Index1

A Administrator (of mosque, shrine, Aba Hamid ibn Faris tomb, waqf), 128, 137, 143, 146, al-Halabi, 211 194, 195, 200, 208, 216, 230, al-ʽAbbas al-Mustaʽjil, 241, 300, 316 Shaykh, 271n172 Ahl al-bayt (Prophet Muhammadʼs al-ʽAbbas ibn al-Fadl family), 24, 58n78, 155, 156, al-Ansari, 271n172 193, 301, 302, 313 al-ʽAbbas ibn Mirdas al-Sulami, 240 Ahmad, Shaykh, 246 ʽAbbasids, ʽAbbasid, 112, 177, Ahmad Basha ibn Sulayman Pasha 268n133, 293, 294, 296, al-Jalili, 230 305, 313 Ahmad ibn al-Hajji Ibrahim, 232 ʽAbd Allah Chalabi, al- (known as Ahmad ibn Salih, 216 Hamu al-Qadu), 228 , 69, 79, 310 ʽAbdi Efendi, 242 ʽAli al-Nawma, al-Hajj, 230 Abdulhamid II, Sultan, 116 ʽAli ibn Abi Talib, 23, 33, 42, 58n78, Abdulmajid I, Sultan, 115 147, 207, 211, 240, 246, Abrandabad, mosque of, 177 265n109, 315 Abu al-Fidaʼ, 70, 321n23, 322n32 ʽAli Pasha, 115 al-Khalidi, 191 ʽAlids, ʽAlid, 24–26, 182, 186, 194, Abu Saʽid Bahadur Khan, 145, 303, 200, 213, 238, 240, 244, 246, 314, 323n46 313, 318

1 Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes.

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature 339 Switzerland AG 2021 K. Nováček et al., after Islamic State, Palgrave Studies in Cultural Heritage and Confict, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62636-5 340 INDEX

ALOS Palsar, 88, 93 Bab Jabir, 289 al-Qaʽida, 2–5, 51n6, 62n116 Bab al-Jassasa, 321n22 Amasiya, Bayezid Pasha Mosque, 164 Bab Kinda, 302 ʽAmir al-Khathʽami, Shaykh, 244 Bab Likish, 302 Anatolia, Anatolian, 112, 125, 223, Bab al-Qassabin, 321n22 308, 332, 333 Bab , 215, 219, 231, 293, 298, Aq Qoyunlu, 100, 303 301, 302, 320n14 ʽArabi Zade, al-Sayyid ʽAbd Allah, 241 Bab al-Sirr, 310 Arbil, 186, 257n27, 310 Badger, George P., 71, 73, 78, Archaeological remote sensing (ARS), 126, 284 75, 76, 78, 82, 84, 88, 95, 97 al-Badhaqi, Sharaf al-Din Husayn, 205 al-Asadi, Abu al-Hayyaj, 39, 42, 63n121 al-Baghdadi, Abu Bakr, 5, 32, 102 Ashtardshan, Great Mosque, 177 al-Baghdadi, Abu ‘Umar, 5, 36, 39 Ashurbanipal, 126 Baraka (blessing), 20, 23, 25, 248 Assyrian heritage, 16, 20, 31, 48–50 al-Barma, 156, 157, 159–161, 165, Assyrian palace (on Tell al-Tawba), 167–170, 183, 258n46 129, 130, 259n50, 309 al-Basasiri, , 297 Atabegs, Atabeg, 70, 72, 123, 125, Bashtabiya fortress, 13, 57n65, 73, 77, 142, 148, 151, 153, 155, 191, 209, 284 194–196, 199, 200, 211–213, al-, 296 223, 227, 236, 238, 241, Bektash, al-Sayyid, 200, 208, 268n131 257n35, 266n114, 267n127, Berchem, Max van, 145, 158 269n141, 269n146, 289, 290, Bimaristan (hospital), 114 292, 298–305, 309–312, Bistam, Shrine of Bayazid, 177 314–316, 318n1, 320n14, Buckingham, James S., 71, 101 321n25, 332 Buddhists, 313 Awliya’(saints), 20–28, 31, 33, 46, al-Bursuqi, Aqsunqur, Seljuq Atabeg, 47, 70, 318 258n45, 262n77, 292 Ayat al-kursi, 132, 188, 193, 213, 217, 231, 263n92, 266n120 Ayat al-wilaya, 315 C ʽAyn al-Kabrit, 295, 297, 318n1 Canal, 295, 320n19, 320n20 al-Azdi, Abu Zakariya, 70, 293–295, Cemetery 319n7, 320n14, 321n22 al-Baqiʽ, in , 38 Azerbaijan, 308 English War, 16, 29, 252–253 ʽIsa Dadah Mosque, adjacent to, 15, 21, 28, 236 B al-Islah al-Ziraʽi, 29, 60n91 Baath, 4 Jewish, 216 Bab al-Bayd, 302 al-Karama, 29, 60n91 Bab al-ʽImadi, 302 Mar Kurkis Monastery, adjacent Bab al-ʽIraq, 298 to, 16, 29 INDEX 341

Mar Tuma Church, in the courtyard Church, Tahirat Maryam of, 29, 30 al-ʽAdhraʼ, 209 al-, 293 Citadel, 73, 114, 145, 210, 260n65, Sultan Uways Mosque, adjacent to, 284, 285, 297–303, 309–311, 15, 28, 224 321n26, 322n32 al-ʽUmariya, 28, 239 See also Bashtabiya fortress; Hisn Umm al-Tisʽa Mosque, adjacent to, Commemoration, 311, 313 28, 59n89, 242 CORONA, 75, 89 Wadi ʽUqab, 28, 29, 59n90 Cemetery of Scholars (ʽulamaʼ), 215, 231 D Cenotaph, 25, 33, 145, 154, 155, Dabiq, 8, 30, 38, 49, 55n43 157, 161, 171, 182, 195, 200, Dado, 147, 157–161, 165, 211–213, 224, 233, 262n78, 170, 171, 182, 184, 206, 309, 313, 323n38 209, 235, 261n69, 262n84, Central Asia, 308 264n98, 308 Chapel of St Georgis, in al-Tahira , 35, 37, 69, 79, 110, 112, al-Kharijiya Church, 31, 251 125, 305, 310 Charter of the City, 7–10, 20, 39 Daniyal (Daniel), Prophet, 26, 27, 45, Christians, Christian, 7, 8, 10, 16, 19, 46, 232–233 20, 27, 29–31, 34, 48, 56n50, Dar al- al-Muhajiriya, 61n100, 71, 72, 111, 127, 142, 250, 299 144, 207, 213, 251, 254, 285, Dar al-imara (governor’s palace), 288, 292, 294, 309, 310, 314, 196, 269n141, 289, 290, 319n11, 322n37, 323n37, 292–294, 297, 298, 303, 331, 335 319n9, 322n34 Church, Ancient Syriac al-Tahira, in Dar al-mamlaka, see Dar al-imara the al-Qalʽa Neighborhood, 293, (governor’s palace) 294, 320n13 Dar al-qur’an, 137, 138, 143 Church of the Clock (Kanisat Dar al-siyada, 314 al-Saʽa), 57n65 Dayr al-Aʽla, 302, 321n26 Church of Holy Sepulchre Deshti, 182 (Jerusalem), 257n33 Dhikr, 22, 234, 250 Church of Mar , 18, 251 Dhunun Tabbu al-Jammas, 236 Church of Mar Guorguis, 285 Digital elevation model (DEM), Church of Mar Ishoʽyab (Ishaʽya), 80, 81, 86–93 60n98, 285, 293, 294, 320n11 Digital surface model (DSM), Church of Mar Tuma, 29, 30, 294, 295 88–94, 97 Church of Mar Yohanna, 285 Digital terrain model (DTM), Church of Mar Zena, 319n8 88–97, 284 Church, al-Tahira al-Kharijiya, 16, 29, Discovery of tombs, 127, 128, 230, 30, 56n50, 209, 250–252 233, 259n55 342 INDEX al-Diwahji, Saʽid, 71, 72, 100, 101, Flandin, Eugene, 73, 113, 115, 120, 115, 117, 123, 124, 130, 136, 124, 126, 259n49 140–143, 185, 200, 205, 207, Fortress, 131, 238, 260n65, 269n146, 215–217, 226, 235, 238, 241, 285, 288, 292, 297, 298, 303, 249, 250, 254n5, 255n8, 309, 319n5, 319n6 258n41, 259n57, 260n58, Fourteen Infallibles, 24, 315 260n65, 261n66, 262n82, Fringe-belt analysis, 284, 290 267n122, 268n131, 268n137, al-Fustat, 292 269n145, 270n150, 271n163, 271n169, 271n172, 318n1, 321n27 G Diwan(s) (of IS), 8, 52n16 Gabriel of Kashkar, 321n26 Diyarbakır, 125 Gehi, 182 Donjon, see Qasr Geographic Information Systems Door, 128, 130, 137, 138, 140, 157, (GIS), 75, 82, 86, 97, 283 161, 185–188, 190, 194, 199, Geomorphometry, 86–96 201, 228, 232, 237, 240, 241, Georeferencing, 78, 81 247, 259n51, 259n57, Georelief, 285 265n110, 268n133 al-Ghasaniya School, 250 Dunaysir (Kızıltepe), Great Mosque, Khan, 314 125, 305

H E al-Hadithi, al-Hajj Jumʽa, 225 Earthquake, 128, 138, 143, 148 Hakki, Ismaʽil, 74 Erosion, 150, 151, 284, 285, 301 Hall of the Naqib, 212 Erzurum Citadel, mosque, 121 al-Hamawi, Yaqut, 70, 137, 258n45 Eshkarand, mosque, 164 Hamdanids, Hamdanid, 70, 127, 145, Eziran, 182 152, 210, 295–297, 309, 310, 314 Hammam (bathhouse), 16, 33, 34, F 248, 289, 304 ‘Facsimile’ (authentic) Hammam al-ʽUmariya, 16, 33, 248 reconstruction, 336 Hanifa Khatun, 186, 188 Fatha Middle Miocene Formation, al-Harawi, Abu al-Hasan ibn ʽAli, 284, 285 70, 137, 219, 289, 301, 314 Fathi, al-Sayyid, 221 Harun al-Rashid, Caliph, Fathi, Shaykh, 12, 21, 22, 219–220, 223 271n172, 296 Fatima, 23, 24, 146, 207, 315, 322n31 al-Hasan, Imam, 23, 24, 58n78, 109, Faysal II, 102 112, 146, 158, 238, 244, 247, Fiey, Jean M., 72, 73, 125, 127, 130, 260n64, 266n121, 310, 315 133, 134, 251 Haydar, ʽAlaʼ al-Din ʽAli, sayyid, 314 INDEX 343

Haydar ibn Sharaf al-Din , Ibn al-Athir, 70, 191, 196, 231, naqib, 194, 266n116, 323n42 298, 320n21 Hazar baf (brick decoration), 111, 184 Ibn al-Hajj ʽAli al-Nawma, ʽAli ibn H-BIM, 337 Ahmad ibn Mahmud, 230 Herzfeld, Ernst, 71, 72, 74, 99, 101, Ibn al-Hanafya, Muhammad ibn 103, 105, 106, 108, 133, 136, al-Imam ʽAli, 246, 266n113 142, 145, 149–152, 157, 158, Ibn al-Kawla, al-Mulla Ahmad, 317 161, 162, 164, 165, 169, 171, Ibn al-Khayyat, Ahmad, 184, 188, 195, 215, 219–222, 27, 70, 228, 243, 248, 224, 231, 255n10, 255n12, 254n2, 271n162 256n15, 261n73, 263n91, Ibn al-Muhamid, Nasir al-Din ʽAbd 264n99, 270n159, 271n167, Allah, naqib, 258n46 301, 319n2, 321n27, Ibn al-Sayyid Muhammad, al-Sayyid 322n29, 332 Yahya, 159 Hesna ʽEbraye, 285, 288, 290, 292, Ibn Battuta, 70, 137, 254n1, 293, 319n11, 320n11 266n116, 311, 314 Hisham ibn ʽAbd al-Malik, Caliph, Ibn Hawqal, Abu al-Qasim, 70, 295, palace of, 294 296, 300, 320n18 Hisn, 238, 288, 292, 297, 303 Ibn Jirjis al-Qadiri al-Nuri, See also Fortress Muhammad, 101 al-Hisnan, 289, 319n6 Ibn Jubayr, 70, 115, 119, 125, 127, Hnanisho I, Patriarch, 127 131, 137, 254n1, 257n29, al-Hurr Ibn Yusuf, 290, 293, 259n48, 260n65, 297 295, 318n1 Ibn Muhajir, Abu al-Qasim ʽAli, 250 Husayn Agha (ibn ʽAli Agha Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziya, 37, 39, al-Diwahji), 186 41–43 al-Husayn, Imam, 23, 24, 37, 58n78, Ibn Shahidu, Ahmad, al-Hajj, 244 109, 112, 146, 167, 231, 236, Ibn Taymiya, Taqi al-Din Ahmad, 238, 242, 265n109, 266n121, 36–37, 39, 42–43, 46, 47, 310, 315 62n111, 62n117 Husayniya (Shiʽi commemorative Ibrahim Abu Bakr, artisan, 265n111 hall), 49, 231 Ibrahim ibn ʽAli, al-Hajji, 146 Husayn Pasha al-Jalili, 100, 137, 143, Ibrahim ibn Quraysh, ruler of 144, 239, 260n58, 260n59 Mosul, 185 Hussein, Saddam, 2–6, 236 Ibrahim al-Muhrani, emir, 186 Iconoclasm, 34–36, 48, 61n109 Idolatry, 36–40, 45, 48–50, I 61n109, 332 Ibn ʽAbd al-Wahhab, Muhammad, Idols, 36, 38, 44, 46, 48, 49, 61n109, 22, 37, 39, 47, 62n117, 318 63n120, 63n121 Ibn Abi Harami al-Makki, ʽAbd Idris, al-Sayyid, 270n160 al-Rahman, 188 Ij Qalʽa, 296, 321n27, 322n27 344 INDEX

Ilkhanids, Ilkhanid, 70, 72, 140, 145, Jamur, 192, 193, 234 146, 148, 153, 155, 167, 177, al-Jarrahi, Ibrahim, 185, 186, 180, 182, 188, 190, 192, 194, 188, 300 200, 204, 207, 209, 211, 213, al-Jarrahiya, fortress, 186, 190 265n103, 303, 308, 313–317, Jewish district (Mahallat al-Yahud), 322n34, 323n45, 323n47, 219, 224, 288, 289 332, 333 al-Jilani, ʽAbd al-Qadir, 21, 228, 232, ʽImad al-Din Zengi, 298, 299, 236, 239 309, 310 Jirjis (George), prophet, 26, 27, Imam, 12, 24–26, 32, 45, 58n76, 45, 46, 318 58n78, 59n83, 109, 110, 143, See also Mosque of the Prophet 147, 155, 158, 186–188, 192, George (Nabi Jirjis) 195, 232, 240–242, 265n109, al-Jumʽa, Ahmad Qasim, 72, 153, 266n121, 268n128, 315–318 157, 158, 185, 188, 193–195, , Iranian, 2, 46, 155, 177, 181, 199, 241, 262n76, 262n82, 265n103, 308, 309, 317, 263n88, 263n92, 265n107, 332, 333 265n108, 266n115, 266n116, Museum, The (), 108, 266n118, 269n138 138, 140, 161, 187, 188, 196, Jumʽa bint Amat Allah, 220 203, 207, 225, 231, 254n6, 265n104, 268n133, 269n138, 271n166, 314 K Isbahan ibn Qara Yusuf, 303 Kaʽba, 185, 187 Isfahan area, specifc regional group of Kaj, 182 mosques in, 164, 182 Karamat (miracles), 20, 23, 26, 44 Istanbul, 140 Karbala, 12, 37, 146 Ives, Edward, 71 al-Kawashi, Muwaffaq al-Din, 292 ʽIzz al-Din Masʽud I, Atabeg, 196, Khadija, 146, 207, 315 198, 210, 301 Khadim, see Administrator (of ʽIzz al-Din Masʽud II, Atabeg, 301 mosque, shrine, tomb, waqf) al-Kharrazi, Ahmad ibn ʽIsa, 22, 250 al-Khatani, Jalal al-Din Ibrahim, 128, J 131, 133, 134, 259n52 Jabal Atshan, 284 Khawla bint Jaʽfar, 24, 246 Jaʽfar, the son of the Caliph Abu Jaʽfar al-Khidri, Mahmud ibn ʽAbd al-Jalil, al-Mansur, 296 16, 22, 249 Jalaʼirids/Jalaʼirid, 133, 192, 193, al-Khidri, Yusuf ibn ʽAbd al-Jalil, 225, 227, 268n133, 57n67, 70, 167, 182, 236, 243, 271n164, 317 244, 248, 254n2, 269n143, al-Jalili, family, 153, 168, 183, 271n162, 271n163, 271n172 251, 303 Khitat (tribal military units), 289, Jamila bint Nasir al-Dawla, 127 293–295, 320n18 INDEX 345

KH-9 Hexagon, 76 Madrasa al-ʽIzziya, 195–199, Khosrow II, 285 269n141, 298 al-Khuzaʽi, ʽAmr ibn al-Hamaq, Madrasa al-Kamaliya, 299, 308 210, 297 Madrasa al-Khaliliya, 262n75 Kouh-Payeh, 182 Madrasa al-Mirjaniya, 256n20 , Kufan, 289, 290, 292–294, Madrasa al-Muhajiriya, 299 319n9, 320n17 Madrasa al-Mustansiriya, 153 Kuf script, 109, 153, 177, 193, Madrasa al-Nafsiya, 238 197, 206, 216, 259n57, Madrasa al-Nizamiya, 191, 194, 268n136 298, 310 Madrasa al-Nuriya, 196, 209–215, 322n37 L Madrasa al-Qahiriya, 301 Ladin, Usama bin, 2, 3 Madrasa of the ʽAbdal Mosque, 16, Lamp, 207, 235, 313 33, 242–243, 262n75 Landscape Madrasa of Ismaʽil Agha al-Jalili, sacred, 24, 300, 311 137, 143 urban, 70, 75, 76, 88, 283, 285, Madrasa of Muhdir Bashi, 137, 309, 314, 336 138, 143 Lolan, Rashid, 13, 247 Madrasa of the al-Nuri Mosque, Lu’lu’, Badr al-Din, 25, 100, 110, 100, 254n5 112, 125, 145, 146, 148, 153, Madrasa of al-Tughraʼi, 317 155, 156, 158, 169, 171, 172, Madrasat al-Ridwani, see Mosque of 182, 186, 192, 194–196, 198, al-Ridwani 200, 204, 206, 209, 211, 213, Madrasat al-Sana’iʽ, 253–254 224, 225, 234, 238, 240–242, Mahfl (wooden gallery), 124, 226 244, 256n20, 261n66, 261n74, al-Mahlabiya, 12, 32 263n92, 264n92, 267n122, al-Malik al-Ashraf I. Musa, 268n133, 292, 301, 302, 307, 216, 270n150 312, 313, 316, 317, 322n33, al-Maliki, Nuri, 5, 6 323n38, 332, 333 Mamluk, 127, 301 titulature of, 166, 171, 262n77, al-Manqusha Palace, 290, 266n118, 267n127 293–295, 321n27 al-Mansur, Abu Jaʽfar, caliph, 296 Maqam (shrine), 25, 200, M 224, 271n163 Madfan al-Jaʽfari, see al-Barma al-Maqdisi, Abu Muhammad, 2 Madrasa al-Aminiya, 262n75 al-Maqdisi, Shams al-Din Muhammad, Madrasa al-Atabekiya al-ʽAtiqa, 299 70, 295–297, 321n22 Madrasa al-Badriya, 144–145, Maqsura dome, 108, 109, 112, 118, 150–155, 206, 262n75, 119, 122, 124, 125, 175, 269n138, 301, 307, 322n36 255n10, 258n39, 305, 310 346 INDEX

Marble, inlaid, 150, 153, 193, 200, Misr (garrison city), 289, 290, 209, 213, 246, 308, 311 292–297, 320n14, 320n16 Mardin, 125, 305 Monastery of Mar Behnam, 204, 207, Marqad (shrine), 20, 25 251, 256n20, 323n40 Martyrion (chapel) of St Jacob Monastery of Mar Kurkis, 16, 29, 30 Intercessor, 251 Monastery of Mar Mattai, 251 Maʽruf ibn Ibrahim al-Sulayman, 232 Monastery of Mar Mikhaʼil, Marwan II, Caliph, 294 295, 320n11 /Marwanid, 293–295, Monastery of Mar Yonan, 127, 319n9, 320n17 135, 309 Mashhad (shrine), 20, 25, 127, 156, Mongols, 145, 238, 302, 303, 333 200, 265n109, 301 Mosque, al-Masf (Umayyad), 57n65, Masjid al-Dirar, 40, 43 101, 289, 290, 292, 298–300, Masʽud, son of Joseph, stonecutter, 207 310, 333 al-Masʽudi, Abu al-Hasan ʽAli, Mosque, al-Mujahidi, 16, 17, 27, 109, 127, 258n44 113–125, 255n10, 257n35, Mawdud ibn Altuntakin, 127 258n39, 285, 305, 310, 311, Mayyafariqin, 125 318n1, 319n1, 333, 334 Mazar (shrine), 20, 25, 55n43 Mosque, al-Takriti, 18 Merv, Mausoleum of Sultan Mosque of al-ʽAbbas, 16, 240–241 Sanjar, 121 Mosque of ʽAbdal, 16, 33, 242, Midan (open space), 299, 301, 311 243, 262n75 Mihrab, 59n85, 72, 101, 108–110, Mosque of Abu al-ʽAla,’ 232 112, 115–118, 121, 123–128, Mosque of al-Aghawat, 141, 131, 132, 134, 141–143, 147, 260n61, 262n75 157, 158, 161, 171, 182, 184, Mosque of ʽAjil al-Yawar, 16, 32, 189, 190, 193, 195–199, 201, 33, 236–237 203, 207–209, 211–213, Mosque of Awlad (or Banat) al-Hasan, 216–220, 222–226, 228, 230, 16, 23, 189, 235, 244–246 232, 233, 235, 239, 241, 245, Mosque of Bakr Efendi, 57n65 246, 255n7, 255n11, 256n21, Mosque of Banu Sabat al-Sayraf, 260n61, 261n69, 265n111, 294, 295 266n115, 267n124, 269n138, Mosque of al-Basha, 33, 269n145, 270n153, 270n158, 260n61, 262n75 271n166, 304–306, 308, Mosque of Bayt Shahidu, see Mosque 313–315, 321n25, 323n43 of Awlad (or Banat) al-Hasan Minaret al-Hadbaʼ, 18, 32, 98, 103, Mosque of al-Hajj Khalaf, see Mosque 110–112, 334 of Abu al-ʽAlaʼ Minaret al-Maksura, 289, Mosque of Hammam al-Saray, 16, 292, 320n13 238–239, 303 Minbar, 27, 100, 112, 118, 124, 138, Mosque of Hamu al-Qadu, 16, 141, 201, 208, 218, 240 21, 228–229 INDEX 347

Mosque of al-Husayn ibn Saʽid ibn 255n7, 255n10, 258n47, 293, Hamdan, 145, 297 300, 302–304, 318, 323n38 Mosque of Imam Ibrahim, 16, 23, 25, Mosque of the Prophet Jonah (Nabi 185–190, 306, 315 Yunus), 13, 26, 28, 45, 125–135, Mosque of Imam Muhammad, 16, 22, 247, 260n58, 302, 303, 309, 334 58n77, 246–247 Mosque of the Prophet Seth (Nabi Mosque of Imam Muhsin, 15, 23, 25, Shith), 13, 27, 28, 229–230 47, 153, 196, 209–213, 304, 311 Mosque of Qadib al-Ban, 13, 21, Mosque of Imam Zayd ibn ʽAli, 16, 215–219, 260n61, 300, 23, 241–242, 272n174 304, 322n35 Mosque of ʽIsa Dadah, 15, Mosque of al-Qalʽa, 321n27 21, 28, 236 Mosque of Qara ʽAli, 300 Mosque of al-, 134, 255n10 Mosque of al-Qatiran ibn Akma Mosque of al-Juwayjati, 321n25 al-Shaybani, 294 Mosque of al-Khallal, 300, 319n8 Mosque of Rawdat al-Wadi, 13, 31, Mosque of al-Kharrazi, 16, 250 32, 230–231 Mosque of Khazam, 122, 134 Mosque of al-Ridwani, 15, 22, 237 Mosque of al-Khidr, see Mosque, Mosque of al-Sabʽawi, see Mosque of al-Mujahidi Imam Muhammad Mosque of al-Mahmudayn, 79, Mosque of al-Sabunji, 57n65 247, 260n61 Mosque of Saʽid ibn ʽAbd Mosque of Mahmud ibn ʽAbd al-Jalil al-Malik, 294 al-Khidri, 16, 22, 249 Mosque of al-Sakhurji, 15, 20 Mosque of Maryam Khatun, 57n65 Mosque of al-Saray, see Mosque of Mosque of Muhammad al-Abariqi, Hammam al-Saray 16, 21, 239 Mosque of al-Shahidin, 248 Mosque of al-Mulla ʽAbd Mosque of al-Shahwan, see Mosque of al-Hamid, 322n30 Shaykh al-Shatt Mosque of al-Mulla Hasan, see Mosque of Shams al-Din, 321n25 Mosque of Shatt al-Jumi Mosque of Shatt al-Jumi, 16, 22, Mosque of Najib al-Jadir, 57n65 249–250, 299 Mosque of Nur al-Din (al-Nuri), 18, Mosque of Shaykh Fathi, 12, 21, 22, 19, 32, 34, 59n85, 98–113, 125, 54n34, 213, 218–223, 298, 135, 137, 142, 144, 175, 190, 300, 322n37 191, 213, 238, 251, 255n9, Mosque of Shaykh al-Shatt, 15, 19, 255n10, 258n39, 270n159, 285, 57n65, 175, 233, 234, 256n19, 292, 300, 303–305, 310, 311, 305, 308, 309, 317, 323n40, 334 322n37, 333–335 Mosque of Sultan Uways, 15, 28, Mosque of the Prophet Daniel (Nabi 58n75, 224–228, 255n10, Daniyal), 12, 27, 232–233 271n163, 271n164 Mosque of the Prophet George (Nabi Mosque of al-Tawba, 127, 296, 297 Jirjis), 13, 14, 27, 132, 135–144, Mosque of Tell al-ʽIbada, 294, 320n15 348 INDEX

Mosque of al-ʽUmariya, 28, 239, 248, al-Mustarshid, Caliph, 299 304, 321n25 Mustawf, Hamd Allah, 70, 146, Mosque of ʽUmar al-Mallaʼ, 301 256n21, 311, 322n33 Mosque of Umm al-Tisʽa, 28, 213, al-Muʽtadid, Caliph, 296 242, 246, 322n37 Muzaffar al-Din Gökburi, 257n27 Mosque of al-Wazir, 322n30 Mosque of al-Zayniya, 299 Mosque of al-Ziwani, 241 N Mosul Museum, 16, 31, 48, 72, 150, Nader Shah, 251 161, 171, 201, 207, 216, 246, al-Nahr al-Makshuf (Open Canal), 270n150, 322n34 295–297, 318n1 ‘Mosul School,’ 332 Nahr Zubayda, see al-Nahr al-Makshuf Muhammad, Prophet, 12, 20, 23–25, (Open Canal) 33, 36, 38, 40, 41, 43, 46, 49, Najaf, 12, 261n66 109, 140, 146, 158, 159, 167, Naqib (representative of the Prophet 171, 182, 204, 225, 244, Muhammadʼs descendants), 182, 258n46, 263n92, 301, 312–315 183, 194, 224, 258n46, Muhammad ʽAbd al-Qadir ʽAbd 266n116, 271n163, 314, 316, al-Rahman, 233 317, 323n42 Muhammad Buyud ibn al-Hajj al-Naqshbandiya, Naqshbandi, 22, Mustafa, 231 58n73, 247, 249 Muhammad ibn Faris ibn Khalil Ghufr Naskhi script, 166, 171, 187, Allah, 240 193, 204–206, 213, Muhammad Pasha Inje Bayraqdar, 241, 265n110 58n73, 233 Natanz, Shaykh ʽAbd al-Samad Muhammad Sharif Agha, 138, 143 Shrine, 309 Muhammad Tahir Bek Mir Alay, National Archives and Records al-Sayyid, 186 Administration at College Park, Mujahid al-Din Qaymaz, 114, 124, The (NARA), 76, 77 300, 311 Niebuhr, Carsten, 71, 73, 100, 115, al-Munshiʼ al-Baghdadi, 115 142, 251, 255n7 Muqarnas, 108, 109, 126, 131, 132, Nineveh, 6, 13, 16, 19, 26, 31, 34, 134, 140, 141, 148, 150, 159, 35, 46, 48, 71, 73, 125–127, 161, 164, 171, 174–177, 179, 285, 294, 296, 297, 309, 182–184, 193, 207, 208, 212, 319n6, 321n27 217, 218, 222, 226, 235, Nizam al-Mulk, 191 260n58, 264n97, 264n102, Nur al-Din Arslan Shah, Atabeg, 264n103, 265n103, 308 210, 211, 213, 215, al-Murabbaʽa, 296, 297, 321n27 269n142, 301 Musalla (prayer hall), 101, 125, 128, Nur al-Din Mahmud Zengi, Atabeg, 134, 138, 139, 141–143, 216, 100, 102, 108, 110, 112, 217, 239, 240, 255n7 256n22, 305, 310, 311 INDEX 349

O Q Object-oriented analysis, 82, 83 Qabr (tomb), 20, 25, 268n137 Öljeitü, Muhammad Khodabande, Qabr al-Bint, see Tomb of Ibn al-Athir Ilkhan, 148, 323n46 al-Qadiriya (Suf order), 21, 22, Orthorectifcation, 78, 80, 81 58n70, 58n71, 236 Ottoman architecture, 153, 223 Qanat, see Canal , 303 Qara Saray, 196, 269n141, 297, 301, P 303, 305, 318n1 Pagliero, R., 110, 150 al-Qarabuli, 186 Palace, 18, 31, 126, 129, 130, 238, Qasr, 251, 293, 296 259n50, 289, 290, 292–296, Qasr Harb, 296 298, 301, 305, 309, 318n1, Qasr al-Shamʽ (Byzantine fort of 320n21, 321n27 Babylon), Old Cairo, 292 See also Dar al-imara Qaysariya (bazar), 100 (governor’s palace) al-Qazwini, Zakariya, 70, 137, 322n32 Patronage/patron, 25, 26, 43, Qibla, deviation from, 306, 313 110–112, 114, 146, 153, 155, al-Qubba, 12, 32 166, 172, 182, 186, 188, 194, Qubbat al-Nasr, transept of Umayyad 206, 209, 211, 213, 216, 225, Mosque, Damascus, 112 257n27, 258n45, 295–298, 301, al-Qulayʽat, 284, 285, 289, 290, 292, 303–318, 332, 333 293, 298, 300, 308, 310 People of the House, see Ahl al-bayt Qutb al-Din Mawdud, Atabeg, 299 (Prophet Muhammadʼs family) Persian tradition, 153, 307 Pilgrim, pilgrimage, 27, 69, 70, 125, R 127, 129, 144, 188, al-Rahba, 296 300–302, 334 Remote sensing data, see Archeological See also Ziyara (ritual visit) remote sensing (ARS) Place, Victor, 71 Ribat, 127, 131, 135, 215, 216, 236, Portal, 117, 124, 139, 147, 157, 158, 299, 300, 308 160, 161, 165, 168–170, 177, Ribat of Ibn al-Shahrazuri, 300 182–184, 187, 188, 191, 193, Rich, Claudius J., 71, 126, 128, 130 196, 197, 199, 201, 203, 204, Royal Air Force (RAF), 77, 78 207–209, 211, 216–220, 223, Royal Gate, al-Tahira al-Kharijiya 226, 237, 263n91, 263n92, Church, 251 264n93, 264n94, 264n95, Ruqayya Khatun, 249 264n96, 264n102, 265n107, 265n112, 266n114, 267n122, 268n132, 268n133, 304, 308 S Prophetic tradition (on destruction of al-Sabunji, Mustafa ibn Muhammad tombs), 36, 41, 42 Basha, 117, 186 350 INDEX

Sadiqa bint Ahmad Bakr Hammu Shahzanan, 242 al-Hajj Khalil, 239 Shalmawi, al-Ustadh, 128 Safavid, 10, 153 , tribe, 32, 236 Saʽid Efendi ibn Qasim Agha Sharaf al-Dawla Muslim ibn Quraysh al-Siʽirti, 230 al-ʽUqayli, 298 St. Aphrem Institute, 251 Sharaf al-Din Muhammad Abu ʽAbd Saints, see Awliya’ Allah, naqib, 167 Salafsm, Salaf, 22, 32, 34, 36–39, al-Shawkani, Muhammad ibn ʽAli, 39, 41–43, 46, 47, 50, 51, 62n110, 43–45, 47, 62n117 62n112, 62n116, 317, 318, 331, al-Shaykhun, al-Hajj ʽAbd al-Baqi ibn 332, 334 al-Hajj ʽAbd Allah, 240 Salghur, tribe, 186 Shiʽa, Shiʽi, 3–8, 10, 12, 24, 26, 31–35, Samarkand, Shad-i Mulk Aqa 37, 38, 48–50, 109, 155–157, 190, Mausoleum, 264n102 230–231, 301, 310, 312–316, Samarra, 152 323n44, 331, 333, 334 al-Saray police station, 12, Shirk, see Idolatry 32, 253–254 Shith (Seth), Prophet, 13, 26–28, Sarcophagus, 25, 137, 140, 150, 155, 45, 229–230 157, 159, 171–173, 189, 190, Shrine of Imam ʽAbd al-Rahman, 15, 192–196, 208, 222, 233, 235, 25, 195–199, 298, 311, 321n25 241, 242, 247, 262n83, Shrine of Imam ʽAli al-Asghar, 13, 24, 265n112, 266n117, 266n120, 26, 186, 188, 190–195, 261n66, 267n122, 267n123, 315–317 261n74, 314, 315, 317, Sasanian, 112, 135, 285, 305 318, 323n42 Satellite imagery, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, Shrine of Imam ʽAli al-Hadi, 13, 23, 18, 19, 29, 56n50, 57n60, 234–235, 317 59n87, 60n93, 60n98, 232, Shrine of Imam ʽAwn al-Din, 13, 23, 241–243, 249, 250, 272n174 25, 28, 145, 156–185, 195, 205, Sayf al-Din Ghazi, Atabeg, 236, 208, 256n19, 258n46, 262n83, 299, 333 264n98, 267n123, 268n133, Sayyid (descendant of the Prophet 302, 304, 305, 307, 308, 312, Muhammad), 236, 314, 313, 316, 317, 333 315, 323n48 Shrine of Imam al-Bahir, 12, 15, 23, Segmentation, 85 26, 153, 174, 199–209, 217, Seljuqs, Seljuq, 125, 127, 153, 177, 218, 235, 262n76, 307, 312, 182, 187, 191, 258n45, 298, 315, 316, 320n15, 335 299, 301, 305 Shrine of Imam Yahya ibn al-Qasim, Sennacherib, 31, 126 12, 23, 25, 55n43, 144–157, 209, al-Shaʽʽar, Khalid Fathi ʽAbd 235, 260n66, 307, 312, 316, 334 al-Qadir, 244 Shrine of Imam Zayd ibn ʽAli, 16, 23, , 32 213, 241–242, 272n174, Shafaʻa (intercession), 37, 49, 271n165 302, 322n37 INDEX 351

Shrine of Imams Hamid and Mahmud, T 15, 23, 247–248 al-Tabari, Ibn Jarir, 41, 46 Shrine of Kaff ʽAli, see Shrine of al-Taghlibi, al-Husayn ibn Saʽid ibn Panja ʽAli Hamdan ibn Hamdun, 145 Shrine of Panja ʽAli, 241, 314, 315, Taha Efendi Muhdir Bashi, 137 322n31, 323n44, 334 al-Tahawi, Abu Jaʽfar, 26 Shrine of Ra’s al-Husayn, 301 Takfr (excommunication), 37, 49 Shrine of al-Sitt Nafsa, 16, 24, 25, Takiya, see Suf lodge 238–239, 303 Takiya al-Badawiya, 242 Shrine of al-Tirh, see Shrine of Panja ʽAli Takiya al-Naqshbandiya, 22, 58n73 Silvan, 125 Takiya al-Uwaysiya (al-Wisiya), 58n75, Sinjar, 15, 257n27, 270n150, 224, 226, 271n163, 271n166 320n14 Taswiyat al-qubur (leveling of graves), Sitt Zaynab Shrine, 256n20 33, 36, 41, 42, 49, 50, 61n109, Southgate, Horatio, 71, 101, 142 331, 332 Statue of Abu Tamam, 12 Taylasan, geometric shape of, Statue of Lady Spring, 12 296, 321n23 Statue of al-Sawwas, 12 Tayyar ʽAli Pasha, vizier, 115 Statue of ʽUthman al-Mawsili, 12 Telʽafar, 12, 32 Stucco, 108–110, 112, 113, 118, 122, Tell Hammam al-Zawiya, 285, 123, 125, 131, 141, 152, 164, 303, 322n34 168, 177, 179, 200, 205, 217, Tell al-Kunasa, 285 264n101, 305, 308 Tell al-Tawba, 125, 127, 297 Suf, 12, 13, 16, 20–23, 27, 33, 35, Terracotta, 119, 123, 125, 165, 217, 37, 58n70, 58n75, 226, 227, 257n29, 258n40, 305 234, 236, 246, 249, 250, 300, al-Thaqif Quarter, 294 304, 311, 322n35 3D models, 183–185, 336, 337 Suf lodge (takiya, khanqah), 22, 37, Thuluth script, 193, 197, 212 101, 102, 114, 224–227, 233, Tigris river, 118, 150, 236, 257n31, 234, 236, 238, 246, 249, 255n8, 257n34, 284, 285, 295, 300, 304, 311, 322n35 296, 319n1 Sulphur Spring, see ʽAyn al-Kabrit Timur Lenk, 128, 133, 137, 258n47, Sultaniya, 148 259n55, 260n58, 303 Suq al-Arbi‘a,’ 297 Tomb of Abu al-Hawawin, 13, Suq al-Shaʽʽarin, 56n50, 137, 187, 21, 23, 244 293, 297 Tomb of ʽAlaʼ al-Din, 228 Sutay Bek, 303, 317, 333 Tomb of ʽAmr ibn al-Hamaq Suyuf, Niqula (also known as Nicolas al-Khuzaʽi, 210, 297 Siouff), 71, 145, 188, 262n82, Tomb of al-ʽAnaz, 294 264n95, 266n16, 266n118, Tomb of Ibn al-Athir, 12, 28, 268n137, 272n174 54n34, 231–232 , 1, 2, 4, 6, 256n20, 271n162, Tomb of Muhammad al-Afghani 305, 333 (Shaykh al-Shatt), 15, 22, 233–234 352 INDEX

Tomb of Shaykh Abu al-ʽAlaʼ, U2 spy aircraft, 75, 225 13, 23, 232 Uzun Hasan, 100, 256n20 Tomb of Shaykh Ibrahim, 15, 23, 55n43, 248–249 Tomb of Shaykh Ibrahim al-Naqshbandi, V see Mosque of Shatt al-Jumi Varamin, Imamzada of Yahya, 155 Tomb of Shaykh Mansur, 16, 23, 243 Great Mosque, 177, 182 Tomb of Shaykh Rashid Lolan, Visualization algorithms, 92 13, 22, 247 Town wall, 150, 219, 239, 248, 250, 290, 296, 298, 299, 302, W 311, 321n24 Wadi Darhil, 295 Transept, see Qubbat al-Nasr, transept Waqf (charitable endowment), 100, of Umayyad Mosque, Damascus 128, 143, 248, 249, Turkmens, 32, 303 270n150, 323n41 Twelve Imams, 147, 155, 182, 187, Wathiqat al-Madina, see Charter of 188, 190, 194, 195, 207, 209, the City 240, 264n98, 269n138, Wednesday market, 296, 297 270n153, 312, 315, 333 Wirth, Eugen, 74, 113, 272n174 Shiʽa, symbolism of, 24, 26, 156, 316 Y al-Yawar, Ghazi, 32, 236 U Yezidis, 7, 8 al-ʽUmari, ʽAbd Allah Bashʽalim, 128, Yunus Efendi, 115, 137 130, 131 Yunus (Jonah), Prophet, 26, 45, 46 al-ʽUmari, Muhammad Amin, 70, See also Mosque of the Prophet 194, 196, 240, 247, 260n58, Jonah (Nabi Yunus) 260n64, 269n143, 271n170 Yunus, Shaykh, 238, 239 al-ʽUmari, Qasim, 248 Yusuf ibn Muhammad, 220 al-ʽUmari, Yasin, 70, 211, 243, 244, 260n66 Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, 110, Z 112, 125, 305 Zakariya, al-Sayyid, 168 Umayyad Mosque, Mosul, see Mosque, al-Zarqawi, Abu Musʽab, 2, 3, 5 al-Masf Zayn al-Din ʽAli Küçük, 299, 308 ʽUqaylids, ʽUqaylid, 185, 190, Zengids, Zengid, 25, 28, 70, 300, 265n110, 296–299, 310, 314, 301, 311, 312 320n14, 321n24 Ziyada (mosque precinct), 113, 116–118 Urban morphology, Ziyara (ritual visit), 20, 23, 27, 36, 283–303, 335–336 47, 50, 302, 313, 332 ʽUthman ibn al-ʽAffan, Caliph, 288 See also Pilgrim, pilgrimage