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The Struggle Against Musaylima and the Conquest of Yamama
THE STRUGGLE AGAINST MUSAYLIMA AND THE CONQUEST OF YAMAMA M. J. Kister The Hebrew University of Jerusalem The study of the life of Musaylima, the "false prophet," his relations with the Prophet Muhammad and his efforts to gain Muhammad's ap- proval for his prophetic mission are dealt with extensively in the Islamic sources. We find numerous reports about Musaylima in the Qur'anic commentaries, in the literature of hadith, in the books of adab and in the historiography of Islam. In these sources we find not only material about Musaylima's life and activities; we are also able to gain insight into the the Prophet's attitude toward Musaylima and into his tactics in the struggle against him. Furthermore, we can glean from this mate- rial information about Muhammad's efforts to spread Islam in territories adjacent to Medina and to establish Muslim communities in the eastern regions of the Arabian peninsula. It was the Prophet's policy to allow people from the various regions of the peninsula to enter Medina. Thus, the people of Yamama who were exposed to the speeches of Musaylima, could also become acquainted with the teachings of Muhammad and were given the opportunity to study the Qur'an. The missionary efforts of the Prophet and of his com- panions were often crowned with success: many inhabitants of Yamama embraced Islam, returned to their homeland and engaged in spreading Is- lam. Furthermore, the Prophet thoughtfully sent emissaries to the small Muslim communities in Yamama in order to teach the new believers the principles of Islam, to strengthen their ties with Medina and to collect the zakat. -
Regional Implications of Iraqi Kurdistan's Quest for Independence
Briefing December 2016 Regional implications of Iraqi Kurdistan's quest for independence SUMMARY Strengthened by its victories over ISIL/Da'esh, the government of the autonomous region of Kurdistan in Iraq has announced that it plans to organise a referendum on independence. The deadline is still unclear, as political divisions have led the region to an institutional stalemate. Negotiations with the federal Iraqi government will focus on the territorial scope of the referendum. The Kurdish leaders want to include the 'disputed areas', in particular Kirkuk, in the poll. However, Iraq is not keen to be cut off from this oil-rich region, which is already at the heart of a dispute on the sharing of oil revenues. The status of Mosul after it is recaptured from ISIL/Da'esh is also under discussion. Even if the referendum were to take place and the 'yes' side won, it is not certain that a Kurdish state would emerge. Such a state would be weakened by internal divisions and poor economic conditions. In addition, Syria, Turkey and Iran, neighbouring countries that have complex relations with Iraqi Kurdistan, are worried that an independent Kurdish state would encourage their own Kurdish populations to seek greater autonomy. Yet, the perspective of a Greater Kurdistan is remote, since the regional Kurdish landscape is dominated by the PKK (Kurdistan Workers' Party) and its affiliates, which do not share Iraqi Kurdish leaders' ideology or strategic alliances. As for the EU and the great world powers, although they consider Iraqi Kurdistan to be a reliable ally in the fight against ISIL/Da'esh (again recently in the battle for Mosul), they do not want to openly back the fragmentation of the Middle-East. -
Trinity in the Qur'an: a Historical Account
Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 137 International Conference on Qur'an and Hadith Studies (ICQHS 2017) TRINITY IN THE QUR’AN: A HISTORICAL ACCOUNT Media Zainul Bahri Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University (UIN) Jakarta [email protected] Abstract This article focuses on historical accounts about the different views between the Qur’an in the period of its formative in the 7th century and the official Christian church since the 3rd century AD. Theologically, what is meant by the Trinity in the Qur’an is a belief in three Gods: God (Allah), Jesus (Isa), and Mary, as the three independent Gods, while the Christian belief confirms that God, Jesus and the Holy Spirit (not Mary) are one God, not three independent gods. The only one is in “three ways of being”. Historically, the explanations of Olaf Schumann, Parrinder, Kurt Aland, Anton Wessels, and Fazlur Rahman, indicate two important things. First, the Christians in Arabia and whom Muhammad met in Mecca and Medina were dominated by the Nestorians who emphasized the humanity of Jesus and the One Almighty God. That is why the Qur’an sharply criticizes the system of the Trinity and the divinity of Jesus and Mary. However, both Schumann and Parrinder believe the Qur’an’s criticisms of Christianity are misdirected, in a sense not to the official Christian Trinity doctrine. The starting point was wrong and so at last. Second, since Mecca is a very international, there are probably many Christian people or communities with different streams. But, as Schumann stated, they were merchants, not theologians. -
The Iqta' System of Iraq Under the Buwayhids Tsugitaka Sato
THE IQTA' SYSTEM OF IRAQ UNDER THE BUWAYHIDS TSUGITAKA SATO* In 334 A. H. (946 A.D.), having established his authority in Baghdad, Mu'izz al-Dawla granted iqta's in the Sawad to his commanders, his asso- ciates, and his Turks. This is the formation of the so-called "military" iqta' system in the Islamic history. The appearance of the military iqta's brought about not only the evolution of the Islamic state, but also the transformation of the Iraqi society during the 10-11th centuries and of the other countries in the following periods. Nizam al-Mulk understood this as the change from bistagan (cash pay) to iqta',(1) while al-Maqrizi described as the change from 'ata' to iqta' in the same meaning.(2) As for the iqta' system under the Buwayhids, H. F. Amedroz first translated the Miskawayh's text into English with annotations,(3) and then C. H. Becker tried to realize the iqta' system in the history of 'Lehen' from the early Islamic period to the Ottoman Turks.(4) A. A, al-Duri, who studied the economic history of the Buwayhid Iraq, made clear the character of iqta' comparing it with milk (private land) and waqf, though the reality of iqta' holding remained to be investigated in future.(5) On the other hand, Cl. Cahen published the general survey of iqta' in the history of the Islamic land holding, which gave us usefull informations concerning the right and obligation of soldiers, and the fall of peasants by way of himaya (protection) and the loan at high interest.(6) We also find the general description of iqta' in the study of H. -
Genealogy of the Concept of Securitization and Minority Rights
THE KURD INDUSTRY: UNDERSTANDING COSMOPOLITANISM IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY by ELÇIN HASKOLLAR A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School – Newark Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Global Affairs written under the direction of Dr. Stephen Eric Bronner and approved by ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ Newark, New Jersey October 2014 © 2014 Elçin Haskollar ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The Kurd Industry: Understanding Cosmopolitanism in the Twenty-First Century By ELÇIN HASKOLLAR Dissertation Director: Dr. Stephen Eric Bronner This dissertation is largely concerned with the tension between human rights principles and political realism. It examines the relationship between ethics, politics and power by discussing how Kurdish issues have been shaped by the political landscape of the twenty- first century. It opens up a dialogue on the contested meaning and shape of human rights, and enables a new avenue to think about foreign policy, ethically and politically. It bridges political theory with practice and reveals policy implications for the Middle East as a region. Using the approach of a qualitative, exploratory multiple-case study based on discourse analysis, several Kurdish issues are examined within the context of democratization, minority rights and the politics of exclusion. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, archival research and participant observation. Data analysis was carried out based on the theoretical framework of critical theory and discourse analysis. Further, a discourse-interpretive paradigm underpins this research based on open coding. Such a method allows this study to combine individual narratives within their particular socio-political, economic and historical setting. -
The Nature of Riba in Islam
THE NATURE OF RIBA IN ISLAM By: M. Umer Chapra1 Abstrak Perdebatan masalah riba seperti tidak pernah selesai di diskusikan oleh banyak kalangan, baik akademis, organisasi keagamaan, bahkan sampai pada forum-forum intenasional. Beberapa terminologi dibahas dengan baik dalam tulisan ini yang dimulai dengan pelarangan riba itu sendiri kemudian pembagian-pembagian riba, diantaranya riba al-Nasi’ah dan riba al-Fadl, serta implikasi dari dua bentuk riba tersebut. Pembahasan didukung dengan pendapat-pendapat para ulama dan ekonom yang merujuk langsung dari ayat-ayat al-Qur’an, sampai pada perdebatan hukum. Demikian juga al-Qur’an sangat jelas membedakan antara riba dan perdagangan, namun pelarangan riba sangat jelas bahkan diperkuat dengan hadits-hadits yang dengan eksplisit melarang riba. Dijelaskan pula tentang perbedaan antara riba dan bunga bank. Islam sangat menentang bunga bank karena Islam berharap terjadinya sistem ekonomi yang mengeliminasi seluruh bentuk ketidakadilan dengan memperkenalkan keadilan antara pengusaha dan pemilik modal, yaitu berbagi resiko dan berbagi hasil. ŭ ΊņĨŧ Ώ 1 ΎỲŏΉė ΞΊẂ ĤΣΔĜŧ ΔΩė ĥ ĜẃΐĨľė Έ΅ Ή ģŊΜūΕ╬ė ĥ ĜΡĜỳΉė ΎΙā ŋķā ĤΡŊĜųĨ⅝Ϋė – ĤΣẂĜΐĨį Ϋė ĤΉėŋẃΉė ŋẃħ ĥ ĜẃΐĨĴ ΐΊΉ ĤĢŧ ΕΉĜġΛ .ĤΡĜỳΉė ΖōΙ ⅜Σ⅞ĸĨΉ ĤẃĢĨ╬ė ĥ ĜΣĴ ΣħėŏĨŦΫė ∟ ĥ ĜẃΐĨľė Ίħ ╚ġ ‛ άĨŅė ŊΜį Λ ΒΏ ĤΣĴ ΣħėŏĨŦΫė Ίħ ŏŲĜΕẂ ŋķā ΞΊẂ ⅜₤ėΜħ Ĥ╤ ªΌάŦΩėΛ ĤΣΔėŏųΕΉėΛ ĤΡŊΜΚΣΉėΛ ĤΣŦΛŋΕ▀ė ŭ ŅΧė ΞΊẂΛ ªĤΣΕΡŋΉė Η╠ė ŋ⅝ ⌠ΛΧė ĤīάĬΉė ĥ ĜΔĜΡŋΉė ẀĜĢħā ΒΏ ♥ė╙Ģ΄ ♥ĜĢΔĜį ΑĜ΄ ėŌċΛ .ŊΜ⅞ΕΉė Ŵėŏ⅝ċ ΒẂ ĤΊųĸĨ╬ė ģŋĕĜ℮Ήė ┐ŏ╡ ΜΙΛ ĜΏ ΑĈġ ĤΉŊĜľė ΑΜΉΛĜ► ΝŏŅΧė ĥ ĜΔĜΡŋΉė ẀĜĢħĈġ ΠŦĈĨΉė ∟ ╚ĢỲėŏΉė ╚ΐΊŧ ╬ė -
Proquest Dissertations
The history of the conquest of Egypt, being a partial translation of Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam's "Futuh Misr" and an analysis of this translation Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Hilloowala, Yasmin, 1969- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 10/10/2021 21:08:06 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282810 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly fi-om the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectiotiing the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. -
Historical Dictionary of the Kurds (Historical Dictionaries of Peoples
Historical Dictionaries of Peoples and Cultures Jon Woronoff, Series Editor 1. Kurds, by Michael M. Gunter, 2004. Out of print. See No. 8. 2. Inuit, by Pamela R. Stern, 2004. 3. Druzes, by Samy Swayd, 2006. 4. Southeast Asian Massif, by Jean Michaud, 2006. 5. Berbers (Imazighen), by Hsain Ilahiane, 2006. 6. Tamils, by Vijaya Ramaswamy, 2007. 7. Gypsies, 2nd ed., by Donald Kenrick, 2007. 8. Kurds, 2nd ed., by Michael M. Gunter, 2011. 9. Jews, by Alan Unterman, 2011. 110_509_01_Front.indd0_509_01_Front.indd i 99/16/10/16/10 9:289:28 AAMM 110_509_01_Front.indd0_509_01_Front.indd iiii 99/16/10/16/10 9:289:28 AAMM Historical Dictionary of the Kurds Second Edition Michael M. Gunter Historical Dictionaries of Peoples and Cultures, No. 8 The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Oxford 2011 110_509_01_Front.indd0_509_01_Front.indd iiiiii 99/16/10/16/10 9:289:28 AAMM Published by Scarecrow Press, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 http://www.scarecrowpress.com Estover Road, Plymouth PL6 7PY, United Kingdom Copyright © 2011 by Michael M. Gunter All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gunter, Michael M. Historical dictionary of the Kurds / Michael M. Gunter. — 2nd ed. p. cm. -
February 6, 2001 10:00 A.M
158 126lbin1 1 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK 2 ------------------------------x 3 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 4 v. S(7) 98 Cr. 1023 5 USAMA BIN LADEN, et al., 6 Defendants. 7 ------------------------------x 8 New York, N.Y. 9 February 6, 2001 10:00 a.m. 10 11 12 Before: 13 HON. LEONARD B. SAND, 14 District Judge 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 SOUTHERN DISTRICT REPORTERS (212) 805-0300 159 126lbin1 1 APPEARANCES 2 MARY JO WHITE United States Attorney for the 3 Southern District of New York BY: PATRICK FITZGERALD 4 KENNETH KARAS PAUL BUTLER 5 Assistant United States Attorneys 6 SAM A. SCHMIDT 7 JOSHUA DRATEL KRISTIAN K. LARSEN 8 Attorneys for defendant Wadih El Hage 9 ANTHONY L. RICCO EDWARD D. WILFORD 10 CARL J. HERMAN SANDRA A. BABCOCK 11 Attorneys for defendant Mohamed Sadeek Odeh 12 FREDRICK H. COHN DAVID P. BAUGH 13 Attorneys for defendant Mohamed Rashed Daoud Al-'Owhali 14 JEREMY SCHNEIDER DAVID STERN 15 DAVID RUHNKE Attorneys for defendant Khalfan Khamis Mohamed 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 SOUTHERN DISTRICT REPORTERS (212) 805-0300 160 126lbin1 1 (In open court) 2 THE COURT: Thursday, do we need interpreters? Are 3 the defendants going to be present on Thursday? 4 MR. HERMAN: Mr. Odeh waives his presence, Judge. 5 MR. SCHMIDT: Mr. El Hage waives his presence as 6 well. 7 MR. STERN: Mr. Mohamed is going to waive his 8 presence. 9 THE COURT: The sketch artists, I take it, have been 10 instructed not to sketch any juror and not to sketch the next 11 witness. -
Response to Noreña: Comments from a Historian of Islamic Iberia
Response to Noreña: Comments from a Historian of Islamic Iberia JANINA SAFRAN Penn State University [email protected] Carlos Noreña describes how Segobriga, a town in central Spain, an im- perial backwater, became Romanized in the first century of the Common Era—some two centuries after central Spain was incorporated into the Roman empire. Evidence for this Romanization includes monumental construction and public space (forum, theater, amphitheater, temples, bath complex), increasingly Roman coinage, and adoption of the Roman “epigraphic habit.” Noreña argues that the material transformation of Segobriga marked and informed the development of a Roman political- cultural habitus. Romanization did not simply coincide with the shift from republican to monarchic government in Rome but was defined by it; indeed, similar changes occurred in other provincial regions. The Ro- man shift to a monarchic system wrought significant cultural change for two reasons: the motivation of local elites to adopt the “Roman cultural package” in order to promote their own status, prestige, and authority; and monarchy’s symbolic “glue.” I have been invited to address Noreña’s essay from the perspective of my field: Islamic History. My research area is al-Andalus (Islamic Iberia) and the Maghrib (western North Africa). There are a number of ways to engage with this conceptually exciting argument. To begin, as a way to facilitate comparative discussion, I would like to first draw attention to three parallels: between the concept of the “Roman city” and the “Islamic city,” between concepts of Romanization and Islamization, and between Noreña’s analysis of Segobriga and Chase Robinson’s analysis of Mosul. -
Arabic Literature From
Chapter 1 ARABICLITERATURE FROM ITS ORIGINS TO 132/750 Mohamed Abdesselem ‘When the Arab makes his first appearance on History’s stage, he comes bearing a precious and formidable glft: hs profound sense of the beauty of the Word,’’ and it is through the Word that he reveals hs creative abilities. It is regrettable that, as a result of long years of selective, oral trans- mission, many of the literary works from this past, and the oldest in parti- cular, have been lost to us, and that those whch have survived are fragmentary and often of doubtful provenance .’We are thus condemned to ignorance about both the beginnings and the early stages of the development of this literature. It is not until the sixth century AD that the texts become sufficiently numerous and their provenance sufficiently clear, so as to constitute valid documentation. Analysis does, however,suggest that they are part of a tradition that had long since established its own formal rules and thematic tendencies. It is one of the paradoxes in the history of Arabic literature to bepwith what can with no hesitation, and full justification, be called ‘classicism’, a classicism that reigned for two and a half centuries. Even the message of Muhammad and the resulting upheaval of ideas and mores could not separate the Arabs from an aesthetic tradition inherited from their distant past. It was not untd 132/750, when the Banu-l-‘Abbassucceeded the BanG Umayya, that Arabic literature began to innovate on a large scale. 1. R. Blachtre, ‘Le classicisme dans la littkrature arabe’, in G.E.von Grunebaum (ed.), .Jj@osium International 8Hstoire ai? la Civilisation MusuLmane, Actes, pp. -
Constructing God's Community: Umayyad Religious Monumentation
Constructing God’s Community: Umayyad Religious Monumentation in Bilad al-Sham, 640-743 CE Nissim Lebovits Senior Honors Thesis in the Department of History Vanderbilt University 20 April 2020 Contents Maps 2 Note on Conventions 6 Acknowledgements 8 Chronology 9 Glossary 10 Introduction 12 Chapter One 21 Chapter Two 45 Chapter Three 74 Chapter Four 92 Conclusion 116 Figures 121 Works Cited 191 1 Maps Map 1: Bilad al-Sham, ca. 9th Century CE. “Map of Islamic Syria and its Provinces”, last modified 27 December 2013, accessed April 19, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham#/media/File:Syria_in_the_9th_century.svg. 2 Map 2: Umayyad Bilad al-Sham, early 8th century CE. Khaled Yahya Blankinship, The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn ʿAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994), 240. 3 Map 3: The approximate borders of the eastern portion of the Umayyad caliphate, ca. 724 CE. Blankinship, The End of the Jihad State, 238. 4 Map 4: Ghassanid buildings and inscriptions in Bilad al-Sham prior to the Muslim conquest. Heinz Gaube, “The Syrian desert castles: some economic and political perspectives on their genesis,” trans. Goldbloom, in The Articulation of Early Islamic State Structures, ed. Fred Donner (Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2012) 352. 5 Note on Conventions Because this thesis addresses itself to a non-specialist audience, certain accommodations have been made. Dates are based on the Julian, rather than Islamic, calendar. All dates referenced are in the Common Era (CE) unless otherwise specified. Transliteration follows the system of the International Journal of Middle East Studies (IJMES), including the recommended exceptions.