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LİKENLERİ Seda SOLAK YÜ T.C. SELÇUK ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ FATİH ORMANLARININ ( Şişli, İSTANBUL) LİKENLERİ Seda SOLAK YÜKSEK LİSANS Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı Nisan-2016 KONYA Her Hakkı Saklıdır TEZ BİLDİRİMİ Bu tezdeki bütün bilgilerin etik davranış ve akademik kurallar çerçevesinde elde edildiğini ve tez yazım kurallarına uygun olarak hazırlanan bu çalışmada bana ait olmayan her türlü ifade ve bilginin kaynağına eksiksiz atıf yapıldığını bildiririm. DECLARATION PAGE I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. İmza Seda SOLAK Tarih: 08.04.2016 ÖZET YÜKSEK LİSANS FATİH ORMANLARININ ( Şişli, İSTANBUL) LİKENLERİ Seda SOLAK Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Prof. Dr. Celaleddin ÖZTÜRK 2016, 74 Sayfa Jüri Celaleddin ÖZTÜRK Bu çalışmada İstanbul ili içinde yer alan Fatih Ormanlarının liken çeşitliliğinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma bölgesinde, 2013-2014 yıllarında 6 lokaliteden toplanan liken örnekleri değerlendirilerek 37 liken taksonu belirlenmiştir. Fatih ormanında yayılış gösteren likenler habitat ve substrat yapısına bağlı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Substrat seçiciliği açısından değerlendirildiğinde sırasıyla ağaç kabuğu, kalkerli kaya, silisli kaya ve toprak üzerindeki türler yayılış göstermektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Fatih Ormanı, İstanbul, Liken, Habitat iv ABSTRACT MS THESIS Lichens of Fatih Forests (Şişli, Istanbul) Seda SOLAK Advisor: Prof. Dr. Celaleddin ÖZTÜRK 2016, 74 Pages Jury Celaleddin ÖZTÜRK The aim of this study was to determine the lichen diversity of the Fatih Forests in İstanbul province. In the study areathe lichens specimens collected from 6 localities between the years of 2013 and 2014 and were found 37 lichen taxa. Lichen distribation in the Fatih forests are evaluated depending on the habitat and substrate structure. In terms of substrate specificity, respectively, bark, calcareous rocks, siliceous rock and soil type on the distribution shows. Keywords: Fatih Forest, İstanbul, Lichen, Habitat v ÖNSÖZ Yüksek lisans eğitimim boyunca her aşamada bana yol gösteren, bilgilerini paylaşan, her türlü destek, yardım ve ilgisini esirgemeyen, değerli hocam Prof. Dr. Celaleddin ÖZTÜRK’e teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Tez çalışmam süresince, benden bilgisini, yardımlarını ve arkadaşlığını esirgemeyen Arş. Gör. Hatice Esra AKGÜL’e teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Dostluğuyla, her konudaki desteğiyle, varlığını her an yanımda hissettirerek bana güç veren sevgili arkadaşım Buket KANİ’ye, laboratuvar çalışmalarım sırasında, benden yardımlarını esirgemeyen sevgili arkadaşım Sami ÇELİKKANAT’a gösterdikleri karşılıksız özveri için sonsuz teşekkür ederim. Son olarak benim gizli kahramanlarım annem Gülseren SOLAK, ablam Semra SOLAK‘a teşekkür ve sevgilerimi sunarım. Seda SOLAK KONYA-2016 vi ŞEKİLLER ve TABLOLAR DİZİNİ Şekil 1. Yapraksı Liken 4 Şekil 2. Dalsı Liken 5 Şekil 3. Kabuksu Liken 5 Şekil 4. Araştırma alanının haritadan görünümü 14 Şekil 5. Çalışma Alanından Bir Görünümü 15 Şekil 6. Caloplaca cerina 63 Şekil 7. Candelariella vitellina 63 Şekil 8. Evernia prunastri 64 Şekil 9. Graphis scripta 64 Şekil 10.Graphis scripta 65 Şekil 11. Hypogmnia farinacea 65 Şekil 12. Lecanora carpinea 66 Şekil 13. Lecanora chlarotera 66 Şekil 14. Lecanora chlarotera 67 Şekil 15. Lecanora pulicaris 67 Şekil 16. Lecidella elaeochroma 68 Şekil 17. Lecidella elaeochroma 68 Şekil 18. Lepraria incana 69 Şekil 19. Lepraria incana 69 Şekil 20. Lepraria incana 70 Şekil 21. Parmelina pastilifera 70 Şekil 22. Parmelina quercina 71 Şekil 23. Phscia stellaris 71 Şekil 24. Physcia tenella 72 Şekil 25. Rinodina exigua 72 Şekil 26. Xanthoria parietina 73 Şekil 27: Araştırma alanında en fazla türe sahip ilk 5 cinsin grafiği 46 Şekil 28. Tallus Yapılarına Göre Liken Türlerinin dağılımı 52 Tablo 1. Çalışma Alanı Lokaliteleri 12 Tablo 2. Taksonların Bulunduğu Lokalite ve Substratlar 17 Tablo 3. Liken Türlerinin Familya, Cins ve TürSayıları 45 Tablo 4. Araştırma Alanında En Fazla Türe Sahip İlk 5 Cinsin Tablo Görünümü 46 Tablo 5. Liken Türlerinin Yayılışının Substratlara Göre Değerlendirilmesi 47 Tablo 6. Epifitik Liken Türlerinin Dağılımı 48 Tablo 7. Saksikol Liken Türlerinin Dağılımı 49 Tablo 8. Tallus Yapılarına Göre Liken Türleri 51 vii İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZET ......................................................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................v ÖNSÖZ ...................................................................................................................... vi ŞEKİLLER ve TABLOLAR DİZİNİ ...................................................................... vii İÇİNDEKİLER ....................................................................................................... viii 1. GİRİŞ .......................................................................................................................1 1.1. Likenlerin Yapısal Özellikleri .............................................................................2 1.2. Likenlerde Üreme ...............................................................................................2 1.3. Likenlerin Tıbbi ve Ekonomik Yararları .............................................................3 1.4. Likenlerin Yaşama Yerleri ..................................................................................3 1.5. Likenlerin Sınıflandırılması ................................................................................4 2. KAYNAK ARAŞTIRMASI ....................................................................................6 3. MATERYAL VE YÖNTEM ................................................................................. 11 3.1. Materyal ........................................................................................................... 11 3.2. Yöntem ............................................................................................................. 11 3.2.1. Toplama Yöntemi ...................................................................................... 11 3.2.2. Tayin Yöntemi ........................................................................................... 12 3.3. Araştırma Bölgesinin Tanımı ............................................................................ 13 3.3.1. Araştırma Bölgesinin Coğrafik Durumu ..................................................... 13 3.3.2. Araştırma Bölgesinin Iklimi ....................................................................... 15 3.3.3. Araştırma Bölgesinin Yağış Durumu .......................................................... 15 4. BULGULAR .......................................................................................................... 16 4.1. Alandan Toplanan Cinslerin Sistematik Yeri..................................................... 16 4.2. Taksonların Bulunduğu Lokalite ve Substratlar ................................................. 17 4.3. Taksonların Deskripsiyonları ve Yayılış Alanları .............................................. 18 4.3.1. Athallia holocarpa (Hoffm) Arup, Frödén & Søchting ............................... 18 4.3.2. Caloplaca cerina (Ehrh. Ex Hedw.) Th.Fr. ................................................. 19 4.3.3. Candelariella vitellina (Hoffm.) Müll. Arg. ............................................... 19 4.3.4. Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach. ........................................................................ 20 4.3.5. Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale .............................................................. 21 4.3.6. Graphis scripta (L.) Ach. ........................................................................... 22 4.3.7. Gyalolechia flavorubescens (Huds.) Søchting, Frödén & Arup ................... 23 4.3.8. Hypogymnia farinacea Zopf ....................................................................... 23 4.3.9. Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl.................................................................. 24 4.3.10. Lecanora carpinea (L.) Vain. ................................................................... 25 4.3.11. Lecanora chlarotera Nyl. ......................................................................... 26 4.3.12. Lecanora crenulata (Wahlenb.) Nyl. ........................................................ 27 viii 4.3.13. Lecanora horiza (Ach.) Röhl. ................................................................... 28 4.3.14. Lecanora muralis (Schreb.) Rabenh. ........................................................ 28 4.3.15. Lecanora polytropa (Ehrh.) Rabenh. ........................................................ 30 4.3.16. Lecanora pulicaris (Pers.) Ach. ................................................................ 30 4.3.17. Lecanora rupicola (L.) Zahlbr. ................................................................. 31 4.3.18. Lecidella elaeochroma (Ach.) M. Choisy ................................................. 32 4.3.19. Lepraria incana (L.) Ach. ........................................................................ 33 4.3.20. Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach. ..................................................................... 34 4.3.21. Parmelina pastillifera (Harm.) Hale ......................................................... 34 4.3.22. Parmelina tiliacea (Hoffm.) Hale ...........................................................
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