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Cambridge University Press 0521811244 - A History of Modern Tunisia Kenneth Perkins Index More information Index cAbd al-Krim 87, 110 Anglo-Tunisian Commercial Treaty (1875) 35 cAbd al-Nasser, Jamal 142, 145, 204 Anglo-Tunisian Convention (1863) 28, 30 cAbduh, Muhammad 65 Anti-Semitism 46, 98, 105 Abdul-Majid (Ottoman sultan) 17 Arab–Israeli wars cAbidi, cAli 199, 201 1967 145, 154 cAchour, Habib 112, 134, 164–165, 167, 170 1973 149 Action, L’ (newspaper; originally L’Action Arabian Peninsula 163, 191, 192, 203 Tunisienne) 134 Arabization (of education) 139 Action Tunisienne, L’ (newspaper) 91–92, 93, 94, artisans 18, 33, 55, 74, 79–93, 95 97, 98 Association des Anciens Eleves` du College` Sadiki Afghanistan 203 70 Aghlabid Dynasty 5 Association des Femmes Tunisiennes Aghoudat-Sion 46 Musulmanes 98 agriculture Association pour la Sauvegarde du Coran pre-protectorate era 15, 18, 27, 33 159–160, 165 protectorate era 49–52 Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal 7, 137 crisis of 1930s 93–94 cAtiyah, cAbd al-Majid 183 Directorate of Agriculture 48, 49 cAttia, Ahmad 179, 198 independent Tunisia 8, 162 cAyyadi, Samir al- 183 co-operatives 150–152, 157, 162, 183 cAziza, Muhammad: See Nadir, Chems Ten Year Plan (1962–71) and 150–152 cAzzuz, Hind 182–183 cAhd al-Aman (security covenant) 18, 20, 21, 26, 77 Baba¨ı, Brahim 179 Ahmad Bey 12–17, 18, 21, 33 Baccar, Selma 179, 180 Ahmad II Bey 90 Baccouche, Hachemi 182, 186 Alapetite, Gabriel 76 Baccouche, Hedi 185, 191 Algeria, Algerians 10, 54, 57, 61, 101, 106, 107, Baccouche, Salaheddin 123, 132 110, 111, 128, 129, 191, 192, 194, 203 Badra, Muhammad 122, 123 Front de Liberation´ Nationale (FLN) 142, 193 Bairam al-Khamis, Muhammad 34 Front Islamique du Salut (FIS) 193 baldiyya 15, 17, 65, 70 Islamist movement in 193–194 Bardo Palace (Ksar Said) 4, 5, 10, 11, 12, 27, 39 cAli Bash Hamba 69–72 military school 14–15, 17, 62 cAli Bey 38, 39–40 Bardo, Treaty of 10–12, 36, 37, 39, 42, 46, 126 cAli ibn Ghdahem 29, 31 Bashir, Zubaydah 183 cAli ibn Khalifa 37 Behi, Ridha 178, 180 Alliance Israelite´ 63 Beja´ 53 American Federation of Labor 121 Bekri, Tahar 186 Amilcar 1, 2 Bel Hadj Amor, Muhammad 202 Amin Bey 107, 108, 114, 115, 118, 120, 122–123, Belkhodja, Najib 181 124, 125, 131, 132 Bellagha, cAli 181 Anglo-Tunisian Bank 25, 26 ben cAicha, Sadoq 179, 180 241 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521811244 - A History of Modern Tunisia Kenneth Perkins Index More information 242 Index ben cAli, Zine al-cAbidine 2, 3, 7, 170, 173, 175, Habib Bourguiba: Pages de son combat 120 188 health of 158, 167, 176 elections and 190, 195, 202 Islam and 137, 140–141, 208–209 Islamist movement and 187–189, 190, 193 Ma vie, mon oeuvre 205 presidency of 185–186, 187, 191, 194, 201, 204, Palestine and 145 209, 212 personality and views of 205–209 RCD and 185, 196–197 postwar negotiations with France 118–119, 125, removal of Bourguiba and 175–176 126 ben al-Shaykh, cAbd al-Qadir 183 radical tactics pursued by 101–102, 122, 220 ben al-Shaykh, Hayat 187 removal from office 175 ben cAmmar, cAbd al-Latif 179 purging of Bourguibust symbols 206 ben cAmmar, Tahar 80, 109, 125, 127, 128, 131, 138 rivalry with Ben Yusuf 117–118, 126, 128–129 ben cAmmar, Wassila 173 Bourguiba, Habib Jr. 173 ben cAyad, cAli 176 Bourguiba, Muhammad 95, 176 Benghazi 173 Bouzgarou, Chedlia 98 ben Jacfar, Mustafa 201 Bouzid, Nouri 179–180, 198–199 ben Khairallah, Mustafa 76 Boyer de la Tour, Pierre 125 ben Mabrouk, Neija 179 Breart,´ Jules-Aime´ 10, 36 ben Mami, Laila 183 Britain 13, 14, 29, 31, 32, 36, 44, 52, 107, 109, 110, ben M’rad, B’chira 98 203 ben Salah, Ahmad 116, 128, 133, 134, 146, 151, 155, pre-protectorate rivalry with France 25–26 158, 159, 160, 186, 190 Brown, L. Carl 206 ben Salih, Muhammad al-Hadi 183, 186–187 Bulla Regia 5 ben Salim, cUmar 183, 187 Bureau d’Information du Neo-Dustur´ 110 ben Yusuf, Salah 98, 109, 111, 112, 114, 119, 121, Bureau du Maghreb Arabe 110 122, 123, 130, 131, 132, 135, 137, 142, 167, Bu Shusha, cAli 65 199–201, 207 postwar revival of the Neo-Dustur and 115–117 Cairo 110, 117, 123, 129, 142 tensions with Bourguiba 117–118, 126, Cambon, Paul 37, 39–40, 42, 43–44, 64 128–129 Campenon, Jean-Baptiste 30 Bizerte 5, 10, 44, 53, 54, 57, 61, 85, 91, 142, 147, Cap Bon Peninsula 1, 5, 107, 122, 152 149, 180 Capitulation Treaties 21, 43 Bizerte Crisis 142–144, 150 Capuchins 45 Black Thursday (1978 General Strike) 165, 167, Carthage 1–2, 5 183 Byrsa 2 Blum, Leon´ 97 Salammbo 2 Bompard, Maurice 42 Tophet 2 Bone-Guelma,ˆ Compagnie du 57, 60 Carthage Film Festival 178, 180, 199 al-Borma 149 Tanit d’Or 178, 179, 180, 199 Boughedir, Ferid´ 180, 198, 199, 201 Centre d’Art Dramatique 177 Bouhajib, cAli 92 Chamber of Deputies: see National Assembly Bourde, Paul 49–52 Chammari, Khemais 197 Bourguiba, Habib 2, 3, 7, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, Chebbi, Najib 201 96, 97, 104, 106, 107–108, 109, 110, 115, Chenik, M’hamed 94, 95, 107, 119, 120–122, 116, 120, 121, 125, 127, 129, 130–131, 158 134–135, 137–138, 140, 142, 146, 147, 148, Chikly 177–178 151, 154, 155, 158, 159, 166, 168, 170, 173, cinema: see motion picture industry 174, 175, 176, 180, 189, 196, 204 Cinet´ el´ efilms´ 179, 198 Bizerte Crisis and 142–144 Clemenceau, Georges 75 Bourguibist construction of Tunisian history College` Alaoui 63, 67 204–205 College` Sadiqi 4, 34, 35, 43, 55, 62, 64, 65, 70, criticism of within PSD 158–159 98, 116, 166, 222 domination of government at independence College` Saint Louis 63 131–133 “colonial third” 75, 97, 105 domination of party at independence 133 Colonna, Antoine 111 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521811244 - A History of Modern Tunisia Kenneth Perkins Index More information Index 243 colonization, colonists (colons) 8, 48–52, 53, emergence of Neo-Dustur from 95 54–55, 56, 61, 66–68, 69, 74, 76, 97, 107, French left and 86 121, 144 Nasir Bey and 80–82 ComitedeD´ efense´ du The´atreˆ Tunisien 114 problems within 88–89, 91 ComitedeLib´ eration´ d’Afrique du Nord 110 program of 79–80, 87, 91–92 commissaires du gouvernement 46 Commission Nationale d’Orientation The´atraleˆ Ecole d’Art Dramatique 115 176 Ecole de Tunis (group of artists) 9, 115, 181 communism, communists 80, 86, 112, 138: Ecole Rue du Pacha 63 see also Parti Communiste Tunisien economy Confed´ eration´ Gen´ erale´ des Travailleurs (CGT) protectorate era 48–53, 54–56, 57–61 85, 112 crisis of 1930s 93–94 Confed´ eration´ Gen´ erale´ des Travailleurs World War I impact on 74–75 Tunisiens (CGTT) 83, 85–87, 88, 112 independent Tunisia 7–8 Congres` Colonial 68 Ben cAli presidency and 191, 202–203, 210 Congres` de l’Afrique du Nord 69, 77 crisis of 1980s 171 Congress of Berlin 36, 39 Mzali and 169; structural adjustment Conseil National des Libertes´ en Tunisie program 173–174 (CNLT) 201 national policy following independence Constantine (Algeria) 13 145–156 constitution (of 1861) 24, 26–27, 28, 30, 47, 77 Parti Socialiste Dusturien policies 160–164 constitution (of 1959) 133, 134, 167, 202 Education consular courts 28, 43 pre-protectorate era 62 Consultative Commission for the Study of College` Sadiqi 34 Tunisian Reforms 86 protectorate era Consultative Conference 67–68, 69, 72, 82 College Sadiqi 62, 64, 65, 70; secondary controleursˆ civils 43, 56, 118 63–64 cooperative farms 8, 150–152, 157, 162, 183 Franco-Arabe schools 62–63, 64, 66 Cooperative´ Tunisienne de Credit´ 94 Jewish 63 co-sovereignty 111, 113, 119, 121, 125 Khalduniyya 66, 70 Cremieux´ Decree 46 women’s 63 crime 21, 55, 56–57 independent Tunisia 138–141 Crimean War 16, 17 Egypt, Egyptians 24, 44, 76, 92, 110, 118, Crispi, Francesco 44 145, 203 cultural affairs, ministry of 176–177, 178 El-Djem 5 Cyprus 36 elections Cyrenaica 76 Constituent Assembly (1956) 131 municipal council (1985) 172 de Canieres,` Victor 66–67, 69 municipal council (2000) 201–202 Decrets´ Scel´ erats´ 88 National Assembly (1959) 133 de Gaulle, Charles 108, 109 National Assembly (1979) 166 de Hautecloque, Jean 122–123, 124, 198 National Assembly (1981) 167–168 d’Erlanger, Rudolphe 1, 99 National Assembly (1986) 174 dhimmis 19 National Assembly (1989) 189–190, 225 Dougga 5 National Assembly (1994) 195, 197 Doumergue, Gaston 90 National Assembly (1999) 201 Driss, Muhammad 177 presidential (1989) 190 al-Ducaji, cAli 99 presidential (1999) 202 Duparchy Company 61 Enfida(ville) 47, 120 Dustur party (Parti Liberal Constitutionnel Esteva, Jean 105, 106 Tunisien) 79, 84, 93, 97, 98, 101, 102, Etoile Scout 97 104, 107, 109, 111, 112, 119, 122, 128, 219 Eucharistic Congress (1930) 89–90 Confed´ eration´ Gen´ erale´ des Travailleurs European Economic Community (EEC); later Tunisiens and 85–86 European Community (EC) 162, 191, 197 delegations to Paris 80 European Union (EU) 197–198 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521811244 - A History of Modern Tunisia Kenneth Perkins Index More information 244 Index Farhat, Salah 83, 95, 107, 111 Gulf War (1991) 191–192 Faure, Edgar 126 consequences for al-Nahda 193 fellagha 124, 125, 126, 129, 131, 138, 141 impact on Tunisia 192 Fikr, al- (literary review) 182 Finance, Directorate of 40–42, 52 Habib Bey 83, 86 Flandin, Etienne 76 habus 49, 55, 68, 76, 141 Flaubert, Gustave 2 Habus Council 34, 49, 55, 63, 135, 146 Fonds de Solidarite´ Nationale (FSN) 196 Hached, Farhat 112, 113–114, 121, 123–124, 134 foreign aid 142, 146, 148–149, 192, 225 Haddad, Tahar 88, 99 foreign investment Our Women in Islamic Law and Society 88 protectorate era 61 Tunisian Workers and the Emergence of the independent Tunisia 148, 160,
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  • Selected Findings on Health

    Selected Findings on Health

    The Program on Governance and Local Development The Tunisian Local Governance Performance Index: Selected Findings on Health Report March 2017 SERIES 2017:3 The Program on Governance and Local Development Acknowledgments We are grateful for the financial support of the Moulay Hicham Foundation, Yale University, the World Bank, and the Swedish National Research Council. We also thank the team of interviewers and researchers from MAZAM, without whom no data would have been collected, for the survey implementation. All remaining errors are those of the authors of this report, which include Lindsay Benstead, Adam Harris, Kristen Kao, Pierre Landry, Ellen Lust, and Dhafer Malouche. We reserve special recognition for Megan Reif whose contribution greatly enriched this report. 1. Introduction Tunisia has a very good health-care system compared to most of the Arab world. The health- care system includes primary-care clinics and health centers, which deal with nearly 60 percent of public-sector medical outpatients, reproductive-health visits, schools, and student-health visits; a secondary-care sector with 209 district and regional hospitals; and a tertiary sector with 24 hospitals and academic institutions. It also has a large and expanding private sector, located predominantly in the coastal urban center. The public sector employs 49 percent of doctors, 73 percent of dentists, and 80 percent of pharmacists, and receives 54 percent of total health-care spending.1 Most Tunisians’ health-care spending is covered or subsidized by insurance plans: Public and private employees and self-employed workers (about 66 percent of the population) are covered by insurance plans overseen by the Caisse nationale de l’assurance malade (CNAM).