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Os Químicos Ocultos E Sua Extraordinária Jornada Ao Mundo Dos Átomos

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Os Químicos Ocultos E Sua Extraordinária Jornada Ao Mundo Dos Átomos Quim. Nova, Vol. 37, No. 1, 186-193, 2014 OS QUÍMICOS OCULTOS E SUA EXTRAORDINÁRIA JORNADA AO MUNDO DOS ÁTOMOS Lediany Forostecki e Ourides Santin Filho* Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá – PR, Brasil Recebido em 26/03/2013; aceito em 14/06/2013; publicado na web em 02/08/2013 Assuntos Gerais THE OCCULT CHEMISTS AND THEIR EXTRAORDINARY JOURNEY INTO THE WORLD OF ATOMS. At the end of the XIX century, a group of chemists and theosophists called the Occult Chemists suggested it would be possible “to see” atoms by clairvoyance. In a meditative situation, a skilled person in contact with a substance would thus be able to see magnified atoms and molecules, as well as its internal structure. Annie Besant was the leader of this group and, together with Curuppumullage Jinarajadasa, Charles Leadbeater and Bertram Keightley, they devised an extraordinary atomic theory in which atoms consisted of smaller, indivisible units of energy called anu. In this paper, we present the fundamental principles of this unusual theory. Keywords: Annie Besant; occult chemists; atomic structure. INTRODUÇÃO numa hipótese, defendida por William Crookes (1832-1919), de que os átomos seriam constituídos por uma partícula última, o “protilo”.6 A busca pela compreensão da estrutura da matéria em geral, e A teoria de John Dalton (1766-1844), originada de seus estudos do átomo em particular é, sem dúvida, responsável por episódios acerca da atmosfera, sugeria a existência de partículas fundamentais, valiosos na história da Química. Várias concepções surgiram sobre minutas e indivisíveis, circundadas por uma nuvem de calórico. Ela o conceito de átomo, em circunstâncias, culturas e épocas diferentes. se rivalizava com teorias do éter físico, tal como sugerido por Lorde As especulações envolvem a participação de muitos pensadores e Kelvin (William Thomson, 1824-1907), de que o átomo seria sim- constituem uma história que não pertence somente à Química, mas plesmente um vortex no fluido etéreo.4 é um tema que gera múltiplos debates em filosofia, teologia, física A noção de que a matéria é constituída por átomos pressupõe e outras áreas. que eles têm massa, e determinar com precisão aceitável o valor das No Ocidente, o debate acerca da natureza discreta da matéria massas atômicas de cada elemento conhecido torna-se uma noção foi iniciado pelos filósofos gregos, centenas de anos antes da era incontornável e indispensável a todos os químicos.7 cristã, sendo posteriormente explorado sob diversos aspectos pelos Numa análise detalhada da atmosfera científica da época, fenô- mecanicistas dos séculos XVII e XVIII, vindo a se estabelecer na menos novos8 surgem nos laboratórios dos físicos e químicos: raios linguagem científica moderna somente na passagem do século XIX catódicos são estudados pelo inglês William Crookes (1832-1919); para o século XX.1 raios X são detectados9 pelo alemão Wilhelm C. Röntgen (1845- Os primeiros atomistas parecem, com poucas exceções, ter dese- 1923); Henri Becquerel (1852-1908) observa a radioatividade em sais nhando um quadro no qual os átomos seriam pequenos, massivos e de urânio, enquanto Joseph J. Thomson (1856-1940) identifica uma rígidos. Isaac Newton (1643-1727), em sua obra Opticks é bastante partícula elementar de carga elétrica negativa mediante seus estudos explícito ao afirmar que “parece provável a mim que Deus criou, no com raios catódicos. O elétron se constituiu na primeira partícula início, a matéria como partículas móveis de natureza sólida, massiva, menor do que o átomo que foi efetivamente detectada.10 dura e impenetrável”.2 No ano de 1898, Rutherford (1871-1937) detecta partículas radio- Para Walter Charleton (1620-1707), o universo seria constituído ativas enquanto Marie Curie (1867-1934) refere-se à radioatividade por átomos e vacuidades, sendo aqueles minúsculas e incorruptíveis como uma propriedade atômica.11 partículas, constituídas por um único tipo de matéria, mas diferentes A matéria parecia aos poucos revelar seus segredos e a busca por entre si quanto ao tamanho, forma e peso. Seu modelo era herança dos sua estrutura empolgou não apenas físicos e químicos, mas filósofos epicuristas.3 Por outro lado, Roger Joseph Boscovich (1711-1787), e outros pensadores. É neste contexto que encontramos também al- via os átomos como “centros de força”, pontos massivos mas sem gumas investigações que empregavam métodos experimentais nada extensão, sujeitos a forças de natureza gravitacional.4 ortodoxos para a Ciência convencional, praticada nos laboratórios Do final do século XIX ao primeiro quarto do século XX houve da época. Referimo-nos especialmente aos que foram apresenta- intenso debate e muitas tentativas da comunidade científica de con- das por um grupo de teósofos, especialmente por uma brilhante solidar as explicações sobre a estrutura da matéria. A atividade dos integrante desse grupo, pesquisadora que possuía enorme interesse físicos e dos químicos foi tão intensa naquele período que se torna pela Química, mas que também se preocupava com causas sociais, difícil dar conta da simultaneidade das teorias e trabalhos que tive- políticas e religiosas. ram influência direta sobre a formação da teoria atômica. Modelos Essa história curiosa teve início em 1895. Sua protagonista, Annie proliferavam em diversos cantos do mundo científico. Besant, reuniu-se com seus colegas no Surrey, condado situado na William Prout (1785-1850) propunha, por exemplo, que os áto- região sul da Inglaterra, para iniciar uma investigação sobre a estrutura mos fossem constituídos por agregados de diferentes quantidades da matéria por meio da observação direta dos átomos. O grupo era e configurações de átomos de hidrogênio.5 Tal ideia se consolidou composto pelos principais membros da Sociedade Teosófica, o india- no Curuppumullage Jinarajadasa e os ingleses Charles Leadbeater e *e-mail: [email protected] Bertram Keightley. Todos acreditavam que, num estado meditativo, Vol. 37, No. 1 Os químicos ocultos e sua extraordinária jornada ao mundo dos átomos 187 poderiam visitar o interior dos átomos, como numa viagem de desco- foram as principais responsáveis pela surpreendente reviravolta na berta, na qual a percepção visual do observador poderia ser amplifica- vida de Annie.12,14 da a ponto de objetos em escala microscópica aparecerem a eles como grandes e, assim, possíveis de serem observados e registrados.12,13 A SOCIEDADE TEOSÓFICA Apresentaremos neste artigo um pouco da vida de Annie Besant e as principais características do seu incrível modelo atômico, comple- A Teosofia é um sistema de filosofia e crença religiosa preocupada tamente estranho à comunidade científica, e publicado na obra Occult com a natureza dos processos divinos e suas relações com o universo Chemistry, com ajuda de Charles Leadbeater. Esse curioso grupo dos fenômenos. Em sua forma mais moderna, a Sociedade Teosófica de pesquisadores ficou conhecido como os “Químicos Ocultistas”. foi fundada em 1875, nos círculos espiritualistas de Nova Iorque, por Helena Petrovna Blavatski, pelo Coronel Olcott e por W. Q. Judge. A VIDA DE ANNIE BESANT A Teosofia logo se tornou muito popular na Grã Bretanha e no continente europeu, nos anos de 1880. Seus vários sistemas de Annie Woods nasceu em Londres em 1 de outubro de 1847. crenças, incluindo a reencarnação, adquiriram grande notoriedade, Vinda de uma família de irlandeses, foi educada unicamente por principalmente pela tentativa de unir religião com racionalismo Ellen Marryat, irmã do romancista inglês capitão Frederick Marryat, científico. As arrojadas e novas ideias da Sociedade Teosófica eram autor da obra Midshipman Easy, best-seller infantil muito popular influenciadas pelas antigas filosofias orientais, tradições ocultas na época. Durante sua adolescência, Annie tornou-se intensamente antigas, incluindo a filosofia de Pitágoras. religiosa e, em 1867, casou-se com o reverendo Frank Besant, vigário Em 1888 Madame Blavatsky (1831-1891) publicou sua principal em Sibsey, Lincolnshire. Porém, mesmo com o nascimento dos filhos obra, A Doutrina Secreta, que viria a tornar-se o livro mais impor- Digby e Mabel, o casamento de Mme. Besant, bem como suas crenças tante para os teosofistas. Foi quando W. T. Stead, editor da Pall-Mall religiosas, acabaram. Após deixar o marido em 1872, Annie Besant Gazette, tendo em mãos o trabalho, foi pedir para que Annie Besant voltou para Londres para morar com a mãe e começou a preocupar-se fizesse a revisão da obra. Ao entrar em contato com os conhecimen- com questões sociais, assumindo aos poucos seu ateísmo. Em 1874 tos de Madame Blavatsky, esta imediatamente converteu-se para a ela reuniu-se com o ateísta e ativista político Charles Bradlaugh, e Teosofia, permanecendo adepta até o fim de sua vida. A Sociedade juntou-se à National Secular Society, organização dedicada a expor Teosófica mal podia acreditar em sua sorte de adquirir uma brilhante o que consideravam as falácias das religiões e da crença cristã em oradora e jornalista. Contudo, parece que Annie Besant, estudiosa em particular. Foi neste ambiente que acabou tornando-se uma oradora química, viu na teosofia uma forma mais alta de ciência, um meio talentosa e, por ser uma grande defensora dos direitos das mulheres, pelo qual fenômenos naturais e visões ainda não disponíveis para as passou a escrever artigos para o jornal do grupo. Iniciou então sua ciências físicas pudessem ser revelados. Acreditando ser a Teosofia carreira de jornalista junto ao National Reformer,
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