A Tale of Two Pesticides: How Common Insecticides Affect Aquatic Communities
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Tadpole Consumption Is a Direct Threat to the Endangered Purple Frog, Nasikabatrachus Sahyadrensis
SALAMANDRA 51(3) 252–258 30 October 2015 CorrespondenceISSN 0036–3375 Correspondence Tadpole consumption is a direct threat to the endangered purple frog, Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis Ashish Thomas & S. D. Biju Systematics Lab, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India Corresponding author: S. D. Biju, e-mail: [email protected] Manuscript received: 5 July 2014 Accepted: 30 December 2014 by Alexander Kupfer Amphibians across the world are suffering alarming popu- Southeast Asia have witnessed drastic population declines lation declines with nearly one third of the ca 7,300 species caused by overexploitation over the last couple of decades being threatened worldwide (Stuart et al. 2008, Wake & (Warkentin et al. 2008). Often, natural populations are Vredenburg 2008, IUCN 2014). Major factors attributed harvested without regard of the consequences or implica- to the decline include habitat destruction (Houlahan et tions of this practice on the dynamics or sustainability of al. 2000, Sodhi et al. 2008), chemical pollution (Ber ger the exploited populations (Getz & Haight 1989). When 1998), climate change (Adams 1999, Carpenter & Tur- the extent of exploitation is greater than the sustaining ca- ner 2000), diseases (McCallum 2007, Cushman 2006), pacity or turnover rate of a species, there is every possi- and invasive species (Boone & Bridges 2003). The West- bility that the species may become locally extinct, which ern Ghats of India, a global hotspot for amphibian diver- would subsequently have drastic ecological implications sity and endemism (Biju 2001, Biju & Bossuyt 2003), has in the particular region (Duffy 2002, Wright et al. 2006, more than 40% of its amphibian fauna threatened with ex- Carpenter et al. -
What Do Tadpoles Really Eat? Assessing the Trophic Status of an Understudied and Imperiled Group of Consumers in Freshwater Habitats
Freshwater Biology (2007) 52, 386–395 doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01694.x OPINION What do tadpoles really eat? Assessing the trophic status of an understudied and imperiled group of consumers in freshwater habitats RONALD ALTIG,* MATT R. WHILES† AND CINDY L. TAYLOR‡ *Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, U.S.A. †Department of Zoology and Center for Ecology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, U.S.A. ‡Department of Biology, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN, U.S.A. SUMMARY 1. Understanding the trophic status of consumers in freshwater habitats is central to understanding their ecological roles and significance. Tadpoles are a diverse and abundant component of many freshwater habitats, yet we know relatively little about their feeding ecology and true trophic status compared with many other consumer groups. While many tadpole species are labelled herbivores or detritivores, there is surprisingly little evidence to support these trophic assignments. 2. Here we discuss shortcomings in our knowledge of the feeding ecology and trophic status of tadpoles and provide suggestions and examples of how we can more accurately quantify their trophic status and ecological significance. 3. Given the catastrophic amphibian declines that are ongoing in many regions of the planet, there is a sense of urgency regarding this information. Understanding the varied ecological roles of tadpoles will allow for more effective conservation of remaining populations, benefit captive breeding programmes, and allow for more accurate predic- tions of the ecological consequences of their losses. Keywords: amphibian, assimilation, diet, feeding behaviour, omnivory Amphibians are disappearing from the planet at an of the functional roles and trophic status of general- alarming rate (Stuart et al., 2004; Lips et al., 2005). -
Aquatic Toxicology MEES 743 3 Credits SPRING 2019 (Also Listed As TOX 625)
Aquatic Toxicology MEES 743 3 credits SPRING 2019 (also listed as TOX 625) Course Objectives / Overview This course will provide students with a broad perspective on the subject INSTRUCTOR DETAILS: of aquatic toxicology. It is a comprehensive course in which a definitive description of basic concepts and principles, laboratory testing and field Faculty Details: situations, as well as examples of typical data and their interpretation and Dr. Carys Mitchelmore use by industry and water resource managers, will be discussed. The fate [email protected] and toxicological action of environmental pollutants will be examined in 410-326-7283 aquatic ecosystems, whole organisms and at the cellular, biochemical and molecular levels. Current and emerging issues will be used as case studies CLASS MEETING DETAILS: throughout the course to illustrate specific ecosystems (e.g. Chesapeake Bay), pollution events (e.g. Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill), particular Date: Monday/Wednesday organisms (e.g. coral reefs) or a specific class of contaminants. Classes Time: 12-1.30pm will consist of lectures by the instructor together with some guest Originating Site: UMCES, CBL speakers in addition to group discussions. IVN bridge number: (800414) Phone call in number: (***) Expected Learning Outcomes Room phone number: CBL, Ed Houde Teaching suite Following completion of this course students will; (1) Have experience applying basic concepts in environmental COURSE TYPE: science, including environmental chemistry, biology and Check all that apply physiology, ecosystem health, management and regulatory issues, ☐ as they relate to pollution of aquatic ecosystems. Foundation (2) Be able to identify a current topic of concern and summarize ☐ Professional Development current data/papers in an oral presentation including directing an ☐ Issue Study Group open discussion with the rest of the class. -
AN INTRODUCTION to AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY This Page Intentionally Left Blank ÂÂ an INTRODUCTION to AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY
AN INTRODUCTION TO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY This page intentionally left blank AN INTRODUCTION TO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY MIKKO NIKINMAA Professor of Zoology, Department of Biology, Laboratory of Animal Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Academic press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB, UK 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangement with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. -
A New Species of the Genus Nasikabatrachus (Anura, Nasikabatrachidae) from the Eastern Slopes of the Western Ghats, India
Alytes, 2017, 34 (1¢4): 1¢19. A new species of the genus Nasikabatrachus (Anura, Nasikabatrachidae) from the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats, India S. Jegath Janani1,2, Karthikeyan Vasudevan1, Elizabeth Prendini3, Sushil Kumar Dutta4, Ramesh K. Aggarwal1* 1Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB), Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, India. <[email protected]>, <[email protected]>. 2Current Address: 222A, 5th street, Annamalayar Colony, Sivakasi, 626123, India.<[email protected]>. 3Division of Vertebrate Zoology, Department of Herpetology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York NY 10024-5192, USA. <[email protected]>. 4Nature Environment and Wildlife Society (NEWS), Nature House, Gaudasahi, Angul, Odisha. <[email protected]>. * Corresponding Author. We describe a new species of the endemic frog genus Nasikabatrachus,from the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats, in India. The new species is morphologically, acoustically and genetically distinct from N. sahyadrensis. Computed tomography scans of both species revealed diagnostic osteological differences, particularly in the vertebral column. Male advertisement call analysis also showed the two species to be distinct. A phenological difference in breeding season exists between the new species (which breeds during the northeast monsoon season; October to December), and its sister species (which breeds during the southwest monsoon; May to August). The new species shows 6 % genetic divergence (K2P) at mitochondrial 16S rRNA (1330 bp) partial gene from its congener, indicating clear differentiation within Nasikabatra- chus. Speciation within this fossorial lineage is hypothesized to have been caused by phenological shift in breeding during different monsoon seasons—the northeast monsoon in the new species versus southwest monsoon in N. -
The Origins of Chordate Larvae Donald I Williamson* Marine Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
lopmen ve ta e l B Williamson, Cell Dev Biol 2012, 1:1 D io & l l o l g DOI: 10.4172/2168-9296.1000101 e y C Cell & Developmental Biology ISSN: 2168-9296 Research Article Open Access The Origins of Chordate Larvae Donald I Williamson* Marine Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom Abstract The larval transfer hypothesis states that larvae originated as adults in other taxa and their genomes were transferred by hybridization. It contests the view that larvae and corresponding adults evolved from common ancestors. The present paper reviews the life histories of chordates, and it interprets them in terms of the larval transfer hypothesis. It is the first paper to apply the hypothesis to craniates. I claim that the larvae of tunicates were acquired from adult larvaceans, the larvae of lampreys from adult cephalochordates, the larvae of lungfishes from adult craniate tadpoles, and the larvae of ray-finned fishes from other ray-finned fishes in different families. The occurrence of larvae in some fishes and their absence in others is correlated with reproductive behavior. Adult amphibians evolved from adult fishes, but larval amphibians did not evolve from either adult or larval fishes. I submit that [1] early amphibians had no larvae and that several families of urodeles and one subfamily of anurans have retained direct development, [2] the tadpole larvae of anurans and urodeles were acquired separately from different Mesozoic adult tadpoles, and [3] the post-tadpole larvae of salamanders were acquired from adults of other urodeles. Reptiles, birds and mammals probably evolved from amphibians that never acquired larvae. -
Harmful Algal Blooms (Habs) and Public Health: Progress and Current Challenges
Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) and Public Health: Progress and Current Challenges Edited by Lesley V. D’Anglada, Elizabeth D. Hilborn and Lorraine C. Backer Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Toxins www.mdpi.com/journal/toxins Lesley V. D’Anglada, Elizabeth D. Hilborn and Lorraine C. Backer (Eds.) Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) and Public Health: Progress and Current Challenges This book is a reprint of the Special Issue that appeared in the online, open access journal, Toxins (ISSN 2072-6651) from 2014–2015 (available at: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/toxins/special_issues/HABs?sort=asc). Guest Editors Lesley V. D’Anglada U.S. Environmental Protection Agency USA Elizabeth D. Hilborn United States Environmental Protection Agency USA Lorraine C. Backer National Center for Environmental Health USA Editorial Office MDPI AG Klybeckstrasse 64 Basel, Switzerland Publisher Shu-Kun Lin Managing Editor Chao Xiao 1. Edition 2016 MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona ISBN 978-3-03842-155-9 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-03842-156-6 (PDF) © 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. All articles in this volume are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution license (CC BY), which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. However, the dissemination and distribution of physical copies of this book as a whole is restricted to MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. III Table of Contents List of Contributors ............................................................................................................ VII About the Guest Editors......................................................................................................... X Preface Reprinted from: Toxins 2015, 7, 4437-4441 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/7/11/4437 .................................................................... -
Missouri's Toads and Frogs Booklet
TOADSMissouri’s andFROGS by Jeffrey T. Briggler and Tom R. Johnson, Herpetologists www.MissouriConservation.org © 1982, 2008 Missouri Conservation Commission Equal opportunity to participate in and benefit from programs of the Missouri Department of Conservation is available to all individuals without regard to their race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability. Questions should be directed to the Department of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, MO 65102, (573) 751-4115 (voice) or 800-735-2966 (TTY), or to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Division of Federal Assistance, 4401 N. Fairfax Drive, Mail Stop: MBSP-4020, Arlington, VA 22203. Cover photo: Eastern gray treefrog by Tom R. Johnson issouri toads and frogs are colorful, harmless, vocal and valuable. Our forests, prairies, rivers, swamps and marshes are Mhome to a multitude of toads and frogs, but few people know how many varieties we have, how to tell them apart, or much about their natural history. Studying these animals and sharing their stories with fellow Missourians is one of the most pleasurable and rewarding aspects of our work. Toads and frogs are amphibians—a class Like most of vertebrate animals that also includes amphibians, salamanders and the tropical caecilians, which are long, slender, wormlike and legless. frogs and Missouri has 26 species and subspecies (or toads have geographic races) of toads and frogs. Toads and frogs differ from salamanders by having an aquatic relatively short bodies and lacking tails at adulthood. Being an amphibian means that tadpole stage they live two lives: an aquatic larval or tadpole and a semi- stage and a semi-aquatic or terrestrial adult stage. -
Responses to Nonlethal Predators and the Roles of Competition and Resource Use
Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2011 SPECIES LEVEL DIFFERENCES IN THE ECOLOGY OF TWO NEOTROPICAL TADPOLE SPECIES: RESPONSES TO NONLETHAL PREDATORS AND THE ROLES OF COMPETITION AND RESOURCE USE Zacharia Costa Virginia Commonwealth University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the Biology Commons © The Author Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2635 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. © Zacharia J. Costa All Rights Reserved SPECIES LEVEL DIFFERENCES IN THE ECOLOGY OF TWO NEOTROPICAL TADPOLE SPECIES: RESPONSES TO NONLETHAL PREDATORS AND THE ROLES OF COMPETITION AND RESOURCE USE A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIRMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE AT VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY by ZACHARIA J. COSTA Bachelor of Science, University of California, Davis 2007 Director DR. JAMES VONESH DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia December 13, 2011 Acknowledgments This would not have been possible if not for the support of my parents Kim and Marty Costa. They have always encouraged my pursuit of knowledge and love of the natural world, and are thus directly responsible for my career as a biologist. They have supported me in all of my endeavors often at their own expense, financially and emotionally, and for that I will forever be grateful. I also want to express my deep gratitude and thanks to my advisor Dr. -
The Relative Impacts of Native and Introduced Predatory Fish on a Temporary Wetland Tadpole Assemblage
Oecologia (2003) 136:289–295 DOI 10.1007/s00442-003-1251-2 COMMUNITY ECOLOGY Matthew J. Baber · Kimberly J. Babbitt The relative impacts of native and introduced predatory fish on a temporary wetland tadpole assemblage Received: 18 October 2002 / Accepted: 7 March 2003 / Published online: 24 April 2003 Springer-Verlag 2003 Abstract Understanding the relative impacts of predators tor-prey encounter rates, and thus predation rate. In on prey may improve the ability to predict the effects of combination with a related field study, our results suggest predator composition changes on prey assemblages. We that native predatory fish play a stronger role than C. experimentally examined the relative impact of native and batrachus in influencing the spatial distribution and introduced predatory fish on a temporary wetland am- abundance of temporary wetland amphibians in the phibian assemblage to determine whether these predators landscape. exert distinct (unique or non-substitutable) or equivalent (similar) impacts on prey. Predatory fish included the Keywords Fish assemblages · Functional relationships · eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki), golden top- Larval anurans · Predation · Temporary wetlands minnow (Fundulus chrysotus), flagfish (Jordanella flori- dae), and the introduced walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The tadpole assemblage included four com- Introduction mon species known to co-occur in temporary wetlands in south-central Florida, USA: the oak toad (Bufo querci- Predators that occupy similar trophic positions may have cus), pinewoods treefrog (Hyla femoralis), squirrel distinct or equivalent effects on prey community dynam- treefrog (Hyla squirella), and eastern narrowmouth toad ics (Lawton and Brown 1993; Morin 1995; Kurzava and (Gastrophryne carolinensis). Tadpoles were exposed to Morin 1998). -
Biology of Chordates Video Guide
Branches on the Tree of Life DVD – CHORDATES Written and photographed by David Denning and Bruce Russell ©2005, BioMEDIA ASSOCIATES (THUMBNAIL IMAGES IN THIS GUIDE ARE FROM THE DVD PROGRAM) .. .. To many students, the phylum Chordata doesn’t seem to make much sense. It contains such apparently disparate animals as tunicates (sea squirts), lancelets, fish and humans. This program explores the evolution, structure and classification of chordates with the main goal to clarify the unity of Phylum Chordata. All chordates possess four characteristics that define the phylum, although in most species, these characteristics can only be seen during a relatively small portion of the life cycle (and this is often an embryonic or larval stage, when the animal is difficult to observe). These defining characteristics are: the notochord (dorsal stiffening rod), a hollow dorsal nerve cord; pharyngeal gills; and a post anal tail that includes the notochord and nerve cord. Subphylum Urochordata The most primitive chordates are the tunicates or sea squirts, and closely related groups such as the larvaceans (Appendicularians). In tunicates, the chordate characteristics can be observed only by examining the entire life cycle. The adult feeds using a ‘pharyngeal basket’, a type of pharyngeal gill formed into a mesh-like basket. Cilia on the gill draw water into the mouth, through the basket mesh and out the excurrent siphon. Tunicates have an unusual heart which pumps by ‘wringing out’. It also reverses direction periodically. Tunicates are usually hermaphroditic, often casting eggs and sperm directly into the sea. After fertilization, the zygote develops into a ‘tadpole larva’. This swimming larva shows the remaining three chordate characters - notochord, dorsal nerve cord and post-anal tail. -
Comparative Study of Potential Transfer of Natural and Anthropogenic Cadmium to Plankton Communities in the North-West African Upwelling
1 Science Of The Total Environment A chimer February 2015, Volume 505 Pages 870-888 r http://archimer.ifremer.fr http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.045 http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00252/36310/ © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Comparative study of potential transfer of natural and anthropogenic cadmium to plankton communities in the North-West African upwelling Auger Pierre-Amael 1 * , Machu Eric 1, 4, Gorgues Thomas 1, 4, Grima Nicolas 3, 4, Waeles Mathieu 2, 4 1 UBO, IRD, IFREMER, LPO,UMR 6523,CNRS, F-29280 Plouzane, France. 2 UBO, IRD, Lab Environm Mario LEMAR, UMR 6539,CNRS, F-29280 Plouzane, France. 3 CNRS, France 4 Ifremer, France * Corresponding author : Pierre Amael Auger, tel.: + 33 298498662 ; email address : [email protected] Abstract : A Lagrangian approach based on a physical-biogeochemical modeling was used to compare the potential transfer of cadmium (Cd) from natural and anthropogenic sources to plankton communities (Cd-uptake) in the NorthWest African upwelling. In this region, coastal upwelling was estimated to be the main natural source of Cd while the most significant anthropogenic source for marine ecosystem is provided by phosphate industry. In our model experiment, Cd-uptake (natural or anthropogenic) in the North-West African upwelling is the result of an interplay between the Cd dispersion (by advection processes) and the simulated biological productivity. In the Moroccan waters, advection processes limit the residence time of water masses resulting in a low natural Cd-uptake by plankton communities while anthropogenic Cd-uptake is high. As expected, the situation is reversed in the Senegalo-Mauritanian upwelling where natural Cd-uptake is higher than anthropogenic Cd-uptake.