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Distribución Y Evaluación De Las Poblaciones Naturales Del Género Astrophytum En 4 Municipios Del Estado De Coahuila, México

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Distribución Y Evaluación De Las Poblaciones Naturales Del Género Astrophytum En 4 Municipios Del Estado De Coahuila, México UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA AGRARIA “ANTONIO NARRO“ DIVISIÓN DE CIENCIA ANIMAL Distribución y evaluación de las poblaciones naturales del género Astrophytum en 4 municipios del estado de Coahuila, México. Por: MARIA DEL SOCORRO MENDEZ MARQUEZ. TESIS Presentada como Requisito Parcial para Obtener el Titulo de: INGENIERO AGRÓNOMO ZOOTECNISTA Buenavista, Saltillo, Coahuila, México. DICIEMBRE, 2005 1 UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA AGRARIA “ANTONIO NARRO” DEPARTAMENTO DE RECURSOS NATURALES Distribución y evaluación de las poblaciones naturales del género Astrophytum en 4 municipios del estado de Coahuila, México. Por: MARIA DEL SOCORRO MENDEZ MARQUEZ TESIS Que somete a consideración del H. Jurado Examinador como Requisito parcial para obtener el título de: INGENIERO AGRÓNOMO ZOOTECNISTA Asesor principal ____________________________________ M.C. Juan José López González 1er Vocal ____________________________________ M.C. Myrna J. Ayala Ortega 2do Vocal ____________________________________ M.C. Luis Pérez Romero Coordinador de la División de Ciencia Animal __________________________________ Ramón F. García Castillo. Buenavista, Saltillo, Coahuila. 2 AGRADECIMIENTOS Principalmente a Jehová, Dios por el don y la oportunidad de vida, que me ha dado gracias. A mis padres, la Sra. Guadalupe Márquez de Méndez, gracias Mama por no dejarme renunciar nunca, por todo tu apoyo y cariño incondicional, al Sr. Isidro Méndez Soto gracias Papa por tu apoyo, gracias a los dos por ser mis padres. Al Dr. Juan José López González, por su apoyo, en asesorias y concejos, para la realización de este trabajo. A la M.C Myrna Julieta Ayala Ortega, Por su valiosa ayuda, por su paciencia y dedicación. Gracias maestra. Al M.C Luis Pérez Romero por la asesoría recibida. 3 DEDICATORIAS A Jehová Dios, por la oportunidad de vida que me ha dado, por permitirme, disfrutar de esta satisfacción, de la que hoy hago gala, gracias. A mis padres, la Sra. Maria Guadalupe Márquez de Méndez. Y al Sr. Isidro Méndez Soto, por su apoyo y cariño que son los que hoy me hacen ser quien soy, gracias a los dos. A mis tres hermanas, Diana, Luz Elena, y Lupita, las quiero mucho y no tienen idea de lo que significan para mí. A Luis Armando Martínez, a Heber Arguello, Ángel, Melissa, Gisela que son nuevos en mi familia. A Obistano y Guillermo Solís. A Guadalupe Félix, Zabdiel y Jassive Solís. A el Ing. Adalberto Solís Rosales, por todo su amor comprensión y cariño recibido por el apoyo incondicional que siempre me ha dado, gracias mi amor. Para un ser muy especial, que me inspira de amor y de ternura y a quien considero una gran bendición. A mis compañeros y amigos de carrera, Abit Moo, Oscar Sánchez, Hugo A. López, Luis Alberto Picazo, especialmente a Don Jesús Cabrera, por su apoyo y por su gran disposición para con este trabajo, a Verónica Leija por su amistad y buena vibra. A un gran amigo, a quien siempre le agradeceré su amistad siempre sincera, gracias Sergio Gonzáles Peña. Al Ing. Gabriel García Ponce, por su grandioso apoyo, y amistad, gracias Gabriel. A mis maestros el Ing. Ricardo Vázquez Aldape, Ing. Luis Lauro de León, gracias por enseñarme tantas cosas, que sirvieron para la culminación de este trabajo. Y por ultimo, pero no menos importante, a mi Alma Terra Mater, quien me acogió en su seno, y en quien encontré una herramienta primordial para hacer frente en la vida, gracias a esa institución tan noble, a la Universidad Autónoma Agraria “Antonio Narro” de quien forme parte orgullosamente como estudiante, y a quien tratare de representar como profesional siempre con un papel digno. 4 INDICE DE MAPAS Pág. Mapa 1.- Extensión del desierto Chihuahuense abarcando México Y Estados Unidos…………………………………………..... 6 Mapa 2.- Distribución del Astrophytum myriostigma en el municipio De Viesca, Coahuila………………………………………….. 38 Mapa 3.-Distribución del Astrophytum capricorne en los municipios General Cepeda, Ramos Arizpe, Cuatro Ciénegas………. 39 Mapa 4.- Distribución de el genero Astrophytum, localizado en los Municipios de Viesca, General Cepeda, Ramos Arizpe y Cuatro Ciénegas…………………………………………….. 59 5 INDICE DE CUADROS Pág. Cuadro 1.- Desiertos mas importantes en México y Norteamérica…… 5 Cuadro 2.- Clasificación del Astrophytum capricorne y Astrophytum myriostigma………………………………………………….. 15 Cuadro 3.- Géneros mas comunes de las especies de cactáceas Mexicanas que son anunciadas para venta en Internet…. 16 Cuadro 4.- Especies de cactáceas que frecuentemente son anunciadas para la venta en Internet ……………………… 17 Cuadro 5.- Plantas y cactáceas extintas en México……………………. 19 Cuadro 6.- Genero Astrophytum, y especies asociadas clasificadas En categorías según la Norma Oficial Mexicana…………… 27 Cuadro 7.- Regiones que conforman el estado de Coahuila………….. 29 Cuadro 8.- Listado de sitios que muestra condición y salud del Astrohytum myriostigma en el municipio de Viesca Coahuila………………………………………………………… 41 Cuadro 9.- Listado de sitios, condición y salud del Astrophytum capricorne en el municipio de General Cepeda Coahuila…. 46 Cuadro 10.- Coordenadas correspondientes a cada sitio en el Municipio de General Cepeda Coahuila…………………….. 48 Cuadro 11.- Listado de sitios condición y salud del Astrophytum capricorne en Cuatro Ciénegas, Coahuila………………… 50 Cuadro 12.- Coordenadas correspondientes a sitios en el municipio De Cuatro Ciénegas Coahuila……………………………… 53 Cuadro 13.- Listado de sitios condición y salud del Astrophytum Capricorne en el municipio de Ramos Arizpe……………… 55 Cuadro 14.- Coordenadas correspondientes a los sitios ubicados En Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila………………………………... 56 6 ANEXOS Pág. Anexo 1.- Fig.1.- Morfología en la que se muestran las cactáceas……. 65 Anexo 2.- Foto 1.- Astrophytum myriostigma en flor……………………… 65 Foto 2.- Astrophytum myriostigma……………………………….. 65 Foto 3.- Astrophytum capricorne………………………………… 66 Foto 4.- Flor, Astrophytum capricorne…………………………. 66 Foto 5.- Astrophytum capricorne, en flor…………………………. 66 Anexo 3.- Mapa 1.- Coahuila de Zaragoza…………………………………. 67 Mapa 2.- Fisiografía de Coahuila………………………………… 68 Mapa 3.- Franja donde se sitúan los principales desiertos……. 69 Anexo 4.- Foto 5.- Vegetación representativa de desiertos……………….. 69 Anexo 5.- Formato para inventario de la vegetación………………………. 70 7 INDICE Pág. INDICE DE MAPAS……………………………………………………….. vi INDICE DE CUADROS…………………………………………………… vii INDICE DE ANEXOS……………………………………………………… viii CONTENIDO. 1.- INTRODUCCION…………………………………………………………... 1 Objetivo general…………………………………………………………… 3 Objetivos específicos……………………………………………………... 3 Hipótesis…………………………………………………………………… 3 2.- REVISION DE LITERATURA……………………………………………. 4 2.1.- Las zonas áridas de México………………………………………. 4 2.1.1.- El desierto Chihuahuense……………………………………….. 6 2.2.- Origen de la palabra cactus………………………………………… 8 2.3.- Familia CACTACEAE……………………………………………….. 8 2.3.1.- Morfología………………………………………………………….. 9 2.3.2.- Órganos y funciones……………………………………………… 10 2.4.- Distribución de las cactáceas por el mundo……………………… 11 2.4.1.- Latitud en la que crecen………………………………………….. 11 2.4.2.- La edad…………………………………………………………….. 12 2.5.- Importancia general…………………………………………………. 12 2.5.1.- Importantes por usos y aplicaciones……………………………. 12 2.6.- Endemismo…………………………………………………………… 14 2.6.1.- Cactáceas en peligro ¿Porque desaparecen?.......................... 18 2.6.2.- Saqueo……………………………………………………………… 20 2.6.3.- Cacto traficantes…………………………………………………... 21 2.7.- Desacuerdo entre los autores acerca del numero total de 22 géneros y especies…………………………………………………. 2.7.1.- Descripción del genero Astrophytum…………………………… 22 2.7.2.- Astrophytum myriostigma “mitra o bonete de obispo.”……....... 22 2.7.3.- Astrophytum capricorne o “biznaga estropajo”………………… 23 2.8.- Distribución del genero Astrophytum……………………………… 24 2.8.1.- Estado de conservación del genero Astrophytum…………….. 25 2.8.2.- Astrophytum capricorne…………………………………………... 26 2.8.3.- Astrophytum myriostigma Lemaire……………………………… 26 2.9.- Legislación aplicada a las cactáceas de México…………………. 26 2.9.1.- Especie en peligro de extinción………………………………….. 27 2.9.2.- Especie Amenazada………………………………………………. 27 2.9.3.- Especie sujeta a protección especial……………………………. 27 2.9.4.- Especie endémica…………………………………………………. 28 8 3.- MATERIALES Y METODOS................................................................ 29 3.1.- Área de estudio………………………………………………………. 29 3.2.- Viesca…………………………………………………………………. 29 3.3.- General Cepeda……………………………………………………... 30 3.4.- Cuatro Ciénegas…………………………………………………….. 31 3.5.- Ramos Arizpe……………………………………………………….. 31 3.6.- Fisiografía…………………………………………………………….. 32 3.7.- Esquema de Muestreo……………………………………………… 34 3.8.- Estudios del hábitat………………………………………………….. 34 3.9.- Localización del Astrophytum………………………………………. 34 3.9.1.- Análisis Estadístico………………………………………………... 35 3.9.2.- Criterio que se utilizo para dictar estado de salud de las poblaciones del Astrophytum capricorne y Astrophytum myriostigma………………………………………………………… 36 4.- RESULTADOS..................................................................................... 37 4.1.- Distribución…………………………………………………………… 38 4.2.- Estado de salud del genero Astrophytum………………………… 40 4.3.- Astrophytum myriostigma…………………………………………… 40 4.3.1.- Municipio de Viesca, Coahuila…………………………………… 40 4.4.- Astrophytum capricorne…………………………………………….. 45 4.4.1.- General Cepeda…………………………………………………… 45 4.4.2.- Cuatro Ciénegas…………………………………………………... 49 4.4.3.- Ramos Arizpe……………………………………………………… 54 5.- CONCLUSIONES…………………………………………………………. 58 6.- LITERATURA CITADA…………………………………………………… 61 7.- ANEXOS…………………………………………………………………….. 65 9 1. INTRODUCCION. México se divide en dos zonas biogeográficas
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