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Digital Photography SUBJECT FORENSIC SCIENCE SUBJECT FORENSIC SCIENCE Paper No. and Title PAPER No. 7: Criminalistics & Forensic Physics Module No. and Title MODULE No. 28: Digital Photography Module Tag FSC_P7_M28 FORENSIC SCIENCE PAPER No.7: Criminalistics & Forensic Physics MODULE No.28: Digital Photography TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Learning Outcomes 2. Introduction- Digital Photography 3. Advantages of Digital Photography over Conventional Photography 4. Digital Camera Sensors 5. Characteristics and Types of Digital Images 6. Resolution 7. Scaling/ Re-sampling 8. Bit Depth 9. Floating Point 10. Image Compression 11. File Format and Application 12. Levels and Curves 13. Image Noise 14. Lens 15. Important Factors in Digital Camera 16. Summary FORENSIC SCIENCE PAPER No.7: Criminalistics & Forensic Physics MODULE No.28: Digital Photography 1. Learning Outcomes After studying this module, you shall be able to know – What is Digital Photography What are the characteristics in Digital Photography Learn about Image compression, file format and its application 2. Introduction- Digital Photography Digital Photography is in no way different or separate from conventional film or as we sometime say analog photography except for the following things:- The image capturing medium. The image capturing principle or technique. The image storage device. A digital camera also consists of a light constricted camera body as a film camera with a lens, an aperture mechanism and a shutter control to control exposure. There are various models of Compact Digital Cameras as well as Digital SLR Cameras with varying features. But whatever be the model of the digital camera or the manufacturer, it works on the basis of same principle of an analog or a film camera. So, someone familiar in using a film camera can very well depict good pictures with a digital camera. Therefore, as we have explained the basic principles of photography in earlier lessons, we need not repeat them as they are true for digital photography also. The deviations will be clarified as we go into the details of the topic afterwards in this lesson. 3. Advantage of Digital Photography over Conventional Photography In modern world of imaging, digital photography certainly have some advantages over conventional photography. The major among them are as follows:- FORENSIC SCIENCE PAPER No.7: Criminalistics & Forensic Physics MODULE No.28: Digital Photography Film Photography Digital Photography Films have limited exposure capacity like 24 or Digital Memory Cards can store much more 36 frames in a roll of film number of images. This gives us an opportunity to shoot more pictures and since the card can be reused, the cost of divulging is reduced to minimal. Images exposed through films could not be seen Digital Images can be seen instantly on the unless the film is developed or printed. camera LCD display. Since we have an immediate feedback of the image, we can correct the focusing, exposure or composition if required. Once a particular film is loaded, the film speed Film speed can be changed easily in a digital cannot be changed and exposure should be made camera just by pressing buttons or rotating a dial accordingly. as desired. Films are manufactured for a particular colour Colour temperature can be adjusted on a digital temperature (daylight type or tungsten light camera according to external light condition or type). requirement. Video is not possible in a film camera. Video can be shot with a digital camera. Preserving a film properly is not easy and editing Cataloging and editing digital is much easier on an analog image in a darkroom needs great digital media. amount of expertise. 4. Digital Camera Sensors Digital Cameras are the most popular devices used to expose and capture a digital image. Although we can capture digital images by scanning also but understanding the functioning of the digital sensor which is a CCD or CMOS is the first step towards learning digital photography. Fundamentally, a charge coupled device (CCD) is an integrated circuit etched onto a silicon surface, forming a grid of several million tiny dots (photo sites) or light sensitive elements called pixels. Photons incident on this surface generate charge that can be read electronically and turned into a digital copy of the light patterns falling on the device. CCDs come in a wide variety of sizes and types and are used in many applications from cell phone cameras to high-end scientific applications. FORENSIC SCIENCE PAPER No.7: Criminalistics & Forensic Physics MODULE No.28: Digital Photography Each pixel in a CCD can remember how much light it received in a given period of time. When a cameras shutter is pressed to expose a photograph, each of these picture elements are uncovered to collect and store photons. As the exposure completes, the camera closes at each photo site and assess the contents. The comparative amount of photons in each cavity is organized into different intensity stages. There are three significant qualities to each sensor: resolution, size and quality. CCD of different sizes Light Cavities The function of a Charged Coupled Device can be seen as a selection of pixels collecting photons. 5. Characteristics and Type of Digital Image A digital image is an exemplification of a 2D image using binary numbers i.e., 0 and 1. Dependent on image resolution, it is fixed or not, it may perhaps be of vector or raster type. The word "digital image" generally denotes to raster images also called as bitmap images. In digital imaging, a pixel, or picture component is a solitary point in a raster image, or the minimum addressable screen element. It is the least unit of picture that can be demonstrated or controlled. Each pixel has its own address like x/y axis of a graph. More pixels characteristically offer more exact representation of the original. The strength of each pixel is inconstant. In Color Image Systems, a color is characteristically signified by 3-4 component intensities such as RBG, or CMYK. FORENSIC SCIENCE PAPER No.7: Criminalistics & Forensic Physics MODULE No.28: Digital Photography 6. Resolution Resolution is a dimension of sample concentration, resolution of bitmap images gives a connection between pixel dimensions and physical magnitudes. The most commonly used measurement is ppi, pixels per inch. The difference between ppi and dpi, is the variance between pixels and dots - pixels can denote manifold values, at the same time as a dot is a monochrome spot of ink or toner of a single pigment as produced by a printer. Printers use a method called half toning to make a uniform configuration that imitates a variety of intensity stages. Resolution is simply the number of pixels. As more pixels we have, then the fine grained details we can theoretically record. Any resolution above 2 or 3 megapixels (i.e. billions of pixels) will be enough for displaying on a screen, but higher resolutions come into play for two important applications: printing and cropping. A rasterized form of the letter 'a' magnified 16 times, where each pixel is represented as a circle instead of a square. FORENSIC SCIENCE PAPER No.7: Criminalistics & Forensic Physics MODULE No.28: Digital Photography To have a good reproduction quality, it is usually estimated that between 240 and 300 pixels should be used for every inch of paper (dots per inch, or dpi), which will give a natural limitation to the biggest size one can print. For example, a 6MP image of sizes 2000x3000 pixels can be reproduced at a maximum size of 12.5x8.3" at 240dpi (2000/240 = 8.3, 3000/240 = 12.5). It is possible to print bigger by either lowering the dpi or artificially increasing the resolution, but the image quality will be poor. Having an advanced resolution permits us to print bigger. 7. Scaling/Re-sampling When we require generating an image with diverse dimensions that we possess then we can measure the image. A dissimilar name for Scaling is Re-sampling, when algorithms attempt to restructure the original uninterrupted image and produce a new sample grid. The method of reducing the raster dimensions is called decimation (Scaling Image down) this can be completed by averaging the values of source pixels contributing to each output pixel. When we intensify the image extent we essentially want to produce sample points among the original sample points in the original raster, this is done by interpolation (Scaling Image Up) the values in the sample grid, effectively guessing the values of the unknown pixels. By the digital zoom of a camera, the camera is using interpolating to guess the values that do not exist in the image. Capturing an image at the extreme analog zoom level and undertaking the post dispensation of cropping and rescaling on the computer will give equal or better results. 8. Bit Depth The values of the pixels must be stored in the computer’s memory. It means that the data eventually need to end up in a binary representation; the spatial continuity of the image is approximated by the spacing of the samples in the sample grid. The values we can represent for each pixel is determined by the sample format chosen. Bit Depth is determined by the integer of bits used to describe each pixel. So bit depth enumerates the number of unique colors available in an image's color palette in terms of the number of 0's and 1's, or "bits," which are used to postulate each color. This does not mean that the image essentially uses all of these colors, but that it can as an alternative specify colors with that level of accuracy. For a gray scale image, the bit depth measures the number of available unique shades. Images with greater bit depths can encrypt extra shades or colors since there are more permutations of 0's and 1's available.
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