HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2015

Work for Human Development

Statistical annex

• Readers guide
• 203

Statistical tables

Human development indices

1234567
Human Development Index and its components Human Development Index trends, 1990–2014 Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index Gender Development Index
208 212 216 220 224 228 230
Gender Inequality Index Multidimensional Poverty Index: developing countries Multidimensional Poverty Index: changes over time

Human development indicators

89
Population trends Health outcomes
234 238 242 246 250 254 258 262 266
10 Education achievements 11 National income and composition of resources 12 Environmental sustainability 13 Work and employment 14 Human security 15 International integration 16 Supplementary indicators: perceptions of well-being

• Regions
• 270

• 271
• Statistical references

• Statistical annex
• |
• 201

Readers guide

e 16 statistical tables in this annex as well as the statistical Methodology updates

tables following chapters 2, 4 and 6 provide an overview of key

aspects of human development. e first seven tables contain e 2015 Report retains all the composite indices from the

the family of composite human development indices and their family of human development indices—the HDI, the Ine-

components estimated by the Human Development Report quality-adjusted Human Development Index, the Gender

Office (HDRO). e remaining tables present a broader set of Development Index, the Gender Inequality Index and the Mul-

indicators related to human development.

tidimensional Poverty Index. e methodology used to com-

Unless otherwise specified in the notes, tables use data avail- pute these indices is the same as one used in the 2014 Report. able to the HDRO as of 15 April 2015. All indices and indica- For details see Technical notes 1–5 at http://hdr.undp.org.

tors, along with technical notes on the calculation of composite

indices and additional source information, are available online at http://hdr.undp.org/en/data.

Comparisons over time and across editions

Countries and territories are ranked by 2014 Human Devel- of the Report opment Index (HDI) value. Robustness and reliability analysis

has shown that for most countries the differences in HDI are Because national and international agencies continually

not statistically significant at the fourth decimal place.¹ For improve their data series, the data—including the HDI values

this reason countries with the same HDI value at three decimal and ranks—presented in this Report are not comparable to

places are listed with tied ranks.

those published in earlier editions. For HDI comparability across years and countries, see table 2, which presents trends

using consistent data.

Sources and definitions

Unless otherwise noted, the HDRO uses data from interna- Discrepancies between national and

tional data agencies with the mandate, resources and expertise international estimates to collect national data on specific indicators.

Definitions of indicators and sources for original data com- National and international data can differ because interna-

ponents are given at the end of each table, with full source tional agencies harmonize national data using a consistent

details in Statistical references.

methodology and occasionally produce estimates of missing data to allow comparability across countries. In other cases

international agencies might not have access to the most recent

national data. When HDRO becomes aware of discrepancies,

it brings them to the attention of national and international

data authorities.

Gross national income per capita in purchasing power parity terms

In comparing standards of living based on income across coun

tries, the income component of the HDI uses gross national

-

income (GNI) per capita converted into purchasing power par- Country groupings and aggregates

ity (PPP) terms to eliminate differences in national price levels.

e International Comparison Programme (ICP) survey is e tables present weighted aggregates for several country the world’s largest statistical initiative that produces interna- groupings. In general, an aggregate is shown only when data

tionally comparable price levels, economic aggregates in real are available for at least half the countries and represent at least

terms and PPP estimates. Estimates from ICP surveys conduct- two-thirds of the population in that classification. Aggregates

ed in 2011 and covering 190 countries were used to compute for each classification cover only the countries for which data

• the 2014 HDI values.
• are available.

• Readers guide
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• 203

Human development classification

Statistical acknowledgements

HDI classifications are based on HDI fixed cut-off points, e Report’s composite indices and other statistical resources

which are derived from the quartiles of distributions of com- draw on a wide variety of the most respected international

ponent indicators. e cut-off points are HDI of less than 0.550 data providers in their specialized fields. HDRO is particularly

for low human development, 0.550–0.699 for medium human grateful to the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Dis-

development, 0.700–0.799 for high human development and asters; Economic Commission for Latin America and the Car-

0.800 or greater for very high human development.

ibbean; Eurostat; Food and Agriculture Organization; Gallup;

ICF Macro; Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre; Inter-

national Labour Organization; International Monetary Fund; International Telecommunication Union; Inter-Parliamentary

Regional groupings

Regional groupings are based on United Nations Development Union; Luxembourg Income Study; Organisation for Econom-

Programme regional classifications. Least Developed Countries ic Co-operation and Development; United Nations Children’s

and Small Island Developing States are defined according to Fund; United Nations Conference on Trade and Development;

UN classifications (see www.unohrlls.org).

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs;

United Nations Economic and Social Commission for West Asia; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics; Office of the United

Developing countries

Aggregates are provided for the group of countries classified as Nations High Commissioner for Refugees; United Nations developing countries.

Office on Drugs and Crime; United Nations World Tourism

Organization; World Bank; and World Health Organization.

e international education database maintained by Robert

Barro (Harvard University) and Jong-Wha Lee (Korea Univer-

sity) was another invaluable source for the calculation of the

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

Aggregates are presented for the 34 members of the Organi- Report’s indices. sation of Economic Co-operation and Development, 31 of which are developed countries and 3 of which are developing

countries. Aggregates refer to all countries from the group for Statistical tables

which data are available.
e first seven tables relate to the five composite human development indices and their components.

Country note

Since the 2010 Human Development Report, four composite

human development indices—the HDI, the Inequality-ad-

Data for China do not include Hong Kong Special Administra- justed Human Development Index, the Gender Inequality

tive Region of China, Macao Special Administrative Region of Index and the Multidimensional Poverty Index—have been

• China or Taiwan Province of China.
• calculated. Last year’s Report introduced the Gender Develop-

ment Index, which compares the HDI calculated separately for

women and men and is included again in this year’s Report.

e remaining tables present a broader set of human devel-

opment–related indicators and provide a more comprehensive

Symbols

A dash between two years, as in 2005–2014, indicates that the picture of a country’s human development. ree of these tables

data are from the most recent year available during the period are presented as annexes to chapters 2, 4 and 6.

specified. A slash between years, as in 2005/2014, indicates

Table 1, Human Development Index and its components,

average for the years shown. Growth rates are usually average ranks countries by 2014 HDI value and details the values of annual rates of growth between the first and last years of the the three HDI components: longevity, education (with two

period shown.

indicators) and income. e table also presents the difference

in rankings by HDI and GNI.

Table 2, Human Development Index trends, 1990–2014,

provides a time series of HDI values allowing 2014 HDI values

to be compared with those for previous years. e table uses the

e following symbols are used in the tables:

• ..
• Not available

0 or 0.0 Nil or negligible

• —
• Not applicable

204

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• HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2015

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2015

Work for Human Development

most recently revised historical data available in 2015 and the poor or in severe poverty, respectively. e contributions of dep-

same methodology applied to compute the 2014 HDI. Along rivations in each dimension to overall poverty are also included.

with historical HDI values, the table includes the change in e table also presents measures of income poverty—popula-

HDI rank over the last five years and the average annual HDI tion living on less than PPP $1.25 per day and population living

growth rates across four different time intervals, 1990–2000, below the national poverty line. is year’s Multidimensional

2000–2010, 2010–2014 and 1990–2014.

Poverty Index estimations use the revised methodology that

Table 3, Inequality-adjusted Human Development was introduced in the 2014 Report. e revised methodology

Index, contains two related measures of inequality—the IHDI includes some modifications to the original set of 10 indicators:

and the loss in HDI due to inequality. e IHDI looks beyond height-for-age replaces weight-for-age for children under age 5

the average achievements of a country in health, education because stunting is a better indicator of chronic malnutrition, and income to show how these achievements are distributed a child death is considered a health deprivation only if it among its residents. e IHDI can be interpreted as the level happened in the five years prior to the survey, the minimum

of human development when inequality is accounted for. e threshold for education deprivation was raised from five years

relative difference between the IHDI and HDI is the loss due to of schooling to six to reflect the standard definition of primary

inequality in distribution of the HDI within the country. e schooling used in the Millennium Development Goals and in

table also presents the coefficient of human inequality, which international measures of functional literacy and the indicators is an unweighted average of inequalities in three dimensions. for household assets were expanded to better reflect rural as

In addition, the table shows each country’s difference in rank well as urban households.

on the HDI and the IHDI. A negative value means that taking

Table 7, Multidimensional Poverty Index: changes over

inequality into account lowers a country’s rank in the HDI time, presents estimates of Multidimensional Poverty Index distribution. e table also presents three standard measures values and its components for two or more time points for

of income inequality: the ratio of the top and the bottom quin- countries for which consistent data were available in 2015.

tiles; the Palma ratio, which is the ratio of income of the top Estimation is based on the revised methodology introduced in

10 percent and the bottom 40 percent; and the Gini coefficient. the 2014 Report.

Table 4, Gender Development Index, measures disparities

Table 8, Population trends, contains major population

in HDI by gender. e table contains HDI values estimated indicators, including total population, median age, depend-

separately for women and men; the ratio of which is the GDI. ency ratios and total fertility rates, which can help assess the

e closer the ratio to 1, the smaller the gap between women burden of support that falls on the labour force in a country.

and men. Values for the three HDI components—longevity, Deviations from the natural sex ratio at birth have implications

education (with two indicators) and income—are also pre- for population replacement levels, suggest possible future social

sented by gender. e table also includes country groupings by and economic problems and may indicate gender bias. absolute deviation from gender parity in HDI values.

Table 9, Health outcomes, presents indicators of infant
Table 5, Gender Inequality Index, presents a composite health (percentage of infants who are exclusively breastfed for

measure of gender inequality using three dimensions: reproduc- the first six months of life, percentage of infants who lack immu-

tive health, empowerment and the labour market. Reproductive nization for DTP and measles, and infant mortality rate), child

health is measured by two indicators: the maternal mortality health (child mortality rate and percentage of children under

ratio and the adolescent birth rate. Empowerment is measured age 5 who are stunted) and adult health (adult mortality rates

by the share of parliamentary seats held by women and the share by gender, deaths due to malaria and tuberculosis, HIV preva-

of population with at least some secondary education. And lence and life expectancy at age 60). Two indicators of quality of

labour market is measured by participation in the labour force. health care are also included: number of physicians per 10,000

A low Gender Inequality Index value indicates low inequality people and public health expenditure as a share of GDP.

between women and men, and vice-versa.

Table 10, Education achievements, presents standard

Table 6, Multidimensional Poverty Index: developing education indicators along with indicators of education qual-

countries, captures the multiple deprivations that people face ity, including average test scores on reading, mathematics and

in their education, health and living standards. e MPI shows science for 15-year-old students. e table provides indicators

both the incidence of nonincome multidimensional poverty (a of educational attainment—adult and youth literacy rates and

headcount of those in multidimensional poverty) and its inten- the share of the adult population with at least some secondary

sity (the relative number of deprivations poor people experience education. Gross enrolment ratios at each level of education are

at the same time). Based on intensity thresholds, people are clas- complemented by primary school dropout rates. e table also

sified as near multidimensional poverty, multidimensionally includes two indicators of education quality—primary school

• Readers guide
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• 205

teachers trained to teach and the pupil–teacher ratio—as well And the table includes the depth of food deficit and an indica-

as an indicator on public expenditure on education as a share tor on violence against women.

of GDP.

Table 15, International integration, provides indicators of

Table 11, National income and composition of resourc- several aspects of globalization. International trade is measured

es, covers several macroeconomic indicators such as gross as share of GDP. Financial flows are represented by net inflows

domestic product (GDP), gross fixed capital formation and of foreign direct investment and private capital, official devel-

taxes on income, profit and capital gain as percentage of total opment assistance and inflows of remittances. Human mobility

tax revenue. Gross fixed capital formation is a rough indicator is captured by the net migration rate, the stock of immigrants,

of national income that is invested rather than consumed. In the net number of tertiary students from abroad (expressed as a

times of economic uncertainty or recession, gross fixed capital percentage of total tertiary enrolment in that country) and the

formation typically declines. General government final con- number of international inbound tourists. International comsumption expenditure (presented as a share of GDP and as munication is represented by the share of the population that

average annual growth) and research and development expend- uses the Internet, the number of mobile phone subscriptions

iture are indicators of public spending. In addition, the table per 100 people and the percentage change in mobile phone

presents three indicators of debt—domestic credit provided by subscriptions between 2009 and 2014.

the banking sector, external debt stock and total debt service,

Table 16, Supplementary indicators: perceptions of

all measured as a percentage of GDP or gross national income well-being, includes indicators that reflect individuals’ opin-

(GNI). e consumer price index is a measure of inflation; two ions and self-perceptions of relevant dimensions of human

indicators related to the price of food are presented as well—the development—quality of education, quality of health care,

price level index and the price volatility index.

standard of living and labour market, personal safety and
Table 12, Environmental sustainability, covers environ- overall satisfaction with freedom of choice and life. e table

mental vulnerability and effects of environmental threats. e also contains indicators reflecting perceptions of government

table shows the proportion of fossil fuels and renewable energy policies on preservation of the environment and overall trust

sources in the primary energy supply, levels and annual growth in the national government and judicial system.

of carbon dioxide emissions per capita and measures of ecosys-

Chapter 1 annex table, Work with exploitation, risks and

tem and natural resources preservation (natural resource deple- insecurities, brings together indicators of work that represents

tion as a percentage of GNI, forest area and change in forest area risk to human development—child labour, domestic workers

and fresh water withdrawals). e table contains the under-five and working poor. e table also presents recent counts of

mortality rates due to outdoor and indoor air pollution and to occupational injuries. ree indicators—unemployment bene-

unsafe water, unimproved sanitation or poor hygiene. e table fits, paid maternity leave and old age pension—indicate security

also presents an indicator of the direct impacts of natural dis- stemming from employment.

asters (average annual population affected per million people).

Chapter 4 annex table, Time use, compiles data from more

Table 13, Work and employment, contains indicators on than 100 time use surveys conducted over the last 25 years with

three components: employment, unemployment and labour information on the time women and men spend daily on major productivity. Two key indicators related to employment are activities—paid and unpaid work, learning, social life and lei-

highlighted: the employment to population ratio and the labour sure, personal care and maintenance, and other (unaccounted)

force participation rate. e table also reports employment in activities.

agriculture and services and the change since 1990. Also present-

Chapter 6 annex table, Status of fundamental rights con-

ed is the percentage of the labour force with tertiary education, ventions, shows when countries ratified key labour rights conwhich is associated with the high-skilled labour force. e table ventions. e eight selected conventions cover four key groups

brings together indicators related to vulnerable employment and of rights and freedoms: freedom of association and collective

different forms of unemployment. And labour productivity is bargaining, elimination of forced and compulsory labour,

accounted for by output per worker and hours worked per week. elimination of discrimination in respect of employment, and

Table 14, Human security, reflects the extent to which occupation and abolition of child labour.

the population is secure. e table begins with the percentage