Yol. 25, No. 47 November 22,1982

A CHINESE WEEKLY OF NEWS AND VIEWS

. Third World's Grain Problem o Guo Moruo Remembered

Iibelan Leader lnleruiewed

I ot't t .t.l I{i'; ' k\,

lrqI,,,/ I I t{t) I rt, Hu Qili described the league's HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK central task in a speech to the session (p. 5). Tibet Today cial envoy to attend his funeral. China also expressed the hope Guo Moruo Remembered In an exclusive interview for a genuine improvement in with Beijing Reoieu, well- On the occasion of Guo a Sino-Soviet relations through known Tibetan leader clarifies Moruo's 90th birthday, China the removal of obstacles (p. 8). remembered common questions about his the late man of letters and his region. First of a series of five life as a staunch Kampuchean Leader t/isits revolutionary, poet, articles about the "root of the brilliant China dramatist and historian. Guo is world" (p. 14). considered a great proletarian Chinese Ieaders and Kam- fighter second only to Lu Xun Third World's Grain puchean Vice-President Khieu in the annals of modern Chinese Problem Samphan met in Beijing and culture (p. 23). The problem of population held taiks on the currerrt in- growth and declining per- ternational situation and on the capita grain production in third developments in Indochina world countries is discussed by (p. e). Zhou Shengkui, an Assistant Research Fellow working f or Youth League Congress the Chinese Academy of Social A recent plenary session of Sciences (p. 18). the Central Committee of the .i(- ': i;1:, BrezhneY's Death Mourned Chinese Communist Youth rl iii League decided to convene the Ii li,'rl lrti.ll China mourned the death of league's llth national congress j;fil /i.IiUr the Soviet leader by extending on December 20. CPC Central condolences and .sending a spe- Committee Secretariat Member A Tibetan lvoman and her child.

Telephone Service to Be Up- mous regionol government groded choirmon Opr Correspon- BEIJING REVIEW dent Jing- Wei 14 Condolences on Brezhnev's Published every MondoY bY Deoth The Developing Countries' BEIJING REVIEW Problem Zhou Vice-President Khieu Somphon Groin 24 Boiwonzhuong Rood, Beijing Shengkui - 18 The People's Republic of Chino Visits Chino Guo Moruo-A Greot Prole- INTERNATIONAL 10-l 3 torion Culturol Fighter Vol. 25, No. 47 November Z2t 1982 Yon Huondong - 23 Gulf Stotes' Third Summit Bocks Fez Resolution Ren CONTENTS Zhong - CUTTURE & SCIENCE 27-28

West Bonk of the Jordon BOOKS 29-30 NOIES FROM THE EDITORS 3 River: A Coptive Morket- Le Shon Two Spirituol Civilizotions - ART PAGE 3l Politicol Editor An Zhiguo IMF's Unreosonoble Loon Chen Gong - TETTERS 4 The Philippines Moves EVETTS A 5.9 TRENDS Towords Energy Self- Rel ionce BElJlt{G REVIEW (USPS l{o. 658-110} is Communist Youth Leogue's Yunwen published wockly for US$ 13.50 per year by -Zhong 24 Eaiwanrhuang Road, llth Congress Somolio's Fonole Woter Con- Bciiing Bcvicw, Beijing, China. Second-class postsgr paid Hu Yoobong on Film Creotion servoncy Project Ren Yon - al San francisco, CA. Postmaster: Ssnd Guo Moruo Commemoroted address danges to Chino Books & ARTICTES DOCUMENTS A Poriodicals, lnc., 2929 24th Stloot, San High Groin Yields Tibet: An lnside View (l) franciscl, CA 94110. For More Smoll Commodities lnterview with the outono-- ITotes Frorn the Bdltors

This is a long-term, arduous task Iwo Spiritual Givilizations that cannot be accomplished in one or two generations. But people have noticed that we China has set itself the task in China and in the capitalist have already achieved some of building a socialist spiritual countries have much in comm.on. initial results in building a so- civilization, i.e., sociallst culture except that China is on the cialist spiritual civilization. Peo- and ethics. But some corn- whole relatively backward in ple imbueci with communist ideas are in increasing ponents of this task ar.e also en- this field. But China is doing a emerging couraged in capitalist countries. better job than some capitalist numbers in all fields of en- examples What, then, is the difference be- countries at proviciing medical deavour, whose fine tween the spiritual civilizations service for everyone. This is the are respected. loved and emulat- under the two different social outcome of different guidelines ed. systems? under two differenl social In capitalist ccruntries many systems. people also dedicate themselves It is true that, in some re- to human progress. But as often spects, The ideological aspecl of the spiritual civilizations as not they face all sorts of dit- building spiritual ciyilization under the two different social ficulties and find themselves in systems covers a whole range of field.s. are not categorically the minority, and sotnetimes including certain ideological and different or mutually exclusive. they have to fight alone. Their ethical norms needed to ensure But on the whole and in essence. progressive ideas are often sup- the existence and develqpment they are worlds apart. pressed and the popularization of any society as well as a well- of these ideas are restricted one Roughly speaking. socialist ordered social Iife. A socialist way or another. In these coun- spiritual civilization consists of society is certainly not alone in tries. the dorninant ideology still two interlelated aspects: cul- encouraging citizens to pay tural and ideological. consists of such credos as attention to decorum. observe "money is omnipotent,!' (rthe The cultural aspect public order and maintain of build- Iaw of the jungle" and ''every- ing spiritual civilization refers environmental sanitation. Horr,- one for himself and let the devii to the development of education, ever, the essential differences take the hindmo*st." science. literature and art, the between the two spiritual civili- media, public health, physical zations. the socialist and the Thus, while we can't put a culture and other cultur.al capitalist. manifest themselves class label on everything con- undertakings. in the major ideological tenets, cerning the two spiritual civili- i.e.. the kind of outlook on Iife zations. should also not Some of these. such as gener.al we and the world that a given write off the essential dit- knowledge and natural science. society fosters, people's politicai public health and physical ferences between thenr. cul- awareness and their particular tule. represent humanity's joint system of morals. Political Editor An Zhigtto achievement in understanding - and transforming the world: To guarantee the socialist they therefore do not have a nature of our spiritual civiliza- class character, tion, China stresses ideological construction characterized by But, in developing these undertakings, the guiding communist ideals and moral values, iof thoughts on whom they should ty sentiments and serve and other fundamental revolutionary discipline. At the present stage, issues do have a different class we are devoting character under different social major efforts to fostering among systems. the people firm confidence in communist ideals, devotion to Take medi,cal service and the people's interests and the public health for instance. The communist spirit of sacrificing lechniques and equipment used oneself for the sake of others.

Nouember 22, 1982 particularly "Tailoring Education consequences of adapting a US eco.- to Fit China" (No. 42) and "Im- nomic policy - capitalism.r When TETTERS prove Nutrition via Vegetable domestic markets become sat.iated; Protein Development" (No. 43). Ioreign markets are required. 12th Porty Congress The two articles have relevance in Foreign resources are essential, as most third world countries and are militAty policies to protect Cordial and friendly congratula- many developed countries also. them. In the United States, peo- tions on the 12th Party Congress ple worship money they do not which is a victory not only for the Daviil Black value lhe earth, water,- air, or Chinese people but also for all the Mendi, Papua New Guinea the sun. Because money is the oppressed people and the prole- centre of their lives, they cannot tariat under the rule of capitalism. appreciate things such as pottery, Nutrition This congress approved the farming, biomass, Iiving within policles drawn up at the Third I teach a course irr nutrition and our means, and conservation. Plenary Session of the 1lth PartY have found the articles i.n Beiiing Furthermore, Russia and the good to Central Committee. The Resolu- Reuieus informative. It is United States have enmassed great tion on Certain Questions in the note the improved caloric intake military power. To protect them- greater History of Our Party Since the and variety of foods being selves, third world countries have Founding of the People's Re- consumed. purchased expensive complicated public adopted the of China by However, am concerned about weapons which have drained their Sixth Plenary Session of the l1th I the apparent effort to increase the Iocal people dry. Party Central Committee con- production and consumption of stituted good preparations for the The superpowers do not believe policies and ideological decisions meat in China. We in the United States are making an effort to cut in nor are they accustomed to 12th, Party Congress. worship money. of the meat consumption be- barter. They only back on Thus, many world countries cause of its link with health Prob- third The CPC is now able to correct have adopted one crop or one the "Left" mistakes made during lems. I perscnally eat a diet that except for product economies. They are and before the "cultural revolu- is very Iow in meat, heavily in debt and must strip tion" in all fields and is advancing special occasions. I continue to prepare mine, cut their forests and rape on the road of building socialism make the effort to meals people pay more Iike traditional Chi- their land and to their which proceeds from China's reali- that are clebts. ties. This rvill build China into nese meals than Western. a prosperous and powerful modern Meat production is exPensive, The US Government believes socialist country. often wasteful, and almost un- "communism" is bad but they grain do not know what- the rvord Abdouroihanaue Ahmed necessary when whole and soy products are in adequate means. The5' lpo* only that it is Jbrahim associated with the USSR. Any Anjouan, Comoros supply. Meat adds something special to dishes u'hen in small country that is labelled com- quantities. But additional meat munistic is therefore bad. The supplies may prove to be not as United States supports dictator- Documents of 12th Porty important to the peoPle's well- ships to prevent Soviet influences Congress being as increasing the supplies oI und 1o protect its economic The articles about Chinese polit- other foods. markets. (Communist ical Party Party) im- Kip Eastman pressed A Eeader me and I like them very Watsonr.'ille. Ca., USA much; for example, the last three Sacramento, Ca., USA or four issues of your magazine are very comprehensive and in- The Chinese diet has a dif- formative because they contained ferent composition thail tlTat More ond More the new Party Constitution and oI the tJnited States Though the report of the l2th National ue seek to increase meat con- I enjoyed the in-depth articles Congress of the Chinese Com- sumption, this lt:tll. be lirnited. on rural China. Your economic munist Party. Please read "lmproue Nutri- iniormation articles were useful in tion uia Ve-getable Protein De- gaining a better insight into con- be Some new columns should (issile 43). ditions of your country. We hear year: uelopment" No. started next A sports column Ed. little about the people of China in which you wiII report on Chi- - here, most information is political. nese sp'orts. A column about the activities of Chinese students. I'm quite interested in Chinese lnfloted Consumption science. Articles about your tech- Further I think that Beijing In regard to youl article "Con- no.logical and scientific endeavours Reuieus has failed to report the Too Fast" and institutions u,'ould appeal to politics suming Too Much real of the third world. (issue No. 36), I am in agreement me. with the author. Holvever. I Sheraz Manzoor I compliment you on your Art Sargodha, Pakistan would like to add my personal opinions regardrng the economics, Page. After some of the more in- politics and policies of capitalist formative articles it makes a nice production rvay to finish. Relevont to lhird World and consumption I have enioyed the range of First I would Iike to warn thit'd Bruce Jolliffe articles in issues No. 42 and 43 world nations about the potential Vancouver, Canada

4 Beijing Retsieus, No. 47 C}IINA EVET\rc & IREhIDS

POLITICAL Committee, said at the fourth study, work, employment, love, plenary session that it is im- marriage and other problems, perative to train su,ocessors to and enhance the militancy of the revolution. The present the Youth League organization. Gommunist Youlh league's generation of youth is key to new the realization of the four mod- Wang Zhaoguo, the llth (}ongres Youth League ernizations and the continua- leader, urged the cadres to create a new situation The 11th National Congress of tion of the communist cause. activities the Chinese Communist Youth The central task of the Youth and initiate more lively young people. League will be ,convened on League is, based on the pro- suited to the December 20 this year. gramme of the l2th Party Con- In preparation for the con- gress, to guide, educate, mo- CU LTU RAL gress, the fourth plenary session bilize and organize youth to of the l0th Central Committee take part and to be tempered Chinese Communist in the socialist modernization of the llu Yaobang on Film Greation Youth League, which met re- drive, thereby training millions of responsible, educated and cently, approved in principle industry has disciplined successors to the China's film the work report of the 10th Cen- great progress in the revolution. achieved tral Committee and the Con- last few years, and its main- stitution (revised draft) of the The present generation, on stream is good. This statement Chinese Communist Youth the whole, is courageous in ex- was made by Hu Yaobang, League. ploring new fields, full of General Secretary of the Central Wang Zhaoguo, 41, was elect- vitality and hopeful, added Hu Committee of the Chinese Com- ed a mernber of the standing QiIi. But, they have tasted the munist Party, when he met with committee and first secretary of bitter fruits of the 10 years of representatives attending a na- the Secretariat of the Youth turmoil. To accomplish their tional conference on feature League, replacing Han Ying. historical mission, they have to films at the end of 1981. Work- Wang, the former Party com- overcome some temporary dif- ers in the world of cinema and mittee secretary and vice-direc- ficulties in their material life others studied and discussed tor of the China No. 2 Motor and eliminate some emoneou.s Hu's speech. Ali the natibnal Vehicles Plant, is a newly elect- ideas. They must improve their newspapers published the full ed member of the CPC Central knowledge of modern science, text of the speech in early Committee at the l2th Party culture and technology. November this year on the front Congress. Hu Qili called on the Youth Page. Hu Qili, Secretary of the l,eague cadres to pay great While noting the achievements Secretariat of the CPC Central attention to the young people's of the film industry, Hu Yao- bang also pointed out two main Youth League members and other young workers in a heavy-duty machine problems: tools plant in Anhui Province. 1. The unhealthy political sentiments of some films have ignored and even negated the Chinese people's achievements in building socialism. They have attributed the mistakes in the course of the revolution and the sabotage of the Lin Biao and Jiang Qing counter-revolution- ary cliques to failures of the Party, the country and the so- cialist system as a whole. And the conclusion they have drawn is: There is no future for them. 2. The low ideological level world's population. The devel- Other commemorative activi- of some films was evident in opment of a healthy flourishing ties were held throughout the incorrect handling of rela- Chinese culture, and the emer- China on Guo's birthday. personal gence as nation with tions between love and of China a Symposiums. Beijing was the a high level culture, be revolution, and between love of will site of two symposiums to and the cause of building an invaluable contribution to honour Guo Moruo held respec- socialism. world culture. tively by the capital's history Personal love, Hu said, is an and literary circles. integral part of the people's life Guo Moruo Commemorated In the early 20s, Guo Moruo important theme in and is an A solemn gathering in Bei- was the first in China to use literature and art. It can and jing on November 16 commem- modern vernacular and free should subject film be the of orated the 90th birthday of the verse in creative writing, and stories. But, he said, our litera- late Guo Moruo, one of China's his outstanding achievements in ture and art should first of all most celebrated men of letters. this field heralded an entirely educate the people, especially Poet, dramatist, historian, ar- new style in Chinese poetry. the youth, to love our mother- chaeologist and revolutionary While in Japan in the early 30s, people. la,nd and the While activist in contemporary China, he, before anyone else in China, healthy love is fundamentally he died in 1978. attempted to explain ancient compatible with the revolution- Sponsored China Chinese history with a Marxist ary cause, a revolutionary, when by the Federation of Literary and Art approach, and he persisted in necessary, will sacrifice his per- Circles, the Chinese Academy of Iiterary creative writing and sonal love, even his life, in the Social Sciences. the Chinese historical resetrrch until he interests of the people and so- Academy Sciences the breathed his last. His opinions cialism. of and Chinese Writers' Association, were always precise and pene- Hu pointed out that criticism the gathering heard speakers trating. praise and self-criticism of errors must unaminously Guo Moruo A seven-day symposium was be pursued seriously, but criti- as both an outstanding creator held in his home province of pioneer cism must be based on the facts irnd an indomitable in Sichuan in the southwest, where establishing and developing the and must be constructive. 80 papers \rere presented. Some various disciplines in modern Hu emphasized the importance were about his life, contribu- literature and social sciences. of studying Marxism, culture tions, philosophy and aesthetic and science, and history. Noting He was also a revolu- ideas. Others discussed his that Marxism emerged over 100 tionary activist u'ho always achievements in researches on years ago, he said that it is rich shared the destiny of the history, archaeology and an- in literary and art theories. He motherland and the people. cient scripts on bronzes, bones stressed that we study Marxism and tortoise shells. today in order to master the Zhou Yang, Chairman of the Literary Former Beijing Residence. Guo !Marxist stand, viewpoint and China Federation of and Art Circles. told the au- Moruo's home for 15 years be- method to guide our Iiterary ginning in 1963, next to the practice. We must strive to dience that the contributions by Moruo Lu Xun to beautiful Shisha Lake in the create works that have both a Guo and modern revolutionrary centre of Beijing, has been high ideological and a high artis- Chinese culture were peerless and that designated by the State Council tic level, and the two should be for protection as one of the integrated. He called on u,riters their works not only belonged yesterday but also today nation's key historical sites. It to go among the masses to ob- to to and tomorrow. is an im- houses a large number of valu- serve, experience, study and "It portarit he said, us able manuscripts and books. analyse the people and society. task," "for summarize with This is the prerequisite for liter- to study and Publications. Seven of 38 ex- ary creation. the Marxist viewpoint the volumes of Guo Moruo's com- traordinarily rich legacy they plete works have come off the In conclusion. Hu said the Ieft. In this way we can dis- press. They include two vol- literature and art of different cover their laws of development umes on literature, two on ar'- peoples and countries could which oan serve as the founda- chaeology and three on historY. learn from each others' artistic tion and guideposts for the styles and techniques. China, he development of socialist culture The Ministry of Posts and said, contains one-fourth of the in the new period." Telecommunications issued two

6 Beiiing Reuiew, No. 47 ci{ll\l}\ EVTNI TS & TITENIDS kinds of stamps in memory of hectares larger than last year. However. small commodities Guo Moruo. The output of coiton, oi-l-bear- later gradually decreased be- ing crops and tobacco all in- cause of the influence of In Leshan. his birthplace in creased as compared with last rnistakes placed Sichuan Province, the full- "Left" which year post-1949 records. emphasis open- length modern Chinese play and hit one-sided on Cotton ogtput was up more ing more big department Scholar in Arms was stage'd, a than 10 per cent. stores. Large numbers of han- portrayal of Guo Moruo in the dicraft workshops and vend- anti-J,apanese, national salva- All the.se achieven:ents result ors' stalls were subsumed under' tion rnovement of the 40s. from the impiementation of the larger enterpnises ol abolished. responsibility system since 1979 ln order to remedy the short- ECONOMIC in the rural areas and readjust- ments in the distribution of comings of over-concentration. farming areas, industrial enterprises and com- lligh Grain lields mercial depa.rtments are now al- lowed China's total grain output this For f,lore $mall to produce and market by themselves 160 small' commodi- year is expected to surpass 332.1 Gommodities million tons of 1979, a record ties according to the needs of the year, even though some areas A series of flex'ible economic market. They are also alloweC prices suffered serious natural calam- policies have been adopted to to fix the for these com- modities ities. expand the production and sup- and let them fluctuate ply of small commodities in according to the changes in the early rice and The output of China. market supply and dernand as summer grain crops reached Iong as they fclllow the state commodities such as 121.55 million tons, an increase Small principles for fixing pnices and laces,- buttons, of 8 million tons over 1981, with elastic corCs, shoe the policies on price differences utensils early rice accounting for 26 per brushes, chalk, cooking between towns and countryside, parts are most)y cent. The output of the autumn and bicycle between different areas and in - pri- crops in a few provinces, such produced by collectively or lhe course of commodity circu- as Liaoning. Jilin and Heilong- vately owned handicraft work- lation. jiang in northeast China, shops. A big variety of small commo- decreased or was the same as The burgeoning small com- dities are needed, but many last year, while most provinces en- moditries market in the i950s terprises have been reluctant to and regions registered a better played a positive role in develop- produce them because of their harvest than 1981. ing the economy in both urban low output value anC profit. The The area planted to the cash and rural areas and making peo- new policies rvill give a fillip to crops this )'ear was 1.33 million ple's lives more convenient. the production and manage- ment of these cornmodities. A peasant household in Pinglu CountyJ Shanxi Province, has gathered a rich harvest from the;0 mu o[ land they cultivated under the conlract system. Many shops and markets sell- ing small commodities have been reopened and expanded across the land. Incomplete statistics show ttrat 88 such markets were opened in 18 big and medium- sized c,ities. In addition, small commodity fairs anC stores have also appeared in a number of counties and towns. Theser markets and stores are bustling with activity, selling a large variety of goods. The vt>lume <-rf business increases steadily u,ith each passing year. The total volume of business of the 88 new urban markets, for ment. In the past 80 per cent on November 11 sent a message example, amounted to 230 mil- of the profit and 60 per cent ot to the Presidium of the Supreme lion yuan dn 1981 and 155 mil- foreign exchange earnings were Soviet of the Soviet Union, ex- lion yuan in the first half of retained by the departments; tending condolences on the death 'this year. both have been increased to g0 of Brezhnev. The message said: per Allowing prices to fluctuate cent. "President of the PresiC,ium of the Supreme Soviet the So- ,does not mean putting a heavier Granting low-interest of Ilyich burden on consumers. The bank- Ioans to aid Beijing, viet Union Leonid Brezhnev unfortunately passed prices for small commodities will Shanghai and other big cities in gradually decrease with the in- introducing programme-con- away. We wish to convey you. and through you, to crease in productivity in the trolled switchboards and other to factories and the accompanying advanced technology. his family our deep con- dolences." reduction of msts. A of survey Expanding the telecorunu- th,e small commoCities market nications- capacity by renting ths Ulanhu, Vice-Chairman of the on Hanzhen Street central in services of international tele- Standing Committee of the Na- China's Wuhan shows that prices communications satellites. tional People's Congress, and of 64 small commodities on State Councillor and Foreign service is sale were lower in the January- China's telephone Minister Huang Hua went to the August period poor to years of inadequate this year than in due Soviet Embassy in China dn th,e investment. On the aver- the correspondent period last state afternoon of November 12 to ex- year, tele- and that prices of 33 com- age there are only 4.3 tend their condolences on lhe phones 1,000 persons, and moddties remained the same. per death of Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev,' only 1.3 million dial telephones China plans to widen the President of thg Presidiun: of scope in all the cities. The shortage of price fluctuation small the Supreme Soviet of the for of phones and phone lines is an commodities in the next USSR. A wreath was presented two or acute problem in medium-sized three years. by the NPC Standing Com- and big cities. mittee. By 1985, the number of tele- SOCIAL phones in urban areas will In his conversation with the reach 2.7 million, and in Bei- Soviet AmbassaCor to China, I.S. Shcherbakov, Ulanhu said: jing, Shanghai, Tianjin and fehphone Seruice to Be extend deep condolences on Guangzhou, there rvill be 4 "I the death of President Brezhnev Upgraded telephones for every hundred on behalf of the NPC Standing Telephone service citizens. International telecom- in China Committee, the Chinese Govern- improved munications will also be vastly wiII be in the next ment and the Chrinese people. improved. few years as a result of meas- There exists a traditional govern- ures adopted by the Beijing plans to build or ex- friendship between the Chinese year giving prefer- ment this pand 18 telephone exchanges and Soviet people; we hope that consideration the ential to in the next three Years. Three the two peoples will get along on postal telecommuniEati,orG and wiII be completed by the end of friendly terms and that the rela- undertakings. this year. By 1985, the total tions between our two countries These measures include: number of telephones in the will move towards normaliza- capital will be increased from step by step." Increasing investment. tion In- 115,000 to 200,000, averaging 7 vestment- in postal and tele- phones per 100 Persons. Huang Hua, Special Envoy of communications services this the People's Republic of China, year will total 250 million yuan, State Councillor and Foreign accounting for 1.2 per cent of FOREIGN Minister, left Beijing on Novem- the total investment in capital RE LATIONS ber 14 to attend the funeral of construction as against 0.8 per Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev in Mos- cent last year. cow. Huang Hu maCe a state- Xin- Enlarging the portion of Gondolences on Brezhneu's ment in an interview with profits- and foreign exchange hua before leaving Beijing for earnings retained by the postal lleath Moscow. He said: "President and telecommunications depart- The Standing Committee of Brezhnev was an outstanding ments for their own develop- the National People's Congress statesman of the Soviet Union

8 Bei.iing Retsieu, No. 47 CHINA IVTNIS & 'tRENDS

and had been in the country's to normal step by step. While patriotic spirit and courage in topmost leadership for a long mourning the death of President fighting, the Kampuchean peo- time. Hds death is a great loss Brezhnev, we hope that General ple have succeeded in defeating to his country and his people. Secretary Yuri Andropov and repeated attacks by the Vietna- On behalf of the Chinese leaders the Soviet Party and govern- mese invaders. The Kampuchean and myself. I extend deep con- ment authorities make new ef- people's resistance to Vietna- dolences on the death of hesi- forts to promote the improve- mese aggression has defended dent Brezhnev and our sincere ment of Sino.Soviet relations. the independence and sove- sympathy to the Soviet Govern- The Chinese people sincerely reignty of Kampuchea and made ment, the Sorriet people and the wish that the national construc- an important contribution to family presiCent members of tion of the Soviet Union will Ce- containing the aggression and Brezhnev. velop with each passing day, expansion of hegemonism and the material and cultural life of "China and the USSR are two safeguarding regional peace, se- the Soviet people will continue great countries sharing a long curity and stability. to improve and the unity of the boundary. There is a profound multinational Soviet Unicn will Zhao Ziyang expressed the traditional friendship between be more consolidated." firm belief that, under the lead- the people of the two countries. ership of the Coalition Govern- Peace and friendship between Soviet Foreign Minrister ment of Democratic Kampuchea tlie two countries completely Gromyko met with Huang Hua. and with the support of the conforms to the interests not They exchangeC views on the peace-loving and justice-up- only of the two countries and removal of obstacles and im: holding countries and peoples, the two peoples but also of peace provement of Sino-Soviet rela- the Kampuchean people will in Asia and the world as a tions. They discussed the issues Vietnamese whole. Sinesoviet relations in a candid atmosphere. surely defeat the aggressors' were good in the early 1gb0s. military attacks and They began deteriorating in the political tricLs and win strilt Uice-President greater victories. Iate 1950s, and by the late 1960s, Ihieu this deterioration reached a se- $amphan Uisits China At a meeting with Khieu rious stage. Not long before his Samphan, Hu Yaobang said that death, President Brezhnev in Khieu Samphan, Vice-Presi- the situation of resistance several speeches expresseC the dent of Democratic Kampuchea, against the Vietnamere aggres- wish to work for the rimprove- paid a visit to China from No- sors in Kampuchea is getting ment of Sino-Soviet relations. vember 7 to 12. He received a better and better. He noted that The Chinese Government and warm welcome from the Chi- victory people's people appreciate these speeches, final of the nese Government. armed forces requires arduous rvhich reflected the urgent desire struggle, and that is not pos- of the broad masses of the Soviet During his stay in Beijing, it sible speedy victory. people for improving the rela- Premier Zhao Ziyang held talks to win a tions between the t$,o countries. with Vice-President Khieu "So long as you are united, Samphan. They exchanged adopt a correct policy and abide "The Chinese people have views on the present world si- by strict discipline, and have always highly treasured their tuation as weII as the situation correct military strategies and traditional friendshdp with the in Indochina. Hu Yaobang, Gen- tactics, you will defeat any people of the Soviet Union and eral Secretary of the Central enemy in the world, no matter hoped that the two countrie Committee of the Chinese Com- how powertul he is," said Hu can be friendly to each other on munist Party, also met with the Yaobang. the basis of the Five principles Vice-President. of Peaceful Coexistence. The Vice-President Khieu Sam- Chinese people sincerely wish Premier Zhao Ziyang nbted phan visited the Huangtugang that there will be a genuine im- that the Kampuchean people People's Commune on the provement in the relations be_ harre withstood severe tests in southwestern outskirts of Bei- tween the trvo countries through the struggle against Vietnamese jing and an army school in the removal of obstacles and aggressors for nearly four years. Shijiazhuang, capital of Hebei that these relations will return He said that because of their Province.

Nouember 22, 1982 lNl ttRNlA noNr\I POtt tS & ColAlr\ENrc

Gulf Stotes' Summft GCC. However, this summit Third postponed approval of the draft Fez proposal on strengthening de- Bocks Resolution fence and security of this area. THE main focuses of the Third upgrading their ability to defend In its 18 months since its r Summit of the GuIf Co- the area. establishment, the GCC has operation Council (GCC), No- played an important role in The situation in the Middle vember 9-11, were the war be- strengthening economic co- East region turbulent and tween Iran and Iraq and the is operation and political security complicated. Due to Israel's in- Palestinian and Lebanon prob- among the Gulf states and has vasion.of Lebanon and the con- lems, made significant contributions to tinued war between Iran and Arab unity and Middle East Iraq, security defence A communique issued at the the and stability as a u,hole. end of the summit in Manama, of the Gulf countries have be- Bahrain said, "Iran's trespasses come urgent matters for the - Ren Zhong over its b,orders with Iraq en- dangered the safety of the Arab nation and also threatened its I{est Bonk ol the tordon Riyer security and sovereignty." The GCC backed Iraq's efforts for a peaceful end to the two-year- A Captive Market old war with Iran. On the Palestinian question, f)ISREGARDING opposition culture in eharge of settlements u peo- the communique emphasized from the Palestinian said that the Israeli government the GCC's support.for the Arab ple and the condemnation of had decided to build or expand Fez Summit resolution and for world opinion, the Israeli au- 20 settlements on the West Bank all efforts towards a just and thorities have speeded up an- in the next year, with a five- comprehensive settlement of the nexation of the West Bank of year target of 160 settlements question by the seven-man com- the Jordan River. In a radio (up from the current 103) that the mittee appointed at Fez. broadcast, on November 7, will house 100,000 Jewish immi- Israeli deputy minister of agri- grants. The GCC communique said that peace in the area is un- Dependent Lond attainable without the recogni- Since Israel in- tion of the Palestinian people's inalienable national rights, in- vaded the West lso Bank in 1967, it cluding the right to establish an rfu control independent has taken state. ll'. ls of 55 to 60 per Since its establishment on cent of the area od NIay 25, 1981, the GCC has held fi:i through building Iel frequent consultations and co- Jewish settle- ordinated efforts on the ments and miii- major questions which con- tary camps. and cern its members Saudi through the pur- Arabia. Bahrain. Oman,- Kuwait. chase and con- Qatar, and the United Arab fiscation of Pal- Emirates. It also has worked estinian lands. It out a common political, diplo- has also adopted a matic, economic and defence series of m€asures strategy this for the Gulf region. At l]lE to build up w.., Bank of the Jordan R base the summit, the leaders en- a settlements under construction area as a dorsed the recommendations by C settlements built1977-82 for industrial de- their defence ministers aimed at O settlements built before 1977 velopment, which

10 Beijing Retstetu, No" 47 provides a market for its Palestinians on the West Bank The West Bank has become commercial commodities and a do not enjoy similar favorable economically dependent on source of labour power. Im- treatment. The Israeli authori- Israel. This is a major com- ports and exports from the West ties never offer funds to the ponent of Israel's aggressive Bank are entirely administered Palestinian businesses or provide policy for permanent occupation by Israeli cwtoms and are job opportunities for educated of the West Bank. lrnder the jurisdiction of Israeli Palestinians. Shan tariff regulations. Israeli goods -Le flood the West Bank market, as there are no barriers to their I MF's Unreosonable Loon entry, while commodities leav- ing the West Bank encounter many difficulties. T HE Executive Board of tures in southern Africa have r the International Monetary caused serious economic dif- the 1970s, At beginning of the Fund (IMF) has approved a 1.07 ficulties at home. Its massive commodities going to the West billion dollar loan to South military oullal's, coupled with Bank aocounted for 17 per cent Africa, the largest international reduced gold and diamond ex- of Israel's exports. Now they loan in South Africa's history. ports last year due to the are 25 per cent, excluding Strong Opposition. The IMF's worldwide recession, have diamonds. given approval of the loan was strong- it a huge budget deficit Israeli regulations require ly opposed by African countries ,and an estiYnateit 1982 trade small industrial enterprises on and world public opinion. A Ceficit of between US$3.b to b.2 the West purchase raw Bank to joint statement by the Special billion. materials from Israel as long as Committee Against Apartheid South Africa's military bud- Israel is able to provide them. and two other UN committees get increased $4b0 million Therefore, the West Bank is demanded that the IMF reject for the years 1975-77. totally dependent on Israel for South Africa's application. The The IMF gave its industrial raw materials. UN General Assembly also ap $540 million in loans proved a r:esolution by a vote of to South Africa during the same Chonge in lobour Force 121 to 3 in late October calling period. This greatly helped In the past 15 years, the com- on the IMF to deny the loan on South Africa to increase its position of the 135,000 labourers the grounds that such a loan military budget. These large on the West Bank has under- 'would bolster South Africa's loans have enabled the South gone a great change. In 1969, racist and aggressive policies. African regime to suppress the almost half (46 per cent) of the support. however. black people at home and to labour forces was engaged in With US the finally approved the continue its illegal occupation of agriculture. Because the cul- IMF Since the United States Namibia while pursuing mili- tivated area has been reduced loan. is one largest contribu- tary adventures against neigh- and the number of people work- of the tors of funds to the IMF, it has bouring states. ing in construction and other in- more than 20 per cent of the dusiries has grown, today only The growing increases in voiing power in the Executive 26 per cent are farrn- workers. South Africa's military budget Board. Unskilled rrorkers are kept at have created huge budget the bottom of the Israeli labour So-Called "Economic Grounds." deficits. In turn, the budget market. Some 65.000 Palestini- Before the IMF granted the loan deficits have caused inflation ans work in Israel and 15,000 to South Africa, the Reagan and trade deficits. And it is the Palestinians work in the Israeli administration had said that it trade deficits that made it pos- settlements and other facilities. w"as impermissible to postpone sible for South Africa to meet approval of loan, that The Israeli authorities are the the IMF's "technical require- attempting to move the in- Washington's vote for the loan ments" for the loan. would be based solely eco- dustrial enterprises from the on nomic grounds, However, the This loan demonstrates yet Israeli coast into the West Bank. loan given on so-called again the United States' support They call the West Bank "the the "eco- nomic grounds" a_ctually is mili- for the racist South African re- first development district," and tary assistance Africa. gime and the fauity structure of provide loans, Iand, professional to South the IMF. facilities and reduced taxes for South Africa's apartheid businesses that move there. The policy and its miJitary adven- Gong -Chen Nooember 22, 1982 11 INI'IEITNIA'IIONAI REPOR tS & COMMEI\rc

Towords thermal power plants have a The PhiliqPines Moves total generating capacity of 550,000 kw, ranking second in Energy Self-Re liance the world. A 620,000 kw nuclear power station scheduled to be f TNDER the government's that has made remarkable pro commissioned in late 1984 will (J diversiJied energy pro- gress in energy exploration and make it possible for the Philip ,gramme, the Philippines first exploitation in recent years. pines to reduce its oil imports ,began producing oil in 1979, These measures adopted indude by 5.61 million barrels per year. ,complementing increased output locating oil reserves, coal of coal and alternate energy mining, building hydroelectric Rich in hydroelectric re- sources. and geothermal power plants, sources, Philippine hydropower solar energy projects and plant- generating capacity has risen ?ourard Energg In his book ing energy-producing crops. from 2.8 million kw in 1978 to Selt-Reliance, published last 4.2 million kw in 1981. A year, Energy Minister Gergnimo further 72.4 per cent increase is Topping Resources Z. Velasco relates the story of projected by 1987, at which his country's energy develop- With government support, point hydropower will provide ment. One indication of the coal production rose to 360,000 20 per cent of the country's success of the energy pro- tons in i981 from 39,000 tons in electricity. gramme is the fact that oil im- 1973. When output reaches the The Philippines already pro- ports, which had been rising at planned 4 million tons in 1987, duces plenty of ethyl alcohol and an annual average rate of 10 per coal wiltr provide 16 per cent of coconut oil which can be con- cent have been stabilized at the the country's energy needs and verted into gasohol and so help 1979 level. many factories and plants will lower oil imports. The Philippines, which had use coal rather than oil as their relied on the Middle East for energ'y source. The Philippines enjoys some 2,000 hours sunshine each 95 per cent of its oil, v(,as hit Favourably situated in the of cgisisr' and year, strong winds and large hard by the "energy Pacific volcanic zone, the Philip- tropical vegetation, soaring oil prices that followed pines has large untapped re- amounts of 1973 Middle East War. energy the serves of terrestrial heat which all of which are vast potentials waiting to be tapped. To cope with the "energy may ultimately replace oil as crisis," it implemented a com- the country's major source of prehensive energ'y programme energy. Present Philippine geo- Economizing on Energy An energy-saving campaign, begun in 1975 to reduce fuel and porrr/er consumption and raise productivity, is another im- portant part of the Philippine energy prograrnme. Oil con- sumption last year fell below that of 1980, with some major industries saving as much as 15 per cent in their fuel and power consumption. Strenuotrs efforts are being made to provide 41 per cent of the country's energy needs by 1987, the target year of tbe pro- gramme.

The Makban geothermal power plant. - Zhang Yunuten 12 Beijing Reaieut, No. 47 nese technicians and workers Somolio's Fonole Water often worked overtime and on their days off to complete the project and bring the river's Conservoncy Project waters to the surrounding farm- Iands as quickly as possible. fOYOUS shouts of "Somalia degrees centigrade, every year Through the joint efforts of J China are brothers!" they had to contend with two the engineers and workers of greeted".,d the brilliant electric rainy seasons, which often caused both countries, the main por- lights and rushing waters of the floods that menaced the project. tion of the project has been Juba River flowing to parched In May last year, the Juba over- completed. Fanole now has a fields on Oct. 23. It was the flowed its banks in the biggest dam 122 metres long and 19.5 inauguration of the hydiopower flood in 50 years. Night and metres high to hold back the station of the Fanole Water day, the builders of both coun- waters from the upper reaches Conservancy Project in Somalia. tries fought shoulder to shoul- of the river and a diversion der to save the project. Some- canal measuring 1,800 metres It was a dream come true for times they fearlessly jumped Iong and 95 metres wide. The the Somali Government and into the waters to repair highway acrqss the dam allows people who have long wanted fiood to harness the Juba, one of the country's two biggest rivers, so that its waters would help de- velop 'industry and agriculture in the arid but fertile Juba val- ley, which is rich in natural re- sources.

Difficult Birth

The project at Fanole. f50 kilometres north of Port Kis- mayu, aetually started decades ago. In 1963 the Soviet Union sent experts to survey and draw up desigqp for the project. In July 1972, Somalia and the So- viet Union signed an agreement under which the latter promised to help build the project. How- The irrigation and power dam on trhe Fanole Waler Conservancy Proiecl. ever, rvhen the Soviet experts were withdrawn in November surrounding dykes and two 20-ton trucks to drive ab- 197?, only one-fifth of the pro- the bridges, keep pump6 reast. The 4,600 kw power sta- ject had been completed. T?re to the working off the water, tion can supply electricity for disappointed people of the re- to drain and the project itself and to the gion said the project was going or to move equipment material out harm's way, as neighbouring farms and towns. to be a "difficult pregnancy." of well as to help relocate villagers. The builders of the two coun- In 1978, China and Somalia tries are working hard to project agreed to complete the complete the entire project next joint Fruitful Friendship and began preparations in year, which will then irrigate August. began fol- Work the ?,500 hectares of farmland and lowing year. In the course of the project's construction, many Somali provide water , for nearby set- Thc :ngineers and workers of workers have become highly tlers to reclaim 10,000 hectares the two countries teamed up skilled operators of earth-moving of land. Eventually, the Juba well together. Besides enduring machines, cranes and other con- dam is intended to irrigate the intense tropical heat which struction machinery, and of 48,000 hectares of paddy fields. sent the mercury as high as 5b trucks and vehicles. Ttre Chi- -Ren Yan

Nooember 22, 1982 13 Artieles & IDoeuments Tibet: An lnside View (l) - lnterview with the autonomous regional govern ment chairman

by Our Correspondent Jing Wei

Tibet, the roof of the world, has ahoags caught the imagination of people in the out- sid,e utorld,, ln recent Aears, as more tourtsts uisit this part of China, more articles are ap- pearing in the yness, often giuing conflicttng re- ports about thi,s area of rnore than 1.2 million square kilometres. What is the real situati,on in Tibet? To finil the answer our corresponilent and a photog- rapher paid a tuo-month rsisit to Tibet. They in- teroieused people from uarious ytrofessi,ons and trades in Lh,asa, Xigaze (Shigatse) and Gyangze. The folloroing is the first ol a series of articles that toill appear in Retsieu,." "Beijing -EiL THE people of all nationalities in China highly r respect Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme, a Tibetan Ngapoi N8awang JiBme. cadre. He was a galun (one of the highest of- ficials) of the former Tibetan gosho (local gov- ernment) and is now Chairman of the People's Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region and Vice-Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. In 1951, as chief representative of the former Tibetan local government, he signed with the representative of the Central People's Government the Agree- meni on the Measures for the. Peaceful Libera- tion of Tibet and made important contributions to the unity o.t China and the liberation of Tibet.

Soon after arrivilg at Lhasa, the capital of Tibet, our correspondent interviewed Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme, now in his seventies, and asked him some questions of concern to our readers.

Question: Some forerigners have said that Ti- bet, once a "secluded paradise," is now a "mis- erable place." What is your vie;rr?

Answer: This is wrong. It shows that some peo- ple abroad know very little about Tibet.

14 Beijing Reuiew, No. 47 Tibet never was a "secluded paradise" and There are now 23.46 million head of live- cannot be cut off from the world. Historically, stock, 2.4 times the 9.7 million in 1952. Tibet had close relations with China's other re- gions and frequent contacts with neigh- Where before there was no industry at all, bouring India, Nepal and Bhutan. In 1888 and now there are more than a dozen types oI en- again in 1904, foreign imperiali'sts twice invaded terprises producing electricity, machinery. Tibet. Imperialism would not let Tibet become woollen textiles and building materials. a "secluded paradise." Tibet, with no highway at all in the past, now has a highway a-retwork of some 21,000 kil- In the years before the liberation Tibet, of ometres centring on .Lhasa. There are also air the Tibetan local government pursued a closed- services from Lhasa to Chengdu and Xian. door policy and strictly restricted foreigners from entering Tibet. During this period, for- At present, Tibet has more than 6,000 pri- eign imperialists extended their aggression deep mary schools, 74 middle schools and technical into Tibet. They sowed dissension among the schools, and three institutes of higher learning. Han and Tibetan peoples and manipulated a There were no schools in the past. few upper-class reactionaries to try to divide our country. Activities for so-called "Tibetan We admit that during the 10-year period of independence" were rampant in those years. turmoil (1966-76) the Tibetan people, like the The old Tibet clearly was not a "secluded people of other nationalities in China, suf- parddise." fered greatly. During this period, socialist de- velopment was badly hampered. After the con- The statement that Tibet is now a "miser- vocation of the Third Plenarv Session of the able place" is not only wrong but it represents a view that is totally contrary to that of the Tibetan people.

In the old Tibet, the working people 'vl,ere long ruled by an oppressive, theocratic, feudal' serf system. Feudal offieials, aristocrats and monastic autocrats 5 per cent of the total pop- ulaiion olynsd almost'al1- the land and most of the livestock.- The serfs and herdsmen owned no land or livestock and had to toil year round to eke ou: a bare subsistence. They had no in- ciividuai ireedom at all. The ruthless exploita- tion and sup;r'ession by the local government, the aristocracl' and the monasteries severely nampered prccuc:ivity. Tibetan society was stagnant f or a ^.-:rg rime, The old Tibe: t'as a hell for the labouring people. It s,as a paradise only for the serf- ownens, the tin5' rnlnority. Under the leadership of the Chinese Com- munist Party. the Tibetan people have instituted A herd of yaks, cattle of the Tibetan plateau- denrocratic reforms, throrvn off the shackles of feudal serfdom and taken the socialist road. 11th Party Central Committee in 1978, and es- pecially after implementation of the Party Cen- What changes has Tibet undergone since Committee's directive on Tibet issued in its liberation? Besides the profo.und social tral 1980, set things to rights, ,relaxed our eco- change of the one mill.ion serfs becoming mas- we nomic policy and established various forms of ters of Tibet, let me give some economic and job system in rural and pas- cultural examples. the responsibility toral areas. This year, I went to the rural and The totai grain output of Tibet has increased pastoral areas in Tibet and saw production de' 3.25 times, from 155,000 tons in 1952 to 505,000 veloping and people's living standards improv- tons. ing. There was an air of the beginnings of

Nouember 22, 1982 15 The damage to monasteries ? was serious, Many losses are iretrievable. But we are mak- ing efforts to correct this and are striving to restore the monasteries. In order to better imple- ment the Party's policy on religion, the Party committee tand government of the Tibet Autonomous Region have drawn up a pian according to the Party Central Committee's directive I for rebuilding more than 50 historically important temples %,," and the main monasteries of *tl each religious sect in Tibet. Zuglakang (Jokhan) and Tta- Family, relatives and frientls feast shilhunpo Mon(asteries have durlng o festival. acquired a new look following several years of restoration. prosperity everywhere. Although Tibet is still Other monasteries are in the process of being relatively poor and backward, the Tibetan peo- repaired. Some religious centres are being ple are freer and happier than ever before. rebuilt by the masses themselves with support from the government. Today, religious freedom and religious activities are protected. Q: To what extent were temples and monas- teries in Tibet destroyed in the "cultural revo- Q: V[hat advances has Tibet rnade in exereis- lution"? Why were they destroyed? ing national regional autonomy over the past years? A: Temples and monasteries in Tibet were se- riously damaged during the "cultural revolu- A: Since the Third Plenary Session of the 11th tion." The extent of the destruction was un- Party Central Committee held in late 1978, precedented in our history. Even some ancient errors in the guiding ideology of work concern- monasteries such as the Samyae Monastery and ing minority nationalities have been corrected Gahdan Monastery, long which have a history and the Party's policies towards minority na- and are listed by the State impor- Council as tionalities have been implemented. In its in- tant cultural sites under the proteetion the of structions c\oncerning work in Tibet circulated in state, did not escape destruction. AII monasteries 1980, the Party Central Ccrnmittee stresses the in Tibet, except the Daipung Monastery and fuI1 exercise minority nationalities' autono- Potala Palace, were damaged to varying of degrees. Quite a fe'*' were reduced to ruins. mous rights in their regions under the unified Ieadership of the Central Government. The destruction of monasteries was strictly is a result of the 1O-year period of turmoil. Since The key to national regional autonomy to have sufficient minority nationality cadres. the liberation of Tibet, the Chinese Communist J Party has pursued a policy of religious freedom The Party committee of the Tibet Autonomous for the masses and of protecting monasteries. Region has been working hard to train and But the Party's policy on religion was sabotaged promote Tibetan cadres. Today the proportion during the- "cultural revolution" together with of full-time cadres of Tibetan nationality in the other policies. In Tibet, monasteries were re- region has increased from 31.9 per cent in 1965 garded as embodying the "four olds" (old to 54.4 per cent. When the second group of thinking, old culture, old customs and old habits) cadres of Han nationality is transferred back so they sustained greater destruction. At that to other parts of China, the ratio will grow to time, some evil people were using anarchism over 60 per cent. Already, most prefectural com- and ultra-Left thinking among the masses to missioners, county heads, bureau directors and attain their own ends. heads of mess organizations are Tibetans.

16 Beijing Reuieus, No. 47 Attention has also been paid to the Tibetan This is an important guarantee for the future language. The Party and government have call- development of Tibet. ed on all cadres, both Tibetan and Han, to learn fibetan. Education in the Tibetan language Q: Now the last question. Would you like to -has been strengthened in school. To gradually say something about the future prospeets for make Tibetan the principal language used in Tibet? the region's schools, more Tibetan personnel are A: Certainly. Since 1980 we have achieved re- being trained and more teaching materials are markable progress. This may be considered the being compiled and translated into Tibetan. next major turning point in Tibet's history This does not mean that the Han language is after its peaceful liberation and the democratic neglected. Only by learning and using both reforms that followed the quelling of the rebel- languages, can we benefit the development of lion. The gross output value of agriculture and Tibet and strengthen unity and interflow among animal husbandry in 1981 was 48? million yuan, the different nationalities. During my recent a 20 per cent increase over 1979's 407 million visit to Sagya County, I saw that the people yuan. The average per-capita income of peas- there were truly applying themselves to learn- ants and herdsmen rose from 127 yuan in 1979 ing the Tibetan language. Altr county documents to 200 yuan in 1981. We owe these initial suc- and notices are now in Tibetan. cesses to the implementation of such policies as reducing the burdens of the people and Thanks to the concern of the Party and encouraging economic development in Tibet. government, Tibetan culture anC art have been We shall continue implement such ef- revived and developed as has production of to fective policies as establishing various forms special products, such as Tibetan medicine, of the production responsibility system; giving needed by the Tibetan people. Furthermore, peasants and herdsmen more leeway in private Tibetan customs and habits are being respected. plots, private livestock, private trees, and in It has been especially gratifying that the sideline occupations; developing a diversified autonomous region has accomplished much on economy according to local conditions, and en- Iegislation these past years. We have adopted couraging rural markets and small-scale foreign detailed regulations on holding elections in trade in the border areas. Tibet. We have made changes in the marriage To improve economic development, the law and in the laws governing criminal proce- regional Party committee and government have dures as well as many local iaws and regulations. worked out a plan based on the actual condi- All these are in accord with the special charac- tions in Tibet so that the region may undergo teristics of the autonomous region while en- a small change in three years, a medium-sized suring unity under the central authorities. For change in five years and a major change in 10 instance, it is stipulated that Tibetan is the prin- years. In other words, we shall strive to bring cipal language used in investigation. prosecution about a big growth in production by the end and trial; that the propor- tion of Tibetan and other mi- nority nationalitY dePuties to the peoPle's congresses at all levels must not be lower than 80 Per cent, and that the rights to vote and to be elected of Tibetans who have gone abroad are guaranteed when theY return. As the poiicy of na- *n.- tional regional autonomy has been' conscientiously implemented ;over the past years, the unity of all na- tionalities living in Tibet has been greatly strengthened. Trashilhunpo Monastery in Xigaze.

Nouember 22, 19Ez 77 While speeding up the t region's economic construction, we shall further implement the Party's national policies and try to perfect Tibet's national re- gional autonomy. We shall firmly carry out the Party's policy on freedom of religious beliefs and strengthen our ef- $s forts to build a socialist spiritual civilization with communist Eg 6I[T$I ideology as its core. I am con- fi.dent that with the concern of the Party and government, dnd with the help of fraternal Pro- New hospital in Xigaze practising traditional Tibetan medicine, vinces and regions, the peoPle of different nationalities in of 1990 so as to bring the beginnings of prosper- Tibet are sure to build a united. prosperous ity to most of Tibet, with annual income for a anci culturally developed socialist new Tibet on peasant or herdsman reaching 400-500 yuan. the "roof of the world." D

The Developing Countries' Groin Problem

by Zhou Shengkui

A LTHOUGH the total output of grain in the pessimistic. and those who believe that the prob- L r developing countries has increased in recent lem can be fundamentally solved very quickly years, per-capita production has decreased. are over optimistic. Although most developing More countries today find that their grain pro- countries will boost their grain production by duction is not keeping pace with population different degrees. a realistic assessment should growth. Developing countries are now less able realize that while the long-term resolution of to be self-sufficient in grain. Hunger and mal- this problem is possible. the problem will re- nutrition are still seriously troubling the de- main serious for the next dozen or so years. veloping countries. Since World War II, the'food grain shortages In most of these countries. the grain short- have become increasingly evident in the develop- age may be traced both to the yoke of domes- ing countries and finding a solution to the prob- tic feudal or semi-feudal relations of produc- lem of feeding their peoples has already be- tion and to the international exploitation and come an urgent task today, plunder by imperialism. The old way of .stressing industry and neglecting agriculture in According to the United Nations Food and economic development, coupled with rapid Agriculture Organization (FAO), grain pro- population growth, has severely aggravated duction of the developing nations increas- the grain problem. A number of develop- ed f rom 37? million tons in 1955 to ing countries have readjusteci their eco- 775 million tons in 1980. an annual increase nomic strategies, giving top priority to the goal of 2.9 per cent. However, a closer look of becoming self-sufficient in grain or less de- at the figures shows that the growth rate pendent on imported grain. slowed during the 1970s. The annual growth rate of 3.1 per cent during the 1955-70 period Those who think that the developing na- declined to 2.7 per cent during the I970-80 tions cannot solve their grain problem are tot-r period. Although per-capita grain production rose from 211 kilogrammes per year in 1955 to The author is an Assistant Research Fellow of the Institute of World Economics and Politics ot 238 kilogrammes in 1980, the annual growth rate the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences was only 0.48 per cent. Furthermore. the annual

18 Beijing Reuieu, No. 47 per-capita growth rate for the 1970-80 period tute 23 and 36 per cent respectively of tL,e 2.2 rvas only 0.08 per cent, with that for the 1975- billion people of these countries. The FAO es- 80 period dropping to -2.3 per cent. timates that of those suffering from hunger and malnutrition, nearly 70 per cent are concen- Grain production among the developing na- trated in the regions of Africa and South Asia. tions is extremely uneven. At the end of World War II, there were only a few countries in the world whose grain production growth rates were Causes ol Grain Shortage substantially higher or lower than their popula- The underlying causes of the post-World tion growth rates. Since the late 1960s, however, War II grain problem in the developing nations the number of countries whose population are extremely complicated. The primary causes growth rates their grain growth rates exceeded have been: has increased greatly. The statistics of 128 developing nations show that 56 httd grain The Heavy Yoke of Feudal or Serni-Feudal Re- production rates that failed to keep pace with latitons of Production. Prior to their indepen- their population growth rates in the 1960s. By dence, aside from a few big plantations, the the late 1970s, 69 developing countries had found rural land system of these countries was mainly themselves in this predicament. one of feudal landlord ownership. Even after independence, many developing nations still A number developing nations were of that have not really challenged this backward land net exporters of grain before World War II have system. Because land reform was not thoroughly since become net grain importers. The statistics carried out in many developing countries, the show during 1961-65 period, de- that the the peasants' land problem has not yet been fully veloping provide per nations were able to 96 addressed. Most countries are still large- cent of their grain needs but this figure dropped ly under the control of local organs of power to 93 per cent during the years 1976-80. In the run by a highly decentralized management that late 19?0s, the oil

Nooember 22, 7982 19 change of unequal values. Under this system, the deve loping countries lose 18-20 billion US dollars each year. Thirdly, there is a disparity in grain consumption. In the 1950s and 1960s, the United States passed on the burden of its own "surplus" grain crisis by dumping large amounts of surplus grain on the developing countries through "Public Law No. 480." Consequently, Iarge numbers of grain farmers in these coun: tries went bankrupt. Thus, some countries which had been self-sufficient in grain or had A paddy field in Zaire. small grain surpluses gradually fell into the category of being net importers of of the developing nations rose as high as 4.2 grain, while the net importing countries have per cent. The rapid development of "industrial- had to import more and more grain. During the ization" and "urbanization" have increasingly world grain crisis of 19?2, the United States not aggravated the contradiction between the sup- only seized the opportunity to turn what ori- ply and demand of domestic marketable grain. ginally had been grants and aid into money- making business deals, it also forced grain prices In addition, rapid population growth also way up, aggravating the economic burden of has severely intensified the grain shortage of scarcity and famine in the developing countries. the developing nations. As a result of popula- tion growth and the increased need for grain. Defects in the Strategy of Economic Develop- capital accumulation for investment and ex- ment. Most of the developing eountries are panding production have to be reduced just to backward agricultural states. After a nation's meet the basic needs of the increased popula- independence, the development of grain and tion. In turn. this inevitably affects the develop- agricultural production should be given high ment of grain production, making it highly un- priority. The problem of feeding one's people Iikely that per-capita grarn production can be must be resolved. However, not a few coun- increased or even maintained. From 1970 to tries have lacked an adequate knowledge of their 1977. the population growth of Africa was 2.7 own domestic conditions and lacked experience per cent, rvhile the annual growth of grain pro- in economic development. Eager to catch up duction was only 1.3 per cent. with the industrialized countries, they have of- ten copied the developmental models of the West New Grain Strategr:es and Measurcs and the Soviet Union. It is indeed .true that the industry of the developing countries has The increasing gravity of the grain situa- steadily expanded since World War II. Some na- tion has made the developing countries realize tions that have become "semi-industrialized" t,hat grain production and providing adequate have achieved the beginnings of a material food suppiies must be given immediate priority. foundation upon which to develop economic in- In recent years, a number of countries have dependence and consolidate political indepen- drawn up new strategies and new measures to dence. However, industrialization is often at- gradually achieve self-sufficiency in grain. tained at a tremendous cost to agriculture. As industrialization progresses, industry vies with Resolve to Achieve Self-Sufficiency. In gecent agriculture for land, for funds and technology. years, experience has made many develop- Natural resources are wasted. Farmland is re- ing nations realize that no developmental duced, and agricultural investment is inade- strategy can be realized unless the agri- quate. At the same time, the rush to industrial- cultural problems, particularly the grain prob. ization leads to excessive urbanization. In the lem, are resolved. Therefore, in accordance with 1970s, the annual urban population growth rate their own domestic conditions and with the de-

20 Beijing Retsieu,, No- 4'7 velopment of the international political and portance to the comprehensive harnessing and economic situation, they must readjust step by utilization of rivers, to "synthesization" and step their economic development strategies of "systematization" of irrigation works, as well the past and regard self-sufficiency in grain, as to "diversification," focusing on small-scale or reducing the degree of reliance on imported projects. Through these measures, the amount grain, as an important component of their over- of irrigated land under cultivation has been ex- all economic development strategies. L,atin Amer- panded. In the technical transformation of ican countries regard the 1980s as the agricul- agriculture, developing countries are placing tural era in Latin America, and African coun- greater emphasis on the use of chemical ferti- tries stress that agriculture is the life of Africa, lizers and on popularizing improved high-yield placing major emphasis on achieving grain self- strains. The use of tractors also has increased. countries very sufficiency. Some that have Many developing countries also have im- large populations but h'ave failed to attain self- proved their pricing policies for grain. Not a sufficiency have also put forward the goal of few cpuntries or regions have changed their gradually attaining grain or self-sufficiency policies of forcing down grain prices. They surplus. now have pricesupport and market guarantee policies to protect grain farmers. Strengthening Collective SeIf-Reliance. Some countries which would find it difficult to attain Implementing Family Planning and Developing self-sufficiency in grain on their own are in the Manpower Resources- During the 1970s, espec- process of strengthening collective co-operation ially foilowing the World Population Confer- in an attempt to hasten the realization of re- ence of 1974, family planning has been imple- gional self-sufficiency in grain. mented in more than 60 developing countries. The early results of this effort to control popu- 1976 Ministers of Agriculture the In the of Iation growth are already evident. The statis- African countries met in Freetown, Sierra Leone. tics show that population growth rate of the de- and adopted a declaration to propose a regional veloping countries has dropped from 2.4 per grain programme realization self- for the of cent during 1970-75 to 2.2 per cent in recent sufficiency in Alrica $,ithin 10 years. Thirteen years. In developing manpoll/er resources, a Middle East and African countries have reached number of countries, partieularly India, the an agreement on the joint cultivation of waste- Philippines, Thailand, Nigeria, Brazil and Sudan, planting lands in the hoping that by the Mexico, now attach more importance to dissemi- desert grain, the Sudan become the with will nating education in farming techniques. They are base the Arab world." "grain of making efforts to raise the level of agricultural Through a series of international confer- education in the universities and to promote ences the developing countries have studied and scientific research. They also are developing mapped out an overall development strategy for secondary agricultural technical schools, and the developing countries. emphasizing that the starting agricultural short-term classes and major emphasis of this strategy should be to technology dissemination centres. increase grain production, to enhance co-opera- Seeking Foreign Aid. The solution of the grain tion among the developing countries and to problem must be based on the efforts of the strengthen collective self-reliance. developing countries themselves. Nevertheless, as long as the principle of self-reliance is adhered Measures Increasing for Production. Given the to, to actively seek aid from the developed na- need increase production, to farm not a few na- tions is not only an important means to realize tions having large populations, many small farm- the strategy of self-sufficiency in grain, but is ers, less land and less capital, have come to also an important aspect of the struggleto estaL realize build modernized agriculture that to a lish a new international order for grain. Since and increase grain production, they can depend the World Food Conference of 1924, the devel- neither on intensive capital nor on intensive oping countries have time and again urged the labour, must basically but rely on intensive developed countries to provide essential aid, in technology and scientific knowledge. They have terms of grain, funds and technology, in order to begun to stress scientific farming, paying atten- help them overcome temporary difficulties and tion to economically effective measures for in- to implement the strategy of grain self-suffi- creasing grain production that suit national and ciency. Iocal conditions. In irrigation and water con- servancy, developing countries attach more im- To regulate grain supplies and stabilize in-

Nouember 22, 1982 21 ternational grain prices, the developing coun- The process of implementing the strategy of tries have demanded that the developed coun- grain self-suffieiency in the developing coun- tries co-operate fully in establishing an inter- tries also depends on finding solutions to other national food reserve. problems, such as funding, technology, etc. The economies of most of 'the developing nations are backward and they have inadequate financial Prospects resources. At the same time, they are con- fronted with the challenge of grave internation- Some suggest that it will be difficult al economic projections. Having entered into for the developing countries to resolve the a long-term period of "stagflation," the develop- grain problem, that their future prospects ed countries will attempt to shift the burden of are bleak. The report on world grain issued their own economic crisis blsewhere, will by the United States in 1980 held that strengthen trade protectionism, will adopt poli- within 20 years a world fosd crisis may well cies of financial cutbacks, and will reduce expen- emerge, rnore serious than the present-day ditures for foreign aid. They will adopt the energy crisis. Estimates on future world agri- tactic of granting delayed payments to nations culturaL prospects released by the FAO predict promised multilateral development aid. The that by the end of this century, the developing non-oil-producing deveioping nations will con- countries will have a grain shortage of 180 mil- tinue to bear the "dual pressures" of rising Iion tons, double the present shortage. On the prices for oil fluctuation, and soaring prices for other hand, some have suggested that the grain finished goods. These factors will have an in- problem of the developing nations is expected creasing impact on the economies of the develop- to improve greatly or even basically resolved ing countries. As international income and ex- within just a few years. penses continue to deteriorate, the developing nations will fall deeper in debt and will find The grain problem of the developing coun- it more difficult to borrow money. This grave tries is extremely complicated. A great deal of tendency will undoubtedly have a highly ad- investigation and research are needed before verse effect on the economie development and we shall be able to make any comparatively on the availability of funds for grain production Generally speaking, unless reliable estimates. of the developing nations. But it should be also the backward rural relations of production ex- noted that even as the developing nations strive majority developing coun- isting in the of the towards self-reliance, their economic co-opera- tries can be changed greatly, and unless there tion with the developed countries will be is a fundamental breakthrough in the struggle strengthened, as will the struggle for the estab- to throw out the old and bri,ng in a new intdr- national order for grain, it wiII be impossible lishment of a new international economic order, protectionism, to solve the grain problem of the developing and the opposition to trade all of countries within a short period of time. How- which will also contribute to strengthening the ever, if practical measures are adopted and the economic co-operation among the developing na- struggle to overcome difficulties is continued, tions, and particularly regional economic co- the food situation can be iriproved gradually. operation and co{peration between the oil- producing and non-oil-producing countries. In recent years, most of the developing These factors will create favourable conditions countries have adopted a strategy of grain self- for the economic development of the developing sufficiency. Depending upon their different countries and for the expansion of funds for ways of dealing with the grain problem, the ( grain production. practical results may vary. It should be pointed out that a common tendency in most of the de- At present, many developing nations are veloping nations has been the change in eco- still largely unmechanized and at the mercy of nomic strategy from ignoring grain production the weather. It is not easy to improve the to taking relatively full account of it, and from irconomic structure and change the backward relying on imports to striving for self-suffi- technology in a short period of time. At ciency. The realities of the present and less the same time, effective population control is than encouraging prospects for the future a long-term process. However, the developing should continue to convince the developing na- nations today are paying increasing attention to tions of the need to strengthen policies leading the grain problem. In recent years, some have in this direc'tion. Such policies are essential to the eventual solution of the grain problem. (Continued on p. 26.)

22 Beiiing Reoieu, No. 47 GuoMoruo-AGreot Proletorion Culturol Fighter by Yan Huandong

1rrUO MORUO (1892-1978)-a brilliant poet, \J dramatist and historian, as well as outstand- ing social activist is equally famous as Lu Xun in the annals- of modern Chinese culture. "Lu Xun is the leader of the New Culture Movement, and Guo Moruo is a major fighter of the movement. If we see Lu Xun as the vanguard blazing the trail, then Guo Moruo must be seen leading the rest of us along that trail," said Zhou Enlai 40 years ago at a celebra- tion of Guo Moruo's 50th birthday attended by progressive personages of the cultural circle. Born in Leshan County, southwest China's Moruo spent chiJd- Sichuan Province, Guo his Guo Moruo hood in a picturesque environment that natural- ly inspired poetry. The young Guo Moruo.developed a strong spirit of resistance fo,stered in actual struggle. Guo Moruo's father was a knowledgeable, Between the spring.of 1906, when he left home open-minded landlord who knew some medicine to study in the county seat and the summer of but spent most of his life in business. His mother 1913, when he finished senior middle school in was witty and broad-minded. Unlike the other the provincial capital Chengdu, China exprienc- landlord families which were shackled by feudal ed social upheaval centring on the 1911 Revolu- ethics, his parents paid great attention to the tion, which overthrew feudal monarchy. education and development of their children. the Although Guo Moruo was from a peaceful Guo Moruo entered a private school at four family, he could not avoid encountering the con- and a half, and for nine consecutive years, re- flicts that rampaged through society. He was ceived a thorough traditional education, study- expelled from school three times for activities ing classics during the day and reciting poetry opposing the school's violence and maltreatment at night. Although he was enrolled later in of students and for his participation in the pro- public schools that taught modern subjects, he gressive constitutional movement. These injus- stiltr preferred to spend most of his time pursu- tices angered him, but also deepened his under- ing'classical culture. Thus he laid a solid ioun- standing of the negatir,,e forces in society and dation for his later creative works and his- the seamy side of iife. torical studies. Nonetheless, he absorbed ideas from rvVestern bourgeois democratic culture, As his spirit of resistance matured, it nur- tured the growth of fervent patriotic ideas. The even in the private school.Cln the public primary brutal aggression the imperialists and the and middle schools and in college, he gained a of ever-deepening national crisis stimula;ted his love systematie grounding in modern science and the for his nation and his desires to contribute to its new concepts of social sciences. His breadth of strength. Guo Moruo welcomed and placed his knowledge helped free him from the constric- hope on the 1911 Revolution. He believed that tions of feudalism, expand his perceptions and the overthrow of the Qing court would mean that enhance his understanding of the dark society China, iike an "awakened lion," would never he lived in and his criticize it. ability to be bullied by the imperialists again. He was much distressed when the revolution failed. The The author is a lecturer on modern Chinese lit- deteriorating political situation of the country erature at the Chinese People's University, who is plagued internal and external problems currently arrnotating t},e Complete Works ol Guo with Moruo. fired his early poetry. "Vicious tigers around

Nouember 22, 1982 23 are casting their greedy eyes on the lion who is When the anti-feudal, anti-imperialist May still not conscious of its danger," he wrote. 4th Movement took place in 1919, he was very Later, when he wrote an autobiography of that excited. He saw it as the dawn of a newborn period he cried with anxiety: "China, where China. He maintained close contact with news- should you go?" papers and periodicals in China, contributing articles exposing the aggression of the Japanese At 27, Guo Moruo decided that he would imperialists. By that time, he had begun to join other Chinese students in Japan who hoped write vernacular free verses, plunging himself that modern education wouid save China. into the newly emerging New Culture Move- When he arrived in Japan in 1913, he threw ment. himself into the study of medicine. Meanwhile, In the same period, he carr,e across Walt events ensured that he never could ignore his Whitman's poems. The American poet's style country's plight. In May 1915, the ,Iapanese free from all old conventions was identical with militarists put forward the "21 demands" which the stormy charging spirit exhibited in the anti- threatened China and encroached upon its feudal. anti-imperialist patriotic movement. sovereignty, Guo Moruo was so angered that he Whitman's style greatly enlightened Guo and and several other Chinese students in Japa'n encouraged him to go on. When his first group decided to return to China and enlist in the de- of free verses was published, he wrote that fence of the motherland. However, under the Whitman's poems helped him find an "eruption rule of the reactionary warlord government, outlet" for his pent-up "personal fury and na- their patriotic actions were not supported; there tional hatred." This led to the "eruption period" was no place for these students to go in China. in Guo Xloruo's creative works. They c.oulci not but return to Japan to continue their studies. Guo Moruo's tortuous and complex ex- periences gave him a profor.ind comprehension In the years that foilowed, Guo Moruo was of the crises and plagues c'f the Chinese nation distraught. besieged with all sorts of troubles. and the aspiration and demands of the people. He was worried about the future of the mother- Thi:s rvas the inner source for his moving and land, could no way out and see no but find inspiring poetry. brightness. He longed to perform immediate service to the motherland, yet he found it im- The 54 vernacular free verses in The God- possible for him to do so. During those days, he Cess. published first in Augst 1921, imprecate the studied even harder and cudgelled his brains in evils of society and traditional ideas. showing search of the truth. In addition to his medical a thorough anti-feudal. anti-irnperialist revolu- books, he read Goethe, Heine, Byron, Shelley tionary spirit. A typical example is the long and Tagore. He was influenced by pantheism lyrical Phoenir' Rebirth among the poems in embodied in the works of Spinoza and others. the collection. It tells of the mythical bird that Through long years of distress, deep thinking Iives five centuries and then consumes itself and search. and, finally, influenced by the Soviet in fire, rising renewed from the ashes. The poem socialist revolution, Guo Moruo began to for- expreses Guo Moruo's confidence in the inevi- mulate his revolutionary democratic ideas. table rebirth and liberty of his disaster-ridden motherland.

As a participant in a parade against Japanese The poet's writing style reflects both the in- aggressors and for national salvation (5th from the herited traditions of Chinese classical poetry and right, tront row) the free verse form afrcrbed from abroad. His verses are strongly romantic and are permeated with majestic grandeur, with forceful rhythms and resonant syllables. Guo Moruo's first collec- tion embodied the spirit of the country in the early 20s and reflected the wishes and demands of the Chinese nation for resurrection and libera- tion. It was the filst milestone in the history of Chinese vernacular free verse. In the wake of The Goddess, Guo Moruo published several collections of free verses, several plays on historical themes and large volumes of novels and literary essays. These

Berjing Reoiero" No. 47 works laid the basis for his prominent place in the history of modern Chinese literature. To Guo Moruo, creative writing was in- separable from the goal of transforming society and from his devotion to the motherland. Thuu he became a social activist from the first day of his writing career. He sponsored the famous Creation Society, which rallied under its banner a number of promising young writers and poets of his day. The periodicals he created drell' positive responses, particularly from young peo- ple. In 1924, he translated Sociol Organizations and Social Reoolution, a Marxist book by the Japanese economist Hajime Kawakami; this slntematic exposure to Marxism marked a turn- ing point in his beiiefs and life style. The book, he once recalled. enabled him to "recognize the inherent contradictions in capitalism and the historie changes that will take place in it" and With Zhou Enlai and others meeting scientists in Bei- to ''foster the deep belief that social life will jing in 1956. when serving as President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences' move towards the communist system as in- evitably as all u,aters will flow into the sea." It also became clear to him that relying on the documents annals of the Chi- Iiterary and art movement alone could not re- valuable in the nese revolution. form China; but that wide-scale social struggle was required. This meant that revolutionary In 1927, Zhou Enlai and other Communists writers and artists should integrate themselves launched the August 1 Nanchang Uprising to with the workers and peasants. He immediate- save the revolution from doom. Guo Moruo Iy extricated himself from the "pure literary and ru.shed to join them at the risk of his life. He practice plunged art" and himself into the tor- became a member of the revolutionary commit- rential social revolution. tee. After the army was defeated on its way In spring 1926. recommended by Lin Boqu. south, he fled to Xianggang, but at the end of a veteran Communist, Guo Moruo became the 1927. he returned to Shanghai, braving the white dean of the school of arts at Zongshan (Sun terror imposed by the reactionaries after the Yat-sen) University in Guangzhou, then the failure of the revolution. While recovering from centre of revolutionary activity. There, he met a serious illness, he wrote Reanperation, a suite Mao Zedong, Zhow Enlai and other outstanding of 20 poems, whose every line echoes the con- proletarian revolrrtionar:ies. Shortly afterwards, fidence and optimism of a fearless proletarian encouraged by Zhou Enlai, he enlisted in the Iighter. By this time, Guo Moruo, through tem- army and took part in the anti-imperialist, anti- pering himself in the fire of the revolution, had feudal Northern Expedition. Through sharing emergd as a staunch Communist. the joys and hardships with the soldiers and officers during the triumphant advance of the In February 1928, he went into exile in Northern Expedition, Guo got a deepar under- Japan to escape the cruel persecution by the standing of the strength of the workers and Kuomintang reactionaries. Under extremely peasants. He graduaily felt himself to be a harsh conditions in the decade that ensued, he component part of the revolution. His passion remaine

Nooembet' 22, 1982 25 Reuolution, The Decade With the Creation ment. Vice-Premier of the State Administration Society and Remini,scences on the Northern Council, President of the Chinese Academy of Erpedition. In the words of Zhou Enlai, "No Sciences. Chairman of the China Federation of other tnan has written so prolifically as he in a Literary and Art Circles, President of the Chi- decade," and "in his 10 years overseas, he made nese People's Committee for World Peace, Hon- fresh contributions to the revolution and orar1, Presiden'u of the SineJapanese Friend- mustered new strength." ship Association, Vice-Chairman of the Standing Committee National Shortly after the Japanese imperialists of the People's Congress and Vice-Chairman of the National Committee iaunched the fuli-scale war of aggression of the Chinese People's Political Consultative against China in July 1937, Guo Moruo left his Conference. Such never wife and young. child behind and returned to a heavy rvorkload kept him from creative u-riting. His collec- the motherland to join his countrymen in com- tions of poetry published in thi.s period sang the bating the invaders. He became one of the praise oI New China people's revolution major leaders of the Writers' and Artists' Anti- and the and construction. He also wrote several hrstori- Japa.nese Society and the head of the third office cal opera scripls, a film script and many essa)'s of the political departmen+. of a central mili- on literature and art, history, archaeo)ogy and iary commission in charge of anti-Japanese polit.ics. cultural and propaganQu Yuan, were set in the Warring States Period (475-221 B.C.) when the weaker states rallied Guo Moruo's was a splendid revolutionary themselves against the powerful and aggressive life. He left us an extraordinarily rich literary state of Qin. Clearly allegorical, the operas legacy- His fine qualities also deserve to be ernployed vivid metaphors and biting sarcasm emulated: his ardent revolutionary enthusiasm. to criticize the Kuomintang, whose passive re- his boundless loyalty to and love for the mother- sistarrce against Japan contrasted so glaringly land and its people, his utter devotion to the with its active manoeuvring against the Com- communist cause, his indomitable fighting munists. The operas, '*'hich also eulogized,the spirit and his unquenchable thirst for academic Chinese people's militancy against alien inva- excellence which carried him through long years ders, are regarded as masterpieces of modern of assiduous work and study. Chinese literature. In March 1957. he u'rote a letter to Beijing After victory was won in the War of Re- University students. saying, sistance Against Japan in 1945, Guo Moruo stood firmly against civil war and for "Both at present and tht'oughout ygur life, democracy. In this way, he contributed to the )'ou must first of all 'climb to the best of your People's War of Liberation. ability,' no matter how high the mountain top is. The high mountain itself is growing. Let's After the People's Republic was founded in climb on and on. Don't ask how high the moun- 1949, Guo Moruo assumed many imgtrtant gorr- tain is.'' ernment posts. He was also a prominent figure in scientific and cultrrral fields and in China's This valuable legacy for future generations foreign relations. His many responsibilities in- is, indeed, a fitting epitaph for the life of Guo eluded: member of the Central People's Govern- Moruo. tl

(Continued from p. 22.) porting in the coming years. There are, of course, wide discrepancies among the grain prospects taken effective rrieasures and have already be- of the different developing nations. Although gun to attain a high degree of self-sufficiency the long-term grain projections for the devel- in grain, or at least are basically secure from oping nations are encouraging. the short-term serious grain shortages. It is estimated that rnore problems remain very serious and demand care- countries will become agriculturally self-sup- ful and continuing analysis and co-operation. E

26 Beiiing Reaiew, No. 47 qU[ tUR[ & SCIENICE

EDUCATION or Henan. The foreign delegates and many counties have sought to learn f rom China's technical schools for peasants. Adult Educotion achievements so as to apply Higher education for adults is them in their own countries. also developing in the cities and More Chinese are literate than mining areas. The forms include ever before and the demand fot' In the past 32 years, 137.7 correspondence schools and adult education is becoming million illiterate adults in China schools the pronounCed. Government ef- have been tau.ght to read and evening run by institutes of higher learning; forts have reduced China's il- write. The literacy standard is workers' universities and spare- literacy rate among people from set at 1,500 characters for time universities established by 12 to 45 from over 80 per cent peasants, enough to read simple factories, mines and enter- in the early post-liberation years papers and periodicals, write prises; rad.io and TV universi- to 25 per cent today, reported notes and keep accounts, and ties under various education Yao Zhongda, Chinese delegate 2,000 characters for workers. bureaus and other schools to the UNESCO field operations China is a country with an administered by government or- seminar on adult education and ancient cir.ilization. but the vast ganizations,, people's organiza- literacy in the Asian and Pacific maiolit;' of the population was tions and individuals. To en- regron. deprived of an education in pre- courage independent study, the According to UNESCO. 62 per liberation da1's resulting from State Council in 1981 authorized cent of the rvolld s illiteracv is long years of feudal and Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai bureaucratic rule and im- to organize higher education perialist aggression. In many examinations to certify those villages, there rvas not a single who have attained university literate person. level through indepenC,ent The situation changed after study. 1949. At present. alound 75 per China has a vast adult educa- cent of the adult peasants are tion network in its cities, mining literate, among them 25 per areas and villages providing cent are at or above middle cultural and scientific know- school level. In addition to pri- ledge at all levels. Government mary and middle schools run by statistics reveal that in the past the government. many people's 32 years, 38.64 million adults communes and production b,ri- have attained the level of pri- gades have set up full- or mary school graduates through part-time schools or short-term spare-time education; 3.59 mil- courses. Radio and corres- lion. of middle school level and pondence courses for peasants over one million. of university A workers'universii,'run by thc Xiangfan Printing and Dyeing are also available in some areas Ievel. Faetory in Hubei Province. A peasants'reading roonr in Pushang People's Commune, Fujian Provincc. in the Asian and Pacific region. 55 per cent of the children (from 6 to 14) in this area grow into illiterate adults. Partici- pants at the serninnr which opened tJctober 4 in Foshan. Guangdong Pr-<.rvince. heard about China's efforts to over- come illiteracy and promote adult education. After the con- terence the delegates from nine countries (including China) divided into two groups f or fieid observations in Shandong

Nouember 22, 1982 During the 10 years of the of treatment and physical exer- such operations. More than "cultural revolution," the hard- cises, the function of his hip 1,500 patients have had this kind won progress in decreasing il- joints was restored, the patient of operation for treatment of literacy suffered a setback. can now 'walk and care for bone tumour, bone tuberculosis There are still a considerable himself . In a letter to the and rheumatoid arthritis. number of people who are illi- doctor, Yu said: "Since my re- terate and semi-literate. turn from your hospital. I can ARCHAEOLOGY ride bicycle the He Dongchang, Minister of a to '"r,ork in daytime and to meet my friends Education, told the delegates at in the evening. I find it con- New Studies on Ancient the seminar that efforts will be venient getting about. . is made to raise the people's It Lop Nur Corpse your efforts that have enabled educational level in order to me to do all this." The existence environ- develop China's economy. It is of mental pollution 3,000 years expected that by 1990 primary Doctor Lu, 52, graduated from ago was proved by the finding school education will be the China Medical College of a large amount of silicon universal and, where conditions (formerly the China Union particles and carbon dust in a permit, junior middle school Medical College) in 1956. He corpse unearthed in Lop Nur, education will also be universal. has conducted replacement Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous operations of artificial ioints for Region, in 1980. MEDICINE nine years. Working with his colleagues, he has performed The corpse, the earliest and Artiliciol loints to this kind of operation on more best preserved so far discovered than 200 sufferers. in China, is of an ancient mi- Reploce Arthritic toints nority nationality woman in In October 1980. a Malaysian A young man who could not Xinjiang who died between 40 woman, 22 years old, had her walk, bend or take care of to 45 years of a.ge. joints replaced artificial himself because of rheumatoid hip by joints Shanghai scientists observed arthritis, can now walk five in the Shanghai Guang- hua Hospital. Before the opera- samples from tissues at the tip kilometres and lead a normal tion, She could not of the lungs and the lower right Iife following an operation to sit or squat Iung through microscopes and replace hipbone joints with but only stand and inch along. because found large quantity of black artificial titanium alloy joints. of rheumatoid spondy- litis. After four months of treat- dust in the lung cavity, con- The doctor who conducted the ment and physical exercises. she centrated around the blood operation was Lu Shibe, head of could ride a bicycle and do some vessels. Metal elements are also the orthopedic department of work. in higher densities than in con- the General Hospital of the temporary corpses. Chinese People's Liberation Addressing a meeting on The carbon dust contained i.n Army in Beijing. At a recent artificial joints, Li Chunlin, head the corpse is 0.07 mg, equiva- meeting on artificial joints, the of the orthopedic department of lent to the amount inhaled by doctor said that the young the Tianjin Hospital, said the a contemporar/r second-stage man, Yu Shiqi (29), was from study of artificial joints began "black lung" patient. Special- Chengdu, Sichuan Province, in the early 1960s in China. At ists inclicate that the dust came who first suffered from pain in that time stainless steel was from the environment polluted his hip joints in 1974 and his used as material f or artificial by burning fuels such as wood. joints became rigid in 1977. He joints. The work was inter- leaves and animal remains. had been bed ridden for five rupted during the "cultural rev- year:s. olution." The hip joint replace- Silicon dust (mainly silicate) ment operations, Dr. Li said. was also found corpse's In 1979 and 1980, Dr. Lu per- in the makes it possible to save limbs lungs. Mounting to 0.055-C.066 formed two operations replacing of bone tumour sufferers when Yu Shiqi's left and mg, the quantity is higher than right hip amputation would otherwise be joints with artificial titanium that in a present-day "black necessary. It can also retain the alloy joints. Cutting through lung" sufferer. original length of the limbs and the rigidified hipbone joints, the allow normal function. This study has revealed new artificial joints were attached' to data on ancient living condi- the bone marrow cavity with At present, more than 150 tions and the atmospheric en- bone cement. After four months hospitals in the country can do vironment.

28 Beijing Reuiew, No. 47 published in the last three Books decades. Chinese scholars re- gard publication of this series as Cultural Weolth past experience to serve the a significant event in Chirra's present and adjusted foreign culturhl life. Shared by Humonity things for use in China. China's The press' endeavour to Chinese Translations of World- brilliant cultural history was publish world-famous works Famous Academic Works, charted along this path. dates back to the 1930s. The Part L However, at some points in Chinese Translations of World- (ixi+uF+*eHb#> the long course of Chinese Famous Worlcs it published then comprised more than 1,000 Edited and. published masterpieces. Unfortunately, by the Commercial the work was interrupted by Press, the war of aggression launched by the Japanese militarists in Distributed by Xin- 1937. More than half of the hua Bookstores, works included in that series Pri,ce: RMB 87.59 were Western literary master- yuan lor Part I (o pieces. The newly compiled total of 69 uolumes, series is a collection of prom- uaried prices for inent academic works; no different aolumes). literary works are included. But the two series have iden,tical In February, on the 85th an- history, closed-door policy a high standards of works selected niversary the caused of its founding, a rejection of alien ide- as well as of translations. Commercial Press - China's ologies and cultures. Historical oldest contemporary publishing experience has told us that once Even eliminating literary published house - the Chinese a nation indulges in smug com- works, choosing among the huge Translations of World-Famous placency. it loses the nutrients number of noted academic Academic l4rorks. from the infr-rsion of foreign works in the sea of ancient and cont€mporary masterpieces was As the name suggests. the cultures. and its own culture masterpieces included in this dwindles anC becomes ossified. difficult. Part I incorporates series are classical and contem- In Chinese history'. xenophobia only 50 works (many are porary academic works which always accompanied internal up- multi-volume pieces). Its intro- are the common wealth of heaval, but the introduction of duction notes: "This series will humanity, irrespective of the thls policy never reduced the be published in several parts. times, nations or languages they suffering but instead in,tensified Later volumes will compile ad- belong to. it. Thus, the closed-door policies ditional academic works, and were always short-Iived, temj some day in the future, China Each nation attributes its will have all of the world's porary episodes. The 10 years identity in the family of nations academic masterpieces printed of turmoil between 1966 and to its own cultural traditions, in its own language." and rests the preservation and 1976 was another twist in development of this tradition on history. Today. the mist has The 50 works so far published the cultural exchanges between been dispersed and the Com- reveal the great efforts the edi- dif f erent nations and mutual mereial Press has been freed tors of the Commercial Press enrichment. The Chinese na- from the labels of "wor- made in selecting and compiling tion, self-confident and secure shipping everything foreign the series. A tremendous pro- with the accomplishment oI its and retrogressing." This made ject, it is still a far cry from a long history, has never rejected it possible for the press to bring complete collection of academic toreign cultures. Centuries of to the world the Chinese Trans- contributions. But Part I pre- cultural exchanges with other. lations of Wodd,-Famous Aca- sents a contour of the whole countries have provided many demic Works, a series which con- series which incorporates a useful additions to Chinese tains 50 pieces selected from range of works from ancient to culture. Traditional arts have among the more than 300 world contemporary, by writers of absorbed the good, used the renowned academic works it has many countries and of all dis-

Nooember 22, 1982 29 ciplines, from philosophy to nat- by renowned anZhou Jianren and tinuing this series and, con- Aristotle (384-322 B.C.), Science Yang Dongchun. fronting a forest of world ol Logic by Georg W.F. Hegel masterpieces, priority has been This series is not impeccable. (1770-1831) and another 17 given works that The works incorporated in Part to important works: the economics works in- led up to the origins Marx- I are too orientated to the West. of clude An lnquiry lnto the ism. Like Part Part 1I is with too few works from East- I, and. the on Nature Causes of ern countries. As a result it mainly devoted to works Wealth Nations Adam German classical philosophy, oJ by gives an unbalanced. incomplete Smith (1723-90), Principles of British political economy and impression of what exists. Political Economy and Tara- different schools socialist Moreover, 'the prefaces and of David (1712- theory in France. The Con'rmer- tion by Ricardo postscripts, as well as footnotes 1823). pieces cial Press' approach is unique Half of the and indexes are not al'a,ays well two and interesting and u,ill deserve in Part I fall into these edited; some works have neither categories. addition,, in- further attention as each In it prefaces nor footnotes. The cludes works of political science volume is released. publishers will need tcr solve such as The Second Treatrse of Song, erecutiue these problems for future parts -Gao Gooernment Locke (1632- ntember of the coun- by of the series. 1704) and Napoleon's Code Ciuil cil of the ALI-Chino Francai.s, and history books like A questionnaire issued re- Society ol Foreign Annals by Cornelius Tacitu^s cently by the Commercial Pres^s Philosophical IJi.s- (c. 55-120). They are translated contains synopses of another 50 torA.

:.- l.l .-* l.l # l: : i: : l: : L: t:: l: :ii:i::ii : :.: : l.:: i: : i:: i: i: : i: : :.: -- Off the Press CHINA & THE WORLD (il)

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lmportont in-depth speeches ond essoys on Chino's foreign policy ond diplomocy, such os "Chino on Disormoment," "Zhou Enloi the Diplomot," "US Policy Towords Toiwon," "South-South Co-operotion" ond "West Europeon Countries - Their Foreign Policies." Volume ll in the Foreign Affoirs Series published by BEIJING REVIEW resources for scholors, politicol onolysts ond generol reoders for-voluoble understonding Chino's view of contemporory world issues ond interno- tionol relotions. Editions in French, Sponish, Germon orrd Joponese will come out soon. Published by BEIJING REVIEW Distributed by CHINA PUBTICATIONS CENTRE (GUOJ! SHUDTAN) P.O. Box 399, Beijing, Chino Purchose from your locol deolers or write direct to Chino Publicotions Centre (Guoji Shudion), P.O. Box 399, Beijing, Chino. ln Chino, ovoiloble from the Foreign Longuoges Bookstore or Guoji Shudion. : : : : : : :.: : i: :- :.: : l: : i: :- l: :.: i: i: i: i: : i: : i: : i: : i: i: : i: l: :- :.: - - 30 Beijittg Reuieu. No. 4i ART PAGE

1,4 Vang Senran) s

d.. T raditional Chinese Paintings

.tJ- /i# t ,b

I'l .i "ffir I I a.l { g.+ I

ffi-,,- A-,/+ * 71' !'rogs in a l,otus Pond.

Born in lB95 in Hebei Dingxian ( icadas (he Province's .lnrid Red Lear.es. County, Wang Senran is no\r' a professor at the Central Academy of Fine Arts. He is not only an artist of traditional Chi- nese painting, but a scholar of fine arts theory and sn expert in authen- ticating ancient calli- fi graphy and paintings. He was a close friend of the f late Qi Baishi and Huang '+ Binghong, masters of traditional paintings. His 4': . latest representative 4 r works are Cranes and 1t - Pines Facing the'Sun and The Eagles, both huge ' paintings in the Great Cranes and Pines Facing the Sun. Hall of the People. )L i H JE.* Laruguage Service i English ItL r, q, f s Radio Peking +I }I The exoct dotes for these progrommes will be onnounced on the oir, f

OMT Locol Stondord Time Metre Bonds kHr E I .J, I

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20:00-21 :00 (Dores-Soloom) | WES? AND NOR?ITi 19:30-20:30 18:45-'19:45 (Monrovio) 40, 26 7480, r1515 '19;30-20:30 (Accro, Freetown) AFRICA I 20:30-21 :30 (Logos) 21 :30-22:30 (Coiro) 20:30-21 r30 19:45-20:45 (Monrovio) 40, 26 7480,11515 20:30-21 :30 (Accro, Freetown) 21:30-22:3O (Loqos) 22 iE:--; -]. I 30-23Jf- EUROPEI te:otr-2o:oo 20:O( 43 30 6860, 9860 I I zt ,oo-zz,oo 22:00-23:u0 (Lo',don, Stockholm, 43, 30 6860, 9860 I Po ris) I