Arheologija Silbe I Silbenskih Grebena / the Archaeology of Silba and Its Reefs 188
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smiljan gluščević — Arheološki muzej Zadar udk: 902/904(497.5Silba) Archaeological Museum Zadar doi: 10.15291/archeo.1189 Trg opatice Čike 1, HR-23000 Zadar Izvorni znanstveni članak, Original scientific paper [email protected] Primljeno / Received: 2016-02-01 ARHEOLOGIJA SILBE I THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF SILBENSKIH GREBENA* SILBA AND ITS REEFS* Zdenku koji mi je prvi otkrio otok Silbu To Zdenko, who introduced me to the island of Silba i dio svijeta podmorske arhelologije and part of the world of underwater archaeology U članku se govori o arheološkim podatcima koji su tijekom The article deals with the archaeological material recorded over desetljeća zabilježeni na otoku Silbi, odnosno u njezinu pod- past decades on the island of Silba and on its seabed. The island morju, koji se nalazio na najvažnijem pomorskom pravcu koji is located on the most important seafaring route that led from je od sjevernog vodio prema južnom Jadranu. Najstarije šture the northern to southern Adriatic. The source of the earliest – podatke o naseljenosti daje prapovijesna gradina, dok o životu albeit scarce – information about its population is the island’s u antici i kasnoj antici svjedoče zabilježeni grobovi i sarkofazi. prehistoric hill-fort. As for the life on the island in Antiquity and Mnogo je bogatije podmorje samog otoka Silbe posebice pro- Late Antiquity, the graves and sarcophagi recorded there can be stor oko uvale sv. Ante i rta Arat na kojima su utvrđeni ostatci used as evidence of it. In terms of the number of finds, the sea- ponajviše antičkog postanja, ali i stakla iz novovjekovnog raz- bed off Silba is much richer than the island itself, particularly the doblja. Silbi smo priključili i Grebene, skupinu od tri manja area near Sveti Ante Cove and Cape Arat, where Antiquity re- nenaseljena otočića, koji su bili sudbonosni za mnoge antičke, mains and Modern Age glass objects were found. Grebeni – the jedan kasnosrednjovjekovni i jedan novovjekovni brod. Naj- neighboring group of three reefs – were also included in the ex- značajniji su nalazi broda s velikom količinom, u jadranskom cavations. They were fatal for numerous ships of the Antiquity, miljeu često unikatnog materijala, iz sredine 1. st. n. Kr., nalaz as well as for one Late Medieval ship and one Modern Age ship. zvona iz druge pol. 13. st., odnosno nalazi broda s topovima, The most important finds include those from a mid-1st-century sidrima i keramikom iz sredine 17. st. Valja im pribrojiti i prvi AD ship (a large quantity of material which is mostly unique for u podmorju Jadrana zasvjedočeni brodolom s betičkim amfo- the Adriatic), a bell from the second half of the 13th century, and rama Dr. 20. a ship with mid-17th-century cannons, anchors and ceramics. We should add to these the find of a shipwreck with Baetical am- ključne riječi: Silba, prapovijest, sarkofazi, brodolomi, zvono, phorae (type Dr. 20) – the first such find on the Adriatic seabed. topovi keywords: Silba, prehistory, sarcophagi, shipwrecks, bell, cannons Silba, srednje velik otok 28 NM sjeverozapadno od A mid-sized island 28NM northwest of Zadar, Zadra smjestio se na iznimno značajnom pomor- Silba lies on a very important sea route extending skom putu koji od sjevernog Jadrana kroz Kvarne- from northern Adriatic via Kvarner Strait to the rička vrata vodi prema jugu. U antičko je vrijeme south. In the antiquity, these waters belonged to the * Članak je prije nekoliko godina bio dovršen za monografiju o oto- * The article was written a few years ago to be included in a mono- ku Silbi (Otok Silba, prirodno i kulturno blago, ur. J. Mužinić, J. graph on the island of Silba (Otok Silba, prirodno i kulturno blago, Jenő Purger, Zadar, 321 str.) tiskanoj 2013. g. Međutim kako je ed. J. Mužinić, J. Jenő Purger, Zadar, 321 pages), printed in 2013. uredništvo počelo intervenirati u tekst, poput još nekih suradni- However, since the editors started intervening in the text, me and ka, odustao sam od sudjelovanja. U međuvremenu su na Silbi i na some other contributors withdrew from the project. In the mean- Grebenima provedena nova, ili nastavak starih, istraživanja i reko- time, new excavations and surveys have been carried out – or the gnosciranja koja su dala i nove nalaze. Stoga je prvotni tekst morao original ones have been reassumed – yielding new finds. This is why donekle biti modificiran, osobito u dijelu koji se tiče istraživanja u the original text had to be modified to an extent, particularly in the uvali Pocukmarak o čemu smo dotad raspolagali samo podatcima part on the excavations in Pocukmarak Cove, of which only some iz tiska. information from media had been available before. Smiljan Gluščević: arheologija silbe i silbenskih grebena / the archaeology of silba and its reefs 188 Sl. 1. / Fig. 1. Sl. 2. / Fig. 2. Pogled na Stene s mora (foto: S. Gluščević). Ostatci prapovijesnog nasipa – bedema iznad Stena na Silbi View of Stene from sea (photo by S. Gluščević). (foto: R. Maršić). Remnants of prehistoric rubble mound – bulwark above Stene location on Silba (photo by R. Maršić). pripadao teritoriju Liburna1, naroda s jakom po- Liburni,1 a people with strong seafaring tradition. morskom tradicijom, koji međutim na samom oto- However, it appeared that they left no trace on the ku, kako se činilo, nije ostavio traga2. Njihova se island itself.2 The indications of their presence were prisutnost naslućivala na osnovi donedavna jedine based on – until recently – a single known piece u literaturi zabilježene informacije koja kaže da se of information claiming that a minor hill-fort was na mjestu Stene nalazila omanja gradina (Sl. 1).3 U once located on the Stene site (Fig. 1).3 In his recent recentnom tekstu Brusić navodi kako je „na Silbi na- text, Brusić notes that “a settlement was identified selje utvrđeno iznad Velih Stena (…) Danas vidljivi on Silba above Vele Stene… The remnants of dry- ostaci suhozidnih konstrukcija na vrhu litice i brojni wall structures visible today on top of the cliff and ulomci keramičkih posuda jedini su ostaci materijal- numerous pottery fragments are the only remnants ne kulture Liburna što su živjeli na šumovitom oto- of the material culture of the Liburni that lived on ku....“.4 Zaista smo i sami 2010. g. uočili nasipe za this forest-covered island…“4. Indeed, in 2010, we koje se može pretpostaviti da predstavljaju ostatke ourselves observed the rubble mounds we suppose prapovijesnih bedema (Sl. 2) a nađena su i dva ulom- are the remnants of an ancient bulwark (Fig. 2). ka keramike (Sl. 3) o kojoj je teško nešto određenije We also found two pottery fragments (Fig. 3) about Sl. 3. / Fig. 3. Ulomci keramike nađeni na prapovijesnom nasipu (foto: S. Gluščević). Pottery fragments found on prehistoric rubble mound (photo by S. Gluščević). 1 R. KATIČIĆ, 1974, 35. Zbog toga su se svi ti otoci, pa tako i Silba, 1 R. KATIČIĆ, 1974, 35. This is why various authors of the antiqui- kod različitih antičkih pisaca nazivali liburnski. ty refer to these islands – including Silba – as the Liburnian Islands. 2 Premda bez ikakvih materijalnih dokaza o njihovu prisustvu na 2 Although without any material evidence, P. STAREŠINA, 1979, 9, otoku nije dvojio P. STAREŠINA, 1979, 9. had no doubts about their presence on the island. 3 Z. BRUSIĆ, 1980, 159. 3 Z. BRUSIĆ, 1980, 159. 4 Radi se o prospektu tiskanom (vjerojatno 2010. g. – nema podata- 4 It is a brochure printed (probably in 2010 – there is no printing ka o tiskanju) u izdanju Hrvatske turističke zajednice pod nazivom date) by Croatian Tourist Board and entitled Sarkofazi, Silba, Uva- Sarkofazi, Silba, Uvala Pocukmarak. la Pocukmarak. archaeologia adriatica ix (2015), 187-249 189 Sl. 4. / Fig. 4. Jedan od sarkofaga nađen u uvali Pocukmarak (foto: M. Parica). One of sarcophagi found in Pocukmarak Cove (photo by M. Parica). kazati. Sigurno je da pripadaju prapovijesnom raz- which anything definite is hard to say. It is only cer- doblju. tain that they belong to some prehistorical period. Tragova prisutnosti Liburna na ostalim otocima Traces of the Liburni’s presence on other islands zadarskog arhipelaga inače ima podosta.5 Mnogi od of the Zadar Archipelago are ample.5 Since many of njih bili su naseljeni još u vrijeme neolitika,6 pa tim these islands were inhabited as early as in Neolithic,6 više čudi izostanak izrazitijih tragova na samoj Silbi. it is all the more surprising that no distinct traces of Razlog tome možemo bez sumnje tražiti u neistraže- their presence have been found on Silba. There may nosti ali, za postojanje neke značajnije naseobine, i be two reasons for this: one is certainly the lack of u nedostatku dovoljnog broja prikladnih luka. Za- research and the other is the lack of adequate har- pravo na čitavom otoku, osim uvale Sv. Ante, nema bors that would support a relevant settlement. Actu- posve sigurnog zakloništa.7 Ona je s obzirom na po- ally, Sv. Ante Cove is the only safe harbor on the is- ložaj i gotovo povezanost s položajem Stene svakako land.7 Given its position and connections with Stene služila kao luka preko koje su Liburni sa Silbe sao- location, the Silba Liburni must have used it as a braćali sa stanovništvom ostalih otoka. port for contacts with the population of the neigh- Tek su nedavna kratka istraživanja provedena u boring islands. plitkom moru u uvali Pocukmarak otkrila ostatke It was not before the recent excavations in the nekoliko sanduka i poklopaca starokršćanskih sar- shallow waters of Pocukmarak Cove that the rem- kofaga (Sl. 4).8 Unatoč istraživanjima provedenim nants of a few crates and lids of early Christian sar- tijekom nekoliko sezona, čini se da su još uvijek cophagi were discovered (Fig.