in Ghana, the Ivory Coast, control and develop their maritime shipping Morocco, Algeiia and Senegal. and enhance solidarity and co-operation among the African states in this field. Tanzanian Minister of Communications v and Transport Amir Jamal told a meeting last Setting Up Notionol Shipping Componies June that "it is the first time in our history that Tanzanians are handling 10,000-ton ships." Cameroon, Benin, Senegal, . the Central "This is important, and a giant stride forward." African Empire and Tanzania have set up their Senelal's first maritime vessel manned by its national shipping'companies in recent years fol- nationals went to sea in 19?7. lowing the example of Morocco, Libya, Algeria and otlers. The Ivory Coast has Strengthening Co-operotion nationalized the shipping company which was controlled by foreign capital. The main sectors To safeguard their economic rights and in- of management and administration in these terests, African countries have strengthened companies are now in the hands of Africans. bilateral and multilateral co-operation in The number of ships is being increased con- developing their seaborne trade. The Sudan- tinuously as African countries expand their Egyptian' Joint Committee for Maritime.Trans- shipping. Ghana, Algeria and Senegal have port was set up in May 1977. The two sides now their own maritime fleets. Many African reached agreement on the .use of each. other's states are develdping their own shipbuilding ports, training personnel and loading and industry. unloading and maintenance of equipment. A shipping company has been jointly established . Some African states have built new ports, by Tunisia and Libya. expanded existing ones and improved their loading and unloading capacities. Work is now In the last few years some 20 West and under way to expand the port of Douala in Central African countries held a ministerial Cameroon which at present handles more than eonference every year on maritime transport. 2 million tons of cargo a year. After expan- They have formulated a charter and established sion, Douala's cargo turnover each year will.top an ad hoc committee for negotiations on freight 10 million tons.' Nigeria's second largest sea- rates with Western maritime association$. The port Tin Can Island Port - - was officially committee has succeeded in limiting freight commissioned last October. It can handle 3 rate increases demanded by Western maritime million tons of cargo a year. Nigeria plans to associations. For instance, last year it compel- raise the .number of its larger quays from 28 led Western maritime associations to raise to 54. freight rates by only ?-8 per cent instead of

Mag 79,197.8 ' , 25 11.36-20 per cent as oilgtrlally declared by them. dishonest rctlon hes plunged E.EC. shipowners ,: The ministerial conference on maritime trans- into. serious difficulties." !:pert also stipulated that the nationai- shtppilp gourcee from the c1}rrli'tllssion seid that Gte cotripanies ol West and Central Afrtban coqn- method frequently resorted to by the Sovlet tridf have priority in the carriage of goods be Unioh was lowering ffeight rates by a wide longlng:to the member states of the minister{al margin. conference.' It was reported that Soviet ships now carry In his speech at the ministerial conference most of the aargo betUreen the Soviet Untqn last year, Ghanaian Head of State I.K. Acheam- and the nlne E.E.C. couritries. On the North pong said that the action taken by the con: Atlarrtic-route, Soviet shtps now tranrport the ference was "with a view to achieving better e{ulvalent of 20 per cent of the goode camied and niore economic utilization of our cargo by liner conference lnembers, aqd for traffic ships as yell as ensuring that we gain full rights between Northern Europe and the west coast to the ca\riage of our foreign trade." Praislng of Latin Amerlca figure was !S per cent. the 'cooperation among the West and Central thc African countries in maritime transport, Sene- Eastern Tl,mes, a ureekly published in galese Prime Minister Abdou Diouf said on London, recently carridd an article which dealt January 17 this jear that "this co-operation is with Soviet maritime expansion. an expression of otrr common political will." The article said: "The Soviet merchant fleet is the sixth largest in the world, havlng already eclipsed the United States which ranks E.E,C. eighth." "Apart from having a'95 per cent monopoly of trade between the West antl Measures to Counter Russian and COMECON ports, the Soviet Union toint has pabbed a quarter o{ the North Atlantic Sovlet Maritime traffic earried by conference ships in both directions; 35 per cent between Northern Europe Competition and the Mediterranean; 25 per cent between Northern Europe and the west coast of South America; mor€ thein 20 per cent between the tTtUf Commission of the European Economic I Gulf of Mexico ports and the Mediterranean; 20 Community (E.E.C.) propor"d to the E.E.C. per cent between Europe and East Africa; 12 Council of Ministers on April 5 that all the per cent petween Japan and the west coast of member states take joint measures to eope with the United States." the Soviet maritime company's unscrupulous manoeuvres to grab trade in international It pointed out that the Soviets "were, in shipping. some caies, undercutting Western freight rates by 50 per cent,.on avefage their quotes were 15 If the proposals are adopted, the member to 20 per cent lower." "E.E.C. member states states will establish a monitoring procedure to had tried to negotiate bilateral agreements with control Soviet and other East Europe'an ships in the Russians but these had been unsuccessful," thq ports of the community states. it said. : A spokesman of the commission said to Referring to rlnother cause for concern, the newsmen, "T\e rapid dbvelopment of the article said that "NATO leaders are fully aware Soviet maritime fleets and the direct competi- that the Soviet merchant fleet doubles as a tion between the Soviet maritime fleets and reservd fleet for military transport purpos€s." the maritime company of the E.E.C. member- "Many Soviet merchant ships are fitted with ship have damaged the interests of the E.E.C. electronic and other advanced gear far in excess countries and other member states of the of nor,mal commercial requiiements; and its Organization for Economic Co-operation and naval officers and crews are known to serve also Development (O.E.C.D.). The Soviet Union's in the merehant marine."

26 Peking Reoiew, No. 20 Explanatory Notes to Yolume V of "Selected Works of Mao Tsetung" (to)

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The regions inhobited by the minority ple's Republic, the Party agd the government notionolities ore more extensive in abolished the systern of national oppression oreo thon those inhobited by the throughout the country, thereby ensuring Hon notionolity equality for all nationalities. Within the frame- work of the unification of the motherland, (See p. 230, Vol. V, Eng. Ed^) regional national autonomy has been gfadually introduced in areas where the minority.nation- China is a unitary multinational socialist alities .live in compact communities, and the state. Apart from the Han nationality, there are great unity between the people of all nationali- more than 50 minority nationalities who con- ties in the country has .been achieved. In order stitute about 6 per cent of the total population. to implement the above-mentioned nationality The regions inhabited by them, wh\ch are rich poliey, the Chinese Communist Party has time in natural resources, make up 50 to 60 per cent and again conducted education within the Party of China's total area. and among the Han people on opposing Han ehauvinism and in enhancing equality, fraternal Hon chouvinism love, mutual help and co-operation between the various nationalities. However, as there is still (See P' 67'1 class struggle and the influence of the ideology Han chauvinism is a manifestation of the of exploiting classeS has not yet been completely reactionary ideas of the landlord class and the eliminated, there are sometimes manifestations bourgeoisie in our country in the relations be- of Han chauvinism. tween nationalities. Before liberation, the Kuo- In The Debate on the Co-operatiue Trans- mintang reactionaries denied the fact that many lormation of Agriculture and the Cument Class nationalities exist in China and labelled all Struggte (October 1955), Chairman Mao said: excepting the Han nationality as "tribes." They "At present, there is still a good deal of Han enforced a policy of assimilation, limited or de- chauvinism, for example, monopolizing the af- prived the minority nationalities of their fairs of the minority nationalities, showing no political, eeonomic and cultural rights and respect for their customs and folkways, being freedom and subjected them to oppression and self-righteous, Iooking down on them and saying exploitation. how backward they are." In handling the rela- Since its founding, the Cornmunist Party tions between the Han nationality and minority pay of China has formulateil a policy of full bquality nationalities, we should continue to special attention among the various nationalities, .-mutual co- to overcoming Han chauvinism in ac- operation and concerted efforts in opposing op- cordance with Chairman Mao's teaching and the pression by the imperialists and domestic Party's nationaiity policy. reactionaries. After the founding of the Peo- (To be continued,.)

Mag 19, 1978,, 27 ROUND qREZHN€V',S W. GERMAN VtSlI Of Limited Votue THE WORl.Ds\\\NR\\r\N Brezhnev's four-day (May 4-7) visit to the Federal Republic U.N. SECURIry COUNCIL no indication of their with- of Germany which Moscow S. Africo's Attock on drawing. gave much publicity to has been of limited value. The joint Nomibign Comps In his speech, SWAPO Pres- statement at the end of the talks On May 4, troops of thb Vor- ident Sam Nujoma declared that the people of Namibia will between Brezhnev and Schmidt ster racist regime attatlt€d only mentioned in general terms and intensify the SWAPO (South West Afriea "piosecute should make political and armed liberation that both lides People's Organization) camps tn energetic efforts to secure peace struggle until the racist regime southern Angola. This act of and prornote detente, as well as of South Africa is forced to end aggression has aroused strong efforts in the field of disarma- its occupation of Namibia.l' condemnation. inside and out- ment and arms limitation. side the United Nations. SWAPO Speaking on behalf of the Chancellor Schmidt had vis- called off its'U.N. talks schedul- African Gfoup, Zambian Repre- Moscow October 19?4, ed for May 8 with the five sentatiVe Miss Gwendoline Ko- ited in and Brezhnev's recent tour was Western countries over the nie urged the Security Council a return visit originally sched- question of Namibia. to larpose firandatory and com- 1976. r'epeated prehensive economic sanctions, uled for Its The U.N. Security Council on postponement aroused including an oi1 and arms em- had May 6 unanimously adopted a bargo against the fascist white much speculation in the West resolution condemning this 6g- about Soviet intentions. Peo- ,minority regime in South Afri- gressive act. The resolution 'cli. ple have noted that the timing demands that all South African of Brezhnev's visit was before forces be withdrawn from Representatives from Tanza- the convocation of NATO's sum- Angola immediately and uncon- nia, Mozambique, India and mit meeting on def.ence policy at Africa ditionally and that South Kuwait as well as the United the end of this month and odds put an its illegal occup6- end to Nations Council for Namibia ob- have surfaced between West Namibia without ahf tion of served that the naked armed Germany and the United States delay. aggression by South Africa was over some problems concerning not an isolated incident, but It also reaffirms U.N. support economic policy, the neutron part of its established policy of just of the peo- bomb and the prevention of for the struggle intimidation through military ple of Namibia for the attain- nuclear proliferation incursions against neighbouring ment of their freedom and independent African states in independence and for the During' his visit, Brezhnev' order to prolong its racist re- pressure maintenance of the territorial again brought to bear gime. integrity of their country. gn West Germany and other in Chinese Representative Chen West European countrieS The Security Council met on from Chu said that even while it is a bid to prevent them May 5 and 6 to consider the new advertising its so-called "peace- deploying U.S. neutron bombs in acts of aggression against Ango- the South their countries.. West GermanY, la by the South African authori- ful settlement," African racist regime has fla- however, "disputes this view," ties. grantly perpetrated this latest one report said. Chancellor An Angolan representative barbarous act of armed aggres- Schmidt announced that his told the meeting that hundreds sion, This r.'is yet'another glar- country would accePt the de- of innocent people were killed ing manifestation of the habit- ployment of neutron bombs and injured as a result.of these ual counter-revolutionary dual under the circumstances when acts of aggression committed by tactics it has been using over a NATO has agreed and another South African troops. There is long period." NATO country aiso dePloYs

28, Feking Rediew, No. 20 such bombs, if the Soviet Union ITALY Moro's release. The Italian makes no concessions in the Government refused and mo- Murder Moro Protested reduction of its conventional of bilized police and troops to military buildup in Central News of the murder of Aldo carry out searches, but in vain. Europe. Spokesmen of both Moro, Chairman of the ruling countries' confirmed that "little Italian Christian Democratic RHODESIA progress was made" on the Party and .five times Italian Squobbles in "Tronsitionol Berlin question. Prime Minister, by an organiza- Government" tion which calls itself the "Red Fierce squabbles have broken The long-term agreement on Brigades" has set off strong re- out within the "transitional deepening" percussions in Italy. "deyeloping and government" of the Rhodesian economic and industrial co- On May 9, thousands upon racist Smith regime. This operation between the two thousands of ltalian people "transitional government" was courrtries is merely a frame- poured out into the streets to formed on March 21 accord- work; specific projects have protest against this act of ing to the March 3 "internal still to be negotiated. terrorism and exlxess their settlement" agreement concoct- condolences over Moro's death. ed by Smith.. During his visit, Brezhnev Workers in many cities downed claimed that the Soviet Union tools and a number of shops in In each "ministry" of this "believes in peace," "has no central Rome shut down. "government," there is a white intention to attack" and "does and a black ''minister." After Memorial meetings were held rlot intend to. seize Western taking office, the black "co- separately on May 10 mourning These are "words minister" of Justice and Law Europe." the death of Moro by the Ital= coming from and Order, Byron Hove, said the bottom of ian Senate -and Chamber of our hearts," Brezhnev declar- that the laws "ground out" by Deputies. Amintore Fanfani, Smith regime should be ed. "Experience shows that it the President of the Senate, later gradually abolished they is better not to pin too much as received diplomatic envoys of a weie introduged. mainly to pro- hope on the Soviet Union's number of countries, including teet the interests of the white high-sounding words," said the Chinese Ambassador Wang minority. He charged that the West German paper Rul;r Nach- Kuo-chuan, to thank them Rhodesian police had been gull- ri.chten bluntly. And Welt am for attending and for the ty of harassing civilians and Sonntag pointed out wryly, sympathy extended by their oJ brutality. He also proposed "Brezhnev has three-fourths of countries and governments. that b{ack policemen and civil his troops stationed in Eastern Moro was kidnapped on servants be promoted. Europe (450,000 troops in the March 16 in Rome by the "Red angered white German Democratic Republic What he said Brigades." This organization officiats and he was dismissed alone). Yet he sa;rs he wants to had repeatedly demanded the by the "government" on April make progress p4imarily in dis- release of its members now 28. armament." under detention in exchange for On his way to London from A mass demonstration in Hamburg on May 6 against Brezhnev's visit. Rhodesia, Hove pointed out in Johannesburg'civit on April 29 that the whole service; the judiciary, the army and the police in Rhodesia remained in the hands of the white minority. He said: "The internal settle- ment is a fraud," adding that Smith is "trying to cheat us, and to cheat the whole world," and all that Smith wanted were puppets.

2s through 90,000 metres of qnder ON THE HOME FRONT ssrxsrrsn**....rr...**s.s ground ehannels and some 300 electric' pumping stations' to 'frfioh fron Orec Found hydro.gbological proepecting. irrigate farmland, thus reduc- Ttre first quarter's drilling foot- ing the threat of surface-water N the country-wide pros- If age. was 18 per cent more thari shortage and drought. pecting for rich iron mines the same period of last year. last year, a number of rich iron Total grain output in the ore areas, each with estimated Sun Ta-kuang, Director of county has risen by more tlran the State Bureau, reserves of 100 rnillion tons, Geological 12 per cent'every year.in the said recently that geological were found and new deposits last three years. Moreover, 34 were departments have the task of located in some old min- small hydropower stations hive ing areas. getting necessary mineral re- been built by making" use of sources and other 5ieological Fairly abundant ground. data ready for the moderniza- the hydraulic power of these water was found in some dry, tion of agriculture, industry, reservoirs, providing electricity areas. Some high-quality phos- national defence and science for the peasants. phate ores were discovered in and technology. From now on, This county is located in a northern regions where phos- the iron reserves to be verified phates are short, and famous karst area of limestone a number every year must be three and a hopeful formations. Although annual of coal mines were half times the annual average located precipitaticln is high, the rain in the coal-deficient in the past, with a big increase water soon disappears under- south. At the same time, oil in rich iron mines. To build prospecting ground through karst caves. has achieved new some ten oilfields of the Tach- results. I,lr the past the local peasantS ing size, large oil and gas fields were unable to make use of the Geologieal departments have must be located. And the verifi- underground water. scored new advances this year ed amounts of coal deposits in in prospecting for oil, coal, iron, the south and ground water in Since 1973, cadres and copper, tin, potassium salts and dry areas every year should be peasants in the county started phosphate ores as well as in several or even a dozen times to look for subterranean water. those of the annual averages in They built reservoirs that past. the covered. sinkholes and potholes To pick up speed, geological scattered aiong underground departments have been study- streams. ing and popularizing sucli new aE- techniques as aero-geology, In this work they were remote sensing and the com- sisted by more than 200 tech- bined use of geophysical and nicians from the Institute'of geochemical prospecting. Geography under the Chinese Academy of Sciences and a re- Underground search team on karst formations fresenoolrs from the Kweichow Engineer- ing Institute. In the last three q EVENTY-FIVE underground years, they'havg travelled all J reservoirs have been built over the 3,000-square-kilometre in Tushan County of Kweichow karst area, surveyed 600 karst Province, southwest China, the caves. and found 22 major un- biggest with a storage capaci- derground streams. They also ty of 2.6 million cubic metres calculated the volume of flow of water. of underground water and The abundant water control- located sites for building under- Members of. a geotogical team collecttng rock samples, Ied by these reservoirs is led ground reservoirs.

30 Peking Reisiea,'No. 20 *-ew tlgbway Bnidge THE second highway bridge r was. completed recently in central China's Wuhan city, which is divided into three sec- tiou by the Yangtze River and its tributary,' the Hanshui. Spannins over the Hanshui and linkirU Hankow with Hen- 'tl 1 yang, the $ridge ts 566,2 metres lo[g (2.5 time as long a.s the first one) and 25.5 metres in width. It is wide enough to allow six motor vehicles running abreast and can acco$modate The new Wuhan highway bridge is opened to traffic. tr50-ton trailer trucks. Ihe bridge wqs designed and built above sea level, caught cold, be- their "good Menpa of the by Chinese technlcians and came snow-blind or were frost- snowy mountains." workers. bitten during an unusually Model Teacher. T'he late Com- **t severe snowstorm. Learning rade Ma Chin-so, a primary this, Hsueh Sheng-kuei, doctor school teacher in a mountain A new generating set has in a P.L.A. unit stationed there, village in Honan's Yuhsien put been into operation at the hurried out to give the patients County, used to escort his pupils Chinchushan Power Plant in timely treatment. In the dark .home after classes along a trail Hunan Province. a It is 125,000- he lost his way, He wrapped winding through deep gUllies. kilowatt electronic-controlled his fur-lined coat tightly One day there was a cloudburst steam turbo-generating set with around him and waited in the and one of his pupils was swept inner water.aooled stator and snow until dawn. He found the away by a gush of torreilt. Ttre rotor., The plant had already villages the next day and teacher jumped into the raging installed two 50,000-kw. generat- : treated the patients. water to save the pupil and was ing sets and a 125,000-kw. dashed against a boulder. He generaling set. Liqked with Oxygen deficiency and bad was hurt in the head and che.st, the power grid in central and wdather high in the mountains northern Hunan, Chinchushan give a man a headache and but he managed to catch hold pupil push has become one of the grid's make him dizzy after a few of the and lrim teacher was major power plpnts. It supplies quick steps. Despite all this, to safety. Ttre electricity to faetories pnd Dr. Hsueh has treated herds- drowned. mines in Chuchpw, Hsiangtan men and brought them med- Ma Chin-so had been teaching and other new rtsing industrial icinqs in all seasons of the year. since 1961 and because he put centrep in the province. In the last ten yea$s, he has his whole heart into his work covered 13,000 kilometres and he won the praise of the local l treated 125,000 patients, lnclud- peasants. Serac the Pcople For his heroic de€ds, ing 100 serious cases. He has the county Party committee A Good "Msnp8" ("Doctor" popularized the basic know- posthumously admitted him in fibetan) ol the Snowy ledge of preventing and treating into the Party according to an Mountains. Last winter, many diseases and trdined barefoot application he made earlier and of tt. herdsmen in Tibet,s doctors for the local people. conferred on him the title of Chakuola area, 5,300 metfes The herdsmen praise him as "Model Teacher."

Mag 70, 1978a 31 fi Radio Peking f A tr Schednle for English tronsmissions beginning April 20,1978 * longuoge t ,r Loco! Stondqrd Time Metrd Bonds lHz F f s MB?II AIuIERICA 00:00-01 :00 19:00-20:00 (E.S.T.) 19; 16 15060, 15520, 17680 (EASr COAst) 01 :00-02:0O 20:00-21 :d) (E.S.T.) 42, 30, 7120, 97A0, 15060, 15520, 17680 )L 19, 16 & 02O0-03:00 21lOO-22,:00 GS.r.1 24, 19, 16 12055, 15060, 17680 (E.S.T.) + 03i@-04:00 22lOO-23t@ 42, 30 7120, 9780 i 12:00-13:00 07:00-08:00 (E.S.T.) 25 1 168s n IVOR?I' AMERICA 03:00-04:00 19:00-20:00 (P.S,T.) 24, 19, 16 12055, 1560, 15305, f (wEsT coA$T) 17735 )L a 04 100-05 r00 20:00-21 :fi) (P.S.T,) 24, 19, 16 12055, 15060, 15305, * 1773s ,[ AUSTRALIA AND 08:30-09 r30 18:30-19:30 (Aust. S.T.) 31,25, 19, 9460, 11600, T|n, (N.Z.S.T.) 15045, 17635 llt' NEW ZEALAND 20:30-21 :30 4 09:30-10:30 19:30-20:30 (Aust. S.T.) 31,25, 19, 17 9460, 116@, r7n, & 21t30-22,:30 (N.Z.S.T.) 15045, 17635 + SOUTTTEAST ASIA 12:00-13:00 19:00-20:00 (Western lndonesio, 32, 25, '.19, 16 9290, 11650,15270, Bongkok) 't7810 I 1980-20:30 (Singopore) )L 20:00-21 :00 (Ho Chi Minh City, Monilo) a 18:30-19:30 (Rongoon) t3:00-14:00 20i00-21:00 (Western lndonesio, 32, 25, 19, 16 9290, 11650,',t5270, Bongkok) 17810 20:30-21 :30 (Singopore) 21tCc,-2Z:OO (Ho Chi Minh City, Monilo) 19:30-20:30 (Rongoon) soufH AsrA 14:00-15:00 19:30-20:30 (Delhi, Colombo) 30, 25, t9 9860, 11650, 15080 19;00-20:00 (Rowolpindi) 20:00-21 :00 (Docco) 19:40-20A0 (Kothmondu) l5:00-16:00 20:30-21 :30 (Delhi, Colombo) 30, 25, 19 9860, 11650, 15080 20:00-21 :00 (Rowotpindi) 21IOO-22IOO (Docco) 2O:40-21240 (Kothmondu) 18:00-t 9:00 23:30-00:30 (Delhi) 247 1214 EES? AND SOU?II 16:fi)-l7:00 18:00-19:00 (Cope Town, Solisbury) 30,19 9860, 15045 . A?RTCA 19:00-20:00 (Dor-es-Soloom) 17:00-18:00 19:00-20:fi) (Cope Town, Solisbury) 30, 19 9860, 15045 20:00-21 :fi) (Dor-es-So!oom) WEST AND NOR?H 19:30-20:30 18:45.19:45 (Monrovio) 39, 31, 26 7620, 9470, 11302 A?RICA t9:30-20:30 (Accro, Freetown) 20:30-21 :30 (Logos) 21:3O-72,:3O (Coiro) 20:30-21 :30 19 t45-2Ot45 (Monrovio) 3s, 31,26 76N, 9470, 11302 20:30-21 :30 (Accro, Freetown) 21:30-22:30 ([ogos) 22:30-23230 (Coiro) (London, EVNOPE 20:30-21 :30 21t30-22t30 Stockholm, 43, 39, 26 6860; 7590,11500 Poris) 21 :30-22:30 22:30-23:30 ([ondon, Stockholm. 43, 39,26 6860, 7590,11500 Poris) )