Importer Pour Exister : Empower Et Le « Travail Sexuel » En Thaïlande Import in Order to Exist : Empower and Sex Work in Thailand Sébastien Roux

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Importer Pour Exister : Empower Et Le « Travail Sexuel » En Thaïlande Import in Order to Exist : Empower and Sex Work in Thailand Sébastien Roux Document généré le 27 sept. 2021 11:06 Lien social et Politiques Importer pour exister : Empower et le « travail sexuel » en Thaïlande Import in order to exist : Empower and sex work in Thailand Sébastien Roux Les solidarités sans frontières : entre permanence et changements Résumé de l'article Numéro 58, automne 2007 La prostitution s’est problématisée en Thaïlande à partir du milieu des années 1980. Le débat national sur l’usage commercial de la sexualité s’est URI : https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/017557ar progressivement aligné sur les prises de position occidentales. À travers l’étude DOI : https://doi.org/10.7202/017557ar d’une association thaïlandaise spécifique, Empower, il s’agira de montrer comment certains agents locaux ont pu favoriser ce processus d’importation Aller au sommaire du numéro des discours pour promouvoir une vision de la sexualité qui servait leurs intérêts spécifiques. Et au-delà des discours optimistes sur la circulation internationale des « causes » et des engagements, nous proposons ici une lecture critique de la mondialisation de la prise en charge de la prostitution en Éditeur(s) nous interrogeant sur les conséquences pratiques de la transnationalisation Lien social et Politiques des solidarités ISSN 1204-3206 (imprimé) 1703-9665 (numérique) Découvrir la revue Citer cet article Roux, S. (2007). Importer pour exister : Empower et le « travail sexuel » en Thaïlande. Lien social et Politiques, (58), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.7202/017557ar Tous droits réservés © Lien social et Politiques, 2007 Ce document est protégé par la loi sur le droit d’auteur. L’utilisation des services d’Érudit (y compris la reproduction) est assujettie à sa politique d’utilisation que vous pouvez consulter en ligne. https://apropos.erudit.org/fr/usagers/politique-dutilisation/ Cet article est diffusé et préservé par Érudit. Érudit est un consortium interuniversitaire sans but lucratif composé de l’Université de Montréal, l’Université Laval et l’Université du Québec à Montréal. Il a pour mission la promotion et la valorisation de la recherche. https://www.erudit.org/fr/ LSP 58-15 26/11/07 19:38 Page 145 Importer pour exister : Empower et le « travail sexuel » en Thaïlande Sébastien Roux La prostitution s’est probléma- tution. Les prises de position sur la s’exercent dans le domaine de l’ac- tisée en Thaïlande depuis les sexualité commerciale se divisent tion morale et du travail social. années 1980, dans un contexte principalement entre prohibition- Cette intrication influence les dis- international marqué par la résur- nistes, abolitionnistes et réglemen- cours locaux, en les maintenant 2 gence des débats relatifs à l’usage taristes (Mathieu, 2004)† .Or,la dans une forme de dépendance commercial de la sexualité forme même que prennent les symbolique (et parfois maté- (Outshoorn, 2005). Elle est ainsi controverses qui opposent les rielle…) qui limite le développe- devenue l’enjeu de discours agents s’est universalisée. Il en va ment d’une pensée originale et moraux, politiques et sanitaires ainsi du débat relatif à la prostitu- oriente non seulement les dis- particulièrement virulents dans un tion comme travail†: la vente de cours, mais détermine également pays marqué successivement par services sexuels peut-elle être la structure dans laquelle ils s’insè- la condamnation du «†tourisme envisagée comme une activité pro- rent. À travers l’étude d’Empower sexuel†», la diffusion rapide du sida fessionnelle permettant pour et du cas thaïlandais, je montrerai et l’émergence d’une prise en celles et ceux qui l’exercent l’accès comment ces discours ont pu être charge de la «†traite des êtres à une protection juridique garan- importés et mobilisés et quelles humains†». À travers l’analyse tie par le droit du travail†? Cette sont aujourd’hui les difficultés socio-historique d’Empower (pour question s’est mondialisée, favori- pratiques qui naissent de la circu- Education Means Protection Of sée par un renforcement progres- lation internationale des normes Women Engaged in Recreation), sif de solidarités internationales et des catégories morales dans le une organisation non gouverne- qui tendent à uniformiser les monde militant. mentale (ONG) locale engagée prises de position sur la sexualité 1 auprès des prostituées† , je souhaite commerciale. La politisation des Empower dans l’histoire montrer comment les débats rela- questions sexuelles est toujours féministe thaïlandaise tifs à l’usage commercial de la complexe dans un pays du Sud, sexualité féminine se sont vus dans la mesure où les inégalités de Durant tout le XXe siècle, le déterminés par la structure occi- genre croisent des rapports de corps des femmes est demeuré un dentale des discours sur la prosti- domination internationale qui objet privilégié des politiques Lien social et Politiques, 58, Les solidarités sans frontières : entre permanence et changements. Automne 2007, pages 145 à 154. LSP 58-15 26/11/07 19:38 Page 146 LIEN SOCIAL ET POLITIQUES, 58 5 Chantawipa Apisuk et la création d’Empower† Importer pour exister : Empower et le « travail sexuel » en Thaïlande Chantawipa Apisuk est née à Bangkok en 1947 dans un milieu aisé, d’un père haut fonctionnaire et d’une mère au foyer. Elle fait des études de sociologie et d’anthropologie à l’Université Thammasat dont elle sort diplômée en 1973. Politisée, proche des mouvements de gauche et des organisations de défense des droits civiques, elle enseigne un temps au nord du pays comme bénévole dans la mou- vance radicale du milieu des années 1970. En 1976, à la suite des dif- ficultés politiques que traverse le pays, elle rejoint l’Asian Center de New York, où elle coordonne un bulletin d’information en thaï pour les étudiants expatriés (Union of Democratic Thaï). S’ensuit une 146 période d’allers-retours entre la Thaïlande et les États-Unis, ponc- tuée de formations universitaires (notamment en 1977 au Boston College). En 1982, elle rejoint l’Asia Monitor à Hong Kong (un thaïlandaises†: il s’agissait pour les élites dirigeantes masculines d’af- centre de ressources sur les relations économiques entre les États- firmer le degré de civilisation du Unis et les pays d’Asie), avant de retourner l’année suivante en pays par une politique de contrôle Thaïlande. À Bangkok, elle participe aux activités d’une ONG paci- et d’éducation, visant à aligner la fiste, œcuménique et démocratique, le Coordinating Group for 6 Thaïlande (anciennement Siam) Religion in Society (CGRS)† . Recommandée par Siriporn sur les standards occidentaux Skrobanek, elle suit en parallèle une «†formation féministe†» interna- (Jeffrey, 2002).Au lendemain de la tionale aux Pays-Bas, le programme Isis-WICCE (Women’s Seconde Guerre mondiale, la International Cross-Cultural Exchange Programme). De retour en Thaïlande est dirigée par une suc- Thaïlande, une autre association religieuse, l’Ecumenical Coalition cession de généraux conserva- on Third World Tourism (ECTWT), lui commande alors une 3 enquête de 6 mois sur l’industrie du sexe dans le tourisme†; teurs et autoritaires† (Baker et Phongpaichit, 2005) qui, jusqu’à la l’ECTWT est une association œcuménique particulièrement critique fin des années 1960, limitent le à l’encontre du tourisme, formée aux Philippines dans la foulée de la Déclaration de Manille de 1980, qui cristallise pour la première fois «†féminisme thaïlandais†» à une parole d’État, véhiculée par des les protestations contre le développement mal contrôlé de l’indus- associations proches du gouverne- trie touristique internationale. En 1985, à la suite de son rapport ment (comme le National Council pour l’ECTWT, Chantawipa Apisuk crée Empower, fondé à of Women of Thailand, dirigé dès Patpong, le plus célèbre des quartiers rouges de Bangkok dédiés aux 7 sa création en 1956 par l’épouse Occidentaux† . du Premier ministre). Ces associa- tions superposent à «†la femme†» l’image de la mère et de l’épouse politique pour qu’émerge une tuels, universitaires, militants du en défendant une vision fantas- nouvelle génération sensibilisée Parti communiste thaïlandais mée des rapports sociaux «†civili- aux questions de genre, une forme (PCT) sont arrêtés et torturés. Le sés†» qui limitent le rôle des de «†société civile thaïlandaise†» PCT est interdit et les élites radi- femmes au seul univers domes- féministe (Samudavanija, 2002). tique, à l’image de ce qu’ils perçoi- cales du pays prennent le maquis. vent être le modèle occidental. La En 1976, une sanglante répres- Le mouvement féministe est pensée féministe critique se can- sion militaire secoue le pays. directement touché par cette tonne alors principalement aux L’armée ouvre le feu sur des étu- vague de répression (Sansuratikul cercles universitaires éduqués et diants de l’Université Thammasat Kiarasarn, 2001). Les mouve- il faut attendre le début des qui manifestent contre la confisca- ments de femmes ne se réorgani- années 1970 et la libéralisation tion du pouvoir par les militaires. sent qu’au début des années 1980, partielle des médias et de la vie De nombreux étudiants, intellec- les élites radicales de gauche se LSP 58-15 26/11/07 19:38 Page 147 reconvertissant massivement dans tier dégagé de tout jugement dées par la vigueur du dynamisme 8 les ONG (Simpkins, 2003). moral† . La formulation d’un dis- initial et n’empêchent ni la circu- cours sur la sexualité commerciale lation des agents, ni la réunion Les principales ONG fémi- n’apparaît pas comme une néces- ponctuelle des forces associatives. nistes thaïlandaises encore actives sité, l’ONG se concentrant davan- aujourd’hui sont alors créées, tage sur un soutien pratique et Des prostituées aux sex-workers comme Friends of Women (FOW) localisé, au contact direct des et la Foundation For Women prostituées. La conjonction de trois pro- (FFW) (Tantiwiramanond et blèmes sociaux va transformer les Pandey, 1991). Ces groupes ten- La décennie 1980 correspond à activités de l’ONG, Empower évo- tent d’articuler les inégalités de un moment particulier dans l’his- luant rapidement d’une associa- genre aux inégalités sociales et toire thaïlandaise de la prostitu- tion locale et peu politisée vers surtout économiques.
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