(part 8) · 1 The ETYFish Project © Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara comments:  v. 19.0 - 15 Sept. 2020

Order CHARACIFORMES (part 8 of 8) Family IGUANODECTIDAE 4 genera/subgenera · 38 Bryconops Kner 1858 -ops, appearance, apparently reflecting Kner’s belief that could be “classified with the hither related species of the genus ” (translation) Subgenus Bryconops Bryconops alburnoides Kner 1858 -oides, having the form of: the European cyprinid genus Alburnus Bryconops caudomaculatus (Günther 1864) caudo-, tail; maculatus, spotted, referring to pair of large reddish spots on basal half of caudal fin Bryconops collettei Chernoff & Machado-Allison 2005 in honor of Bruce B. Collette (b. 1935), Senior Systematic Zoologist, National Marine Fisheries Service, for “important” contributions to systematic ichthyology and to both author’s careers Bryconops disruptus Machado-Allison & Chernoff 1997 broken off, referring to incomplete lateral line Bryconops durbinae (Eigenmann 1908) in honor of Marion Durbin Ellis (née Durbin, 1887-1972), Eigenmann’s student and frequent collaborator in studying characid , later a limnologist and environmental toxicologist, University of Missouri in Columbia Bryconops gracilis (Eigenmann 1908) slender, presumably referring to elongate, slightly compressed body Bryconops hexalepis Guedes, Oliveira & Lucinda 2019 hexa-, six; lepis, scale, referring to six scale rows above lateral line (most congeners have 7-10) Bryconops magoi Chernoff & Machado-Allison 2005 in memory of Francisco Mago-Leccia (1931-2004), “pioneer of modern ichthyological studies in Venezuela” Bryconops piracolina Wingert & Malabarba 2011 referring to Igarapé Piracolina, rio Madeira basin, Brazil, type locality Bryconops rheoruber Silva-Oliveira, Sabaj Pérez, Ota & Rapp Py-Daniel 2019 rheo, flow or current, referring to rocky rapids, its preferred habitat; ruber, red, referring to coloration of dorsal, adipose and caudal fins [originally spelled rheorubrum, but adjective is spelled rheoruber when combined with a masculine genus] Bryconops tocantinensis Guedes, Oliveira & Lucinda 2016 -ensis, suffix denoting place: rio Tocantins drainage, Brazil, where it is currently known to occur Subgenus Creatochanes Günther 1864 etymology not explained, presumably kreas, flesh or meat; chanos, gape or open mouth, perhaps referring to toothless (i.e., fleshy) maxillary (“maxillary without teeth”) of B. affinis and B. melanurus (although at least one other publication says their maxillae are indeed toothed) Bryconops affinis (Günther 1864) related, i.e., “very similar” to B. melanurus Bryconops chernoffi Silva-Oliveira, Lima & Bogotá-Gregory 2018 in honor of Barry Chernoff, Wesleyan University (Middletown, Connecticut, USA), for his contributions to the of Bryconops, and to ichthyology as a whole Bryconops colanegra Chernoff & Machado-Allison 1999 cola and negra, Spanish for tail and black, respectively, referring to black caudal fin Bryconops colaroja Chernoff & Machado-Allison 1999 cola and roja, Spanish for tail and red, respectively, referring to brilliant red tail 2 · CHARACIFORMES (part 8): Iguanodectidae · The ETYFish Project

Bryconops cyrtogaster (Norman 1926) cyrto-, curved; gaster, belly, referring to “distinctly convex” ventral profile Bryconops humeralis Machado-Allison, Chernoff & Buckup 1996 pertaining to shoulder, referring to black humeral blotch Bryconops giacopinii (Fernández-Yépez 1950) in honor of Jose A. Giacopini (1915-2005), Governor, Amazonas State of Venezuela, an “old friend” (translation) who sponsored an archaeological expedition during which type was collected Bryconops imitator Chernoff & Machado-Allison 2002 mimic, referring to its similarity to B. colaroja Bryconops inpai Knöppel, Junk & Géry 1968 of INPA, acronym for Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, which houses the type material and placed it at the authors’ disposal Bryconops marabaixo Silva-Oliveira, Moreira, Lima & Rapp Py-Daniel 2020 named for Marabaixo, a cultural and religious manifestation in Amapá, Brazil (where type locality is situated), dating to African slaves of the 18th century Bryconops melanurus (Bloch 1794) mela-, black; ouros, tail, referring to broad black stripe on caudal fin Bryconops munduruku Silva-Oliveira, Canto & Ribeiro 2015 named for the Munduruku Indians who settled on the right margin of the Tapajós River, giving rise to what today is the city of Aveiro, Pará, Brazil, type locality Bryconops sapezal Wingert, Chuctaya & Malabarba 2018 named for Sapezal municipality, Mato Grosso, Brazil, type locality; “sapezal” means covered with sapê (Imperata brasiliensis, Poaceae) Bryconops transitoria (Steindachnesr 1915) transitional; proposed as a variety of B. melanurus, Steindachner hypothesized that this taxon was one of “numerous transitions” or “extreme color varieties” (translations) among a highly variable B. melanurus that might encompass B. affinis as well Bryconops vibex Machado-Allison, Chernoff & Buckup 1996 Latin for mark, referring to humeral blotch Incertae sedis Bryconops allisoni Silva-Oliveira, Canto & Ribeiro 2019 in honor of Antonio Machado-Allison (b. 1945), Universidad Central de Venezuela, for his contributions to the knowledge of the taxonomy of Bryconops Iguanodectes Cope 1872 iguana, lizard; dectes, biter, allusion not explained nor evident (referring to lizard-like dentition?) Iguanodectes adujai Géry 1970 of the Rio Adujá, middle Rio Negro drainage, Brazil, type locality (also occurs in Río Orinoco drainage, Venezuela) Iguanodectes geisleri Géry 1970 in honor of German biologist and aquarist Rolf Geisler (1925-2012), who collected type Iguanodectes gracilis Géry 1993 slender, referring to its small size and slender shape Iguanodectes polylepis Géry 1993 poly, many; lepis, scale, having the most lateral-line scales in the genus Iguanodectes purusii (Steindachner 1908) of the Rio Purus, Brazil, type locality (also occurs in Peru) Iguanodectes rachovii Regan 1912 in honor of German aquarist Arthur Rachow (1884-1960), who presented type to the British Museum (Natural History) Iguanodectes spilurus (Günther 1864) spilos, spot; ouros, tail, referring to large, rounded, deep-black spot on basal portion of caudal fin Iguanodectes variatus Géry 1993 spotted, referring to mottling (“des marbrures”) on the bodies of adults Piabucus Oken 1817 latinization of piabucu, local name for various small characiform fishes in 17th-century Brazil CHARACIFORMES (part 8): Triportheidae · The ETYFish Project · 3

Piabucus dentatus. From: Koelreuter, I. T. 1763. Piscium rariorum e Museo Petropolitano exceptorum descriptiones. Novi Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae v. 8: 404-430, Pl. 14.

Piabucus caudomaculatus Vari 1977 caudo-, tail; maculatus, spotted, referring to dark spot at base of middle caudal-fin rays and center of caudal peduncle Piabucus dentatus (Koelreuter 1763) toothed, referring to 16 short, blunt, subtriangular teeth at end of each mandible; since this is one of the earliest characiforms to be described, its original name (Trutta dentata) may reflect the18th-century notion that it was a toothed salmon or trout based on presence of adipose fin Piabucus melanostoma Holmberg 1891 melano-, black; stoma, mouth, referring to black lower lip and chin

Family TRIPORTHEIDAE Keeled Characins 5 genera · 21 species Subfamily Triportheinae

Triportheus Cope 1872 tri-, three; portheus, ravager or destroyer, probably an allusion to three series of teeth on premaxillary (in 1871, Cope described Portheus, a fossil genus from Kansas, USA, noting its “uncommonly powerful offensive dentition”) Triportheus albus Cope 1872 albus, white, presumably referring to “silver-white” sides and belly Triportheus angulatus (Spix & Agassiz 1829) angled, referring to keel-shaped abdomen Triportheus auritus (Valenciennes 1850) eared, referring to larger operculum compared to T. brachipomus, described in the same publication Triportheus brachipomus (Valenciennes 1850) brachys, short; poma, lid or covering, referring to smaller operculum compared to T. auritus, described in the same publication Triportheus culter (Cope 1872) knife, referring to knife-like shape of body Triportheus curtus (Garman 1890) short, proposed as a subspecies of T. angulatus distinguished by the “shortness of its body” Triportheus guentheri (Garman 1890) in honor of ichthyologist-herpetologist Albert Günther (1830-1914), who reported this species as Chalcinus (=Triportheus) brachypomus (note spelling, with a y instead of an i) in 1864 Triportheus magdalenae (Steindachner 1878) of the Río Magdalena, Cienaga, Colombia, type locality (and endemic to Río Magdalena basin) Triportheus nematurus (Kner 1858) nemato-, thread; ouros, tail, referring to prolonged middle rays of caudal fin Triportheus orinocensis Malabarba 2004 -ensis, suffix denoting place: Río Orinoco basin, Venezuela, where it is endemic Triportheus pantanensis Malabarba 2004 -ensis, suffix denoting place: Pantanal de Mato Grosso, Brazil, where it commonly occurs 4 · CHARACIFORMES (part 8): Triportheidae · The ETYFish Project

Triportheus trifurcatus. From: Castelnau, F. L. 1855. Poissons. In: Animaux nouveaux or rares recueillis pendant l’expédition dans les parties centrales de l’Amérique du Sud, de Rio de Janeiro a Lima, et de Lima au Para; exécutée par ordre du gouvernement Français pendant les années 1843 a 1847. Part 7, Zoologie. Paris (P. Bertrand). v. 2: i-xii + 1-112, Pls. 1-50.

Triportheus pictus (Garman 1890) painted or colored, presumably referring to light bands of color on pectoral fins and/or middle rays of caudal fin Triportheus rotundatus (Jardine 1841) rounded, referring to rounded abdomen compared to angular abdomen of T. angulatus Triportheus signatus (Garman 1890) marked, presumably referring to transverse band of light color on caudal fin Triportheus trifurcatus (Castelnau 1855) tri-, three; furcatus, forked, referring to how prolonged middle rays of caudal fin create a three-pronged tail Triportheus venezuelensis Malabarba 2004 -ensis, suffix denoting place: Venezuela, country drained by the Río Orinoco basin, where it is endemic

Subfamily Agoniatinae

Agoniates Müller & Troschel 1845 etymology not explained, presumably a-, without; gonia, corner or angle, allusion not evident Agoniates anchovia Eigenmann 1914 referring to its anchovy-like appearance Agoniates halecinus Müller & Troschel 1845 shad-like, referring to its herring-like shape Engraulisoma Castro 1981 engraulis, anchovy; soma, body, referring to anchovy-like shape Engraulisoma taeniatum Castro 1981 band, probably referring to silver band on sides Lignobrycon Eigenmann & Myers 1929 lignum, wood, proposed as a genus for a fossil species, Tetragonpterus ligniticus Woodward 1898, described from Tertiary lignite deposits of Sao Paulo, Brazil; brycon, generalized term used in generic names of many characiform fishes, derived from bryco, to bite, gnash teeth or eat greedily, originally an allusion to fully toothed maxillae Lignobrycon myersi (Miranda Ribeiro 1956) in honor of ichthyologist George S. Myers (1905-1985), Stanford University, California, USA

Subfamily Clupeacharacinae

Clupeacharax Pearson 1924 clupea, herring or clupeiform fish, referring to its anchovy-like shape; Charax, typical genus of the Characiformes, from Greek word meaning “palisade of pointed sticks,” referring to densely packed sharp teeth, now a common root-name formation in the order Clupeacharax anchoveoides Pearson 1924 -oides: having the form of: an anchovy, referring to its shape and appearance CHARACIFORMES (part 8): · The ETYFish Project · 5

Family BRYCONIDAE Dorados or Jaw Characins 4 genera · 50 species Subfamily Bryconinae

Brycon Müller & Troschel 1844 bryco, to bite, gnash teeth or eat greedily, presumably referring to their fully toothed maxillae Brycon alburnus (Günther 1860) Latin for whitefish, from albus, white, presumably referring to silvery coloration Brycon amazonicus (Spix & Agassiz 1829) Amazonian, described from the Amazon River in Brazil (also occurs in Colombia, Guyana and Venezuela) Brycon argenteus Meek & Hildebrand 1913 silvery, referring to its coloration, without lines or bands Brycon atrocaudatus (Kner 1863) atro-, black; caudatus, tailed, referring to broad black band at end of caudal fin Brycon behreae Hildebrand 1938 in honor of marine biologist Ellinor H. Behre (1886-1982), who collected type Brycon chagrensis (Kner 1863) -ensis, suffix denoting place: Río Chagres, Atlantic slope of Panama, type locality (also endemic to the Río Chagres basin) Brycon coquenani Steindachner 1915 of the Río Coquenan, Venezuela, type locality Brycon costaricensis Angulo & Gracian-Negrete 2013 -ensis, suffix denoting place: Atlantic Slope of Costa Rica, type locality (also occurs in Nicaragua) Brycon coxeyi Fowler 1943 in honor of entomologist W. Judson Coxey, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, who “obtained” type Brycon dentex Günther 1860 with large teeth, presumably referring to four series of intermaxillary teeth, with nearly all the upper-jaw teeth exposed Brycon devillei (Castelnau 1855) in honor of physician, naturalist and taxidermist Emile Deville (1824-1853), Castelnau’s “unfortunate travel companion who, having escaped the horrors [e.g., mosquitoes and other or spider bites] of Ucayali [River in Peru], died of yellow fever in Rio de Janeiro” (translation) Brycon dulcis Lima & Vieira 2017 sweet (doce in Portuguese), referring to rio Doce basin, states of Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo, eastern Brazil, where is apparently endemic Brycon falcatus Müller & Troschel 1844 sickle-shaped, referring to falcate black spot on tail Brycon ferox Steindachner 1877 fierce, presumably referring to fearsome appearance of its large intermaxillary teeth

Brycon behreae. From: Hildebrand, S. F. 1938. A new catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of Panama. Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 22 (no. 4): 219-359. 6 · CHARACIFORMES (part 8): Bryconidae · The ETYFish Project

Brycon fowleri Dahl 1955 in honor of Dahl’s friend Ernest L. Fowler (1907-1966), an American missionary in Colombia (later murdered by a band of thieves posing as policemen) for his “generous help and encouragement” Brycon gouldingi Lima 2004 in honor of conservation ecologist Michael Goulding (b. 1950), for his contributions to the knowledge of Amazonian fishes Brycon guatemalensis Regan 1908 -ensis, suffix denoting place: Guatemala, type locality (but widely distributed throughout Central America) Brycon henni Eigenmann 1913 in honor of Eigenmann’s student (and successor) Arthur Wilbur Henn (1890-1959), “at the moment exploring the rivers of Western Colombia” Brycon hilarii (Valenciennes 1850) in honor of French botanist Auguste de Saint-Hilaire (1779-1853), who collected type Brycon howesi Lima 2017 in honor of Gordon J. Howes (1938-2013), Natural History Museum (London), for his “important contribution to the knowledge of the taxonomy of the genus Brycon as well as for ichthyology as a whole” Brycon insignis Steindachner 1877 distinct or conspicuous, allusion not explained, but Steindachner did indicate it is distinct (among congeners known at the time) in having more slender and widely spaced teeth, and that two second-row teeth next to the mandibular symphysis (supposedly characteristic of Brycon) are often absent Brycon labiatus Steindachner 1879 lipped, referring to external flap on lower lip Brycon medemi Dahl 1960 in honor of Federico (Fred) Medem (1912-1984), Professor of Herpetology, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, for his “great” contributions to the knowledge of Colombian aquatic reptiles Brycon meeki Eigenmann & Hildebrand 1918 in honor of the late Seth Eugene Meek (1859-1914), who described two species of Brycon with Hildebrand in 1913 Brycon melanopterus (Cope 1872) melanos, black; pterus, fin, referring to black band at base of anal fin that extends through caudal peduncle along middle of upper caudal-fin lobe to its end Brycon moorei Steindachner 1878 patronym not identified, nor can identity be inferred from available information (could this be named after the same person Steindachner honored with the doradid catfish name Oxydoras [=Hemidoras] morei [note spelling] in 1881?) Brycon nattereri Günther 1864 patronym not identified but probably in honor of Johann Natterer (1787-1843), who explored South America and collected specimens for 18 years Brycon obscurus Hildebrand 1938 dark, referring to dusky blotch on opercle, elongate black spot at base of caudal fin, dusky chromatophores on fins, and/or “obscure dusky lateral band” (this latter feature only on small specimens) Brycon oligolepis Regan 1913 oligos, few; lepis, scale, having fewer scales compared to the similar B. moorei Brycon opalinus (Cuvier 1819) opaline or opalescent, referring to its “nice opal luster” (translation) in the light, even on dried specimens Brycon orbignyanus (Valenciennes 1850) -anus, belonging to: naturalist Alcide d’Orbigny (1802-1857), who collected type Brycon orthotaenia Günther 1864 orthos, straight; taenia, band, referring to “straight, broad band” that runs along middle of “free portion” of tail and along middle caudal-fin rays Brycon pesu Müller & Troschel 1845 local name for this species in 19th-century Guyana Brycon petrosus Meek & Hildebrand 1913 rocky, allusion not explained; based on a comment made by Hildebrand in 1938, probably referring to its rocky creek habitat Brycon polylepis Mosco Morales 1988 poly, many; lepis, scale, referring to higher number of lateral line scales compared to congeners in Venezuela CHARACIFORMES (part 8): Bryconidae · The ETYFish Project · 7

Brycon posadae Fowler 1945 in honor of physician-naturalist Andres Posada (1839-1922, also known as Andrés Posada-Arango), author of a 1909 work on Colombian fishes [although named after a man, some classically trained zoologists latinized the names of individuals whose names ended with the letter “a” by adding an “e” to the spelling] Brycon rubricauda Steindachner 1879 rubri-, red; cauda, tail, referring to “cherry-red” (translation) markings on caudal fin Brycon sinuensis Dahl 1955 -ensis, suffix denoting place: Sinú River basin, Colombia, where it is endemic Brycon stolzmanni Steindachner 1879 in honor of Polish ornithologist Jean Stolzmann (1854-1928, also spelled Jan Sztolcman), who collected type Brycon striatulus (Kner 1863) narrowly striped, referring to oblique brown-black streaks or spots on sides Brycon unicolor Mosco Morales 1988 uni-, one, referring to uniform coloration, without spots or blotches Brycon vermelha Lima & Castro 2000 Portuguese for red-colored, referring to life coloration of dorsal, adipose and caudal fins, and to a lesser degree anal and pelvic fins Brycon vonoi Lima 2017 in honor of “dear” colleague and friend Volney Vono (1961-2011), the first ichthyologist to collect this species and who brought it to Lima’s attention Brycon whitei Myers & Weitzman 1960 in honor of General Thomas D. White (1901-1965), Chief of Staff, United States Air Force, who helped collect type, for his contributions to ichthyology and angling (in 1952, Myers described White as a “dyed-in-the-wool aquarist, fisherman and ichthyologist”) Géry & de Rham 1981 cheilos, lip, allusion not explained, an odd choice since its one species lacks an upper lip; brycon, generalized term used in generic names of many characiform fishes, derived from bryco, to bite, gnash teeth or eat greedily, originally an allusion to fully toothed maxillae Chilobrycon deuterodon Géry & de Rham 1981 deutero, to repeat; odon, tooth, allusion not explained nor evident, perhaps referring to how its trilobed, spatulate teeth are similar to (i.e., repeating) those of , a “remarkable convergence” (translation) based on their similar herbivorous diets Henochilus Garman 1890 heno-, one; cheilos, lip, i.e., single lip, referring to lip on lower jaw, but absent on upper Henochilus wheatlandii Garman 1890 in honor of Henry Wheatland (1812-1893), President, Essex Institute (Salem, Mass., USA, which published the description), for his “friendly interest and sympathy in favor of ichthyology and ichthyologists”

Subfamily Salmininae Agassiz 1829 salmon-like, referring to their shape (including adipose fin) Salminus affinis Steindachner 1880 related, referring to resemblance with S. cuvieri (=brasiliensis) Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier 1816) -ensis, suffix denoting place: Brazil, where type specimen was collected (also occurs in Paraguay, Uruguay, Bolivia and Argentina) Salminus franciscanus Lima & Britski 2007 -anus, belonging to: rio São Francisco basin, Brazil, where it is endemic Salminus hilarii Valenciennes 1850 in honor of French botanist Auguste de Saint-Hilaire (1779-1853), who collected type

Family CHALCEIDAE Tucanfishes Chalceus Cuvier 1818 copper, or “occasionally golden” (“quelquefois à la dorée”) per Cuvier, referring to “golden brown” (translation) scales of C. macrolepidotus 8 · CHARACIFORMES (part 8): · The ETYFish Project

Chalceus epakros Zanata & Toledo-Piza 2004 Greek for “pointed at the end,” referring to relatively longer and more acute snout compared to congeners Chalceus erythrurus (Cope 1870) erythros, red; ouros, tail, referring to red caudal fin Chalceus guaporensis Zanata & Toledo-Piza 2004 -ensis, suffix denoting place: Rio Guaporé, Bolivia, one of three rivers in which it occurs (the other two are in Brazil and Peru) Chalceus macrolepidotus Cuvier 1818 macro-, large; lepidotus, scaled, referring to its “extremely large” (translation) scales Chalceus spilogyros Zanata & Toledo-Piza 2004 spilos, spot; gyros, circle or round, referring to rounded humeral spot

Family GASTEROPELECIDAE Freshwater Hatchetfishes 3 genera · 9 species Eigenmann 1909 -iella, diminutive connoting endearment: in honor of Margaret Carnegie (1897-1990), only child of industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919), whose Carnegie Museum co-sponsored Eigenmann’s 1908 expedition to British Guiana and published his report Carnegiella marthae Myers 1927 in honor of Myers’ first wife, Martha Ruth Carnegiella myersi Fernández-Yépez 1950 in honor of Stanford University ichthyologist George S. Myers (1905-1985), for “extensive contributions” to the knowledge of South American fishes Carnegiella schereri Fernández-Yépez 1950 in honor of William G. Scherer, Evangelical Mission at Pebas, Peru, who collected type and provided “magnificent help with his collection of fishes from the Peruvian Amazon” Carnegiella strigata (Günther 1864) streaked, presumably referring to four blackish bands radiating from of middle of convex edge of thorax Scopoli 1777 gaster, belly; pelecus, axe, referring to distinctive hatchet-shaped thorax Gasteropelecus levis (Eigenmann 1909) smooth or bald, presumably referring to absence of maxillary teeth Gasteropelecus maculatus Steindachner 1879 spotted, referring to numerous small black or gray spots on sides Gasteropelecus sternicla (Linnaeus 1758) sternon, breast, referring to deep, trenchant thorax; -icla, perhaps a misspelling of -icula, an adjectival suffix Thoracocharax Fowler 1907 thorax, breastplate or cuirass, referring to distinctive hatchet-shaped body; Charax, typical genus of the Characiformes, from Greek word meaning “palisade of pointed sticks,” referring to densely packed sharp teeth, now a common root-name formation in the order Thoracocharax securis (De Filippi 1853) Latin for ax or hatchet, referring to shape of thorax Thoracocharax stellatus (Kner 1858) starry, referring to scales of upper 3-4 longitudinal rows, referring to circular scale radii, which form a “a peculiar beautiful star-like drawing” (translation)