A History of Modern Tunisia Kenneth Perkins Index More Information

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Cambridge University Press 0521811244 - A History of Modern Tunisia Kenneth Perkins Index More information

Index

cAbd al-Krim 87, 110 Anglo-Tunisian Commercial Treaty (1875) 35 cAbd al-Nasser, Jamal 142, 145, 204 Anglo-Tunisian Convention (1863) 28, 30 cAbduh, Muhammad 65 Anti-Semitism 46, 98, 105 Abdul-Majid (Ottoman sultan) 17 Arab–Israeli wars cAbidi, cAli 199, 201 1967 145, 154 cAchour, Habib 112, 134, 164–165, 167, 170 1973 149 Action, L’ (newspaper; originally L’Action Arabian Peninsula 163, 191, 192, 203 Tunisienne) 134 Arabization (of education) 139 Action Tunisienne, L’ (newspaper) 91–92, 93, 94, artisans 18, 33, 55, 74, 79–93, 95 97, 98 Association des Anciens Eleves` du College` Sadiki Afghanistan 203 70 Aghlabid Dynasty 5 Association des Femmes Tunisiennes Aghoudat-Sion 46 Musulmanes 98 agriculture Association pour la Sauvegarde du Coran pre-protectorate era 15, 18, 27, 33 159–160, 165 protectorate era 49–52 Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal 7, 137 crisis of 1930s 93–94 cAtiyah, cAbd al-Majid 183 Directorate of Agriculture 48, 49 cAttia, Ahmad 179, 198 independent Tunisia 8, 162 cAyyadi, Samir al- 183 co-operatives 150–152, 157, 162, 183 cAziza, Muhammad: See Nadir, Chems Ten Year Plan (1962–71) and 150–152 cAzzuz, Hind 182–183 cAhd al-Aman (security covenant) 18, 20, 21, 26, 77 Baba¨ı, Brahim 179 Ahmad Bey 12–17, 18, 21, 33 Baccar, Selma 179, 180 Ahmad II Bey 90 Baccouche, Hachemi 182, 186 Alapetite, Gabriel 76 Baccouche, Hedi 185, 191 Algeria, Algerians 10, 54, 57, 61, 101, 106, 107, Baccouche, Salaheddin 123, 132 110, 111, 128, 129, 191, 192, 194, 203 Badra, Muhammad 122, 123 Front de Liberation´ Nationale (FLN) 142, 193 Bairam al-Khamis, Muhammad 34 Front Islamique du Salut (FIS) 193 baldiyya 15, 17, 65, 70 Islamist movement in 193–194 Bardo Palace (Ksar Said) 4, 5, 10, 11, 12, 27, 39 cAli Bash Hamba 69–72 military school 14–15, 17, 62 cAli Bey 38, 39–40 Bardo, Treaty of 10–12, 36, 37, 39, 42, 46, 126 cAli ibn Ghdahem 29, 31 Bashir, Zubaydah 183 cAli ibn Khalifa 37 Behi, Ridha 178, 180 Alliance Israelite´ 63 Beja´ 53 American Federation of Labor 121 Bekri, Tahar 186 Amilcar 1, 2 Bel Hadj Amor, Muhammad 202 Amin Bey 107, 108, 114, 115, 118, 120, 122–123, Belkhodja, Najib 181 124, 125, 131, 132 Bellagha, cAli 181 Anglo-Tunisian Bank 25, 26 ben cAicha, Sadoq 179, 180

241

242 Index

ben cAli, Zine al-cAbidine 2, 3, 7, 170, 173, 175, Habib Bourguiba: Pages de son combat 120 188 health of 158, 167, 176 elections and 190, 195, 202 Islam and 137, 140–141, 208–209 Islamist movement and 187–189, 190, 193 Ma vie, mon oeuvre 205 presidency of 185–186, 187, 191, 194, 201, 204, Palestine and 145 209, 212 personality and views of 205–209 RCD and 185, 196–197 postwar negotiations with France 118–119, 125, removal of Bourguiba and 175–176 126 ben al-Shaykh, cAbd al-Qadir 183 radical tactics pursued by 101–102, 122, 220 ben al-Shaykh, Hayat 187 removal from ofﬁce 175 ben cAmmar, cAbd al-Latif 179 purging of Bourguibust symbols 206 ben cAmmar, Tahar 80, 109, 125, 127, 128, 131, 138 rivalry with Ben Yusuf 117–118, 126, 128–129 ben cAmmar, Wassila 173 Bourguiba, Habib Jr. 173 ben cAyad, cAli 176 Bourguiba, Muhammad 95, 176 Benghazi 173 Bouzgarou, Chedlia 98 ben Jacfar, Mustafa 201 Bouzid, Nouri 179–180, 198–199 ben Khairallah, Mustafa 76 Boyer de la Tour, Pierre 125 ben Mabrouk, Neija 179 Breart,´ Jules-Aime´ 10, 36 ben Mami, Laila 183 Britain 13, 14, 29, 31, 32, 36, 44, 52, 107, 109, 110, ben M’rad, B’chira 98 203 ben Salah, Ahmad 116, 128, 133, 134, 146, 151, 155, pre-protectorate rivalry with France 25–26 158, 159, 160, 186, 190 Brown, L. Carl 206 ben Salih, Muhammad al-Hadi 183, 186–187 Bulla Regia 5 ben Salim, cUmar 183, 187 Bureau d’Information du Neo-Dustur´ 110 ben Yusuf, Salah 98, 109, 111, 112, 114, 119, 121, Bureau du Maghreb Arabe 110 122, 123, 130, 131, 132, 135, 137, 142, 167, Bu Shusha, cAli 65 199–201, 207 postwar revival of the Neo-Dustur and 115–117 Cairo 110, 117, 123, 129, 142 tensions with Bourguiba 117–118, 126, Cambon, Paul 37, 39–40, 42, 43–44, 64 128–129 Campenon, Jean-Baptiste 30 Bizerte 5, 10, 44, 53, 54, 57, 61, 85, 91, 142, 147, Cap Bon Peninsula 1, 5, 107, 122, 152 149, 180 Capitulation Treaties 21, 43 Bizerte Crisis 142–144, 150 Capuchins 45 Black Thursday (1978 General Strike) 165, 167, Carthage 1–2, 5 183 Byrsa 2 Blum, Leon´ 97 Salammbo 2 Bompard, Maurice 42 Tophet 2 Bone-Guelma,ˆ Compagnie du 57, 60 Carthage Film Festival 178, 180, 199 al-Borma 149 Tanit d’Or 178, 179, 180, 199 Boughedir, Ferid´ 180, 198, 199, 201 Centre d’Art Dramatique 177 Bouhajib, cAli 92 Chamber of Deputies: see National Assembly Bourde, Paul 49–52 Chammari, Khemais 197 Bourguiba, Habib 2, 3, 7, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, Chebbi, Najib 201 96, 97, 104, 106, 107–108, 109, 110, 115, Chenik, M’hamed 94, 95, 107, 119, 120–122, 116, 120, 121, 125, 127, 129, 130–131, 158 134–135, 137–138, 140, 142, 146, 147, 148, Chikly 177–178 151, 154, 155, 158, 159, 166, 168, 170, 173, cinema: see motion picture industry 174, 175, 176, 180, 189, 196, 204 Cinet´ el´ eﬁlms´ 179, 198 Bizerte Crisis and 142–144 Clemenceau, Georges 75 Bourguibist construction of Tunisian history College` Alaoui 63, 67 204–205 College` Sadiqi 4, 34, 35, 43, 55, 62, 64, 65, 70, criticism of within PSD 158–159 98, 116, 166, 222 domination of government at independence College` Saint Louis 63 131–133 “colonial third” 75, 97, 105 domination of party at independence 133 Colonna, Antoine 111

Index 243

colonization, colonists (colons) 8, 48–52, 53, emergence of Neo-Dustur from 95 54–55, 56, 61, 66–68, 69, 74, 76, 97, 107, French left and 86 121, 144 Nasir Bey and 80–82 ComitedeD´ efense´ du Theátreˆ Tunisien 114 problems within 88–89, 91 ComitedeLib´ eration´ d’Afrique du Nord 110 program of 79–80, 87, 91–92 commissaires du gouvernement 46 Commission Nationale d’Orientation Theátraleˆ Ecole d’Art Dramatique 115 176 Ecole de Tunis (group of artists) 9, 115, 181 communism, communists 80, 86, 112, 138: Ecole Rue du Pacha 63 see also Parti Communiste Tunisien economy Confed´ eration´ Gen´ erale´ des Travailleurs (CGT) protectorate era 48–53, 54–56, 57–61 85, 112 crisis of 1930s 93–94 Confed´ eration´ Gen´ erale´ des Travailleurs World War I impact on 74–75 Tunisiens (CGTT) 83, 85–87, 88, 112 independent Tunisia 7–8 Congres` Colonial 68 Ben cAli presidency and 191, 202–203, 210 Congres` de l’Afrique du Nord 69, 77 crisis of 1980s 171 Congress of Berlin 36, 39 Mzali and 169; structural adjustment Conseil National des Libertes´ en Tunisie program 173–174 (CNLT) 201 national policy following independence Constantine (Algeria) 13 145–156 constitution (of 1861) 24, 26–27, 28, 30, 47, 77 Parti Socialiste Dusturien policies 160–164 constitution (of 1959) 133, 134, 167, 202 Education consular courts 28, 43 pre-protectorate era 62 Consultative Commission for the Study of College` Sadiqi 34 Tunisian Reforms 86 protectorate era Consultative Conference 67–68, 69, 72, 82 College Sadiqi 62, 64, 65, 70; secondary controleursˆ civils 43, 56, 118 63–64 cooperative farms 8, 150–152, 157, 162, 183 Franco-Arabe schools 62–63, 64, 66 Cooperative´ Tunisienne de Credit´ 94 Jewish 63 co-sovereignty 111, 113, 119, 121, 125 Khalduniyya 66, 70 Cremieux´ Decree 46 women’s 63 crime 21, 55, 56–57 independent Tunisia 138–141 Crimean War 16, 17 Egypt, Egyptians 24, 44, 76, 92, 110, 118, Crispi, Francesco 44 145, 203 cultural affairs, ministry of 176–177, 178 El-Djem 5 Cyprus 36 elections Cyrenaica 76 Constituent Assembly (1956) 131 municipal council (1985) 172 de Canieres,` Victor 66–67, 69 municipal council (2000) 201–202 Decrets´ Scel´ erats´ 88 National Assembly (1959) 133 de Gaulle, Charles 108, 109 National Assembly (1979) 166 de Hautecloque, Jean 122–123, 124, 198 National Assembly (1981) 167–168 d’Erlanger, Rudolphe 1, 99 National Assembly (1986) 174 dhimmis 19 National Assembly (1989) 189–190, 225 Dougga 5 National Assembly (1994) 195, 197 Doumergue, Gaston 90 National Assembly (1999) 201 Driss, Muhammad 177 presidential (1989) 190 al-Ducaji, cAli 99 presidential (1999) 202 Duparchy Company 61 Enfida(ville) 47, 120 Dustur party (Parti Liberal Constitutionnel Esteva, Jean 105, 106 Tunisien) 79, 84, 93, 97, 98, 101, 102, Etoile Scout 97 104, 107, 109, 111, 112, 119, 122, 128, 219 Eucharistic Congress (1930) 89–90 Confed´ eration´ Gen´ erale´ des Travailleurs European Economic Community (EEC); later Tunisiens and 85–86 European Community (EC) 162, 191, 197 delegations to Paris 80 European Union (EU) 197–198

244 Index

Farhat, Salah 83, 95, 107, 111 Gulf War (1991) 191–192 Faure, Edgar 126 consequences for al-Nahda 193 fellagha 124, 125, 126, 129, 131, 138, 141 impact on Tunisia 192 Fikr, al- (literary review) 182 Finance, Directorate of 40–42, 52 Habib Bey 83, 86 Flandin, Etienne 76 habus 49, 55, 68, 76, 141 Flaubert, Gustave 2 Habus Council 34, 49, 55, 63, 135, 146 Fonds de Solidarite´ Nationale (FSN) 196 Hached, Farhat 112, 113–114, 121, 123–124, 134 foreign aid 142, 146, 148–149, 192, 225 Haddad, Tahar 88, 99 foreign investment Our Women in Islamic Law and Society 88 protectorate era 61 Tunisian Workers and the Emergence of the independent Tunisia 148, 160, 202 Trade Union Movement 88 Forum Democratique´ pour le Travail et les Hadira, al- (newspaper) 65–66, 70 Libertes´ (FDTL) 201 Hambas 15 Fourteen Points 73, 76 Hammamet 152 Franco-Arab schools 62–63, 64, 66 Hammam Lif 171 Franco-Prussian War 36 Hannibal 1 Franco-Vatican Concordat (1891) 45 Hapsburg Dynasty 2 France 14, 26–27, 29, 30, 31, 35, 36, 53, 61, 105, Hassine, cAbd al-cAziz 178 163, 180, 192 Hassine, Prince 109 Free French 107 Hatt-i-Sharif 13 negotiations with Tunisian nationalists 119, Herriot, Edouard 86 125–126 High Tell 53, 57 policy towards Ottoman territory in North Husain Bey 15 Africa 13, 14 postindependence Tunisian relations with Ibn Khaldoun 3 142–144, 150 Indochina 125, 128 pre-protectorate rivalry with Britain industrialization 149–150, 160–162 25–26 Ingram, Rex 178, 224 protectorate structure and 39–42 Internal Autonomy Convention (1955) 126–127, Tunisian resistance to 1881 invasion of 128, 221 36–37 International Confederation of Free Trade French Foreign Legion 122 Unions (ICFTU) 114 French Union 111 International Finance Commission 31–32, 34, 39 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 169, 173, Gabes` 49, 53 174, 191, 197, 202 Gafsa 5, 43, 49, 53, 60, 93, 152, 166–167, 177 Iran 166, 190 Gammarth 178 Iraq 110, 191–192, 203 Garmadi, Salah 183 Islam 7, 137; see also Mouvement de la Tendance Gendarmerie National 209 Islamique; al-Nahda; Ulama; Zaituna General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Mosque University (GATT) 197 Israel 144–145, 171 Germany 73, 102, 104, 105, 163, 203 Istanbul 73 Congress of Berlin 36 istitan 56 World War II 106–107 Italo-Tunisian Treaty (1868) 32, 44 Ghannushi, Rashid 166, 168, 170, 174, 175, 186, Italy, Italians 20–21, 28, 31, 32, 40, 44, 49, 52, 55, 189, 190, 192, 193 60, 61, 71, 74, 76, 83, 85, 102, 104, 106, Grana (Jews of Livornese origin) 20, 46, 63 107, 163, 180 Grand Council 27, 82–83, 86, 90, 94, 95, 111, 116, Congress of Berlin 36 119 land acquisition by 48 Greece 162 population in Tunisia 44, 53, 144 Guellaty, Hassan 72, 76, 77, 81, 82, 84 Guermassi, cAli 181 Jabiri, Muhammad Salah al- 183 Guiga, Bahri 92, 93, 95, 96, 101 Jaibi, Fadhel 177 Guillon, Armand 97, 102 Jamaca Taht al-Sur 99

Index 245

Jarid 5 independent Tunisia 135 Jellaz Cemetery incident 71 High Court 131–132 Jendouba (ex-Souk al-cArba) 53 Leila (women’s magazine) 98 Jerba 116, 131, 152, 199, 203 Le Kef 10, 29, 53 Jeunesse Liberale´ Neo-dusturienne´ 98 Libya 118, 163, 166, 171, 191, 203, 210 Jews 4, 20, 46, 53, 63, 87, 98, 105, 106, 144–145, Ligue des Musulmans Français, La 92 182 Ligue Tunisienne des Droits de l’Homme Judicial Services, Directorate of 46–47 (LTDH) 165, 194, 195, 197, 201 Jugurtha 221 literature 8, 181–184 Juin, Alphonse 107, 108 Abu Jahl al-Dahhas 183 Agar 182 Kaak, Mustafa 112 Asad wa’l-timthal, al- 187 Kairouan 5, 29, 37, 49, 54, 57, 141 Astrolabe de la mer, L’ (poetry) 187 Karoui, Hamid 191 Bahr yanshur al-wahahu, al- 183 Kasserine 53 Daghla fi carajiniha, al- 182 Kebili 53 Da’irat al-ikhtinaq 183 Kefi,´ Fa¨ıza 211 Fantasia 186 Khair al-Din al-Tunsi 2, 4, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 42, Feux d’oiseau (poetry) 187 47, 64, 65 Fi Bayt al-cankabut 183 prime ministry of 32–36 Fi’l Darb al-tawil (short stories) 182 Surest Path to Knowledge concerning the Hanin (poetry) 183 Conditions of Countries, The 33, 65 Haraka wa intikas al-shams, al- (essay) 183 Khair al-Din Barbarossa 2 Iflas aw Hubbuka darbani 182 Khairi, Fathia 99 Laylat al-sanawat al-cashr 183 Khalduniyya 66, 70, 98 Ma foi demeure 182 Khlifi, Omar 178, 179 Maratij 183–184 Khmir 10, 12 Min haqqihi an yahlum (essay) 187 Khurayyif, Bashir 182 Montagne du lion, La 186 Ksar Hellal 95 Munbatt, al- 183 Ktari, Naceur 179, 199 Portrait du coloniséprécédé du portrait du kuttab 62, 63 colonisateur (essay) 182 Kuwait 191–192 Sifr al-nuqla wa’l-tasawwur 186 Sawma‘a tahtariq 183 Labonne, Erik 102 Silence des semaphores (poetry) 187 labor migration 163, 224 Statue de sel, Le 182 La Calle 10, 25 Suhrawardi Shihab al-Din Yahya. Récits de Ladgham, Badi 158 l’exil occidental (essay) 186 La Goulette 2, 3, 20, 25, 43, 199 Talismano 186 Lahbib, Muhammad 99, 101 Tombeau d’Ibn Arabi, Le (poetry) 186 La Marsa 1, 5, 81 Waha bi-la zill 183 Treaty of 40, 42, 46, 126 Wa kana curs al-hazima 187–211 land acquisition Wa nasibi min al-ufuq 183 protectorate era 47–49, 75–76 Yawm min ayyam Zamra 183 registration of property 47, 48 Livorno 20 independent Tunisia 146 Louhichi, Taieb 180 Lasram, Muhammad 66, 68–69 Lycee´ Armand Fallieres` 64 Lavigerie, Cardinal Charles 44–45, 64, 87 Lycee´ Carnot 63–64, 222 League of Arab States 110, 117, 142 Lebanon 171 Macheul, Louis 62, 63, 64, 68 legal system Madani, cAbbas 192 protectorate era Madani, Ahmad Tawfiq al- 87 French courts 43–44 Mahdaoui, Nja 181 Tribunal Mixte Immobilier 47, 49 Mahdia 5, 53 Tunisian courts 45–47; religious courts Mahmud II (Ottoman sultan) 14, 16 45–46; state courts (wizara) 46–47 Main Noire 105

246 Index

Main Rouge 124 Redayef 54 199 Majba 28, 42, 55–56, 69 Rih al-sadd 179–180 Majerda River 5, 49, 53, 57 Safa‘ih min dhahab 198 Maktar 53 Saison des hommes, La 199, 200 Malta, Maltese 20–21, 28, 40, 44, 53, 85 Sama, al- 179 Maìluf 101 Shams al-dhiba 178 mamluks 14, 18, 19 Silences du palais, Les 199 Manceron, Joseph 91, 92, 94 Sois mon amie 199 “Manifesto of the Tunisian Front” 110 Sufara’, al- 179 Mansour, cAli 180 Surakh, al- 178 Marzouki, Moncef 195, 197, 211 Targui 178 al-Mas’adi, Muhammad 99 Wa ghadan? 179 Masmoudi, Muhammad 128, 134 Zill al-ard 180 Massicault, Justin 39–43, 48 Zohra 177 Mast, Charles 107, 108, 109, 110 Mouada, Muhammad 195, 197 Matari, Mahmud 92, 95, 96, 101, 102, 107 Mourou, cAbd al-Fattah 166, 168, 170, 190, 193 Mauritania 191 Mouvement de la Renovation´ 195, 201 Mecca 187 Mouvement de la Tendance Islamique (MTI) Meddeb, cAbd al-Wahhab 186 166, 168, 170–172, 174–175, 180, 187–189 Medenine 72 Mouvement de l’Unite´ Populaire (MUP) 159, Mekki, Hatim al- 181 168 Memmi, Albert 182, 186 Mouvement des Democrates´ Sociales (MDS) Mendes-France,` Pierre 125, 128 165, 167, 168, 172, 189, 190, 195, 197, 201 Messimy Law 46 mugharasat 52 Mestiri, Ahmad 158, 159, 165, 167, 173, 195 Muhammad V (sultan of Morocco) 118, 123, 129 M’hammed cAli 84–85, 87, 113 Muhammad al-Hadi Bey 40 Millerand, Alexandre 81–82 Muhammad cAli (ruler of Egypt) 14, 16 Millet, Louise 63 Muhammad al-Habib Bey 82 Millet, Rene´ 42, 56–57, 65–66 Muhammad al-Sadiq Bey 10, 26–28, 31, 36, 37, mining 57, 60–61, 93 38, 39, 52 Monastir 53, 93, 98, 146, 152, 153, 175, 204, 205 Constitution of 1861 and 26–27 Moncef Bey 105–107, 109, 111, 115, 116, 118 Muhammad Bash Hamba 73 Moncefist Committee 109 Muhammad Bey 17 Mons, Jean 111, 114, 115, 117, 119 Mukhtar Hadid Mining Company 61 Morinaud Law 83–84, 85, 87, 91 Museum of Traditional Musicand Musical Morocco 61, 75, 87, 101, 106, 110, 129, 191, 203 Instruments 1 motion picture industry 9, 177–180, 198–201 music 9, 99–101 films Mustafa Khaznadar 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, Arab, The 178 35, 36 cAziza 179 Mzali, Muhammad 167–170, 172, 173, 177, 182 Bezness 199 Mzali, Muhammad Saleh 125, 132 Caméra d’Afrique 180 Caméra Arabe 180 Nabeul 53 Cinéma de Carthage 180 Nadir, Chems (pseudonym of Muhammad Eté a` La Goulette, Un 199 cAziza) 187 Fajr, al- 178 Nahda, al- 189, 190, 191, 193, 194, 197, 210 Fallaqa, al- 178 Naluti, cArusiyah 183 Farda wa liqat ukhtaha 180 Napoleon III 27 Fatma 75 179 Nasir Bey 40, 80–82, 83, 105 Fille du Carthage 177 National Assembly 4, 133, 159, 174, 195, 201 Halfaouine 199 National Committee to Resist Aggression against Hikaya basita kahadhihi 179 the Arab World and to Support Iraq 192 Mukhtar 179 “National Front” 168 Mutamarrid, al- 178 National Pact 187–189, 191 Poupées d’argile 199 National Planning Council 146

Index 247

naturalization 46, 83–84, 85, 91–92 Parti Social du Progres` (PSP) 189 Neo-Dustur party 105, 106, 107–110, 111, 112, 113, Parti Social Liberal´ (PSL) 201 118, 121, 124, 125, 130, 131, 133, 138, 146, Parti Socialiste Dusturien (PSD) 147, 164, 166, 150, 204, 212 167, 168–169, 172, 174, 183, 185, 196, 207 composition and structure 95–96, 97–98, 133 Congress (1971) 158 congress, 1955 128 Congress (1974) 159 intellectual community (1930s) and 99–101 UGTT and 164–165, 168 negotiations with France (1950) 118–119 Parti Tunisien 76, 77, 79 dissension within party over 120–121 Perillier,´ Louis 119, 121, 122 postwar revitalization 115–117 Personal Status Code 135, 136, 138, 172, 187, rivalry between Bourguiba and Ben Yusuf 199 117–118 Petain,´ Philippe 105 Zaituna mosque-university and 116–117, petroleum 8, 149, 163, 169, 171 120–121 Peyrouton, Marcel 93, 96–97, 198 radicalization of (1938) 101–102, 220 phosphates 60–61, 93, 149, 166 renamed Parti Socialiste Dusturien (PSD) 147 Phosphates et Chemins de Fer de Gafsa, repression (1953)of122–123 Compagnie du 61 UGTT and 112, 123–124, 133–134 phylloxera 49 Neo-Dustur socialism 146, 147–156 planning, ministry of 146, 151, 155 newspapers pluralism 195–196, 197, 201–202, 209–211 Action, L’ (originally L’Action Tunisienne) 134 Polisario Front 191 Action Tunisienne, L’ 91–92, 93, 94, 97, 98 Popular Front 97, 101 Hadira, al- 65–66, 70 Portugal 162 Revue du Maghreb, La 73–74, 76 Presence´ Française 127 Tunisi, al- 70 privatization 202 Tunisie Française, La 66, 67 protectorate concept 40 Tunisien, Le 69, 70, 76 Puaux, Gabriel 79, 81, 82, 128, 221 Unione, L’ 44 Public Instruction, Directorate of 63, 64, 67 Voix du Tunisien, La 89, 90 Nouira, Hedi 123, 145–146, 167, 175 Qadhafi, Muammar 166 economic policies of 160–164, 169 Qaramanli Dynasty 12 al-Qarwi, Muhammad 65 olive cultivation; olive oil 29, 33, 49–52, 56, 94, 95, 162, 215 radio broadcasting 115 Ottoman Empire 12–14, 17–18, 24, 29–31, 34–35, Radio-Tunis 115 36, 37, 39, 73, 214 Radiodiffusion Tel´ evision´ Tunisienne (RTT) 180–181 painting 9, 101, 115, 181 railroads 25–26, 57–60 Pakistan 117 Rashidiyya Institute 99–101 Palestine 92, 98, 110, 117, 145, 171 Rassemblement Constitutionnel Democratique´ Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) 145, (RCD) 185, 189, 190, 195–197, 198, 211 171 party congress (1988) 185 Pan-Arabism 116, 126, 142 Rassemblement Français de Tunisie 111, 119, 121, Pan-Islam 69, 71, 73, 116 122, 127 Paris Peace Conference 76, 79 Rassemblement Socialiste Progressiste (RSP) 189, Parti Communiste Tunisien 85, 87, 96, 109, 110, 195, 201 113, 147, 168, 195; see also communism, revolt of 1864 29–30 communists impact on Sahil 31 Parti Democratique´ Progressiste (PDP) 201 Revue du Maghreb, La 73–74, 76 Parti d’Unite´ Populaire (PUP) 168, 172, 189, 195, Roches, Leon´ 17, 18–19, 24, 25, 26, 28 201, 202 Roman CatholicChurch 44–45, 89–90 Parti Liberal´ Constitutionnel Tunisien: see Roustan, Theodore´ 10, 35, 36 Dustur party Rouvier, Urbain 42 Parti Liberal´ Tunisien 79 rural–urban migration 93–94, 150, 152, 160, 180, Parti Reformiste´ 81, 83, 86, 87, 109 183

248 Index

Sadiqi College: see College` Sadiqi Suez Canal 36 Safi, Ahmad al- 76, 79, 80, 83, 95 Switzerland 73 Sahil 37, 49, 53, 56, 95, 98, 115 Syria 75, 87 revolt of 1864 and 29, 31, 33 Sacid, Amina 187 Tabarka 10, 152 Saint Gobain Chemical Company 61 Taieb, Prince 39 Saint, Lucien 80, 81, 82, 83, 86, 88, 105 Tariq ibn Ziyad 87 Sakiet Sidi Youssef 142, 146 Tarnan, Khumais 99–101 Sakka, Ahmad 77, 79 taxation 56 Salafiyya movement 65, 69, 70, 72, 138 telegraph 25 Samama, Albert: See Chikly television broadcasting 180–181 Sanusi, Muhammad al- 65 terrorism 203 Saudi Arabia 191–192 Testour 53 Sayah, Muhammad 204–205 Thacalbi, cAbd al-cAziz 70, 72, 76–77, 78, 79, Histoire du Mouvement National Tunisien 80, 81, 83, 84, 101, 111, 128, 218 204 Thameur, Habib 102–104, 105, 106, 107, 110 Nouvel état aux prises avec le complot youssefiste, theatre 8, 84, 99, 114–115, 176–177, 180 1956–1958 204 festivals 176–177 République délivrée de l’occupation étrangère, Festival du Theátreˆ Arabe 176 1959–1964, La 204 Festival du Theátreˆ Maghrebin´ 176 Schuman, Robert 118, 119 productions secretary-general of the protectorate 42 Huwa Am! 84 Selim III (Ottoman sultan) 14, 16 Sudd, al- 99 Service des Affaires Indigenes` 43 troupes Service des Renseignements 43 Adab al-Arabiyya, al- 84 ServiceduTheátreˆ 176 Firqa al-Baladiyya, al- 176 Setif´ 111 Ittihad al-Masrahi, al- 99 Sfar, Bashir 55, 57, 65, 66, 68, 70, 72 Masrah, al- 99 Sfar, Mustafa 99 Masrah al-Madina 176 Sfar, Rashid 173, 174 Sacada, al- 87, 99 Sfar, Tahar 95, 96, 101 Shahama al-Arabiyya, al- 84 Sfax 5, 44, 52, 53, 54, 57, 61, 85, 98, 112, 114 Tamthil al-Arabi, al- 84, 99 Sfez, Batto 18, 20, 213 Theátreˆ National Tunisien 3, 177 al-Shabbi, Abu’l Qasim 99, 100, 101 Theátreˆ Nouveau 177 Siala lands 52 Thomas Cook and Sons 154 Sicilian Channel 5 Thuburbo Majus 5 Sicily, Sicilians 32, 106 Tlatli, Moufida 198, 199, 201 Sidi Bou Said 1 Tlili, cAbd al-Rahman 202 Sidi Thabit 47 Tlili, Ahmad 134 Slim, Taieb 105, 107, 110 Tlili, Mustafa 186 Slimane ben Slimane 102 tourism, tourists 8, 152–155, 162, 171, 175, 178, social contract 165 192, 203 Socialist Party (French) 86, 87 Tozeur 152 Societ´ e´ Anonyme Tunisienne de Production et Tripoli, Tripolitania 12, 37, 61, 71, 76, 173 d’Expansion Cinematographique´ Tunis 1, 2, 12, 44, 49, 53, 54, 57, 61, 70, 75, 85, 95, (SATPEC) 178, 179, 198 98, 115, 129, 131, 142, 154, 162, 171, 190 Societ´ e´ des Hotelsˆ Tunisiens Touristiques Avenue de France 44, 45 (SHTT) 152, 155 Avenue Bourguiba 3 Societ´ e´ Marseillaise de Credit´ 47 Bab al-Bahr (Porte de France) 3, 4 Souk al-cArba (now Jendouba) 53 Bab al-Khadra 4 Sousse 5, 44, 53, 54, 57, 61, 70, 123, 152, 175 Bab Souika (neighborhood) 4, 193 Spahis 15 Dar al-Bey 4 Spain 162 French embassy 3 Spanish Sahara 191 Halfaouine (neighborhood) 199 structural adjustment program 173–174, 191, 202 Jellaz Cemetery 71

Index 249

Little Malta (neighborhood) 3, 20 Union Tunisien des Industriels et Commerc¸ants medina 3–4 (UTIC) 146 mellah (Jewish quarter) 4 United Nations 118, 122, 124, 142 Metro 4 United States 108, 109, 110, 121–122, 140, 142, new city 3 146, 171, 173, 192, 203, 225 Place du Gouvernement 4 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 194 Place du 7 November 1987 3 University of Tunis 4, 141 Saint Vincent de Paul, cathedral of 3, 44, 45 cUshr 56 Tourbet al-Bey 4 Tunis–La Goulette–La Marsa Railway (TGM) veil, veiling 91, 137–138 1–3, 60 Vichy administration 105, 106, 107 Tunis Municipal Council 114, 176 vineyards 49, 56, 74 Tunis Tram Company 2, 71–72 Voix du Tunisien, La (newspaper) 89, 90 Tunisi, al- (newspaper) 70 Voizard, Paul 124–125 Tunisie Franc¸aise, La (newspaper) 66, 67 Tunisie Martyre, La 77–79, 218 wheat 27, 48, 94 Tunisien, Le (newspaper) 69, 70, 76 Wilson, Woodrow 73 Turabi, Hassan 192 wizara 46–47 Turkey 7–8 women 63, 98, 135, 137–139, 161, 182–183, 196, 199 Turki, Hedi 181 Wood, Richard 17, 18–19, 24, 25, 26, 32, 35 Turki, Yahya 101 World Bank 169, 173, 174, 197, 202–203 World Federation of Free Trade Unions ulama 19–20, 24, 27, 62, 65, 71, 72, 91, 137, 141, (WFTU) 113–114, 121 215 World Jewish Congress 144–145 unemployment 93, 155, 160 World War I 72, 73–76 Unione, L’ (newspaper) 44 World War II 1, 106, 107 Union Democratique´ Unioniste (UDU) 189, 195, 201, 202 Young Tunisians 69–72, 73, 74, 76–77, 79, Union Departmentale´ des Syndicats de Tunisie 84, 85 (UDST) 112 Young Turks 69, 73 Union des Syndicats des Travailleurs Tunisiens (USTT) 112–114, 122 Zaghouan 26 Union du Maghreb Arabe (UMA) 191 Zaituna mosque-university 4, 19, 62, 63, 66, 70, Union Gen´ erale´ des Agriculteurs Tunisiens 88, 137, 139, 159, 166 (UGAT) 128, 146 clash between Bourguiba and 140–141 Union Gen´ erale´ des Travailleurs Tunisiens Comite´ National des Etudiants Zeytouniens (UGTT) 112–114, 115, 116, 122, 123–124, 121 125, 126, 128, 131, 133–134, 146, 150, 165, curriculum 34, 116–117 168, 170, 189, 192 political activism at 90, 91, 109, 120–121, 128 Union Musulmane des Femmes de Tunisie 138 precolonial reforms and 20, 27, 34 Union Nationale des Agriculteurs Tunisiens Sawt al-Talib al-Zaituni 120–121 (UNAT) 146 Zaouche, cAbd al-Jalil 71 Union Nationale des Femmes Tunisiennes Zarruk, Larbi 12 (UNFT) 138 Zarruk, Ahmad 31 Union Nationale Tunisienne du Travail Zionism 46, 98–99 (UNTT) 170 Zmerli, Sacad al-Din 194 Union Tunisien de l’Artisanat et du Commerce zones d’ombre 196 (UTAC) 116, 128, 146 Zwawa (Zouaves) 15