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Tanacetum Cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Sch

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Tanacetum Cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Sch REVIEW ARTICLE 73 Morphological and Biochemical Diversity of Dalmatian Pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Sch. Bip.) Martina GRDIŠA ( ) Klaudija CAROVIĆ-STANKO Ivan KOLAK Zlatko ŠATOVIĆ Summary Dalmatian pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium /Trevir./ Sch. Bip.) is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. It is endemic to the East coast of the Adriatic Sea and its natural habitat extends from Italy to northern Albania and up in the mountainous regions of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro. Pyrethrum fl owers yield an important insecticide, the pyrethrin. Pyrethrin is mainly concentrated in oil glands on the surface of the seed inside the tightly packed fl ower head, but they can also be found in the other plant parts, however in much lower concentrations. Th e pyrethrin exist as a combination of six insecticide active ingredients: pyrethrin I, cinerin I, jasmolin I, pyrethrin II, cinerin II and jasmolin II, with pyrethrin I and pyrethrin II present in higher concentrations. Pyrethrin is non-toxic to mammals and other worm-blooded animals, it is unstable in light, oxygen, water and at elevated temperatures and therefore highly biodegradable. Due to the fact it is environmentally safe it is leading insecticide in organic farming systems. Th e most scientifi c work concerning Dalmatian pyrethrum was focused on its morphological and biochemical traits that are relevant in breeding. Breeding programmes are primarily focused on increasing the yield of pyrethrin per unit area. Relative to dry fl ower weight, fl ower heads contain the majority of the pyrethrin. Croatian wild populations contain approximately 0.60 to 0.79 %, while clones in breeding programmes of Australia and Kenya contain up to 3.0 % of pyrethrin. Key words pyrethrin; pest control; natural insecticides; insect repellent; organic farming University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Seed Science and Technology, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia e-mail: [email protected] Received: December 12, 2008 | Accepted: February 20, 2009 Agriculturae Conspectus Scientifi cus | Vol. 74 (2009) No. 2 (73-80) 74 Martina GRDIŠA, Klaudija CAROVIĆ-STANKO, Ivan KOLAK, Zlatko ŠATOVIĆ Introduction Pyrethrum achilleifolium M.Bieb. subsp. achilleifolium, Pyrethrin has highly unusual insecticidal activity, with the Pyrethrum achilleifolium M.Bieb. ability to control or repel numerous insect species, with little 2. Tanacetum annuum L., syn.: Chrysanthemum annuum or no adverse environmental impact (Casida and Quistad, (L.) Hayek 1995). Its insecticidal properties have been known for cen- 3. Tanacetum bipinnatum (L.) Sch.Bip., syn.: Pyrethrum turies. It has a quick knock-down eff ect on a wide range of bipinnatum (L.) Willd, Chrysanthemum bipinnatum L. insect species (Bhat and Menary, 1984), causing paralysis 4. Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Sch.Bip., syn.: within a few minutes. It acts as contact poison and aff ects the Pyrethrum cinerariifolium Trevir., Chrysanthemum cin- central nervous system of insects, by blocking their nervous erariifolium (Trevir.) Vis. functions. Th e insect’s nervous impulses fail, causing them 5. Tanacetum corymbosum (L.) Sch.Bip., syn.: Pyrethrum to die. In low concentrations, pyrethrin acts as a repellent, subcorymbosum (Sch.Bip.) Schur, Pyrethrum corymb- causing the insect to fl ee the source of the chemicals. It is iferum (L.) Schrank, Chrysanthemum corymbosum L. non-toxic to humans and worm-blooded animals. In mam- 6. Tanacetum corymbosum (L.) Sch.Bip. subsp. co- mals, pyrethrin is readily broken down into inactive forms rymbosum, syn.: Leucanthemum corymbosum (L.) and passes from the body quickly. Additional advantages of Gren. & Godr., Pyrethrum corymbosum (L.) Scop., pyrethrin are twofold: it is not persistent as it breaks down Chrysanthemum corymbosum L. subsp. corymbosum readily in sunlight and evolved insect resistance has not been 7. Tanacetum corymbosum (L.) Sch.Bip. subsp. clusii recorded so far. (Fisch. ex Rchb.) Heywood, syn.: Tanacetum subcorym- Dried and grounded fl owers have been traditionally used bosum (Schur) Sch.Bip., Chrysanthemum subcorym- in Croatian agriculture. Th ey were also used as the remedy bosum Schur., Pyrethrum clusii Fisch. ex Rchb. against fl eas and lice, and burned to repel the fl ying insects. 8. Tanacetum funkii Sch.Bip. ex Willk. Dalmatian pyrethrum was cultivated in Croatia from 9. Tanacetum macrophyllum (Waldst. & Kit.) Sch.Bip., the end of 19th century. From 1930 the production gradually syn.: Chrysanthemum macrophyllum Waldst. & Kit., decreased, especially during the World War II. Commercial Pyrethrum macrophyllum (Waldst. & Kit.) Willd. use of DDT (Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane) chemical 10. Tanacetum microphyllum DC. insecticides ended the production of Dalmatian pyrethrum 11. Tanacetum millefolium (L.) Tzvelev, syn.: Pyrethrum in Croatia. Nevertheless, production expanded to the other millefoliatum (L.) Willd., Tanacetum kittaryanum parts of the world. Nowadays, it is cultivated in more than (C.A.Mey.) Tzvelev, Chrysanthemum millefoliatum L. 10 countries: Kenya, Australia (mainly north-west coast of Tasmania), Tanzania, Rwanda, Ecuador, France, Chile etc. 12. Tanacetum mucronulatum (Hoff manns. & Link) Heywood, syn.: Pyrethrum mucronulatum Hoff manns. According to the Article 16(3) (c) of European Union & Link, Chrysanthemum mucronulatum (Hoff manns. & Regulation (EC) No. 834/2007 on Organic Production and Link) Cout. Labeling of Organic Products, use of pyrethrin extracts as a 13. Tanacetum odessanum (Klokov) Tzvelev plant protection products is permitted in organic farming. Th ey are considered as environmentally friendly insecticides 14. Tanacetum paczoskii (Zefi r.) Tzvelev and widely used in agriculture, horticulture, store products 15. Tanacetum parthenifolium (Willd.) Sch.Bip. syn.: (Silcox and Roth, 1995), households (Kennedy and Hamilton, Pyrethrum parthenifolium Willd. 1995) and for the control of animal pests (Gerberg, 1995). 16. Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.Bip., syn.: Leucanthemum parthenium (L.) Gren. & Godr., Taxonomy and distribution Pyrethrum parthenium (L.) Sm., Chrysanthemum Dalmatian pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium /Trev./ parthenium (L.) Bernh., non (Lam.) Gaterau Schultz Bip.) is herbaceous perennial herb, belonging to the 17. Tanacetum santolina M.Winkl. Asteraceae (Compositae) family. Th e Asteraceae family is one 18. Tanacetum sclerophyllum (Krasch.) Tzvelev of the largest angiosperm family and comprises around 1300 19. Tanacetum uralense (Krasch.) Tzvelev genera and 25 000 species (Bremer, 1994). Genus Tanacetum 20. Tanacetum vahlii DC. is distributed in Europe, temperate Asia, North Africa, and 21. Tanacetum willkommii Sch.Bip. North America. Some species have been introduced into 22. Tanacetum vulgare L. syn.: Chrysanthemum au- South Africa, South America, Australia and New Zealand. diberti (DC.) P.Fourn., Chrysanthemum tanacetum Th e genus contains 152 species, including those earlier con- Karsch, non Vis., Chrysanthemum vulgare (L.) Bernh., sidered to belong to the separate genus Pyrethrum Zinn. non (Lam.) Gaterau, Pyrethrum vulgare (L.) Boiss., (Bremer and Humphries, 1993). Th e following species can Tanacetum audibertii (Req.) DC. be found in Europe (Tutin et al., 1964-1980): In Croatia, the following species can be found: Dalmatian 1. Tanacetum achilleifolium (M.Bieb.) Sch.Bip., syn.: pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium/Trevir./ Sch. Bip.), Pyrethrum achilleifolium M.Bieb. subsp. wisockianum common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.), tansy daisy (Tanacetum Pacz, Chrysanthemum achilleifolium (M.Bieb.) Prodán, macrophyllum /Waldst. & Kit./ Sch. Bip.), feverfew (Tanacetum Agric. conspec. sci. Vol. 74 (2009) No. 2 Morphological and Biochemical Diversity of Dalmatian Pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Sch. Bip.) 75 parthenium /L./ Sch. Bip.) and corymbfl ower tansy (Tanacetum it was not profi table, due to the fact that the price of imported corymbosum /L./ Sch. Bip.) (Nikolić et al., 2009). pyrethrum extract was much lower than production costs. Wild populations of Dalmatian pyrethrum in Croatia are Nowadays, Kenya is a major source of pyrethrum, ac- distributed on the Eastern sub- Mediterranean dry grasslands counting for more than 70 % of the global supply. Other larger and abundant populations can be found in southern parts producers of pyrethrum are Australia (Tasmania), Tanzania of Istria (Premantura), Kvarner islands (Krk, Cres, Lošinj), and Rwanda. Th e pyrethrum extracts are mainly exported to mountains Velebit and Biokovo, and along Dalmatian coast- USA, Europe and Asian countries. According to FAOSTAT al region and its islands (Brač, Hvar, Biševo, Vis, Korčula, in 2003, 2004 and 2005 Kenya produced 8000 tons of dried Lastovo, Mljet) (unpublished data). pyrethrum fl owers on the production area of 9000 hectares, while Tanzania produced 2500 tons on the production area of History 13500 hectares. In the same period, Rwanda produced 1000 Th e history of pyrethrum usually starts with the mention of tons of dried pyrethrum fl owers on the production area of identifi ed species Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Vis. which 2200 hectares. On average, 3 to 4 kg of fresh fl owers yield 1 was fi rst recorded in Dalmatia (Visiani, 1847). Pharmacist kg of dried fl owers. Around 250 kg of dried fl owers are pro- Antun Drobac (1810-1882) from Dubrovnik, Croatia was the duced per hectare during the fi rst year, increasing to 1000- fi rst to prove its insecticidal activity (Bakarić, 2005). Around 1200
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