Otaku: De Problema Social À Solução Política

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Otaku: De Problema Social À Solução Política UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE LETRAS ORIENTAIS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM LÍNGUA, LITERATURA E CULTURA JAPONESA HENRIQUE EIDIN KATEKAWA O fenômeno otaku: de problema social à solução política São Paulo 2016 Henrique Katekawa O fenômeno otaku: de problema social à solução política 2016 São Paulo São HENRIQUE EIDIN KATEKAWA O fenômeno otaku: de problema social à solução política Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo para a obtenção de título de Mestre em Cultura Japonesa Área de Concentração: Língua, Literatura e Cultura Japonesa Orientador: Prof. Dr. Koichi Mori São Paulo 2016 NOME: KATEKAWA, Henrique Eidin Título: Mestre em Cultura Japonesa Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Sociais da Universidade de São Paulo para a obtenção de título de Mestre em Cultura Japonesa Aprovado em: Banca Examinadora Prof. Dr. ______________________ Instituição:_______________________ Julgamento:____________________ Assinatura:_______________________ Prof. Dr. ______________________ Instituição:_______________________ Julgamento:____________________ Assinatura:_______________________ Prof. Dr._______________________ Instituição:_______________________ Julgamento:_____________________ Assinatura:_______________________ Dedico este trabalho aos meus pais Maurilio Eijin Katekawa e Suely Akemi Thina Katekawa, e à minha irmã Luana Akemi Katekawa que me apoiaram por todo o processo do mestrado. AGRADECIMENTOS À minha tia Marie Katekawa e meu primo Fernando Futema por terem me abrigado durante todo o mestrado. À minha amiga professora Joy Nascimento Afonso pelas dicas de mestrado. Ao Departamento de Letras Orientais por ter me prestado muitas ajudas e instruções. Ao meu cunhado Fábio Dias por todas as discussões filosóficas. Aos meus amigos Flora Scandiuzzi Costa, Giancarlo Gianini, Roger Hideo e Tiemi Matsuda por todo o apoio moral. À minha amiga Paula Yuri Toyama por ter me motivado quando precisei. E principalmente à minha amiga Arima Naves dos Reis que me convenceu a prestar o mestrado. Tudo é uma cópia de uma cópia de uma cópia. Tyler Durden RESUMO KATEKAWA, Henrique Eidin. O fenômeno otaku: de problema social à solução política. 2016. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Sociais da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2016. No Japão, o fenômeno otaku se popularizou no final dos anos 1980 por causa do assassino em série Tsutomu Miyazaki. A mídia japonesa rapidamente o identificou como um otaku, uma pessoa obcecada pela indústria do entretenimento, e nos anos 1990 o indivíduo otaku ficou conhecido como um grande problema social. Contudo, nos anos 2000, o governo japonês colocou em prática seu plano político Cool Japan, que promovia a divulgação da cultura pop japonesa ao mundo. O indivíduo otaku, sendo um grande consumidor de cultura pop japonesa, deixou de ser considerado um problema para se tornar parte de uma solução política. O fenômeno otaku foi pesquisado com o objetivo de descobrir como essa transformação ocorreu. Para isso, foi necessário pesquisar: a origem do indivíduo otaku; sua relação com sociedade; e a teoria filosófica de Hiroki Azuma sobre a relação entre os consumidores japoneses e a cultura pop japonesa. Foi possível afirmar que a imagem do indivíduo otaku melhorou porque a sociedade japonesa mudou sua relação de consumo com os produtos culturais. Assim como os indivíduos otaku, a sociedade japonesa passou a consumir não pelo produto em si, mas pelas configurações que possui em suas imagens japonesas. Não houve evidências o suficiente para afirmar, mas no final houve a suposição de que talvez a imagem do indivíduo otaku tenha melhorado porque a sociedade japonesa esteja se tornando otaku. Palavras-chave: Otaku. Cultura pop japonesa. Simulacro. ABSTRACT KATEKAWA, Henrique Eidin. The otaku phenomenon: from social problem to political solution. 2016. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Sociais da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2016. In Japan, the otaku phenomenon became popular in the late 1980s because of the serial killer Tsutomu Miyazaki. Japanese media identified him quickly as an otaku, a person obsessed with the entertainment industry, and in the 1990s the otaku became known as a major social problem. However, in 2004, the Japanese government started its political plan named Cool Japan, which promoted the dissemination of Japanese pop culture to the world. Being a major consumer of Japanese pop culture, the otaku was no longer considered a problem, but became part of a political solution. The otaku phenomenon has been investigated in order to find out how this transformation occurred. Thereunto, it has been researched: the otaku’s origin; his relationship with society; and the philosophical theory of Hiroki Azuma on the relationship between Japanese consumers and the Japanese pop culture. It was possible to state that the otaku’s image improved because Japanese society changed its consumer relationship with cultural products. As well as those considered otaku, Japanese society began to consume not because of the product itself, but because of its settings in Japanese images. There was not enough evidence to affirm, but in the end there was the assumption that perhaps the otaku’s image has improved because Japanese society itself is becoming otaku. Key-words: Otaku. Japanese pop culture. Simulacrum. LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1 – O quarto de Tsutomu Miyazaki ................................................................................. 45 Figura 2 - Tsutomu Miyazaki ...................................................................................................... 46 Figura 3 - Otaku no bideo ........................................................................................................... 49 Figura 4 - Modelo de Bando de Dados ....................................................................................... 76 LISTA DE TABELAS Tabela 1 - Tabulação cruzada de recursos econômicos e culturais ................................ 22 Tabela 2 - Alguns termos do ijime.................................................................................. 39 Tabela 3 - Tamanho da comunidade otaku nos cinco principais campos. ..................... 54 Tabela 4 - Classificação de charmes dos homens otaku pelas mulheres que pensam em namorá-los ...................................................................................................................... 58 SUMÁRIO 1 – INTRODUÇÃO ........................................................................................................ 11 2 – A ORIGEM DO FENÔMENO OTAKU ................................................................. 14 2.1 – O ESTILO DE VIDA JAPONÊS APÓS 1945 .................................................. 14 2.2 – A PERSPECTIVA JAPONESA DE EDUCAÇÃO E TRABALHO ................ 32 3 – A POPULARIZAÇÃO DO FENÔMENO OTAKU ................................................ 43 4 – HIROKI AZUMA .................................................................................................... 60 4.1 - A FIXAÇÃO POR IMAGENS JAPONESAS ................................................... 65 4.2 - ANIMAIS DE BANCO DE DADOS ................................................................. 72 5 - CONCLUSÃO .......................................................................................................... 84 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ........................................................................... 85 11 1 – INTRODUÇÃO O fenômeno otaku 1 é um dos fenômenos mais interessantes do Japão, considerando suas origens conturbadas como um problema social e sua valorização atual como uma solução política. O fenômeno otaku também é um exemplo de como a cultura funciona, desde seus conflitos iniciais com a cultura dominante até a sua aceitação. Houve muito interesse em pesquisar sobre esse tema porque o fenômeno otaku geralmente está associado a duas imagens muito distintas. A primeira é a da cultura pop japonesa com histórias em quadrinhos, desenhos animados, jogos eletrônicos, super-heróis, monstros gigantes e muitos outros produtos que agradam a pessoas de todas as idades. É algo que consegue conectar não só os cidadãos japoneses, mas também pessoas do mundo inteiro apesar das distâncias físicas e das barreiras da linguagem. Contudo a segunda imagem é a de uma pessoa trancada em seu quarto, rodeada por estantes repletas de brinquedos e revistas, que evita o contato com outras pessoas que não compartilhem de seus mesmos interesses. Popularmente, essa é a imagem do indivíduo otaku, uma pessoa tão concentrada em suas atividades de lazer que parece ignorar o que ocorre ao seu redor. Claramente, são imagens carregadas de crenças pessoais porque a cultura pop japonesa possui seus defeitos e os indivíduos otaku não são todos assim, mas é interessante notar como uma pode ser tão carregada de características agradáveis enquanto a outra evoca sentimentos de solidão e introversão quando ambas se referem ao mesmo fenômeno. Ao iniciar as pesquisas sobre o tema otaku, utilizando a obra Otaku: os filhos do virtual2 do jornalista francês Étienne Barral (2000), a primeira impressão foi a de que os indivíduos otaku eram vítimas da sociedade japonesa que os obrigava a aceitar as instituições sociais como os verdadeiros e únicos valores a serem preservados. Por várias páginas, Barral (2000) narra experiências pessoais de indivíduos otaku completamente
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