The Wheel Spin

The Iron Runners Auto Club of Vegreville Volume XXVI I, Number 4 Winter, 2017 Official Newsletter Of the Iron Runners Auto Club Of Vegreville ***************************************************** Mission Statement The purpose of the Vegreville Iron Runners Auto Club shall be to unite persons interested in restoring and preserving special interest motor vehicles; to encourage fellowship between members and their families in social, as well as auto Interests; and to promote and assist in the promotion of competitions, trials, and other events In which such vehicles can participate in their respective classes. ***************************************************** Important Items To Remember The Vegreville Iron Runners Auto Club meets at 6:30 PM for coffee, with the meeting at 7:00 PM, on the first Wednesday of each month, except in January and August, at the Club House (Vegreville Regional Museum). Vehicle ownership is not a requirement for membership. Our meetings are open to both Husbands and Wives. Membership Fees are due at our December Meeting. ***************************************************** Title Page Photo The title page photo is that of a Ford Model A Hot Rod ***************************************************** President’s Message VIRAC Members: Winter and the Christmas Season are upon us. Thanksgiving, Halloween, and Remembrance Day have come and gone. The ground is covered with snow and the shovels and snow blowers have been brought out of storage and our collector vehicles have been put away. However, a few of us are still looking for places to store our vehicles. Our December meeting will be brief as it will be our put luck social with finger foods, then on December 15, we will make our way to the Bruce Hotel for Steak and Shrimp. I can’t wait to feast on the delicious meal put on by the Bruce Hotel Staff. Finally, on behalf of myself and Sylvia, have a very Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year. William Smolak , President ***************************************************** Fathers’ Day Event Committee Report Preparations or the 2018 version of the Fathers’ Day Event will begin in the New Year FDE Event Committee

Editor’s Message Welcome to another edition of "The Wheel Spin". Our web site is http://vegironrunners.ca. Scott Manson is our web master and he would appreciate receiving photos and articles to put on it. "The Wheel Spin" is the official publication of the Vegreville Iron Runners Auto Club and is published quarterly in March , June , September, and December . The publication is included as part of our membership fee. Articles and opinions are welcome from club members. The Want Ads and For Sale Ads are free to club members. Deadlines for articles and ads are the 15th day of the month preceding the publication date. The deadline for the next issue in March is February 15 . This is your Bulletin; it is only as good as the effort you, the members, are willing to put into it.The drop off point for your contributions, suggestions and comments is my residence at 5701 –43 A Street or you may also e-mail me at [email protected] . Once again, I would like to thank those who submitted articles for this issue. Please feel free to submit articles for future issues. Your submissions are greatly appreciated. Opinions expressed, in "The Wheel Spin" are those of the authors and. do not necessarily represent the views of the Vegreville Iron Runners Auto Club or its members. "The Wheel Spin" takes no responsibility for the accuracy of copied ads. Other Clubs are welcome to use published materials, except where prohibited by the author/s. William Smolak, Editor ***************************************************** Submissions and copies of Newsletters may be forwarded to: “The Wheel Spin” C/0 William Smolak 5701 - 43 A Street Vegreville, Alberta, T9C 1E3 or by e -mail at [email protected] ***************************************************** Vegreville Iron Runners Auto Club Web Page Please check our web page at http://vegironrunners.ca ***************************************************** Specialty Vehicle Association of Alberta Web Site SVAA has its own web site. See: www.svaalberta.com

Vegreville Iron Runners Auto Club Archival History Work on a history of the Iron Runners that was begun by Sylvester Komick and Orest Lazarowich is continuing under the leadership of Orest Lazarowich. Your utmost attention and assistance in completing this project would be most appreciated. This is only one of the legacies left to our club by the late Sylvester Komick. We still need all Past-Presidents to please submit a review of their year or years as President and to go through their files and turn over all materials they think would be appropriate for inclusion in our Archives. Your support and cooperation is greatly appreciated. ***************************************************** Club Builders Award The Vegreville and District Special Interest Motor Vehicle Club came into existence on the second day of October, 1989. The Iron Runners Auto Club name was officially accepted at the November,1989, meeting and the first twenty five members were designated as charter members. The first annual meeting was held in September, 1990. The club is now known locally as the Vegreville Iron Runners Auto Club. The original Charter Members who are members of the Club, at this time include: Denise Komick, Orest Lazarowich, and Jerry Wilde. On a motion passed at the May 2nd, 2001, regular meeting of the Vegreville Iron Runners Auto Club, It was agreed that the Club would recognize individual members who have maintained continuous membership In the Club. A Club Builder's Award will be presented to members who have achieved or demonstrated continuous contribution and support to the Vegreville Iron Runners Auto Club locally and provincially. This recognition will be in the form of a plaque presented at the annual meetings to Individual members who are in the 5th, 10th, 15th, 20 th , etc. year of continuous membership. This will be determined by the membership records kept by the Treasurer. The plaque will list the member’s name and the length of term of membership. ***************************************************** Did You Know The "Vegreville Iron Runners Auto Club" has continued its spirit of involvement with the community. The “ Vegreville Iron Runners” provide financial support for the Canada Day celebrations hosted by the Knights of Columbus. As well, “The Vegreville Iron Runners” have instituted a scholarship at the high schools, in Vegreville, called the " Vegreville IronRunners Memorial Scholarship “. It is awarded annually to a student who is registered in a post- secondary automotive program. The Iron Runners are also continuing their support of the Regional Museum.

Running Iron By V. J. Sample Running Iron is a summary and brief description of the Vegreville Iron Runners Auto Club events that have occurred prior to the publication of this edition of “The Wheel Spin” ***************************************************** The following photos are a summary of the events reported on in the last issue of “The Wheel Spin” , and were submitted by Velma Sample. I was unable to include them in the last issue.

An aerial view of the All Pontiac Show and Shine hosted by the “Iron Indians” at Don Wheaton. *****************************************************

Some of the Iron Runner member vehicles lined up for the Vegreville Country Fair Parade.

7 Reasons Your Car Insurance Claim Could Be Denied It turns out insurance companies may be fully within their rights to deny your car insurance claim in certain scenarios. Here's how to avoid getting stuck with a hefty bill following a collision.

BY ADIL KHAN, UNHAGGLE

PHOTO: SHUTTERSTOCK Was your car insurance claim denied? Here are the likely reasons why… If you want to drive a vehicle on public roads in Canada, you’ll first be required to purchase appropriate insurance coverage . In return for paying insurance premiums, drivers tend to expect their insurers to have their backs when it comes to approving claims. The reality, however, is that insurance companies may be fully within their rights to deny your car insurance claim in certain scenarios, including the following…

PHOTO: SHUTTERSTOCK 1. Non -payment It’s very important to pay your car insurance premiums on time, as failure to make payment can result in increased premiums, a poor insurance and credit history, additional fees or the cancellation of your contract altogether. If you’re involved in a collision but your insurance premium was unpaid, an insurance provider is fully within its rights to deny your claim, regardless of whether or not the missed payment was an oversight on your part. To reduce the risk of missed payments, ensure that your insurance provider always has your current address and banking information on file—especially if you’re paying premiums in monthly instalments. PHOTO: SHUTTERSTOCK 2. Avoidability

Insurance providers are entitled to deny your claim if they have reason to believe that the accident could have been avoided or that you did something that could have caused it. Examples of this include reckless driving or racing, being under the influence of drugs or alcohol at the time of the collision, or allowing unauthorized or unlicensed users drive your car. In certain provinces, failure to equip your vehicle with mandatory safety equipment such as winter tires (in Quebec) may also fall in the “preventable” incident category, resulting in your claim being denied.

PHOTO: SHUTTERSTOCK 3. Providing misleading information or failing to disclose

It’s important to keep your insurance provider updated with your personal information, as insurers can deny your claim if they have reason to believe that you misinformed them or failed to disclose something that would have affected either the price of your premiums or your eligibility for coverage. One of the most common examples of “failure to disclose” is providing an incorrect address. While the reason for this could be that you moved since you first took out your car insurance policy, in the eyes of an insurer, you could have also provided an alternative address to obtain a discount on your premiums. Additional disclosures that should be made when signing up for insurance coverage include modifications made to your vehicle , previous damage, any driving or accident claim history that may have an impact on your quote, as well as the number of people of legal driving age who live in your household or have access to your car. PHOTO: SHUTTERSTOCK 4. Commercial use When opening a new insurance policy, your insurer will likely ask you for the number of kilometres you anticipate driving in a year, as well as the distance of your daily commute to and from work. In the event that you told the insurer that your vehicle would be used solely for personal use, but have been using it for commercial use on a regular basis, there is a high likelihood that you will have your claim denied in the event of a collision. The rationale is that “commercial use” vehicles are used on a more frequent basis, and thus have a higher probability of getting involved in a collision. If you would like to continue using your personal vehicle for commercial use, you might be required to get a “business use” policy. You might also have your car insurance claim denied if you’ve been using your vehicle for a ride-sharing program like Uber, which is not covered by most standard insurance contracts. Fortunately, a number of insurance providers including Intact and belairdirect now offer insurance coverage for those who would like to use their vehicle for ride-sharing purposes.

PHOTO: SHUTTERSTOCK 5. Non -authorized driver It’s important to disclose the names of any individuals above the driving age living in your household, as insurance companies assume that they have ready access to your car. If these individuals have minimal driving experience or a poor driving history, you might have to sign a waiver stating that they will not be allowed to drive your car to prevent your premiums from skyrocketing. Failure to disclose drivers within your household can leave you liable if they get into an accident using your vehicle, as the inference in the eyes of the insurer is that you allowed them to drive.

PHOTO: SHUTTERSTOCK 6. Suspended driver’s licence There are a number of grounds for suspending a driver’s licence , including driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol, an excessive amount of speeding tickets and reckless driving. In the event that you are involved in an accident and caught driving with a suspended driver’s licence, your insurance provider reserves the right to deny your claim and even cancel your policy altogether.

PHOTO: SHUTTERSTOCK 7. Criminal use In the event you use your vehicle for criminal activity and are involved in a collision, most insurance providers stipulate that you will not be covered. Criminal activity includes (but is not limited to) robbery and drug trafficking.

If You Own Any of These 10 Cars, It’s Way More Likely to Get Stolen Car owners, beware! Even driving an older model doesn’t make you safe.

BY BROOKE NELSON, RD.COM What’s the likelihood your car will get stolen?

Car theft can be as much of a nuisance as—and way pricier than—getting your identity stolen . And if you think it will never happen to you, you might want to think again. According to the National Insurance Crime Bureau’s (NICB) latest annual Hot Wheels report, one of the most commonly stolen cars could be sitting in your garage right now. Using national vehicle theft data, the NICB identified the 10 most-stolen vehicles of 2016 in the United States. They found that thieves tend to target Honda Accords and Civics, with almost 100,000 thefts in total. Car thieves preferred older vehicles, too; 1997 Accords and 1998 Civics were stolen the most often. If you own a Ford, Chevy, or Dodge pickup truck, beware! They were the most stolen after Hondas. Toyota Camrys and Corollas, Nissan Altimas, Chevy Impalas, and Jeep Cherokees also made the list, accounting for nearly half of the year’s thefts combined. Only three types of cars were made in the last two years: the 2016 Toyota Camry and 2015 Nissan Altima and Toyota Corolla. The rest of the makes ranged from 2000 to 2008. Although this list hasn’t changed much over the past few years, the FBI reports that in the last year alone, the total number of reported vehicle thefts in the U.S. increased by 6.6 per cent. The NICB says this could be because car thieves have started to use more sophisticated hacking technology, especially for the electronic anti-theft systems in new vehicles. If you see your car on the list, don’t panic. You can always make it harder to steal by locking all doors and windows, using anti-theft systems such as car alarms and tracking systems, and parking in well-lit areas. And you should never leave these things in your car . To rest even easier, you can also purchase a comprehensive car insurance plan that covers the value of your stolen vehicle . Happy driving!

Wisdom from an old Prairie farmer Hmmmm...... makes perfect sense!

-Your fences need to be horse-high, pig-tight and bull-strong. -Keep skunks and bankers at a distance. -Life is simpler when you plow around the stump. -A bumble bee is considerably faster than a John Deere tractor. -Words that soak into your ears are whispered… not yelled. -Meanness don’t jes’ happen overnight. -Forgive your enemies; it messes up their heads. -Do not corner something that you know is meaner than you. -It don’t take a very big person to carry a grudge. -You cannot unsay a cruel word. -Every path has a few puddles. -When you wallow with pigs, expect to get dirty. -The best sermons are lived, not preached. -Most of the stuff people worry about ain’t never gonna happen anyway. -Remember that silence is sometimes the best answer. -Live a good, honourable life… Then when you get older and think back, you’ll enjoy it a second time. -Don‘t interfere with somethin’ that ain’t bothering you none. -Timing has a lot to do with the outcome of a Rain dance. -If you find yourself in a hole, the first thing to do is stop diggin’. -Sometimes you get, and sometimes you get got. -The biggest troublemaker you’ll probably ever have to deal with, watches you from the mirror every mornin’. -Always drink upstream from the herd. -Good judgment comes from experience, and a lotta that comes from bad judgment. -Lettin’ the cat outta the bag is a whole lot easier than puttin’ it back in. -If you get to thinkin’ you’re a person of some influence, try orderin’ somebody else’s dog around.. -Don’t pick a fight with an old man. If he is too old to fight, he’ll just kill you. -Most times, it comes down to common sense. ***************************************************** My health

The Shape I am In... There's nothing the matter with me, I'm just as healthy as can be, I have arthritis in both knees, And when I talk, I talk with a wheeze. My pulse is weak, my blood is thin, But I'm awfully well for the shape I'm in. All my teeth have had to come out, And my diet I hate to think about. I'm overweight and I can't get thin, But I'm awfully well for the shape I'm in. And arch supports I need for my feet. Or I wouldn't be able to go out in the street. Sleep is denied me night after night, But every morning I find I'm all right. My memory's failing, my head's in a spin. But I'm awfully well for the shape I'm in. Old age is golden - I've heard it said, But sometimes I wonder, as I go to bed. With my ears in a drawer, my teeth in a cup, And my glasses on a shelf, until I get up. And when sleep dims my eyes, I say to myself, Is there anything else I should lay on the shelf? The reason I know my Youth has been spent, Is my get-up-and-go has got-up-and-went! But really I don't mind, when I think with a grin, Of all the places my get-up has been. I get up each morning and dust off my wits, Pick up the paper and read the obits. If my name is missing, I'm therefore not dead, So I eat a good breakfast and jump back into bed. The moral of this as the tale unfolds, Is that for you and me, who are growing old. It is better to say "I'm fine" with a grin, Than to let people know the shape we are in. ***************************************************** Dates To Remember Our Christmas Party will be at the Bruce Hotel on Friday, December 15, at 7PM. This is steak and Shrimp night so make sure you bring your appetite and your singing voices. ***************************************************** The Muscle Car Muscle car is an American term used to refer to a variety of high-performance automobiles . The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines muscle cars as "any of a group of American-made 2-door sports cars with powerful engines designed for high-performance driving." A large V8 engine is fitted in a 2-door, rear wheel drive , family-style compact , mid- size or full-size car designed for four or more passengers. Sold at an affordable price, muscle cars are intended for street use and occasional drag racing . They are distinct from two-seat sports cars and expensive 2+2GTs intended for high-speed touring and road racing . Etymology According to Muscle Cars , a book written by Peter Henshaw, a "muscle car" is "exactly what the name implies. It is a product of the American car industry adhering to the hot rodder 's philosophy of taking a small car and putting a large-displacement engine in it. The Muscle Car is Charles Atlas kicking sand in the face of the 98 horsepower weakling. Henshaw further asserts that the muscle car was designed for straight-line speed, and did not have the "sophisticated chassis", "engineering integrity", or "lithe appearance" of European high- performance cars. In the United States, lightweight cars featuring high-performance engines were termed "supercar " before the classification of muscle car became popular. For example, the 1957 Rebel's "potent mill turned the lightweight Rambler into a veritable supercar. From the mid- sixties to the mid-seventies, what we now think of as muscle cars were more commonly called 'Supercars,' often (though not always) spelled with a capital S. This term described the "dragstrip bred" affordable mid-size cars of the 1960s and early 1970s that were equipped with large, powerful V8 engines and rear-wheel-drive . In 1966, the supercar became an official industry trend as the four domestic automakers "needed to cash in on the supercar market" with eye-catching, heart-stopping cars. Examples of the use of the supercar description for the early muscle models include the May 1965 Car Life road test of the Pontiac GTO along with how " Hurst puts American Motors into the Supercar club with the 390 Rogue (the SC/Rambler ) to fight in "the Supercar street racer gang" market segment. Moreover, the "SC" in the model name stood for "SuperCar”. The supercar market segment in the U.S. at the time included special versions of regular production models that were positioned in several sizes and market segments (such as the "economy supercar), as well as limited edition, documented dealer-converted vehicles. However, the supercar term by that time "had been diluted and branded with a meaning that did not respect the unique qualities of the 'muscle car'. Opinions vary as to whether high-performance full-size cars , compacts , and pony car qualify as muscle cars. History

1949 Rocket 88 engine Hudson Hornet : Rocket 88's only competitor

Early production models Opinions on the origin of the muscle car vary, but the 1949 Oldsmobile Rocket 88 , created in response to public interest in speed and power, is often cited as the first muscle car. It featured America's first high-compression overhead valve V8 in the smaller, lighter Oldsmobile 76/Chevy body for six-cylinder engines (as opposed to bigger Olds 98 luxury body). Jack Nerrad wrote in Driving Today , "the Rocket V-8 set the standard for every American V-8 engine that would follow it for at least three decades[...] With a displacement of 303 cubic inches and topped by a two-barrel carburetor, the first Rocket V-8 churned out 135 hp (101 kW; 137 PS) at 3,600 rpm and 263 pound force-feet (357 Nm) of torque at a lazy 1800 rpm [and] no mid-range car in the world, except the Hudson Hornet , came close to the Rocket Olds performance potential..." Nerad added that the Rocket 88 was "the hit of NASCAR’s 1950 season, winning eight of the 10 races. Given its lightning-like success, one could clearly make the case that the Olds 88 with its 135 horsepower (101 kW) V-8 was the first 'musclecar'... Steve Dulcich, writing in Popular Hot Rodding , also cites Oldsmobile, concurrently with Cadillac , as having "launched the modern era of the high-performance V-8 with the introduction of the 'Rocket 88' overhead-valve V8 in 1949.

1955 Chrysler C-300 , "America's most powerful car", had 300 horsepower (220 kW)

America's fastest 1957 sedan: Rambler Rebel had lightweight unibody construction and V8 engine

Other manufacturers showcased performance hardware in limited-edition models. Chrysler led the way with its 1955 C-300 , an inspired blend of Hemi power and luxury-car trappings that became the new star of NASCAR. With 300 hp (224 kW; 304 PS), it was advertised as "America's Most Powerful Car". Capable of accelerating from 0 to 60 mph (97 km/h) in 9.8 seconds and reaching 130 miles per hour (209 km/h), the 1955 Chrysler 300 is also recognized as one of the best- handling cars of its era. Studebaker entered the muscle car scene in 1956 with the Golden Hawk powered by a 352 cu in (5.8 L) Packard V8 with 275 bhp (205 kW; 279 PS). For the 1957 model year, the Rambler Rebel was the fastest stock American sedan according to Motor Trend . Musclecar Enthusiast magazine describes this was "what some people believe to be the very first muscle car. “the compact -sized (for the era) 255 hp (190 kW; 259 PS) unibody 1957 Rebel might be "better known had AMC been successful in their attempt to offer it with Bendix fuel injection ." The popularity and performance of muscle cars grew in the early 1960s, as Mopar (Dodge, Plymouth, and Chrysler) and Ford battled for supremacy in drag racing. The 1962 Dodge Dart 413 cu in (6.8 L) Max Wedge, for example, could run a 13-second 1/4-mile dragstrip at over 100 miles per hour (161 km/h). In 1961 Chevrolet introduced the SS package on the Impala for $53.80, with included an optional 409 cu in v8 with 425 hp and upgraded brakes, tires, and suspension. By 1964, General Motors' lineup boasted Oldsmobile, Chevrolet, and Pontiac muscle cars, and Buick fielded a muscle car entry a year later. For 1964 and 1965, Ford had its 427 cu in (7.0 L) Thunderbolts, and Mopar unveiled the 426 cu in (7.0 L) Hemi engine . The Pontiac GTO was an option package that included Pontiac's 389 cu in (6.4 L) V8 engine, floor-shifted transmission with Hurst shift linkage, and special trim. In 1966 the GTO became a model in its own right. The project, led by Pontiac division president John DeLorean , technically violated GM's policy, limiting its smaller cars to 330 cu in (5.4 L) displacement, but the new model proved more popular than expected, and inspired GM and its competitors to produce numerous imitators. American Motors , though late entering the 1960s muscle car market, produced "an impressive array of performance cars in a relatively short time," said Motor Trend. "The first stirrings of AMC performance came in 1965, when the dramatic, if ungainly, Rambler Marlin fastback was introduced to battle the Ford Mustang and Plymouth Barracuda . Although the Marlin was a flop in terms of sales and initial performance, AMC gained some muscle-car credibility in 1967, when it made both the Marlin and the "more pedestrian" Rebel available with its new 280 hp (209 kW; 284 PS), 343 cu in (5.6 L) " Typhoon " V8. In 1968, the company offered two pony car muscle car contenders: the Javelin and its truncated two-seat variant, the AMX, a sports car in the Grand Touring tradition.

Horsepower and marketing wars Although the sales of true muscle cars were relatively modest by total Detroit production standards, they had value in publicity. Competition between manufacturers meant that buyers had the choice of ever-more powerful engines. A horsepower war was started that peaked in 1970, with some models advertising as much as 450 hp (336 kW; 456 PS). Muscle cars attracted young customers into showrooms, and they bought the standard editions of these mid-size cars . To enhance the "halo" effect of these models, the manufacturers modified some of them into turn-key drag racers. Ford built 200 lightweight Ford Galaxies for drag racing in 1963. All non-essential equipment was omitted. Modifications included fibreglass panels, aluminum bumpers, traction bars, and a competition-specification 427 cu in (7.0 L) engine factory rated at a conservative 425 hp (317 kW; 431 PS). This full-size car could run the quarter mile in a little over 12 seconds. Also built in 1963 were 5,000 road-legal versions that could be used as every day drivers (Ford claimed 0-60 in less than 6 seconds for the similarly powered 1966 Galaxie 500XL 427).

Street-legal drag racer: 1964 Ford Thunderbolt with 427 V8 in lightened midsize Ford Fairlane body

Another Ford lightweight was the 1964 Ford Thunderbolt that utilized the mid-size Fairlane body. A stock Thunderbolt could run the quarter-mile (402 m) in 11.76 seconds at 122.7 mph (197.5 km/h), and Gaspar "Gas" Ronda dominated the NHRA World Championship with his Thunderbolt with a best time of 11.6 seconds at 124 mph (200 km/h). The Thunderbolt included the 427 engine with special exhausts; though technically legal for street use, the car was too "raucous" for the public roads, according to a Hot Rod magazine quote, "for driving to and from the strip, let alone on the street in everyday use". Massive traction bars, asymmetrical rear springs, and a trunk-mounted 95-pound (43 kg) bus battery were intended to maximize traction for the 500 bhp (373 kW)car. Sun visors, exterior mirror, sound-deadener, armrests, jack, and lug wrench were omitted to save weight. The car was given lightweight Plexiglass windows, and early versions had fibreglass front body panels and bumpers, later changed to aluminum to meet NHRA regulations. Base price was US$ 3,780. A total of 111 Thunderbolts were built, and Ford contracted Dearborn Steel Tubing to help with assembly. In 1963, General Motors' Chevrolet division produced 57 full-size Impala coupes equipped with option package RPOZ-11,which added $1237.40 to the vehicle base price. They were the only automobiles the division ever built expressly for drag racing. The package included a specially modified W series 409 engine, now displacing 427 cubic inches, and was officially rated at 430 bhp (321 kW). With a compression ratio of 13.5:1, the engine required high-octane fuel. The RPOZ-11 package had numerous modifications to reduce weight, including aluminum hood, fenders, fan shroud, and bumpers. Sound-deadening material was removed, as were non-essentials such as heater and radio. Other racing features included a two-piece intake manifold, special exhaust manifolds, cylinder heads and pistons, a deep- sump oil pan, and cowl-induction air cleaner. The RPOZ-11 package was discontinued when General Motors ceased involvement in racing in 1964. The 1964 Dodge 426 Hemi Lightweight produced over 500 bhp (373 kW). This "top drag racer" had an aluminum hood, lightweight front bumpers, fenders, doors and lower valance, magnesium front wheels, lightweight Dodge van seat, Lexan side windows, one windshield wiper, and no sun visors or sound deadening. Like other lightweights of the era, it came with a factory disclaimer: Designed for supervised acceleration trials. Not recommended for general everyday driving because of the compromises in the all-round characteristics which must be made for this type of vehicle . Also too "high-strung" for the street was Chrysler’s small-volume-production 1965 drag racer, the 550 bhp (410 kW) Plymouth Satellite 426 Hemi. Although the detuned 1966 version (the factory rating underestimated it at 425 bhp (317 kW)) has been criticized for poor brakes and cornering, Car and Driver described it as "the best combination of brute performance and tractable street manners we've ever driven." The car's understated appearance belied its performance: it could run a 13.8-second quarter mile at 104 mph (167 km/h). Base price was $3,850. Likewise, Chevrolet eschewed flamboyant stripes for their 1969 Chevelle COPO 427. The car could run a 13.3 sec. quarter-mile at108 mph (174 km/h). Chevrolet rated the engine at 425 hp (317 kW), but the NHRA claimed a truer450 hp (340 kW). The 1969 COPO Chevelles were "among the most feared muscle cars of any day. And they didn't need any badges. Base price was US$ 3,800. For 1970, Chevrolet offered the Chevelle SS 454, also at a base price of US$ 3,800. Its 454 cu in (7.4 L) engine was rated at 450 hp (336 kW), the highest factory rating at that time. Car Life magazine wrote: "It's fair to say that the Supercar as we know it may have gone as far as it's going." The general trend towards higher performance in factory-stock cars reflected the importance of the youth market. A key appeal of muscle cars was that they offered the American car culture relatively affordable and powerful street performance in models that could also be used for drag racing. But as size, optional equipment and luxury appointments increased, engines had to be more powerful to maintain performance levels, and the cars became more expensive.

1970 Plymouth GTX 440: "more performance per dollar" than most other cars of its time

In response to rising cost and weight, a secondary trend towards more basic "budget" muscle cars emerged in 1967 and 1968. These included the Plymouth Road Runner , the "original budget Supercar"; the Plymouth GTX , which at a base price of US$ 3,355 offered "as much performance-per-dollar as anything on the market, and more than most";and the Dodge Super Bee . Manufacturers also offered bigger engines in their compact models, sometimes making them lighter, roomier, and faster than their own pony-car lines. The 340 cu in (5.6 L)-powered 1970 Plymouth Duster was one of these smaller, more affordable cars. Based on the compact -sized Plymouth Valiant and priced at US$ 2,547, the 340 Duster posted a 6.0-second 0-60 mph (97 km/h)time and ran the quarter mile in 14.7 seconds at 94.3 mph (151.8 km/h). This "reasonably fast" compact muscle car had a stiff, slightly lowered suspension which, in the view of Hot Rod magazine at the time, let the car "ride in an acceptable fashion".However, a retrospective article by Consumer Guide referred to "a punishing ride" and trim that was "obviously low-budget. The 1970 model came with front disc brakes and without hood scoops. The only high-performance cues were dual exhausts and modest decals. Tom Gale, former Chrysler vice president of design, described the car as "a phenomenal success. It had a bulletproof chassis, was relatively lightweight, and had a good power train. These were 200,000-mile (320,000 km) cars." Hot Rod rated the Duster "one of the best, if not the best, dollar buy in a performance car" in 1970.

"The Machine" : factory-modified 1970 AMC Rebel ran 14.4-second quarter mile in stock trim

American Motors' mid-sized 1970 Rebel Machine , developed in consultation with Hurst Performance , was also built for normal street use. It had a 390 cu in (6.4 L) engine developing 340 hp (254 kW)—a "moderate performer" that gave a 0-60 mph (97 km/h) time of 6.8 seconds and a quarter mile in 14.4 seconds at 99 mph (159 km/h). Early examples came in "patriotic" red, white, and blue. Jack Nerad wrote in Driving Today that it was "a straight-up competitor to the GTO , et al. ... the engine was upgraded to 340 hp (254 kW; 345 PS) a four- barrel Motorcraft carburetor and other hot rod trickery. The torque figure was equally prodigious—430 pound-feet at a lazy 3600 rpm. In this car the engine was practically the entire story." With four-speed manual transmission, the car "could spring from zero to 60 miles per hour in just 6.4 seconds..." In Nerad's view, the car "somehow, someway deserves to be considered among the Greatest Cars of All Time." An article in Mopar Muscle said, "by far the most stunning thing for a car with this level of performance and standard equipment was the sticker of just US$ 3,475." The "plain wrapper" 1969 Plymouth Road Runner, that was Motor Trend magazine's Car of the Year, was modified with the addition of a high-performance factory camshaft plus non- standard, high-performance induction and exhaust manifolds , carburetor , and slick tires to run a 14.7 quarter at 100.6 mph (161.9 km/h) with its 383 cu in (6.3 L) engine. In this customized form, the car cost US$ 3,893. In 1968, Dodge's $3,027 Super Bee ran a 15-second quarter at 100 mph (160 km/h) on street tires with the same engine, only stock. Hot Rod magazine categorized the 340 cu in (5.6 L) 1968 Plymouth Barracuda 4-seater as "a supercar, without any doubt attached...also a 'pony car', a compact and a workhorse" with enough rear seat leg- and head-room for "passengers to ride back there without distress", and "a flip-up door to the trunk area for ferrying some pretty sizeable loads of cargo". It could run a quarter mile in 13.33 seconds at 106.50 mph (171.40 km/h) on the drag strip. The base price was $2,796.00; the price as tested by Hot Rod was $3,652.

Market segment decline The muscle car market segment was in high gear "until shifting social attitudes, crippling insurance rates, the Clean Air Act and the fuel crisis removed the cars from the market in the early 1970s." The OPECoil embargo led to price controls and gasoline rationing , as well as higher prices. "Muscle cars quickly became unaffordable and impractical for many people." The automobile insurance industry also levied surcharges on all high-powered models, an added cost that put many muscle cars out of reach of their intended buyers. Simultaneously, efforts to combat air pollution focused Detroit's attention on emissions control. A majority of muscle cars came optioned with high-compression power plants-some as high as 11:1. Prior to the oil embargo, 100-octane fuel was common (e.g. Sunoco 260, Esso Extra, Chevron Custom Supreme, Super Shell, Texaco Sky Chief, Phillips 66 Flite Fuel, Amoco Super Premium, Gulf No-nox); however, following the passage of the Clean Air Act of 1970, octane ratings were lowered to 91-due in part to the removal of tetraethyllead as a valve lubricant. Unleaded gasoline was phased in as a result. In the mid-1970s, some of the muscle car market converged into personal luxury performance cars. Some nameplates, such as Chevrolet's SS or Oldsmobile's 442, would become sport appearance packages (known in the mid to late 1970s as the vinyl and decal option-Plymouth's Road Runner was an upscale decor package for their Volare coupes). Australia

Australian muscle: 1970 Holden HG Monaro GTS 350 V8

Australia developed its own muscle cars around the same period, the big three manufacturers being Ford Australia , Holden or Holden Dealer Team (by then part of General Motors), and Chrysler Australia . The cars were specifically developed to run in the Armstrong 500 (miles) (now the Supercheap Auto Parts 1000km) . The demise of these cars was brought about by a change in racing rules requiring that 200 examples had to be sold to the general public before the car could qualify ( homologation ). In 1972, the government banned supercars from the streets after two notable cases. The first instance was a Wheels magazine journalist driving at 150 mph (240 km/h) in a 1971 Ford XY Falcon GTHO Phase III 351 cu in (5.8 L). While the car was getting exposure in the press, the second incident occurred in George Street, Sydney , when a young male was caught driving at an estimated 150 mph (240 km/h) through the busy street in a 1971 Ford Falcon GTHO Phase III, drag racing a Holden Monaro GTS 350. This was known in Australia as "The Supercar scare ". Ford produced what is considered to be the first Australian muscle car in 1967, the 289 cu in (4.7 L) Windsor – powered Ford Falcon GTXR . Months later, in 1968, Australia would see its first home grown two-door muscle car, the Holden Monaro GTS 327. Ford continued to release faster models, culminating in the Ford Falcon GTHO Phase III of 1971, which was powered by a factory modified 351 Cleveland . Along with its GT and GTHO models, Ford, starting with the XW model in 1969, introduced a "sporty" GS model, available across the Falcon range. The basic GS came with a 188 cu in (3.1 L) six-cylinder engine, but the 302 cu in (4.9 L) and 351 cu in (5.8 L) Windsor (replaced by the Cleveland engines for the XY) V8 engines were optional. Ford's larger, more luxurious Fairlane was also available with these engines and some were allegedly made with the same 4V 300 bhp (224 kW) 351 cu in (5.8 L) Cleveland engine used in the XY GT. The XA GT was available in sedan and coupe body styles and while the GTHO Phase IV never went into production, 250 GTs were made with RPO 83 package which featured a long list of race-oriented upgrades for homologation purposes, including an uprated 351 Cleveland making an estimated 254 kW (340 hp). The GT continued through the XB series but was discontinued for the XC series of 1976, leaving the GS package as the sole sporting option, which was available across all body styles.

Ford Falcon Cobra 351 V8

General Motors Holden produced the Holden Monaro with 161 cu in (2.6 L), 186 cu in (3.0 L) (186 and 186S specification) 6-cylinder engines, 307 cu in (5.0 L), 327 cu in (5.4 L), and 350 cu in (5.7 L) Chevrolet small blocks, and later 253 cu in (4.1 L) and 308 cu in (5.0 L) Holden V8 . This was followed by the release of four high-performance Toranas , the LC GTR-XU1 (1970–1971), LJ GTR-XU1 (1972–1973), L34 (1975), and the A9X (1977). The LC XU1 Torana was fitted with a 186 cu in (3.0 L) triple carbureted 6-cylinder engine, later increased with the release of the LJ model to 202 cu in (3.3 L), as opposed to the 308 cu in (5.0 L) single q-barrel carbureted V8 in the SL/R 5000 L34, and SLR5000/SS A9X. There were many homologation changes over the four or so years of XU-1 production culminating in a special "Bathurst 1973" specification LJ XU-1. The L34 was primarily an engine option released in 1975 on the lesser specification LH SL/R 5000 sedan of 1974, with the initial engine development carried out by Repco , the company famous for designing the V8 engine that took Jack Brabham and Denny Hulme to the 1966 and 1967Formula One World Championships; a factory HO pack providing an upgraded camshaft, Holley carb, and other race ready items was also available. The basic L34 also gained other homologation features such as improved brakes and wheel arch flares. The A9X was an option on the LX SLR5000 sedan and the LX SS hatchback (2-door) and unlike the L34 package was not an engine performance upgrade, but a suspension, differential, and brake upgrade, as the L34 engine was already homologated for Group C use. Hence, the A9X had a basically standard 308ci engine. Chrysler produced the R/T Valiant Charger from 1971 to 1973, when the R/Ts were discontinued; the dominant R/T models were the E38 and E49 with high-performance 265 cu in (4.3 L) Hemi engines featuring triple Weber carburetors .

Chrysler VH Valiant Charger R/T

Chrysler apparently considered a high-performance V8 program importing 338 340 cu in (5.6 L) V8 engines from the U.S. This high-performance project never went ahead, and the engines were subsequently fitted to the upmarket 770 model Charger. Initially, this model was designated "SE" E55 340 (V8) and only available with automatic transmission ; with a model change to the VJ in 1973, the engine became an option, and the performance was lessened. All Chrysler performance Chargers were discontinued in 1974 with the end of high-performance, the 265 Hemi, and 340 V8 engines. The Australian muscle car era is considered to have ended with the release of the Australian Design Rule regarding emissions in ADR27a in 1976. An exception to this rule was the small number of factory-built Bathurst 1000 homologation specials that were constructed after 1976; these are considered to be muscle cars. Examples of these homologation specials include the Torana A9X and the Bathurst Cobras. Several highly modified high-performance road-going Commodores were produced by Peter Brock 's HDT Special Vehicles through the early and mid-1980s. These "homologation specials" were produced to meet both Australian Group C and international Group Atouring car racing regulations. Models included the VC Group C, the VH SS Group III with a 0–100 km/h of 8.6 seconds, the Blue VK SS Group A, and the burgundy VL SS Group A (the VK and VL Group A cars were powered by a slightly de-stroked 304 cu in (4.9 L) version of the Holden V8 engine to allow the car to run at a lighter weight in touring car racing. The HDT also produced several 5.0 L V8 powered WB Statesmans released under the name Magnum. They also looked at developing a 5.0 L V8 powered Opel Monza in the mid-1980s (to be named the HDT Monza), although as the Monza was a 1970s model car and resembled the outdated Torana A9X Hatchback it never passed the planning stage. Related pickup trucks Another related type of vehicle is the car-based pickup, known colloquially in Australia as a ute (short for utility). Holden and Ford Australia both make such vehicles, under the names Holden Ute and Ford Falcon Ute respectively. Examples of these in the U.S. were the performance versions of the Ford Ranchero , GMC Sprint / Caballero , and Chevrolet El Camino with high-output V8 engines, that are no longer in production. In Australia, sport and recreation-oriented panel vans and utes became immensely popular with younger buyers in the 1970s and played a part in the decline in the popularity of performance coupes there. By the middle of the decade, the manufacturers had caught onto this phenomenon and began marketing lifestyle-oriented vans and utilities from the factory. The Holden Sandman, introduced in 1974, is the most well-known of these cars; Ford competed with its Surferoo and Sundowner models, and the Sandman's popularity led to Chrysler introducing a panel van body style on the 1976 CL Valiant, with a range including sporting Drifter and Sports Pack models, although by this time the market for such vehicles had declined and relatively few Valiant panel vans were sold. Models were generally available with a range of six-cylinder and V8 engines, and often featured wild striping and graphics packages in addition to a wide variety of leisure-oriented options, and styling and trim borrowed from their muscle car counterparts. By the late 1970s, though, the van craze was in decline; a struggling Chrysler Australia discontinued its commercial vehicles altogether in 1978, and sales of the Sandman were in decline, with buyers often ordering their cars without the famous stripes and decals. Ford continued its Sundowner model in the new-generation XD Falcon in 1979 but few were sold. Muscle car revival

1987 Buick Grand National

Performance-type cars began to make a return in the United States during the 1980s. Increases in production costs and tighter regulations governing pollution and safety, these vehicles were not designed to the formula of the traditional low-cost muscle cars. The introduction of electronic fuel injection and overdrive transmission for the remaining 1960s muscle car survivors, such as the Ford Mustang, Chevrolet Camaro, and Pontiac Firebird, helped sustain a market share for them alongside personal luxury coupes with performance packages, such as the Buick Regal T-Type or Grand National, Ford Thunderbird Turbo Coupe, and Chevrolet Monte Carlo SS circa 1983-88. GM's personal luxury coupes (known as the G- body which also included the Oldsmobile 442 and Pontiac Grand Prix 2 + 2 by the late 1980s) were phased out in 1987 and 1988 where its GM10 (W-body) front wheel drive mass market vehicles were phased into production signaling an end to the surviving midsized body-on- frame RWD platform dating back to 1964. GM's facelift of its B-platform vehicles in late 1990 (starting with the Chevrolet Caprice) resulted in the fusion of its then-9C1 police package repurposed into the short-lived 1994-96 Impala SS, using the LT1 engine from the Camaro and Corvette using cast iron heads. At the time of the revival of the Impala SS, sport utility vehicles were outselling passenger cars (from full sized body-on-frame passenger sedans to mass market vehicles) and GM phased out its B platform in late 1996. Ford Motor Company tested the waters by selling its version of the Mercury Grand Marquis (Mercury Marauder) in 2004, which was a slow seller. Like the Impala SS a decade earlier, the Marauder used the Crown Victoria Police Interceptor with a few body modifications fitted with 5-spoke alloy wheels. In 2004, the Pontiac GTO was relaunched in the United States, a re-badged third generation Holden Monaro (considered as a captive import ), and Chrysler debuted the 300C as a 2005 model. In 2005, Ford introduced the 'new' Mustang , designed to resemble the original 1965 2+2 ("fastback") model , it brought back the aggressive lines and colors of the original. In 2008, Chrysler re-introduced the Dodge Challenger , which features design links to the 1970 model . "We haven’t seen this kind of spontaneous, passionate response to a car since we unveiled the Dodge Viper concept in 1989," CEO Tom LaSorda said, "but it's easy to see what people like about the Dodge Challenger. It's bold, powerful and capable. It's a modern take on one of the most iconic muscle cars and sets a new standard for pure pony car." A year later, running on that same sentiment, Chevrolet released the new designed 2009 Camaro , which bears some resemblance to the 1969 model . The blend between old and new has fueled the muscle car revival. The mid-1960s muscle car era came to define what baby-boom men would expect from their automobiles. While the aging baby boom generation inspired the modern demand for classic-type American Muscle cars, the consumer market is much more diverse than it was in the 1960s and 1970s. Looking at modern muscle as a social trend, Ford and GM are the "innovators," followed by baby boom males in their 50s as "early adopters." The big bulge or "early majority" in the modern muscle movement comes from the men in their teens and early 20s. For these non- baby boomer consumers, the "cool" image is key. In the 1960s "a car was not quite a car unless punching the accelerator resulted in screaming tires and the landscape blurring around you…" according to Brent Staples of The New York Times . Fuel was cheap and the staple of drag racing counterculture was to be fast and loud. Now being “cool,” fuel efficient, and cost effective is all a part of the package. Instead of fuel guzzling V8 engines, you see V6 or turbocharged I4 models. Despite the reduction in power, Detroit is successfully selling this package. The Camaro and Challenger saw a 13% and 11% spike in sales during June 2011, which "outpaced" the growth in sales of all other passenger cars, according to Autodata. Australia Ford Australia and Holden are currently producing high-performance vehicles. For instance, Holden has its SS and SSV Commodores and Utilities, and HSV has more powerful Holden-based versions and has produced a limited edition HSV W427 – a Commodore fitted with the seven litre LS7 V8 from the C6 Corvette Z06 from 2008–2009. Ford Performance Vehicles produces enhanced versions of the Ford Falcon under the FPV name. As of 2012, current models include supercharged V8 powered GS sedan and utility, supercharged V8 powered GT sedans, and turbocharged inline 6 cylinder F6 sedans and utility. Holden Special Vehicles currently produces high-performance versions of various rear-drive Holden Commodore sedans. The HSV Clubsport R8 LSA currently has a 400 kW (536 hp) V8 engine and the HSV GTS a 430 kW (577 hp) V8 engine, with a 0 to 100 km/h time of 4.4 seconds. Vauxhall introduced the Monaro to the UK in 2004. This was a re-badged Holden Monaro fitted with a 5.7 L Chevrolet Corvette engine, or in VXR form with the engine bored out to 6.0 L. Sales were low and the model was withdrawn from the Vauxhall range in 2007. Collectibility The original "tire-burning" cars, such as the Chevrolet Camaro, AMC Machine, Buick Gran Sport, Dodge Charger R/T, Ford Mustang, Oldsmobile 4-4-2, Plymouth GTX, and Pontiac GTO, are "collector's items for classic car lovers". Reproduction sheet metal parts and, in some cases, even complete body shells are available for purchase.

List of muscle cars United States Motor Trend identified the following models as "musclecars" in 1965: 1962–1965 Dodge Dart413 /426 Max Wedge /426 Hemi 1962–1965 Plymouth Fury413 /426 Max Wedge /426 Hemi 1964–1965 Ford Thunderbolt 427 1965–1972 Buick Skylark GSX/GS400/GS 1965–1970 Dodge Coronet 426-S 1965–1970 Plymouth Belvedere 426-S 1965 Chevrolet Malibu SS 1965–1967 Oldsmobile Cutlass 442 Road & Track identified the following models as "musclecars" in 1965: 1964–1965 Pontiac Tempest 1964–1965 Pontiac Le Mans 1964–1965 Pontiac GTO 1965–1975 Buick Riviera Gran Sport 1965–1969 Buick Skylark Gran Sport 1965–1970 Dodge Coronet 426-S 1965–1970 Plymouth Belvedere 426-S 1965 Chevrolet Malibu SS 1965–1967 Oldsmobile Cutlass 442 Car and Driver also created a list of the 10 Best muscle cars for its January 1990 issue. The magazine focused on the engines and included: 1966–1971 Plymouth /Dodgeintermediates with 426 Hemi 1966–1967 Chevy IISS327 1966–1969 Chevrolet ChevelleSS396 1968–1969 Chevy II Nova SS396 1969 Ford Torino Cobra 428 1969 Plymouth Road Runner 440 Six Pack 1969 Dodge Super Bee 440 Six Pack 1970 Chevrolet ChevelleSS454 1969 Pontiac GTO 1984–1987 Buick Grand National 1970–1987 Chevrolet Monte Carlo SS Australia Chrysler VH model 1971–1972 Charger R/T E37 (101 built) 1971–1972 Charger R/T E38 (280 bhp (210 kW))—3 Speed Gearbox (Track pack and Big tank were options and a fully blueprinted engine) (316 built) 1972–1973 Charger R/T E48 (two built) 1972–1973 Charger R/T E49 (302 bhp (225 kW))—4 Speed Gearbox (Track pack and Big tank were options and a fully blueprinted engine) (149 built) 1972–1973 Charger S/E E55 (275 bhp (205 kW))—727 Torqueflite Auto (340 cubic inch Chrysler LA engine) (124 built) 1969–1971 Valiant Hardtop (318 or 360ci V8s) VJ model (R/T nomenclature dropped) were: 1973–1974 Charger E48 (169 built) 1973 Charger E49 (4 built) 1973–1974 Charger 770 E55 (212 built) Ford 1967–1976 Ford Falcon GT 1978 Ford Falcon Cobra Holden 1968–1977 Holden Monaro 1974–1978 Holden Torana Leyland P76 "Force Seven". This was a coupe version of the Leyland P76, and the company's answer to the Holden Monaro GTS, Ford Falcon GT and Chrysler Valiant Charger. The company ran into financial difficulties and ceased Australian production before the 3-door Force Seven could be released. The eight completed examples were sold at auction. Brazil Chevrolet 1971–1975 1st generation Opala SS with engine 250 I6 1975–1979 2nd generation Opala SS with engine 250-S I6 1979–1980 3rd generation Opala SS with engine 250-S I6 1976–1979 1st generation Caravan SS 1980 2nd generation Caravan SS Ford 1971–1975 1st generation Maverick GT302 V8 1975–1979 2nd generation Maverick GT302 V8 1966–1971 Galaxie 500289 V8 1971–1980 LTD Landau302 V8 1980–1983 Landau302 V8 Dodge 1969–1975 Dart318 V8 1971–1979 1st generation Charger R/T318 V8 (1969 Dart modified sold under the name of Charger) 1980 2nd generation Charger R/T318 V8 (1976 Dart modified sold under the name of Charger) Puma 1975–1979 GTB S1 1980–1988 GTB S2 1988–1994 AMV Santa-Matilde 1979–1988 SM4.1 Argentina General Motors (Argentina) 1972–1977 Chevrolet Chevy Coupé "Super Sport" Serie 2 (230–250 cid I6) 1967–1974 Chevrolet 400 "Super Sport" (230–250 cid I6) 1970–1974 Chevrolet 400 "Rally Sport" (194 cid, only on the 1970-1972 series, 250 cid from 1972-1974 series, both I6) Ford Motor Argentina 1973–1981/82 Ford Falcon "Sprint" (221 cid "SP" [heavily modified high performance version of the Australian engine], 3.6 L, 166HP, I6) 2016–Present Ford Mustang "GT", (302 cid "Coyote" 5.0 L, 421HP, V8) Chrysler-Fevre Argentina S.A. 1970–1979 Dodge "GTX" (225 cid Slant six "RG" 3.7 L, 155HP, I6 -only on the 1970-1972 series- , and the 1972–1979 series were equipped with the 318 cid "Chrysler LA" engine, 5.2 L, 212– 230HP, V8) 1974–1979 Dodge Polara "R/T" (225 cid Slant six "R/T" [High performance optional pack of the standard Polara Coupé] 3.7 L, 174HP, I6) IKA-Renault (Industrias Kaiser Argentina) 1966–1970 Torino "380 Coupé" (380 cid, 3.8 L "Tornado Interceptor 230", 160HP, I6) 1966–1970 Torino "380w" (380 cid, 3.8 L "Tornado Interceptor 230" w/ 3 Weber 45 carburetors, 176HP, I6) 1970–1976 Torino "GS200" (380 cid, 3.8 L "Tornado Interceptor 230", only on the 1970–1973 series, 3.8 L "Tornado 233" w/ 7 caucuses on the 1973–1976 series, 215HP, both I6) *****************************************************

Hot Rods Hot rods are typically old, classic American cars with large engines modified for linear speed. The origin of the term "hot rod" is unclear. For example, some claim that the term "hot" refers to the vehicle being stolen. Other origins include replacing the engine's camshaft or "rod" with a higher performance version. The term has broadened to apply to other items that are modified for a particular purpose, such as "hot-rodded amplifier ". Background Some automotive historians say that the term originated with stolen vehicles being refitted with another engine and repainted. In the early days of automobile manufacturing there was no identical matching transmission, body frame, and engine numbers. It was possible to change engines and repaint the car or truck and in effect turn it into a different vehicle and thus it became near impossible to prove that the vehicle was stolen. The term "hot" was equivalent to being stolen. The term "rod" was equivalent to any motorized vehicle. Even today, the Ontario Ministry of the Environment in its vehicle emissions regulations, refers to a "hotrod" as any motorized vehicle that has a replacement engine differing from the factory original. Another possible origin includes replacement of the camshaft with a new ("hotter") version, sometimes known as a hot stick or hot rod. Roadsters were the cars of choice because they were light, easy to modify, and inexpensive. The term became commonplace in the 1930s or 1940s as the name of a car that had been "hopped up" by modifying the engine for higher performance. A term common in the early days was "gow job". This has fallen into disuse except with historians. The gow job morphed into the hot rod in the early to middle 1950s. History Late 1930s–1950s The term seems first to have appeared in the late 1930s in southern California , where people raced modified cars on dry lake beds northeast of Los Angeles under the rules of the Southern California Timing Association (SCTA), among other groups. The activity increased in popularity after World War II , particularly in California, because many returning soldiers received technical training in the service. Many cars were prepared by bootleggers in response to Prohibition to enable them to avoid revenue agents ("Revenooers"); some police vehicles were also modified in response. The first hot rods were old cars (most often Fords, typically Model Ts , 1928–31 Model As , or 1932-34 Model Bs ), modified to reduce weight. Typical modifications were removal of convertible tops , hoods , bumpers , windshields , and/or fenders ; channeling the body; and modifying the engine by tuning and/or replacing with a more powerful type. Speedster was a common name for the modified car. Wheels and tires were changed for improved traction and handling. "Hot rod" was sometimes a term used in the 1950s as a derogatory term for any car that did not fit into the mainstream . Hot rodders' modifications were considered to improve the appearance as well, leading to show cars in the 1960s replicating these same modifications along with a distinctive paint job. Typical of builds from before World War Two were '35 Ford wire-spoke wheels . Immediately postwar, most rods would change from mechanical to hydraulic ("juice") brakes and from bulb to sealed-beam headlights. Engine swaps often involved fitting the Ford flathead V8 engine , or "flatty", in a different chassis; the "60 horse" in a Jeep was a popular choice in the '40s. After the appearance of the 255 cu in (4.2 l) V8, because of interchangeability, installing the longer-stroke Mercury crank in the 239 was a popular upgrade among hot rodders, much as the 400 cu in (6.6 l) crank in small-blocks would later become. In the 1950s, the flathead block was often fitted with crankshafts of up to 4.125 in (104.8 mm) stroke, sometimes more. In addition, rodders in the 1950s routinely bored them out by 0.1875 in (4.76 mm) (to 3.375 in (85.7 mm)); due to the tendency of blocks to crack as a result of overheating, a perennial problem, this is no longer recommended. In the '50s and '60s, the flatty was supplanted by the early hemi . By the 1970s, the small-block Chevy was the most common option, and since the '80s, the 350 cu in (5.7 l) Chevy has been almost ubiquitous.

Post WWII origins of organized rodding

Ford Popular Hot-rodded prewar British Rover 10

After World War II, there were many small military airports throughout the country that were either abandoned or rarely used that allowed hot rodders across the country to race on marked courses. Originally drag racing had tracks as long as one mile (1.6 km) or more, and included up to four lanes of racing simultaneously. As hot rodding became more popular in the 1950s, magazines and associations catering to hot rodders were started. These were led by Honk! (which shortly became Hot Rod ) and Car Craft . As some hot rodders also raced on the street, a need arose for an organization to promote safety, and to provide venues for safe racing. Hot rodders including Wally Parks created the National Hot Rod Association ( NHRA ) to bring racing off the streets and onto the tracks. They created rules based on safety and entertainment, and allowed Hot Rodders of any caliber the ability to race. The annual California Hot Rod Reunion and National Hot Rod Reunion are held to honor pioneers in the sport. The Wally Parks NHRA Motorsports Museum houses the roots of hot rodding. The mid-1950s and early 1960s custom Deuce was typically fenderless and steeply chopped, and almost all Ford (or Mercury, with the 239 cu in (3,920 cc) flatty, introduced in 1939); a Halibrand quick-change rearend was also typical, and an Edelbrockintake manifold or Harman and Collinsmagneto would not be uncommon. Reproduction spindles, brake drums, and backing based on the 1937s remain available today. Aftermarket flatty heads were available from Barney Navarro ,Vic Edelbrock , and Offenhauser . The first intake manifold Edelbrock sold was a "slingshot" design for the flatty. Front suspension hairpins were adapted from sprint cars , such as the Kurtis Krafts . The first Jimmy supercharger on a V8 may have been by Navarro in 1950. Brookville Roadster was one of the first companies to reproduce car bodies in steel. 1960s rise of the street rod As automobiles offered by the major automakers began increasing performance, the lure of hot rods began to wane. It was no longer necessary to put a Cadillac engine in a Ford roadster to be fast. It was now possible to buy a muscle car that outperformed nearly any hot rod, with more passenger room, and without having to expend the effort of building and tuning the car oneself. After the 1973 Oil Crisis , the public called on automakers to offer safety and fuel efficiency over performance. The resulting decrease in an average car's performance led to a resurgence of hot rodding, although the focus was on driving hot rods over racing so the term 'street rod' was coined to denote a vehicle manufactured prior to 1949, often with a more reliable late model drive train. Street rodding as it was now known was a different phenomenon than hot rodding, as street rodding was mainly family-oriented. National events were hosted by the National Street Rod Association (NSRA), which also stressed safety as the NHRA did 20 years before. Each NSRA event has a 'Safety Inspection Team' that performs a 23- point inspection process beyond normal State Safety Inspections. In the mid-1980s, as stock engine sizes diminished, rodders discovered the all-aluminum 215 (Buick or Olds) could be stretched to as much as 305 cu in (5 l), using: the Buick 300 crank, new cylinder sleeves, and an assortment of non-GM parts, including VW &Moparlifters and Carter carb. [18] It could also be fitted with high-compression cylinder heads from the Morgan +8 . Using the 5-liter Rover block and crank, a maximum displacement of 317.8 cu in (5,208 cc) is theoretically possible. Modern rodding

1936 Chevrolet street rod There is still a vibrant hot rod culture worldwide, especially in Canada, the United States , the United Kingdom , Australia and Sweden . The hot rod community has now been subdivided into two main groups: street rodders and hot rodders. In modern culture Lifestyle There is a contemporary movement of traditional hot rod builders, car clubs and artists who have returned to the roots of hot rodding as a lifestyle. This includes a new breed of traditional hot rod builders, artists, and styles, as well as classic style car clubs. Events like GreaseOrama feature traditional hot rods and the greaser lifestyle. Magazines like Ol' Skool Rodz , Gears and Gals , and Rat-Rods and Rust Queens cover events and people. In the media[ edit ] Author Tom Wolfe was one of the first to recognize the importance of hot rodding in popular culture and brought it to mainstream attention in his book The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby . There are magazines that feature traditional hot rods, including Hot Rod , Car Craft , Rod and Custom , and Popular Hot Rodding . There are also television shows such as My Classic Car , Horsepower TV , American Hot Rod , and Chop Cut Rebuild .

In Sweden and Finland

Swedish hot rodders with 1960s American car at Power Big Meet Locals in these countries, influenced by American culture, have created a local hot rod culture which is vibrant in Sweden and Finland where enthusiasts gather at meetings such as Power Big Meet and clubs like Wheels and Wings in Varberg , Sweden have established themselves in Hot Rod culture. Since there is very little "vintage tin" the hot rods in Sweden are generally made with a home made chassis (usually a Model T or A replica), with a Jaguar (or Volvo 240 ) rear axle, a small blockV8 , and fiberglass tub, but some have been built using for instance a Volvo Duett chassis. Because the Swedish regulations required a crash test even for custom-built passenger cars between 1969 and 1982, the Duett option was preferred, since it was considered a rebodied Duett rather than a new vehicle. Some 1950s and 1960s cars are also hot rodded, like Morris Minor , Ford Anglia , Volvo Amazon , Ford Cortina , '57 Chevy , to name but a few. These are known as custom cars (sometimes spelled Kustom).

Language Certain linguistic conventions are followed among rodders and customizers: The model year is rarely given in full, except when it might be confused, so a 1934 model is a '34, while a 2005 might be an '05 or not. A '32 is usually a Deuce and most often a roadster, unless coupé is specified, and almost always a Ford. A 3- or 5-window is usually a Ford, unless specified. A flatty is a flathead V8 (always Ford, unless specified); a late (or late model) flatty is probably a Merc . A hemi (" hem ee") is always a 426, unless displacement (331, 354, or 392) is specified; a 426 is a hemi, unless Wedge is specified. A 392 is an early hemi . A 331 or 354 is known to be an (early) hemi, but rarely referred to as such Units are routinely dropped, unless they are unclear, so a 426 cubic inch (in³) engine is simply referred to as a 426, a 5-liter engine is a 5.0 ("five point oh"), and a 600 cubic feet per minute (cfm ) carburetor is a 600. Engine displacement can be described in cubic inches or liters (for example, a 5.7-liter engine is also known as a 350 {"three fifty"}); this frequently depends on which units the user is most comfortable or familiar with. Common terms 3/4-race — high-performance flatty cam , suitable for street and strip use 3 deuces — arrangement of three 2-barrel (twin-choke) carburetors ; distinct from Six Pak and Pontiac and Olds Tri-Power (also 3x2 arrangements) 3-window — 2-door coupé; so named for one door window on each side plus the rear window 5-window — 2-door coupé; so named for one door window and one quarter window on each side plus the rear window 97s (“ninety-sevens”) — reference to the model number of Stromberg carburetors A-bone — Model A coupé Alky — alcohol ( methanol ) racing fuel Altered — AA/FA ("double A" Fuel Altered) drag racing car. Anglebox - British slang for a '59 to '68 Anglia Awful Awful (mainly North American) — AA/FA ("double A" Fuel Altered) racing car. Bagged - the use of air suspension to raise and lower the car Blower — mechanically driven supercharger; excludes turbochargers . Commonly a Roots . Blown — An engine equipped with a supercharger (a "blown hemi"); rarely used in reference to turbocharged engines A vehicle equipped with a supercharged engine (a "blown hiboy") A wrecked engine or transmission Blue oval — Ford product (for the Ford badge) Bondo — brand name for a body filler putty , often used as a generic term for any such product Bored — increased the diameter of the cylinders in order to increase engine displacement ("He bored the engine"); having had the diameter increased ("the engine was bored") Bottle — nitrous tank Bowtie — Chevrolet product (for the badge) Bugcatcher (or bugcatcher intake) — large scoop intake protruding through hood opening, or on cars with no hood. Bumpstick — camshaft (for the lobes) Cam — camshaft Cammer — most commonly, the SOHC (single overhead camshaft ) version of the 427 Ford V8. sometimes, the Ford Racing Power Parts 5-liter, rarely, any engine with overhead camshaft(s). Channelled — a car lowered by having the floor removed and reattached; also, to have done so Channeling — removing the floor and reattaching it to the body at a higher point, thus lowering the car without suspension modifications. Sometimes known as a "body drop". Cheater slicks (also "cheaters") — soft compound tires with just enough tread added to make them street legal (not usually in singular) Cherry — like new Chop — removing a section of the roof pillars and windows to lower the roofline Chopped — also "chopped top"; to have top chopped Chopping — executing a roof chop C.I.D. (sometimes Cubic Inches or Inches) — cubic inches displacement Crank — crankshaft Cubes — CID Cubic inches — CID Cutout - a short leg of the exhaust system that exits to the side of the car and typically in front of the driver. The cutout can be operated manually or remotely from the drivers seat. Hot rodders typically use cutouts on hot rods that are used on the street and the strip. The cutout is closed for street use and open for drag racing on the strip. Deuce — '32 Ford Model B (most often a roadster ); now commonly on Aframe rails Digger — dragster: only applied to rails, slingshots, or fuel cars Dual quads — two four-barrel carburetors Dragster - broadly, any vehicle modified or purpose-built for use on strips . specifically, specialized racers ( early or recent types, in gas, alky, or fuel varieties) Elephant — Chrysler hemi Fabricate - create a part no longer be available; create any part from scratch Fat-fender — 1934-48 (U.S.) car(Most common usage is to refer to '41-'48 inclusive, with '35- '41s called "pontoon fenders".) Flamed — painted with a flame job Flatty — flathead engine (usually refers to a Ford; when specified, the Mercury-built model) 3/8s by 3/8s — lengthening the stroke and increasing the cylinder bore 3/8 inch. A term only applied to flattys. French — to install headlight or taillight slightly sunken into fender Frenched — headlight or taillight slightly sunken into fender; to install as such ("she frenched the taillights") Fuel — most commonly, nitro (or a mixture of nitro and alky); the top drag racing class (which runs on nitro) broadly, gasoline (petrol) Full-race — high-performance flatty cam, suitable only for strip use Gasser — car used in gasoline-only drag racing classes in the 1960s (as opposed to alcohol or nitromethane fuels), where the front end of the car is raised along with the motor. Characterized by a body that sits well above the front wheels. Distinct from hiboy . Gennie — genuine Goat — GTO (not the Ferrari or the Mitsubishi ) Hair dryer — turbocharger (for the shape of the intake and exhaust casings) Hairpins — radius rods on axle suspension systems Header - the origination point of the tubular exhaust system as the exhaust exits the cylinder head . Hot rodders typically use steel or stainless steel as header materials. A variety of exhaust manifold . Hopped up (also "hopped") — stock engine modified to increase performance Huffer — supercharger , especially of the Roots type . Inches — CID Indian (also "Tin Indian") — Pontiac (for the grille badge) Jimmy (usually) GMC straight 6 any GMC product, such as a compressor used on 2-stroke diesels used as a supercharger . Jimmy Six — GMC straight 6 Juice brakes—hydraulic brakes Lakes pipes — exhaust pipes running beneath the rocker panels , after use by lakes racers Lope — exhaust note produced by of a high-duration cam Louvers —cuts in the sheet metal of the body with a narrow raised section on one side of the cuts to create a small window. Used to release air from engine compartments, or often merely for esthetics Lowering — reducing the ride height (or ground clearance ) Lunched — wrecked; caused to be wrecked ("lunched the transmission") Mag — magnesium wheel, or steel or aluminum copy resembling one such magneto Merc — Mercury Mill - any internal combustion engine Moons (or Moon discs; incorrectly, moon discs) — plain flat chrome or aluminum disc hubcaps, originally adopted by land speed racers. Smaller examples are "baby Moons". Named for Dean Moon . Mouse — small-block Chevy Mountain motor — large-displacement engine. Named for their size, and for being constructed in the mountains of Tennessee and North Carolina . In organized automotive competition, the term commonly references a V8 engine displacing more than 500 cubic inches; informally, a V8 engine displacing more than 560 cubic inches Nail - any car used as a daily driver Nailhead — Early Buick V8 , named for relatively small diameter valves Nerf bar - a small tubular or solid T-shaped or decorative bar that acts as a bumper . Nitro — Nitromethane , used as a fuel additive in some drag cars Nitrous — nitrous oxide NOS - New Old Stock, stockpiled parts of models no longer produced, not previously available for retail purchase. (More common among customizers than rodders.) Nitrous Oxide System (a.k.a. laughing gas, liquid supercharger, N2O, nitrous, "the bottle"): apparatus for introducing nitrous oxide into the air intake of an engine prior to the fuel entering the cylinder. Nosed — as in "nosed & decked": removal of any hood (bonnet) or trunk (boot) ornaments , the filling of holes, and painting as a smooth clean surface. Pickoupe — car-based light-duty pickup , from "pickup" & "coupé" Pinched — narrowed and lengthened body, usually at the nose Pop — a mixture of nitro & alky. British slang for a sit-up and beg Ford Popular . Plod — (British) body filler. (British) traffic police (after PC Plod in Enid Blyton's Noddy series) Ported and polished - enlarging and smoothing of the intake and exhaust port surfaces of performance engine cylinder heads to facilitate the ease of movement and increased volume of the engine gases. Port-matching - the lining up of the intake manifold , cylinder head ports and exhaust headers as to create one continuous smooth course of travel for engine gases with no ledges or obstructions. Pro Street — street legal car resembling a Pro Stock car. Some are very thinly disguised racers. QJ — Quadrajet (Rochester 4-barrel carburetor) Q-jet — Quadrajet Rail - dragster with exposed front frame. Usually refers to early short-wheelbase cars, and not usually to Altereds. (drag racing) guardrail Rail job - dragster with exposed front frame. Usually refers to early short-wheelbase cars, and not usually to Altereds. Rat Chevy big block engine, rat rod Redline — maximum safe rev limit; to operate an engine at that limit ("redline it", "redlined it") Rockcrusher — Muncie M22 4-speed transmissionso called because of the audible differences in operation between the model M-22 and its lower strength but quieter cousin, the M-21 Rocket — Oldsmobile , in particular their early V8s Rolled pan — Contured sheet of metal covering the space where the bumper used to be SB — small-block V8 (Chevy) Sectioned — having sectioning ("the '49 was sectioned"); having performed a sectioning ("he sectioned the Merc") Sectioning — removing of a horizontal center section of the body and reattaching the upper and lower parts Shoebox — '49 -'54 Ford (for the slab-sided appearance) SkyJackers - airshocks used in the rear to jack up the backend to clear wider tires/wheels. Slammed — lowering the car very close to the ground. Frequently accomplished with the use of air suspension. Slick — soft compound tire with no grooves, designed only for drag racing.Usually much wider than normal street tires. Slingshot — later variety of early digger, named for the driver's position behind the rear wheels (not its speed) Souped (or "souped up") — hopped up, performance improved (more common in '40s and '50s) Steelies — stock steel rims Stovebolt — Chevy straight 6 Street legal — dual-purpose car, capable of performing routine duties as well as weekend racing. Some cars described as such, such as Pro Street cars, are very thinly disguised racers. Street-strip — dual-purpose car, capable of performing routine duties as well as weekend racing. Some cars described as such have very marginal off-track utility. Strip — drag strip . More broadly, cars or parts used or intended for racing only. Thus "street-strip" is a dual- purpose car. Stroke — Engine stroke ; to increase the engine stroke ("stroke it") Stroked — increased stroke , to increase displacement, usually by adding a longer-stroke crankshaft Suicided — door changed from front- to rear-hinged ( "suicide" ) type Tin Indian — Pontiac (for the grille badge) Toploader — Ford 4-speed manual transmission, so named because access to the transmission internal was made via an access panel located on the top of the transmission housing Track T — Model T roadster built in the style of a dirt track race car Traction bars - Usually a set of square tubes attached to the back axle via 2 U bolts before and after the axle housing leading forward with a rubber snubber at the top end allowing as the car takes off to limit axle wrap on leaf springs. Tunneled — deeply sunken into fender Wombat — General Motors W series engine Wrinkle walls — drag racing slicks Zoomie pipes (or zoomies) — short exhaust pipes with no mufflers, used for racing, or just for show (not street legal) Some terms have an additional, different meaning among customizers than among rodders: NOS, for instance, is a reference to new old stock , rather than nitrous oxide . ***************************************************** What is a Street Rod? One of the fastest-growing groups of enthusiasts interested in older cars are street rodders, the owners and builders of street rods. A street rod is the most piratical type of old car. By definition, a street rod is an automobile of 1948 or earlier manufacture that has undergone some type of modernization to engine, transmission, interior refinements or any other modifications the builder desires. A street rod is to be driven to events under its own power and is to be used as a safe, non-racing vehicle for family enjoyment. In addition, a street rod is a means of self-expression for its creator. The builder of a street rod is not confined to guidelines set down by someone else; he can be his own man, and the street rod can be whatever he wants it to be, as long as the basic vehicle was manufactured before 1949. The street-rod builder has the option of adding a late-model engine and drivetrain from any make of car. He can modify the suspension to give better ride and handling characteristics, and he can incorporate whatever creature comforts he desires. Air conditioning, cruise control, AM/FM stereo radios, power steering, power brakes and automatic transmissions are common. The result is an automobile tailored to the owner’s wants and is a car with the looks and charm of a vehicle 40, 50 or even 75 years old. Just as the builder has options when it comes to adding the type of equipment he desires, he also can use as mild or as wild a paint theme as his imagination allows. He even can modify the lines of the body to suit his own design. The sky is the limit, and he can create without worrying about standards set down by someone else. One of the best parts of owning a street rod, however, is not in creating a unique vehicle but in its enjoyment after it is completed. With the modernization comes the ability to enjoy the vehicle in ways not afforded by other resurrected old cars. The vehicle can be driven in comfort for long distances, with safety for its passengers and others on the highway. In addition to making the car more comfortable, improvements in steering, lighting and braking are nearly always included in building a street rod. A street rod is a nostalgia trip, and while it retains most of the appeal of an old car, it still permits self-expression by allowing the creator to incorporate his own ideas in paint, bodywork and the mechanics that motivate it down the road. In this era of special-interest automobiles, the street rod is one of the truest forms of personalized vehicles. The year 2017 marks the 85th anniversary of the 1932 Ford, the quintessential street rod, the icon of street rodding.

By Charlie Rose

The Gift of the Magi By O. Henry (1906) One dollar and eighty-seven cents. That was all. And sixty cents of it was in pennies… Three times Della counted it. One dollar and eighty- seven cents. And the next day would be Christmas. There was clearly nothing to do but flop down on the shabby little couch and howl. So Della did it. Which instigates the moral reflection that life is made up of sobs, sniffles, and smiles, with sniffles predominating. While the mistress of the home is gradually subsiding from the first stage to the second, take a look at the home. A furnished flat at $8 per week…In the vestibule below was a letter- box…and a card bearing the name "Mr. James Dillingham Young." The "Dillingham" had been flung to the breeze during a former period of prosperity when its possessor was being paid $30 per week. Now, when the income was shrunk to $20, the letters of “Dillingham” looked blurred… But whenever Mr. James Dillingham Young came home and reached his flat above he was called "Jim" and greatly hugged by Mrs. James Dillingham Young, already introduced to you as Della. Which is all very good. Della finished her cry and attended to her cheeks with the powder rag. Only $1.87 to buy a present for him.Her Jim. Many a happy hour she had spent planning for something nice for him. Something fine and rare and sterling--something just a little bit near to being worthy of the honour of being owned by Jim…. Now, there were two possessions of the James Dillingham Youngs in which they both took a mighty pride. One was Jim's gold watch that had been his father's and his grandfather's. The other was Della's hair… So now Della's beautiful hair fell about her, rippling and shining like a cascade of brown waters. It reached below her knee and made itself almost a garment for her. And then she did it up again nervously and quickly. On went her old brown jacket; on went her old brown hat. With a whirl of skirts and with a brilliant sparkle still in her eyes, she fluttered out the door and down the stairs to the street. Where she stopped the sign read: "Mme. Sofronie. Hair Goods of All Kinds "Will you buy my hair?" asked Della. "I buy hair," said Madame. "Take your hat off and let's have a sight at the looks of it." Down rippled the brown cascade. "Twenty dollars," said Madame, lifting the mass with a practised hand. "Give it to me quick," said Della. Oh, and the next two hours tripped by on rosy wings. Forget the hashed metaphor. She was ransacking the stores for Jim's present. She found it at last. It surely had been made for Jim and no one else. There was no other like it in any of the stores, and she had turned all of them inside out. It was a platinum fob chain simple and chaste in design, properly proclaiming its value by substance alone and not by meretricious ornamentation--as all good things should do. It was even worthy of The Watch. As soon as she saw it she knew that it must be Jim's. It was like him. Quietness and value--the description applied to both. Twenty-one dollars they took from her for it, and she hurried home with the 87 cents. With that chain on his watch Jim might be properly anxious about the time in any company. Grand as the watch was, he sometimes looked at it on the sly on account of the old leather strap that he used in place of a chain. When Della reached home her intoxication gave way a little to prudence and reason. She got out her curling irons and lighted the gas and went to work repairing the ravages made by generosity added to love….Within forty minutes her head was covered with tiny, closelying curls that made her look wonderfully like a truant schoolboy…. "If Jim doesn't kill me," she said to herself, "before he takes a second look at me, he'll say I look like a Coney Island chorus girl.” Jim was never late. Della doubled the fob chain in her hand and sat on the corner of the table near the door that he always entered. Then she heard his step on the stair away down on the first flight, and she turned white for just a moment. She had a habit of saying little silent prayers about the simplest everyday things, and now she whispered: "Please God, make him think I am still pretty." The door opened and Jim stepped in and closed it. He looked thin and very serious... Jim stopped inside the door, as immovable as a setter at the scent of quail. His eyes were fixed upon Della, and there was an expression in them that she could not read, and it terrified her. It was not anger, nor surprise, nor disapproval, nor horror, nor any of the sentiments that she had been prepared for. He simply stared at her fixedly with that peculiar expression on his face. "Jim, darling," she cried, "don't look at me that way. I had my hair cut off and sold it because I couldn't have lived through Christmas without giving you a present. It'll grow out again--you won't mind, will you? I just had to do it. My hair grows awfully fast. Say `Merry Christmas!' Jim, and let's be happy. You don't know what a nice-- what a beautiful, nice gift I've got for you." "You've cut off your hair?" asked Jim, laboriously, as if he had not arrived at that patent fact yet even after the hardest mental labour. "Cut it off and sold it," said Della. "Don't you like me just as well, anyhow? I'm me without my hair, ain't I?" Jim looked about the room curiously. "You say your hair is gone?" he said, with an air almost of idiocy. "You needn't look for it," said Della. "It's sold, I tell you--sold and gone, too. It's Christmas Eve, boy. Be good to me, for it went for you. Maybe the hairs of my head were numbered," she went on with a sudden serious sweetness, "but nobody could ever count my love for you. Shall I put the chops on, Jim?" Out of his trance Jim seemed quickly to wake. He enfolded his Della….Jim drew a package from his overcoat pocket and threw it upon the table. "Don't make any mistake, Dell," he said, "about me. I don't think there's anything in the way of a haircut or a shave or a shampoo that could make me like my girl any less. But if you'll unwrap that package you may see why you had me going a while at first." White fingers and nimble tore at the string and paper. And then an ecstatic scream of joy; and then, alas a quick feminine change to hysterical tears and wails, necessitating the immediate employment of all the comforting powers of the lord of the flat. For there lay The Combs--the set of combs, side and back, that Della had worshipped for the long in a Broadway window. Beautiful combs, pure tortoise shell, with jewelled rims--just the shade to wear in the beautiful vanished hair. They were expensive combs, she knew, and her heart had simply craved and yearned over them without the least hope of possession. And now, they were hers, but the tresses that should have adorned the coveted adornments were gone. But she hugged them to her bosom, and at length she was able to look up with dim eyes and a smile and say: "My hair grows so fast, Jim!" And them Della leaped up like a little singed cat and cried, "Oh, oh!" Jim had not yet seen his beautiful present. She held it out to him eagerly upon her open palm. The dull precious metal seemed to flash with a reflection of her bright and ardent spirit. "Isn't it a dandy, Jim? I hunted all over town to find it. You'll have to look at the time a hundred times a day now. Give me your watch. I want to see how it looks on it." Instead of obeying, Jim tumbled down on the couch and put his hands under the back of his head and smiled. "Dell," said he, "let's put our Christmas presents away and keep 'em a while. They're too nice to use just at present. I sold the watch to get the money to buy your combs. And now suppose you put the chops on." The magi, as you know, were wise men--wonderfully wise men-who brought gifts to the Babe in the manger. They invented the art of giving Christmas presents. Being wise, their gifts were no doubt wise ones, possibly bearing the privilege of exchange in case of duplication. And here I have lamely related to you the uneventful chronicle of two foolish children in a flat who most unwisely sacrificed for each other the greatest treasures of their house. But in a last word to the wise of these days let it be said that of all who give gifts these two were the wisest. Of all who give and receive gifts, such as they are wisest….They are the magi.

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The Christmas Cake It was a joyful day for the McMulligan children when Mrs. McMulligan made the Christmas Cake. There was raisins to seed and eggs to beat, and pans to scrape and every one of the children, from the oldest to the youngest, helped to stir the batter when the good things were mixed together. “Oh, mix it and stir it and stir it and taste; For ev’rything’s in it and nothing to waste; and ev’ry one’s helped-even Baby-to make The nice, brown, sugary Christmas Cake,” Said Mrs. McMulligan, as she poured the batter into the cake pan. The Baker who lived at the corner was to bake the Christmas Cake, so Joseph, the oldest boy, made his haste to carry it to him. All the other children followed him, and together they went, oh, so carefully, out the front door, down the sidewalk, straight to the shop where the Baker was waiting for them. The Baker’s face was so round and so jolly that the McMulligan children thought he must look like Santa Claus. He could bake the whitest bread and the lightest cake, and as soon as the children spied him they began to call: “The cake is all ready! ’Tis here in the pan; Now bake it, good Baker as fast as you can”; “No, no,” said the Baker, ”T’would be a mistake to hurry in baking the Christmas Cake. I’ll not bake it fast, and I’ll not bake it slow; My little round clock on the wall there will show How long I must watch and how long I must bake the nice, Brown Sugary Christmas Cake.” The little round clock hung on the wall above the oven. Its face was so bright, and its tick was so merry, and it was busy night and day telling the Baker when to sleep and when to eat and when to do his baking. When the McMulligan children looked at it, it was striking ten, and it seemed to them very plainly to say: “’Tis just the right time for the Baker to bake the nice, brown, sugary Christmas Cake.” The oven was ready, and the Baker made haste to put the cake in. “Ho, ho,” he cried gaily, “now isn't this fun? ‘Tis ten by the clock, and the baking’s begun. And tickity, tickity, when it strikes one, If nothing should hinder the cake will be done.” Then the McMulligan children ran home to tell their mother what he had said, and the Baker went on with his work. It was the day before Christmas, and a great many people came to his shop to buy pies and cakes, but not matter how busy he wasn't waiting on them, he never forgot the McMulligan’s cake, and every time he looked at the clock, it reminded him to peep into the oven. So well did he watch it, and so carefully did he bake it, that the cake was done on the stroke of one, just as he had promised, and he had scarcely taken it out of the oven when the shop door flow open; and in came the McMulligan children, every one of them saying: “The clock has struck one. The clock has struck one. We waited to heat it-and is the cake done?” When they saw it they thought it was the nicest, brownest, spiciest cake that was ever baked in a Bakers oven. The Baker himself said it was a beautiful cake, and if you had been at the McMulligan’s on Christmas Day, I am sure you would have thought so too. Joseph carried it home, walking very slowly and carefully, and all the other children followed him, out of the Baker’s Shop, down the sidewalk, straight home, where Mrs. McMulligan was waiting for them. She was smiling at them from the window and when they spied her they all began to call: “Hurrah for our Mamma! She surely can make the nicest and spiciest Christmas Cake! Hurrah for the Baker! Hurrah for the fun! Hurrah for our Christmas Cake! Now it is done! ***************************************************** The Night Before Christmas T'was the night before Christmas, He lived all alone, In a one bedroom house, Made of plaster and stone. I had come down the chimney, With presents to give, And to see just who, In this home did live.

I looked all about, A strange sight I did see, No tinsel, no presents, Not even a tree. No stocking by the mantle, Just boots filled with sand, On the wall hung pictures ,Of far distant lands.

With medals and badges, Awards of all kinds, A sober thought, Came through my mind. For this house was different, It was dark and dreary, I found the home of a soldier, Once I could see clearly.

The soldier lay sleeping, Silent, alone, Curled up on the floor, In this one bedroom home. The face was so gentle, The room in such disorder, Not how I pictured, A Canadian soldier.

Was this the hero, Of whom I'd just read?, Curled up on a poncho, The floor for a bed? I realized the families, That I saw this night, Owed their lives to these soldiers, Who were willing to fight.

Soon round the world, The children would play, And grownups would celebrate, A bright Christmas Day. They all enjoyed freedom, Each month of the year, Because of the soldiers, Like the one lying here.

I couldn't help wonder, How many lay alone, On a cold Christmas Eve, In a land far from home. The very thought brought A tear to my eye, I dropped to my knees, And started to cry

The soldier awakened, And I heard a rough voice, 'Santa, don't cry. This life is my choice. I fight for freedom, I don't ask for more, My life is my God, My country, my corps.'

The soldier rolled over, And drifted to sleep, I couldn't control it, I continued to weep. I kept watch for hour, So silent and still, And we both shivered, From the cold night's chill.

I didn't want to leave, On that cold, dark night, This guardian of honor, So willing to fight. Then the soldier rolled over, With a voice, soft and pure, Whispered, 'Carry on Santa, It's Christmas Day, all is secure.'

One look at my watch, And I knew he was right, 'Merry Christmas my friend, And to all a good night.'

This poem was written by a peace keeping soldier stationed overseas.

Something For The Chefs In Our Lives Olga’s Pyrohy Re cipe Pyrohy (Perogy; Pierohe; Pyrogy; Pierogie) was a staple dish for the Ukrainians. Pasta like dough filled with either Potatoes and cottage cheese, or potatoes and cheddar cheese, or sauerkraut (sometimes mixed with potatoes), and even plain dry cottage cheese. The dough may also be filled with fruit at Christmas.

Ingredients: 5 ½ to 6 ½ cups flour ½ cup margarine or butter 1 ½ teaspoon salt 1 teaspoon baking powder 3 cups warm water or milk (you can go half water and half milk if you like) 1 pound dry cottage cheese crumbled very fine 5 or more potatoes (medium) boiled and mashed 3 tablespoons butter salt pepper (if desired)

Directions Boil and mash potatoes. Add cottage cheese, butter, salt, and pepper. In a large bowl, mix the dry ingredients together. Add margarine or butter, and warm liquid. Mix together. Dough should be soft. You may have to add extra flour or liquid. Let the dough rest for 20 minutes. Divide into 4 balls. On a floured surface, roll the dough into a rectangle or square 1/16 inch or 1.5 to 2 millimetres thick. Cut dough into to strips, in both directions, about 2 ¼ inches wide or use a regular size Mason jar metal lid and cut the dough into circles with the lid. Have a cookie sheet, lined with parchment paper or flour ready to put the pyrohy on. Place about ¾ of a teaspoon of filling into the centre of a piece of dough and fold over corner to corner to form a triangle, or if using round pieces, fold in half, making a half moon shape. Pinch the edges well. In a large pot, bring water to boil. Add a touch of cooking oil to the water, if you desire. Drop pyrohy into the boiling water and stir gently. When the pyrohy float to the top, they are ready. You won’t be able to cook all of the pyrohy at once. Strain the cooked pyrohy , in a strainer, and rinse with cold water immediately. This stops the pyrohy from sticking together. Put the cooked pyrohy into a bowl and pour some melted butter over them. Shake well. Serve with sour cream and onion or bacon bits. Garlic sausage goes well with pyrohy.

Specialty Vehicles Association of Alberta The SVAA was created back in the 1970's by a group of members of several Alberta vintage vehicle clubs for the original purpose of correlating event dates to avoid conflict This grew Into a lobby group which over the years was able to bring antique (one-time) licensing for vintage cars (25 years and older) to Alberta, and recently was able to petition, with the National Association, the Federal Government in order to prevent the creation of pollution or junker laws with respect to old cars. Today, the SVAA consists of 54 Alberta Vintage, Modified, Street Rod and 4-wheel clubs inAlberta, representing some 2 000 individual persons. Miss ion Statement The Association is dedicated to the preservation, restoration, and enjoyment of all antique, collector, vintage and specialty vehicles. Also, the Society Is dedicated to bringing all auto related clubs in Alberta together, to promote and protect our common interest in the Automobile Hobby .

Member Clubs Alberta Iron Indians Pontiac Club (Calgary) Alberta Iron Indians Pontiac Club (Edmonton) Alberta Pioneer Auto Club Alberta Post War Car Club Alberta Region of Packards International Alberta Super Run Association Car Show Motor Car Club Beaumont Dream Cruizers Bonnyville Gear Grabbers Club Calgary Firebird Club Calgary Plymouth & Friends Car Club Calgary Thunderbird Club Canadian Vintage Motor Cycle Group Central Alberta Mopar Association Chinook Wings Motorcycle Club Chipman Car Crafters Car Club Coaldale Custom Cruisers Cochrane Classic Car Club Cold Lake Cruisers Car Club Crowsnest Pass Wheel Nuts Cypress Rod & Custom Club Diablos Car Club Didsbury Car Club Edmonton Antique Car Club Edmonton Thunderbird Club Elk Point Auto Club Foothills Model T Club Foothills Street Rod Association Ford Central Club GTO Association of Alberta Just Kruzin Speciality Vehicle Club Lloydminister Auto Club Medicine Hat Vintage Vehicle Club Mountain View Pistons Vehicle Club Nifty Fifty's Ford Club of Calgary Northern Thunder Car Club Peace Classic Wheels Ponoka Piston Poppers Porcupine Hills Classic Cruisers Club Prairie Motor Brigade River City Classics Car Club Southern Alberta Antique & Classic Auto Club Southern Alberta Drag Racing Association St. Albert Cruisers Studebaker Drivers Club, Foothills Chapter Sylvan Lake Customs & Classics Taber Corn Country Cruisers Club The American Motors Club of Alberta Time Travellers Club of Airdrie Touring Tin Car Club Vegreville Iron Runner's Automobile Club Vintage Sports Car Club of Calgary West Central Alberta Classic Club Western Wheels Classic Auto Club Wild Rose Rod & Custom Car Club ***************************************************** To send information to our web master contact Scott Manson @ scottfree27 @ gmail.com ***************************************************** Cruisin’ The Dub Be sure to check your local listings, for location & times, for more Information, check out [email protected] For great burger specials every month from A&W to all Classic Car and Hot Rod Cruisers, contact: [email protected]., and they will send you some coupons. ***************************************************** Calendar of Events (2017 ) The SVAA publishes events throughout the year, so please forward your information to [email protected] or by mail. Some events are now included on the SVAA web site at www-svaalberta com. Do not send events to this web site. *****************************************************

Suggested Disclai mer For Hosting An Event The undersigned hereby agree to Indemnify all officers and directors against any and all alleged wrongful acts, wrongful acts and/or claims resulting from attendance and participation In this tour and associated events. I/we certify the vehicle indicated above is properly and adequately Insured, licensed, registered and is in a safe operating condition.

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Name: ______(Please Print)

Please Complete the Following and Return To

Vegreville Iron Runners Auto Club C/o William Smolak 5701 - 43A Street Vegreville, AB T9C 1E3

Release and Consent Form

I, ______, (print full name) do hereby consent to the use, reproduction, and publication of any and all photographs, video/audio recordings, and/or movies taken by and/or supplied to local papers/and or other media pertaining to or as a result of my activities as a member of the Vegreville Iron Runners Auto Club.

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Vegreville Iron Runners Auto Club Membership Application

Please Print Date: ______Name: ______Occupation: ______Spouse: ______Occupation: ______Children: ______Age: ______Age: ______Age: ______Age: ______Address: ______Phone (Res) ______City/Town: ______Phone (Bus) ______Postal Code: ______Phone (Cell) ______Province:______NewMembership: ____ Renewal:_____ Type of Membership: Single: ______Family:______Other: ______Vehicles Owned Vehicle #1 Make: ______Model: ______Year: ______Body Style: ______Colour: ______Vehicle #2 Make: ______Model: ______Year: ______Body Style: ______Colour: ______Vehicle #3 Make: ______Model: ______Year: ______Body Style: ______Colour: ______

Fees: Single: $15 Family: $25

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