The Bulwark Magazine of the Scottish Society

April - June 2019 // £2

April - June 2019 1 The Bulwark Magazine of the Society The Magdalen Chapel A Christian View of 41 Cowgate, , EH1 1JR Tel: 0131 220 1450 Email: [email protected] www.scottishreformationsociety.org Registered charity: SC007755 the First

Chairman Committee Members »» Rev Kenneth Macdonald »» Rev Maurice Roberts World War Vice-Chairman »» Rev Alasdair Macleod »» Mr Allan McCulloch Part II »» Mr Matthew Vogan Secretary »» Rev Douglas Somerset »» Rev John Keddie Rev. John MacLeod, Portmahomack Treasurer »» Rev David Campbell »» Rev Andrew Coghill »» Dr Robert Dickie

cO-OPEraTIOn OBJEcTS OF ThE SOcIETy In pursuance of its objects, the Society may co- (a) To propagate the evangelical Protestant faith operate with Churches and with other Societies and those principles held in common by those Churches and organisations adhering to This is the second part of a paper delivered at the whose objects are in harmony with its own. th the Reformation; Branch meeting on 30 March 2018. The first two sections were introductory and looked Magazine Editor: Rev Douglas Somerset All literary contributions, books for review and (b) To diffuse sound and Scriptural teaching on at the decades leading up to World War One. papers, should be sent to: the distinctive tenets of and Roman Catholicism; The Magdalen Chapel 41 Cowgate, Edinburgh III. The war itself (c) To carry on missionary work among EH1 1JR 1. The war which was not over in a few weeks be over within six weeks. The Germans adherents of the latter faith with a view to [email protected] winning them to the doctrines of grace and to That there should be a war was not a did indeed get, rapidly, to within thirteen the fellowship of the true Gospel; complete surprise, because there were miles of . A massive resistance and The views expressed in articles are those of indeed many international tensions. There counter-attack by the defenders, however, the contributor and may not necessarily reflect (d) To produce and distribute evangelistic, was, however, a general idea that any war prevented the success of the Schlieffen those of the Editor or the Committee of the religious and other literature in connection with would be very short and sharp – a matter of Plan. Of the two million men who fought Society. Scriptural references are from the A.V. the promotion of the Protestant religion; weeks, not of many months. in the Battle of the Marne, a quarter except where stated otherwise. became casualties. It was something of (e) To promote the associating together of men German strategic planning had also an indication of what was to come. The Unattributed material is by the Editor. and women, and especially young people, envisaged a very quick manoeuvre against opposing armies dug in and the scene was The section entitled “Young Bulwark” is edited for systematic Bible Study and holding of by Matthew Vogan. meetings for the above specified purposes. France, circumventing the extensive set not for a lightning war, but for years of defensive fortifications between the two trench warfare. countries by moving troops rapidly through DESIGNED & PRINTED BY: neutral . In terms of the German 2. A new sort of warfare www.peppercollective.com Schlieffen Plan, the whole action would There is a sense in which trench warfare Tel:028 9851 2233 2 The Bulwark April - June 2019 3 was not a completely new concept, but The high loss-rate became apparent very British plane trench warfare in that particular area, early on. On 22nd August 1914, the French and especially in winter, meant living and lost 27,000 men. In August and September fighting in a sea of mud. The trenches 1914, 400,000 French soldiers died. By the stretched, at their greatest, over 475 end of 1914, the total death toll on both miles of front. Supplies of food were not sides had already reached two million. particularly reliable in the trenches, but filth, fleas, and rats were everywhere. Relatively primitive and largely impractical machine guns had existed for several This war was different and horrific in another decades before WWI broke out, but rapid way – the weapons in use took the horror development in the years immediately to an entirely new level. This was not a war preceding and during WWI led to the with nineteenth-century weapons – the design, production, and deployment of weapons were very definitely twentieth- machine guns with a practical automatic century: machine guns, poison gas, and action and capable of sustained high rates tanks, not to mention the start of the use of fire; terrifying weapons of which the of aerial warfare. All these would make this Germans had by 1916 deployed no less war different from any which had preceded than 16,000 on the Western Front alone. it, and made the scale of the death toll vastly greater than anything anticipated in Chemical warfare has in recent days been the pre-war years. considered newsworthy because of the use of the Russian-developed nerve gas Whilst accurate figures are impossible Novichok in an attempt, in the English to come by, it is widely assumed that town of Salisbury, on the lives of a Russian German machine gun British tank deaths of combatants were in the region émigré and his daughter. Primitive forms of ten million. Of those, approximately of chemical warfare have been known and 3.3 million were German and 1.1 million used for many centuries. Concern about lifelong incapacity. A weapon so dreadful purposes there proceeded attempts to were Austro-Hungarians. On the other the use of nerve agents was serious enough as to have been banned more than once use aircraft as primitive bombers, and by side, Russia suffered the heaviest losses, for them to have been banned under The as being too fearful to use even in warfare the middle of WWI fighter aircraft were followed by France and then the British Hague Declaration of 1899 and the Hague became a terror weapon early on in WWI. being produced in significant numbers Empire. Perhaps it gives a better idea of Convention of 1907 which forbade the and machine guns synchronised to fire the scale of the conflict to indicate that use of “poison or poisoned weapons” in The tank, a key element of much modern between the blades of the propeller were by 1918 Serbia had lost 25% of its 1914 warfare, yet more than 124,000 tons of gas warfare, was developed during WWI to being perfected. population. were produced during World War I. overcome the stalemate of trench warfare. The British Army’s Mark I tank, the first Sophisticated technology was producing It is, of course, true that other wars in the It is probable that the French forces were the tank used in combat, went into action in not just killing machines, but terror in the past had led to extreme results in term of first to deploy mild nerve agents in WWI, but September 1916 during the Battle of the troops. Nor was all the horror particularly human loss: at the end of the Thirty Years the German army was certainly using nerve Somme – a machine that was designed to sophisticated. Infantry going “over the War (1618-1648) the population of what gases by October 1914 and engaged in be unstoppable and against which infantry top” in an attempt to gain territory and we might describe as “” was full-scale deployment of major nerve gases in its path had little or no effective defence. to overwhelm the enemy in the enemy’s only half of what it had been at the start at Ypres in April 1915. Gas warfare was not own trenches faced not only the horror of that war. The rate of loss of life in WWI, only deadly to many combatants; it spread Aircraft as tools of war came into service of machine-gun fire but the probability of however, was much higher and the effects uncontrollably to civilian populations and during WWI. From early successful being caught in barbed-wire entanglements accordingly traumatic. many of those who survived suffered experiments with aircraft for reconnaissance and gunned down while trapped, if not

4 The Bulwark April - June 2019 5 shredded previously by the wire. Barbed To get to the root of such thinking in wire of the modern sort was not developed Germany, it is necessary to examine the until the 1870s, but it added another links that exist between Tübingen, Martin element to the horror of trench warfare. Luther, and German national militarism. German Protestantism was overwhelmingly The trenches, then, were places not only of Lutheran, and in Lutheran circles respect extreme physical danger, but places where for Luther amounted almost to veneration. much of the suffering imposed was mental and some of it already banned as morally A number of prominent theologians who unacceptable. had studied in Tübingen, noted as being the leading centre for Higher Criticism which 3. A war with openly religious aspects downplayed the authority of Scripture, WWI was a war in which the principal were extremely active in promoting a new antagonists were professedly religious. “Luther Renaissance”. Karl Holl (a Tübingen Germany was, in 1914, a country of graduate) and one of his former students, some 40 million (nominally) Protestants Emanuel Hirsch, became leaders of a as opposed to some 24 million Roman church-based extreme right-wing political Catholics. Russia was overwhelmingly grouping. The point will not be missed University of Tübingen Russian Orthodox in terms of religion. that 1917 would mark the quatercentenary France and were overwhelmingly of Luther’s posting of the Ninety-Five Roman Catholic. Britain held itself to be Theses on the door of the Castle Church at the effect of standardising the German IV. The spiritual aftermath overwhelmingly Protestant, while the Wittenberg – an event celebrated annually language, especially in the areas where 1. Disillusionment and false spiritual hopes Ottoman Empire was Mohammedan. in Germany, but during WWI an opportunity Lutheranism was strongest. Luther was This was a war fought in Europe in an age to raise the profile of Luther and to present therefore regarded as providing the basis in which communication methods had Even a century on, it is clear that religious him as the ultimate German patriot and for a commonality of interest in the German- improved greatly over the previous two sentiment is attached to WWI: war model and inspiration for all Germans. speaking world and a unifying influence, decades. The media had relatively ready memorials frequently express religious not to mention a heroic figure providing a access to the war – Paris, for example, sentiment and annual remembrance services It is perhaps relevant to consider why model for Germans of later eras. “Luther was less than 100 miles from the front. frequently make reference to “the supreme Luther should be seen in such a light. At against the world” of his day was portrayed However hard they might try, governments sacrifice” in quasi-religious terms. The the time of the Reformation, Germany was as a model for “Germans against the world” could not conceal the realities of the contemporaneous views of the justification a collection of small states occupying a in the early twentieth century. An example war, and those realities were becoming for WWI on the part of the antagonists were large geographical area – certainly not a of this is to be found in the publication by increasingly horrific as the war intensified. also frequently expressed in religious terms, unified country. From the cantons of what Rev. Theodore Kolle in 1918 of his sermon As an example of that intensification and and this was particularly so on the part of is now to the Low Countries under the title Luther unser Mitkämpfer escalation, from mid-1916, British sappers Germany where theologians were open which now comprise the Netherlands and (Luther, our Fellow-Fighter). had been tunnelling under German lines at in their pursuit of a Kriegstheologie – i.e. Belgium, there was a continuum of language Messines, near Ypres. On 7th June 1917 a theology of war. The war was regarded from the Oberdeutsch of Switzerland to the Nor were other nations slow in attempting the nineteen mines planted in those tunnels as a duty, not merely in moral terms, but Niederdeutsch of the Netherlands. The to bring in religious justification for the were exploded simultaneously in the in spiritual terms. It was not just a political modern descendant of fifteenth-century part they were playing in WWI, but what largest planned explosion prior to nuclear war, it was a holy war. Pursuit of war was Swiss speech, Schweizerdeutsch, is so is particularly relevant in the case of the weapons. The explosion was heard even considered a spiritual imperative. German incomprehensible to speakers of standard German approach is the absence of in the south of England and ten thousand preachers accused Britain of attacking the German that television interviews with a Scriptural argument and the substitution of German soldiers were killed instantly. very heart of authentic Protestantism and speaker of Schweizerdeutsch are subtitled. Luther as a great German hero-figure and Passchendaele left a total of half a million therefore attacking Protestantism itself. Luther’s translation of the Scriptures had model for the future. soldiers dead. These were realities that

6 The Bulwark April - June 2019 7 In the trenches there was a considerable such, there was a turning away from religion also gave the Roman measure of fatalism. On the home front, as they came to realise the emptiness of less opposition and correspondingly disillusioned and frightened people the false optimism preached in the decades more influence in some Eastern European turned with increasing frequency away prior to WWI by those who had rejected the countries. from those who had projected optimistic truth and reliability of the Bible. visions of an ever-improving and more Meanwhile, mainstream Protestant churches successful world to the occult. In 1918, Mention has already been made of a turning lost credibility and faith. In Britain, the empty Sir Arthur Conan Doyle published a survey to the occult. That heightened interest was optimism of the pre-WWI mainstream of spiritist material under the title The New seized on by the new and increasingly- churches no longer carried the same appeal Revelation. Significantly earlier (1916) and influential film industry in which there were a and was seen as unrealistic, both by those extremely influential, however, was Sir Oliver number of occult-minded film-makers and in the pulpit and those in the pew. The Lodge’s book Raymond. Sir Oliver was a screenwriters such as June Mathis who mainstream churches did not, in general, turn distinguished physicist whose son Raymond was a leading figure in the film industry of back to a firm commitment to the authority of had been killed at Ypres in 1915; Sir Oliver the time. It was in 1915 that the term “New Scripture or to a primary commitment to the claimed that mediums were getting reliable Age” entered into common use to describe preaching of its message. messages from his son. Such material was a package of beliefs deemed relevant for pounced on by many whose loved ones had the needs of the twentieth century; and Across Europe and around the world there been killed or had been posted as missing that strange hotch-potch of beliefs and was an increasing development of an in action. Suffering in their grief, but with no practices which emerged towards the end ecumenical movement, the seeds of which genuine Christian faith, and having been of WWI and carried on into the post-WWI had been seen in the pre-WWI Edinburgh Arthur Conan Doyle misled by preachers of a gospel of worldly period was little different to the New Age Missionary Conference of 1910. In 1925, optimism, they were misled again in turning beliefs of the late twentieth century. the Primate of the (Lutheran) State Church could not be hidden effectively, and both to the world of the occult. of was instrumental in calling (and soldiers in the trenches and civilians in their The emerging Charismatic movement chairing) the World Conference of Life and home territories were seriously affected 2. The spiritual legacy of WWI also provided a refuge for those who were Work in Stockholm. That conference was both mentally and spiritually. Military hostilities ceased on 11th November disillusioned with the mainstream churches to lead on, over twenty years later, to the 1918, although as has already been noted, whose message of unfounded optimism World Council of Churches. Instead of Many clergy had no answer to the suffering, it was several years after that before all had so manifestly failed them. a focus on the authority of Scripture and some of them affected as badly as those the nations involved ceased to be at war its message of the need for individual whose spiritual needs they were attempting in a technical sense. The end of the war, The Roman Catholic Church, at least in repentance and faith, the thinking of to meet. The optimism of the previous however, did not mean a return to the pre- Germany, gained prestige and rode on mainstream churches post-WWI took on decades was replaced by disillusionment war world. Politically, the scene was very a wave of popularity. The slogan “Luther an increasing emphasis on a perceived and pessimism, and the majority who had different from what it had been in 1914, but lost the war” characterised their thinking. need for organisational unity and increased abandoned Scripture as a sound basis for more significantly, spiritually the scene was The various parties which present action on social matters. belief had nothing meaningful to replace it. also very different. themselves under the “Christian Democrat” It is small surprise that disillusionment set description gained, and have maintained, 3. Conclusion in. Indeed the Edinburgh minister whose For families bereaved, often without the a considerable influence. The current World War I was the result of worldly congregation had been queuing up to bodies of their loved ones ever being found, Chancellor of Germany, Angela Merkel, ambition and false optimism resulting in get into the church to hear an optimistic the sense of loss would affect not only chairs the Christlich Demokratische Union large measure from an abandoning of message, and who served as a WWI those who knew and loved them, but later Deutschlands. Allied centre-right Christian belief in the authority of Scripture. It led to chaplain, was reportedly never the same generations who learned of and experienced Democrat parties are influential in a number dramatic political and social changes, to the again. He left Edinburgh post-war, and that loss at second or third hand. For many of other European countries. The virtual rise of heterodox religious groupings, and to though he returned and took a further of those who survived but were maimed, life collapse of the Russian Orthodox Church a diversion of the energies of mainstream charge, he died before he was sixty-five. would never be the same again. For many following the Russian Revolution in 1917 Protestant churches into social action.

8 The Bulwark April - June 2019 9 1. Three levels of worship from Roman paganism, too, were fond of Popery teaches that there are three levels their gods, so the simply rebranded of worship, although it is obvious that many their gods as saints and moved their statues ordinary people would fail to understand the into churches. In Ireland, the daughter of A Scottish subtle or non-existent difference between the sun god, Brighde, was renamed St these three levels. “Latria” or adoration is Bridget and a convent was constructed to be rendered to God alone. “Dulia” or on the site of her temple. Such was, and veneration involves reverencing saints. is, Romanism’s insatiable pursuit of power Jesuit ‘Saint’ But Mary, “the Blessed Virgin”, is exalted over the souls of men, no matter how much far above all other saints and thus merits biblical teaching has to be jettisoned or “Hyperdulia”, or the highest veneration. warped in the process.

Romanism maintains that Mary was born 3. Canonisation by Immaculate Conception, is sinless (even The canonisation of a saint usually involves though she said, “my spirit hath rejoiced in three stages, in which the Pope, on the God my SAVIOUR”), and is Mediatrix between recommendation of the Congregation of the God and man. Honoured with titles such as Causes of Saints, declares the candidate Mother of God, Morning Star, Mystical Rose, to be “the Venerable”, then “the Blessed”, and Queen of Heaven, the Virgin is portrayed before attaining full saintly status. This as more compassionate than Christ. Rome’s involves a detailed investigation into the devotees are encouraged to approach God life of the person, in which the evidence for through sympathetic Mary, a virtual goddess, sainthood, especially miracles supposedly who can persuade Christ, a stern judge, to performed by them in answer to prayers, hear their prayers. is questioned by the Promoter of the Faith (“devil’s advocate”). The complete process A recent advertising leaflet with a can take hundreds of years but in recent photograph of a statue of “Our Lady of decades is usually much faster, as in the Fatima” chillingly urges people to “Look into cases of John XXIII and John Paul II, these eyes and let them look into yours. as well as Mother Theresa. There are about Here is a mother who understands you …”. sixty ancient and medieval Scottish saints, Despite the Bible’s clear condemnation but since the Reformation, only one Scot, John Smith of idolatry, as well as of any attempts to John Ogilvie, has been so honoured by the contact the dead, the largest “Christian” Vatican. Another, the Venerable Margaret The Bible frequently uses the term “saint” official “saints”, many of them martyrs Church in the world, is obsessed with saint Sinclair, is well on her way to achieving full to describe ordinary Christians. Letters (whether for true or false religion), whom worship. But where does this superstitious saintly status. were addressed by Paul to the “saints” the Popes have declared to be particularly and idolatrous practice come from? in Rome, Ephesus, Corinth, etc., whose holy, favoured by God, and possessed of 4. after the faults he criticised when necessary. By power to help believers on earth. Special 2. The origins of saint worship Reformation contrast, the Roman Catholic Church patron saints have been created for Theologians have pointed out how, like so Despite the fact that the Scottish teaches that a saint is a member of an trades and professions, towns, countries, many aspects of Romanism, saint worship Reformation was by far the most complete elite group of notable super-Christians in and every conceivable kind of illness is an adaptation and continuation of in Europe, the Vatican was by no means heaven. Over the centuries, the Vatican and trouble in life. And Romanists are Babylonian religion, which taught that the prepared to abandon the country to has canonised, or “raised to the altars encouraged to focus their devotion and gods were once earthly heroes who were “heresy”. Scots Colleges were established of the Church”, more than ten thousand prayers through statues of these saints. transported to a higher plane. Converts on the Continent and a steady stream of

10 The Bulwark April - June 2019 11 priests sent to Scotland. But it was a risky John’s uncle, Father George Elphinstone, mission; celebrating Mass was illegal and of the Scots College at Rome, as many of the priests were captured and the boy’s companion. The pair journeyed deported. If a priest came back again, he was across Europe and listened to disputations also imprisoned before being exiled. Due to between Protestant and Roman Catholic the limited supply of personnel, instead of scholars. John was so impressed by the trying to re-evangelise the masses, Rome’s Romanists’ arguments that he entered the efforts were concentrated upon getting their Scots College at Douai in 1596. He later clergy into the homes of the noble families. studied at various seminaries in the German With the boy King James VI on the throne, lands. Ogilvie joined the Jesuit order in 1599 and an estimated third of the aristocracy still and subsequently taught in several of their sympathetic to Popery, the Jesuits were well schools including one in Olmutz, where he aware of the potential for a change of regime. sought to increase the confidence of the As he grew older, James developed what minority Roman Catholic population. The Thomas McCrie calls, “a ridiculous passion bold Scotsman led processions of students for intermeddling with Church affairs”, with a carrying crosses and clothed in sackcloth particular emphasis on restoring the rule of through the streets. bishops, in order to bring the Church under his direct control. 6. Ogilvie returns to Scotland After the usual protracted and rigorous Following the 1588 defeat of the Spanish Jesuit training programme, Ogilvie was Armada, anti-Roman Catholic sentiment finally ordained in Paris in 1610. In France, was on the rise in Scotland. When it became Ogilvie met many priests expelled from known that leading Papist nobles such as Scotland whose tales of adventure inspired the Earls of Angus, Errol, and Huntly had him to return home. After being refused been conspiring with the Spaniards, James permission twice, in 1613 he sailed to was forced to act. But although he exiled the Scotland, in disguise and claiming to be a earls, he refused to punish them financially soldier, Captain John Watson. Sometimes and soon allowed their return. To many, this he posed as a horse-dealer or a sailor. cast a big question mark over his Protestant These aliases enabled him to travel all over credentials. In 1593 Huntly, whose uncle the country without arousing suspicion. Father James Gordon was Superior of the After spending time in Strathbogie, a “safe” Scottish Jesuits, launched an unsuccessful area ruled by the Earl of Huntly, some rebellion, funded by papal gold. writers claim that he proceeded to on a diplomatic mission. It is said that he 5. John Ogilvie’s early years had a secret meeting with King James John Ogilvie was born in 1579. He was VI. The king wanted the unquestioned the son of Sir Walter Ogilvie of Drum, near loyalty of his Roman Catholic subjects Scots College at Douai Keith, a prominent Banffshire landowner and was also anxious that the Pope would and his wife Agnes, and was brought up recognise his right, as a Protestant, to the as a Calvinist. To further his education, the throne. However, since the Jesuit was not In June 1614 Ogilvie crossed the North Sea with in any day”. Accompanied by two young John was sent to the Continent. authorised to give any such assurances, once more. He wrote, “In my own country other priests, he began a “great adventure” If his father really was a committed the meeting was a failure and Ogilvie I am known to nobody and am engaged in the lowlands, saying mass in the stables Protestant, it is astonishing that he chose returned to France. day and night in more work than I can cope in the Canongate in Edinburgh, inveigling

12 The Bulwark April - June 2019 13 weight awaiting death unless I accept what In 1965, a dock worker, John his way into Edinburgh Castle to speak is offered with the king’s clemency, that is, Fagan was dying of stomach cancer. He to important prisoners, and visiting all the a rich provostry, and abjuring the faith”. It was already in a coma when he received important Roman Catholic sympathisers was to no avail. Ogilvie was found guilty and the last rites from his priest, Father Thomas in the vicinity of Glasgow. A prominent condemned to be hanged and quartered at Reilly, of the Blessed John Ogilvie Glaswegian, Adam Boyd, was suspicious Glasgow Cross. He declared (inaccurately) in Easterhouse. The priest pinned a medal of the wandering priest. Pretending to that he was dying “for religion alone”. “For with a portrait of Ogilvie on Mr Fagan’s be interested in converting to Romanism this”, he said, “I am prepared to give even pyjamas before leaving. His consultant had he discovered the extent of Ogilvie’s a hundred lives”. To his fellow priests, he given him hours to live but members of the underground activities which he reported wrote, “Brethren, pray that my sacrifice and parish and the Glasgow Legion of Mary to the authorities. On 14th October 1614, yours may prove acceptable to God”. were praying for his recovery. Overnight, the Ogilvie was arrested after being roughed tumour began to disappear, and Mr Fagan up by a mob on a busy street. Ogilvie was hanged on 10th March 1615 in woke up feeling hungry, completely defying front of a large crowd, and he faced death medical explanation. Apparently, the doctor 7. Ogilvie imprisoned with great bravery, reportedly saying to the collapsed in a chair with shock when he Ogilvie was then taken to the palace of executioner, “I fear death as much as you do saw the man’s remarkable recovery. Archbishop , where he your dinner”. His last words are said to have was examined by the Archbishop himself, the Bishop of Argyll, five local barons, and Ogilvie hanged, drawn, and quartered been, “If there be any hidden Catholics let 10. Ogilvie canonised the Provost of Glasgow. Spottiswoode was them pray for me, but the prayers of heretics In 1976 it was announced that John Ogilvie “a shrewd and crafty politician” and James 8. Ogilvie executed I will not have”. He ascended the scaffold was to be canonised and in June that year, VI’s most trusted ecclesiastic. The king had Finally, the prisoner was brought to Glasgow carrying his beads which he threw Banffshire-born Cardinal Gordon Gray led tasked him with bringing to heel not only for trial before the city magistrates, the into the crowd. Some claim that the man an open-air mass at Kynoch Park football Roman Catholic troublemakers but also Archbishop, and various noblemen. It was who caught them, a Calvinist Hungarian ground in Keith, which stands on part of Presbyterians who refused to accept the alleged that “by conferences, mass sayings Baron called Johann Ab Eckersdorff, the Drum estate. In October, hundreds of rule of bishops. Later, he was responsible and other means” he had tried to corrupt was later converted to Romanism as a Scots joined a crowd of some 20,000 in for introducing the infamous Five Articles people and pervert them from obeying result and (rather improbably) that the Rome, including, sadly, Princess Alexandra of Perth. The Archbishop wrote to James, His Majesty, and that he had refused to Glaswegian crowd took Ogilvie’s side and and her late husband Angus Ogilvie, for the asking him to have Ogilvie put on trial. In the “declare his mind to him, who is judge in was so furious that the quartering could not actual ceremony which was led by Pope meantime, he was remanded in custody at the controversies of religion, whom you be carried out and his body was secretly Paul VI. In his homily the Pope heaped the Glasgow Tolbooth. declared to be the Pope”. The charges did buried near the cathedral. praise upon the new saint, describing him not relate to saying mass or attempting to as “a glorious champion of your people, Later, the Jesuit was interrogated by the convert people, but only to denying the 9. Ogilvie beatified an ideal exemplar of your past history, Privy Council in Edinburgh. He refused king’s authority. James himself wanted On December 22nd 1929, at a ceremony in a magnificent inspiration for your happy to acknowledge the monarch’s authority Ogilvie liberated, saying that he had no the Vatican, Ogilvie was beatified (declared future, a great hero of freedom and faith”. in spiritual matters, believing that he wish to see visions of bloody heads around to be “the Blessed”). The previous week, was subject to the Pope alone. Asked his deathbed as Elizabeth I reputedly did. one hundred and thirty-six English Roman Pastor Jack Glass and some of his whether he would acknowledge the king The English Queen had certainly signed Catholic martyrs were also beatified. In the supporters held up a banner which or “endure the worst”, Ogilvie replied, “my the death-warrants of hundreds of priests. 1960s the claims of the English martyrs and proclaimed, “THOUSANDS OF SCOTS mind is already made up”. He was quite Thus, James personally drafted and sent of John Ogilvie to sainthood were pressed OBJECT TO THIS”. The group was inexcusably brutally beaten up, tortured, to Spottiswood five questions designed to by the Jesuits. Because he was already unceremoniously bundled away by Italian and deprived of sleep for nine nights but make the priest acknowledge the king’s a martyr, only one authenticated miracle police, escorted to the airport and put he refused to reveal either the names of Divine right in both temporal and spiritual (instead of the usual two) was required for on the first flight back to Scotland. In Roman Catholics to whom he had been affairs. On 24th December 1614 the captive Ogilvie to be canonised. His supporters did those days, even mainstream Church of ministering, or where he had said mass. Jesuit wrote, “I lie burdened with a 200lb not have to wait long. Scotland clergy were not afraid of criticising

14 The Bulwark April - June 2019 15 and his wider family

Statue of Ogilvie at Carfin Grotto Trevor Kirkland Romanism. A prominent Aberdeen minister, was simply on some brave and harmless Mr Kirkland is minister of the Ballyclare and Doagh congregation of the Free Church of Rev. George T. H. Reid, commented: “the mission to convert people to Roman Scotland (Continuing). The main source for the following material is the interesting 2012 kind of goodness glorified by the Roman Catholicism. He was the secret agent of a post in Dr Mark Jardine’s “Book of Martyrs” blog entitled “Renwick’s Intercepted Letter Catholics in canonisation is not the kind hostile foreign power. As a Jesuit, he had of 1685: John Binning of Dalvennan, Mrs Binning, Edinburgh and Eaglesham”. of which Protestants can wholeheartedly taken the Order’s fearful and blood-curdling approve, or the kind which Jesus taught oath which states: “I will, when opportunity in the sermon on the mount”. He said presents, make and wage war against all that Roman Catholic thinking on saints heretics, Protestants and freemasons and Hugh Binning, who died much lamented in of James Simpson who was a chaplain in “seemed medieval”. Subsequently, shrines … exterminate them from the face of the 1653, left an unusual family legacy which Lord Sinclair’s regiment in General Robert dedicated to “St John Ogilvie” were built at whole earth and will spare neither age, deserves to be better known than it is. Monro’s army, and was stationed in the Jesuit St Aloysius Church, Glasgow; sex or condition”. Later in the seventeenth Newry, Ulster. When the regiment moved St Mary’s Cathedral, Aberdeen; and St century, the hundreds of Presbyterian 1. Hugh Binning on, Simpson remained behind, though he Thomas Church, Keith, where there is also Scots who were slain on the orders of the Hugh Binning was born in 1627 at was subsequently minister of Airth in the a small display about his life. tyrannical Stuart kings and their acolytes, Dalvennan, parish of , , on Presbytery of . After 1661 he was often without trial, had nothing to do with an estate owned by his father. He attended exiled to Leyden. In 1650, a son John was 11. Conclusion undercover political intrigue but were Glasgow University, and became minister born to Hugh and Marie, who grew up to Ogilvie’s treatment at his death was hunted down by soldiers and shot or put of in 1650. He supported the be a zealous Covenanter in Scotland. His undoubtedly barbaric; it was also an absolute to the sword while engaged in mundane Protestors in the Protestor/Resolutioner wife’s name was Hanna Kerr. gift to the Roman Catholic propaganda activities like ploughing their fields, controversy, but was of a more conciliatory machine. With, alas, an all too typical attending an outdoor service, reading the spirit than some. His preaching was simple 2. Hugh’s widow Marie manipulation of the facts, one Jesuit website Bible, or merely sitting by their own fireside. and he avoided the complicated sermon After Hugh Binning’s death, his widow states that Ogilvie “died for witnessing to divisions that were generally favoured at Marie remarried, becoming the wife of his beliefs in a world hostile to the values John Ogilvie was certainly a dedicated and that period. His preaching method was James Gordon, the minister of Comber, of Christ”. He is honoured for defying the fearless servant of the Pope, but he was no popular with the people but was criticised Ulster. Gordon was ejected in 1661, along law and for saying mass because “Christ friend of Scotland, nor of her people, nor of by some of his fellow-ministers. He died at with sixty other Presbyterian ministers, has ordained it”, and he is described as “a her civil and religious liberties. He was the the early age of twenty-six in September but he continued to officiate privately in shepherd to your people in time of strife”. sworn enemy of the Bible, the Gospel, and 1653 and was buried in Govan. Comber. In 1683, however, in his old age, the true Church of Christ; and he was no he deserted his Presbyterian principles and It is a mistake to think that John Ogilvie saint at all. In 1648 Hugh married Marie, the daughter conformed to prelacy in St Andrews.

16 The Bulwark April - June 2019 17 James Gordon was part of the Gordon These properties in turn became a matter family of Salterhill from whom a large for legal action. First Marie Gordon went to number of Gordons were descended, some law to secure the estate at Dalvennan. Later of considerable fame. Among the ministerial Jean M‘Kenzie sought possession not only members of the family, in addition to of Dalvennan but also of land now in the James, was Alexander Gordon, minister of possession of Hanna Binning, née Kerr. By a Rathfriland. Towards the end of his ministry, curious turn of events, all this property came the congregation was divided into two, with into the hands of Roderick M‘Kenzie, the one section being renamed Ballyroney. principal Baillie of Carrick who, according Another ministerial family member was to an Act of Parliament of 1685, was Robert Gordon who succeeded Alexander “particularly zealous” in “suppressing the as minister of Rathfriland. Robert was noted rebellious, fanatical party in the western and for having 26 children, 13 boys and 13 girls. other shires of this realm, and putting the His wife Jane, née Hamilton, is interred in laws to vigorous execution against them”. Ballyroney beside Alexander. From about 1680 onward, John became James Gordon and Marie had a daughter, heavily involved with the United Societies or Jean, who was thus a younger half-sister . In May 1683 – in succession to John Binning. Jean married Daniel to Andrew Young who had been expelled (Donald) M‘Kenzie, who from 1678 until from the Societies for hearing indulged his death in 1682 was an ensign in the Earl ministers – he was appointed to teach Latin of Mar’s Regiment of Foot. Marie outlived to the “expectants” (prospective students her second husband as well, and died in for the ministry), of which there was a Paisley in 1694, being buried beside her considerable number. James Renwick was first husband in Govan. not happy with his appointment, however, and in October 1683, within a few weeks of 3. Hugh’s son John Renwick’s return from Holland, Binning was From the fact that he is referred to as replaced as teacher by Thomas Linning. “Mr Binning”, Hugh Binning’s son John Binning remained on close terms with must have attended university, possibly in Renwick, however, and a warm letter from Holland where his maternal grandfather Renwick, addressed to him in Edinburgh was living. He was an active supporter of at “the back of the Fishmarket towards to the , and in June 1679 he was Cowgate”, can be dated to about October present at the Battle of Bridge, a 1685. The letter was intercepted by the step for which he was to suffer for the rest authorities, but this does not seem to have of his life. led to Binning’s capture.

The Battle of Bothwell Bridge exposed the 4. John’s wife Hanna fissure running through the Binning family. Hanna Binning was also a fugitive after John fought on the Covenanter side while Bothwell Bridge, and she too became a his brother-in-law Daniel M‘Kenzie fought significant figure in the United Societies. It on the king’s side. John Binning and his used to be thought (by and wife Hanna were subsequently branded others) that the “Mrs Binning” or “MB” Bothwell Bridge monument traitors and their lands forfeited in 1680. mentioned in Society correspondence was

18 The Bulwark April - June 2019 19 Hugh Binning’s widow Marie, but Mark she was “like to die in prison”. Renwick Jardine makes a strong case for thinking that referred to her state again in a letter to it was Hanna. Her earliest surviving letter is Hamilton in October 1685. After many to Robert Hamilton, dated 17th July 1682. In months of illness, Hanna persuaded the 1683 she was in correspondence with Privy Council to release her, which seems Robert Hamilton’s sister Lady Earlstoun in to have been about the middle of 1686. Leeuwarden. Hamilton was displeased with Renwick wrote to Hamilton on 15th July Two her correspondence, apparently because 1687 that she had gone to Ireland. she commended the dying testimony of the martyr John Wilson (executed 15th May After the Glorious Revolution, the Binnings 1683). She subsequently came to agree maintained their contact with the United Caithness with Hamilton and Renwick in finding fault Societies, and in 1692 the imprisoned with this testimony, which was included in Robert Hamilton addressed an affectionate Cloud of Witnesses (1714) but only in an letter to Hanna as “my worthy friend”, edited form. complaining about her unwonted silence. Christians The following year, Hugh Binning’s An by William Crowe Soon after the Battle of Bothwell Bridge, Useful Case of Conscience was published Hanna had made her way to Edinburgh by James Kid in Holland on behalf of the where she was joined by her husband John. United Societies, for which he suffered These tributes were first printed in theJohn In November 1684 she was apprehended imprisonment. Presumably it was the O’Groat Journal. Their author, Captain and thrown into the Tolbooth where she Binnings who had preserved the manuscript William Crowe (1820-1900), was a noted elder was kept in a “very ugly room there called in their possession for forty years since in Wick and for many years harbourmaster the women house, amongst a great many Hugh’s death. John Binning, sad to say, there. He was the author of the collection of thieves and whores, where she have lyen was “altogether insolvent” by this time, and poems The Fathers of Caithness (1896). all this time in a very pitiful and miserable he never recovered his estates. In 1702, condition.” She became seriously ill and in 1704, and 1717 he had to apply to the July 1685 Renwick wrote to Hamilton that General Assembly for financial help. David Budge, Dunnet (died 8th October 1874)

Early and endearing associations compel Father in Israel, one so well known and me to add my tribute of respect to the justly respected by the Church, unique as memory of one whose lengthened Christian a friend, courteous as a neighbour, a loving career was a living epistle, known and read husband, and an affectionate father; faithful of all men. A short paragraph would be very and painstaking in the exposition of the inadequate to set forth the great graces that Word; instant in season and out of season; adorned his character and were exemplified always bearing faithful witness to the Truth, during his valuable lifetime. Privileged as I never seeking by unworthy compromise to was in my early days to spend my boyhood gain the good opinion of his hearers, and within a short distance of his hallowed never publishing “peace where there was homestead will, I trust, be accepted by no peace”. David has often been charged, his numerous friends as an excuse for by the surface professors [of religion] of The Edinburgh Tolbooth attempting to write regarding so great a his day, with giving too much prominence

20 The Bulwark April - June 2019 21 in his exercises and representing in a too was fitted up with beds for strangers; never Mrs Janet Gunn Auld, melancholic mood – that which was ever did his generous heart appear to better Castletown prominently before his own mind – namely advantage than in the exercise of Christian st death, judgment and eternity; but having hospitality on such occasions, the supplies (died 1 April 1875) himself passed through deep waters and resembling the widow’s oil. drinking deeply of “the wormwood and the gall”, his soul had them still in remembrance Blessed with a pious partner, who and was thereby humbled within him. predeceased him about twenty years, the affectionate sympathy which subsisted The writer’s earliest recollection of him under that sacred roof was proverbial in the was seeing David every Sabbath morning, neighbourhood. Their lives illustrated that both summer and winter, leaving the hill pure and undefiled religion of which the of Barrock, crossing the dreary links of Apostle speaks – visiting the fatherless and Dunnet, thereafter crossing a lonely moor widows in their affliction. Bell Dunnet [his and the hill of Bower, ere reaching the then wife] was never absent from the house of sacred edifice in Watten where he was mourning, gifted with a finely sympathetic fed with the finest of the wheat under the nature she entered into their sorrows ministry of the late Rev. Alexander Gunn. by pouring into their ears those sacred He was devotedly attached to that worthy consolations upon which she herself so champion of the Truth and having been bountifully fed; her gentle affectionate look trained under a powerful Gospel ministry, will ever remain deeply embalmed in the David evinced, in after life, much of that memory of a large circle of friends in that witnessing spirit so characteristic of his neighbourhood. Truly it can be said that teacher. the king’s mowings have greatly thinned the ranks of the faithful fathers in Caithness In whatever parish throughout the county and the few remaining are as on the wing the Sacrament was dispensed, no to leave, saying with the psalmist, “O that I inconvenience would prevent David from had wings like a dove” for “then would I fly being present; on such occasions many away and be at rest.” Well may the cry of Olrig Old churchyard: the inscription to Mrs Auld is at the right will remember his solemn appearance the prophet Amos be adopted, “By whom in the elders’ pew. During the Disruption shall Jacob arise, for he is small?” days, and before a minister was settled in The late scowling winter now giving place parents, children made orphans, mothers the Free Church of Canisbay, David was Now that the zealous unselfish spirit to the solar rays of the approaching left widows and childless – the land appointed by the Presbytery as catechist has winged its flight to a realm where spring, has been a season fraught with mourns, having “passed months of vanity, of the parish; his diligence and faithfulness contending for the faith once delivered overwhelming calamities by sea and land with wearisome nights appointed to it”. in the duties assigned to him, secured to the saints will not be required, where [there was a terrible storm on the east a lasting intimacy betwixt him and the spiritual declensions are unknown, his coast of Scotland in November 1874, And the Church mourns. Appalling have parishioners. gentle soul will no longer be vexed by the with considerable loss of life in fishing been the breaches made upon our Zion, compromising elements of the professing communities], causing painful sorrows and upon the mourners therein. Wave The passing stranger and the homeless poor church in this degenerate age. The funeral and heart rending bereavements to many upon wave in close succession, have now were always furnished with free bed and was largely attended and the assembled a household and family. Direful diseases, for years been desolating this covenanted board at David’s house. On Sacramental brethren acknowledged that a prince and baffling medical skill to cope with; death land. The adversary hath spread out his occasions more especially, at Barrock, in a great man had fallen that day in Israel. He preying upon young and old; dear tender hand upon all our pleasant things; for he addition to the dwelling house, the barn now lies buried in the Dunnet churchyard. infants torn from the embrace of doting hath seen that the heathen entered into her

22 The Bulwark April - June 2019 23 sanctuary whom the Lord did command that those capable of appreciating Christian they should not enter into the congregation. worth, her home was a house of refuge And because of this her high towers and for the weary, herself a centre of union to battlements have been laid desolate, the the Church. While residing in Louisburgh, Lord having a controversy with Scotland a few in this neighbourhood still spared, because of broken Covenants. And in speak much of that hallowed home, where this county we have, during the past few weekly fellowship-meetings were kept months, sad tokens of that displeasure. for many years, and where the privileged Death has been removing the brightest few enjoyed many a rich feast, and that jewels in Caithness, taking them away from within sight of their enemies. Herself well YOUNG “the evils to come”, and the scattered few grounded in “the faith once delivered to remaining are “dumb, not opening their the saints”, her sympathies were always mouths” – wounded and trembling as on the side of the evangelical party and, they pass mournfully through an enemy’s consequently, always among the minority. land, getting tears of sorrow for their meat, Bulwark and from this generation getting reproach, As an instance of that witnessing spirit instead of sympathy, although their very so characteristic of the Gunn family, at a looks appeal in the plaintive language of meeting of the Free Church congregation the Prophet, “Is it nothing to you all that of Pultneytown convened for the purpose pass by? Behold and see if there be any of choosing a minister, when the Moderator sorrow like unto my sorrow.” instructed those opposed to the call to stand up, Mrs Auld was the first and only In addition to the dear fathers who have female in the congregation who stood up. been during these past months removed to After counting the votes the Moderator their rest, we now have the painful duty of sarcastically declared that there appeared in recording the death of a mother in Israel, the minority so many men and one woman. the venerable Mrs Auld, relict of the late Donald John Auld, Wick, and sister of that eminent During the last twenty years of her life she divine, the late Mr Gunn of Watten, and resided in the Free Church Manse, Olrig, Cargill mother of the present Free Church minister near to those dearest to her on earth, of Olrig, Rev. Alexander Auld (author of devotedly attached to her daughter-in- Ministers and Men in the Far North). law, Christina, whose attachment was 1. Aberdeen and St Andrews the way that they wanted, but faithful affectionately reciprocated. It might be truly was born in 1627 and grew believers knew that the king’s ideas were Mrs Auld was for many years a resident in said of her sojourn in Olrig that it seemed up in Perthshire. When he was nine or not what the Bible taught. The people Wick and who among that generation in few days, for the love she had to her son ten he went to school over seventy miles would not accept the changes. They Wick and Pultneytown (now sadly thinned) and daughter. away in Aberdeen. He was going to live signed a special document called the but remembers that comely, maternal with a relative called Patrick Blair who , promising to God looking lady? But it is not to her natural The late William Ross, David Stephen, was a trader there. Donald arrived there that they would keep to what the Bible charms I refer, although few possessed David Budge, with many others of kindred at a time when there were important taught about what we should believe and them in such measure. For as the wise spirit now in glory, kept up an intimate events happening in the nation. how God should be worshipped. man has it, “Favour is deceitful and beauty and endearing correspondence with her is vain, but a woman that feareth the Lord, for more than half a century. Lovely and The king and bishops were forcing People in towns and villages all across she shall be praised”. Respected by all, pleasant in their lives, and in their death changes in the Church. They were trying Scotland were swearing to the National but in a very special manner beloved of they have not been long divided. to force the people to worship God in Covenant. Usually there would be a

24 The Bulwark April - June 2019 25 service after which all the people lifted and this includes murdering ourselves. 3. In hiding not change from their special promise to up their hands to swear their promise. This is what Donald planned to do. He After about five years Charles II became God, the Covenant that they had sworn Some preachers came to Aberdeen to tell stood by the river ready to jump in but king. He started to make lots of changes, to keep. This is why they were called people about the Covenant and why they every time he tried to jump someone trying to force the Church to do what he Covenanters. Cargill later preached that too should swear to keep this important came along. He should have seen that it wanted, never mind what the Bible said. the Covenants that people in that land promise. Some people in Aberdeen were was good to be prevented from doing Although Charles himself had sworn to had made with God would “rise up in against it at first but soon most agreed to something so awful. But he decided to keep the Covenants he now passed laws judgment and condemn this corrupt it. Donald’s teacher was one of those who find somewhere else. against them and even had them burned generation”. signed the Covenant and probably many in public. People who were going to keep of the fathers of his classmates did too. Very early one morning he set out for a faithful to their promise would suffer a For twenty years, Donald preached pit where he knew no one would go to. lot. The king said that the day on which wherever he could, in fields, woods You can imagine that Donald and his He took off his coat and stood on the he had become king should be celebrated and lonely places in the hills. Often the friends talked about these things, edge. Just as he got ready to jump a Bible every year and ministers should preach weather was not good; it was cold and especially when war broke out. By the verse suddenly came into his mind. “Son, at a special service. When the day came raining, but if Donald Cargill did not age of fifteen or sixteen Donald stayed be of good cheer, thy sins are forgiven around, it was a day that Donald Cargill find somewhere to shelter he endured in Aberdeen to go to university there. thee”. All his sorrows, fears and doubts usually preached. What was he going to the harsh weather in preaching just the But Aberdeen became a dangerous place vanished immediately. Instead he was do? If he did not preach he would get same as the people listening. He also when an army invaded it and created a filled with such peace that he never ever into trouble but it would not be right to had to hide from the soldiers in secret lot of destruction and ordinary people doubted again. He believed that God had celebrate someone who was doing such places. One time some people said to were killed by the soldiers too. Donald rescued him. harm to Christ’s Church. Donald decided him, “we think that your praying and decided to study in St Andrews instead. that he would preach. preaching is best when you face the It was here that he signed a Covenant Soon afterwards he felt the call to greatest danger”. He certainly was not himself. It was called the Solemn League preach God’s Word and he went back When he got there lots of people had afraid of danger. But what did he preach and Covenant and made promises like to St Andrews to study for this. He gathered. He told them that they were about? He told people of the Lord Jesus the National Covenant. But this was a was invited to preach in Glasgow for not going to celebrate the day and if Christ and his free salvation from sin to promise that people all over Britain made. a trial period. But he found it very anyone wanted to celebrate it they those that trust in him. He wanted to Sadly many of them later broke their discouraging because the people did should leave. It was going to be a day see people trust the Lord Jesus Christ promise. It was going to cost Donald a lot not listen properly to his sermons. that people would curse, not celebrate. for eternal life. Many people were truly to keep his. He was supposed to preach again on The only reason he was preaching converted. He said he wanted to be the Thursday. But instead he set off was because it was his usual day. The mostly in the main things. That meant 2. Conversion and minister in to leave Glasgow altogether. “They authorities were very annoyed and suffering for and preaching about the Glasgow are a rebellious people,” he told the Donald had to hide. Not long afterwards, most important things. After Donald left university he was ministers when they asked him to stay. all the faithful ministers were forced to staying with relatives not too far from The ministers replied that this was all leave their churches by the government. Not everyone wanted to be faithful – they Glasgow. At this time he came to be very the more reason to stay. Then a lady Donald carried on preaching wherever were not prepared to suffer. One time deeply troubled by his sins and what called Isobel Boyd said, “Sir, you were he could in houses and places other than some people told him of a minister who they deserved. It was a very big burden appointed to preach, and give a meal to churches. had accepted some of the government’s of sadness and fear. He could not talk a poor starving people. Will you go away changes to the Church. “Why suffer?” to people about it. Finally he could not and not give them it? The curse of God The government sent soldiers to said this minister. “We will get to heaven stand his deep trouble any more. He will go with you.” Donald Cargill sat down hunt down Donald Cargill and other just the same as people like Donald decided to do something very wrong. He in a chair with a sigh. “Then, Isobel Boyd, preachers. People were being fined and Cargill – they will not get any more or felt that he did not deserve to live any pray much for me,” he said. He stayed put in prison, or being sent to other anything better.” “We will get something more and he should take his own life. As to preach and later became the minister countries. Some were even being put more,” said Donald, “we will get God we know, murder is against God’s law there. to death. It was all because they would glorified here on earth.”

26 The Bulwark April - June 2019 27 4. Captured through all of his difficult times. He sang The soldiers kept chasing after Donald; joyfully his favourite song of praise and Donald Cargill they were desperate to find him. The triumph from Psalm 118, from the 16th government had promised lots of money verse to the end. He spoke to everyone to anyone who would capture him. There listening about the main things – their Word were many times that they almost caught need of salvation and their need to serve him but he escaped. One time he stayed God even if it meant suffering rather Search with friends in a mill. He saw soldiers than sinning. He said, “I am at peace coming and went to hide. Nearby was with God through a crucified Mediator, Can you find all the hidden words a large chimney with an oven called a and I believe that there is no salvation in this word search? kiln. It was used for drying corn but but only in Christ;” “all my sins are freely there was no fire on. Donald crawled in pardoned and washed thoroughly away to where there were lots of ashes. He through the precious blood of Jesus was able to stand up and his head was Christ.” against a beam which supported the floor above where the corn was dried. After He urged them to know and believe the searching in the house, the soldiers went Scriptures which are the truth of God: “I up there and started to look everywhere have preached these, and firmly believe and throw about the straw which lay on them.” The soldiers beat the drums to the floor. They thrust their long sharp stop him speaking. He set one foot on swords down each side of the beam the ladder to go up to be put to death. under which Cargill was crouching. The “The Lord knows”, he said, “I go up this sword came so close that it was just at his ladder with less fear than ever I entered shoulder. Donald prayed silently to God the pulpit to preach.” When he reached who kept him safe and the soldiers left. further up the ladder he began to pray with his hands lifted up to heaven. But some time afterwards he was again “Farewell, all relations and friends in at the mill and this time the soldiers Christ: farewell acquaintances and all came suddenly while he was sleeping in earthly enjoyments: farewell reading bed. They captured and arrested him. It and preaching, praying and believing, was the day after he had preached what wanderings, reproaches, sufferings. would be his final sermon. Welcome joy unspeakable and full of glory. Welcome Father, Son, and Holy 5. Executed and heaven Spirit; into thy hands I commit my spirit.” The time had come when Donald Cargill’s These were his last words. faithful service to the Lord must come to an end and he would glorify God For Donald Cargill nothing was more by being put to death for his sake. He important than salvation in Christ and walked calmly through the great crowds. living for the glory of God no matter what When he got to the place he took out might happen. What is most important his Bible that he had carried with him to you? GLASGOW PREACHING BIBLE ABERDEEN COVENANT SOLDIERS PSALM PERTHSHIRE GOVERNMENT KING COVENANTERS

28 The Bulwark April - June 2019 29 Scottish Reformation Society News Society Historical Journal, Vol. 9 2019 At the time of writing, the ninth volume of John Keddie on the ’s the Society’s Historical Journal is in its final 1839 trip to Palestine; from Robin Gray stages of preparation, with articles from on the founding of New College at the ANnual Matthew Vogan on and Sir Disruption; and from Norman Campbell George Maxwell; from Robert Dickie on on the Glasgow and West Coast Mission. General the Scottish congregation in Rotterdam; The price of the volume will be £12.95, from Roy Middleton on Dr John Love; from including P&P, D.V. Meeting King William III of England

Alexander Brand clock Saturday 31st

Alexander Brand was a prominent August DV, Edinburgh clockmaker who flourished between about 1711 and 1757. He Inverness Free was admitted to the Incorporation Presbyterian of Edinburgh Hammermen in 1727 having presented his “essay” of church an 8-day pendulum clock. The clock was kept in the Magdalen Speakers: Chapel, and was still there in 1921, “unfortunately now silent from Rev. Alasdair Macleod (Point) neglect”. It has since disappeared. Mr Matthew Vogan We were pleased, therefore, to hear from a lady in England who has a beautiful Alexander Brand clock Topic: which she has just passed on to her The Church of Scotland son. She would be interested to be in contact with anyone else who owns and the Glorious Revolution an Alexander Brand clock. of 1689 Mary II

30 The Bulwark April - June 2019 31 CONTENTS

A Christian View of the First World War: Part 2 3 Rev. John MacLeod

A Scottish Jesuit ‘Saint’ 10 John Smith

Hugh Binning and his wider family 17 Trevor Kirkland

Two Caithness Christians 21 William Crowe

Young Bulwark: Donald Cargill 25

Society News 30

2019 Annual General Meeting notice 31

Membership & Bulwark Subscriptions All correspondence regarding Membership and Bulwark subscriptions should be sent to the Membership Secretary, Mrs Deborah Coghill, Free Church Manse, Outend, Scalpay, Isle of Harris, HS4 3YG. The subscription is £8 per annum for membership of the Society and £12 per annum for the Bulwark. Membership forms can be obtained from the Membership Secretary or downloaded from the website www.scottishreformationsociety.org

Front cover: Alexander Brand clock

32 The Bulwark