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OECD THEMATIC REVIEW OF TERTIARY EDUCATION Country Background Report for Norway The Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research January 2005 1 Preface This background report for the OECD-review of the Norwegian tertiary education system has been written by NIFU STEP, an independent research foundation, on behalf of the Ministry of Education and Research. At NIFU STEP, the following staff have been involved in the process: Per Olaf Aamodt (chapters 1 and 2), Clara Åse Arnesen (chapter 3), Åge Mariussen, Morten Fraas and Magnus Gulbrandsen (chapter 4), Markus Bugge, Eric Iversen and Aris Kaloudis (chapter 5), Vibeke Opheim (chapter 6), Svein Kyvik, Jens-Christian Smeby, Kirsten Wille Maus, Egil Kallerud and Terje Bruen Olsen (chapter 7), and Bjørn Stensaker (chapters 8, 9, 10, 11). Bjørn Stensaker was the editor of the report and was also the project manager on the NIFU STEP side. A group consisting of representatives of various stakeholders in Norwegian tertiary education has actively supported the writing process, and been central in providing data and perspectives, and in commenting upon earlier versions of the report. This group consisted of: Thomas Såheim (Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs), Kjetil Digre (Statistics Norway), Ulf Lie (Norwegian Centre for International Cooperation in Higher Education), Jon Haakstad (Norwegian Agency for Quality Assurance in Higher Education), Kari Kjenndalen and Sigrid Lem (Norwegian Association of Research Workers), Tone Evje (Ministry of Trade and Industry), Jan-Arne Eilertsen (The Research Council of Norway), Iver Grøtting Prestkvern (Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development), Ola Stave, Guri Bakken and Arvid Ellingsen (The Norwegian Council for Higher Education), Ingrid Stranger Thorsen (National Union of Students in Norway), and Kaja Marie Bergum Pedersen (Norwegian Association of Students), Ane Marte Rasmussen, Unni Sandsdalen, Mads Gravås, Nina Rieker, Heidi Dybesland, Gro Beate Vige and Jan S. Levy (Ministry of Education and Research). Jan S. Levy chaired the meetings of the reference group, and Gro Beate Vige was national co-ordinator for the review. Oslo, January 2005 The Ministry of Education and Research 2 Content Executive summary........................................................................................................5 Chapter 1 The national context of tertiary education ...........................................12 1.1 Economic, social and cultural background ..................................................12 1.2 Population trends and cultural diversity ......................................................13 1.3 The Labour Market in Norway ....................................................................15 Chapter 2 Overall description of the tertiary education system ...........................16 2.1 Introduction..................................................................................................16 2.2 The Norwegian education system in brief ...................................................17 2.3 Purposes and objectives of higher education...............................................19 2.4 Central policy actors ....................................................................................20 2.5 Major changes in the last decade .................................................................22 2.6 The present governance and regulatory framework.....................................25 2.7 Institutional landscape .................................................................................26 2.8 Overall size of the higher education sector..................................................28 Chapter 3 Higher education and the labour market..................................................33 3.1 Introduction..................................................................................................33 3.2 The labour market in the 1990’s and the beginning of 2000’s ....................33 3.3 Labour market variations according to field of study..................................34 3.4 What determines the capacity in higher education? ....................................35 3.5 Adjustment mechanisms in the labour market.............................................36 3.6 The influence of higher education institutions on the labour market ..........37 3.7 Higher education compared to other levels of education.............................37 3.8 Priorities in national policy..........................................................................38 Chapter 4 The regional dimension in Norwegian higher education.........................39 4.1 Introduction..................................................................................................39 4.2 Public policy concerning the regional dimension – an overview ................39 4.3 Location of higher education and the regional dimension...........................40 4.4 Policy tensions along the regional dimension..............................................41 4.5 Policy initiatives to stimulate and promote regional collaboration .............41 Chapter 5 The role of higher education in research and innovation.....................44 5.1 Introduction..................................................................................................44 5.2 A broad overview.........................................................................................44 5.3 The teaching – research balance ..................................................................45 5.4 Major sources of funds for research.............................................................46 5.5 R&D in different fields – the challenge concerning natural sciences..........47 5.6 Policies and methods to stimulate research competition .............................49 5.7 Changes in research funding and organisation ............................................50 5.8 Stimulating cooperation between higher education and industry................51 5.9 Institutional responsibility for innovation and knowledge transfer .............52 Chapter 6 Equity in and through tertiary education .............................................55 6.1 Introduction..................................................................................................55 6.2 Issues related to equity in tertiary education in Norway..............................55 6.3 Composition of the student body in Norway ...............................................56 6.4 National equity objectives............................................................................59 6.5 Linkages between higher education and equity goals..................................64 Chapter 7 Resourcing higher education................................................................66 7.1 Introduction..................................................................................................66 7.2 Staffing of higher education.........................................................................66 7.3 Working conditions......................................................................................68 7.4 Aging and recruitment of academic staff.....................................................69 3 7.5 Promotion of academic staff ........................................................................71 7.6 Financing – changes in the funding of higher education .............................72 7.7 Problems and pressures in funding higher education ..................................74 7.8 The public – private benefits of the existing financing system ...................75 7.9 Financial support to students .......................................................................75 Chapter 8 Planning, governing and regulating the system .......................................77 8.1 Introduction..................................................................................................77 8.2 An integrated higher education system........................................................77 8.3 Dimensioning and diversity .........................................................................79 8.4 Institutional governance and governing bodies ...........................................80 8.5 Changes in governmental steering – current and future perspectives..........82 8.6 System linkages and cooperation.................................................................83 Chapter 9 Assuring and improving the quality of tertiary education .......................89 9.1 Introduction..................................................................................................89 9.2 Quality control of educational provision and research ................................89 9.3 Quality improvement in teaching and learning............................................92 9.4 Stakeholders in quality assurance ................................................................93 9.5 Expansion, efficiency and quality................................................................94 Chapter 10 Internationalisation and globalisation of tertiary education.................97 10.1 Introduction..................................................................................................97 10.2 Changes in the rationale for internationalisation .........................................97 10.3 Internationalisation of higher education in Norway – an overview.............98 10.4 Recent challenges and issues in internationalisation .................................101 10.5 Internalisation and financial support for studies abroad............................102 10.6
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