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IN VITRO PROPAGACIJA I BIOLOŠKA AKTIVNOST ETARSKOG ULJA I METANOLNIH EKSTRAKATA 5 Tanacetum Vulgare L.)

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IN VITRO PROPAGACIJA I BIOLOŠKA AKTIVNOST ETARSKOG ULJA I METANOLNIH EKSTRAKATA 5 Tanacetum Vulgare L.) UNIVERZITET U BEOGRADU BIOLOŠKI FAKULTET Nina M. Devrnja IN VITRO PROPAGACIJA I BIOLOŠKA AKTIVNOST ETARSKOG ULJA I METANOLNIH EKSTRAKATA 5 Tanacetum vulgare L.) doktorska disertacija Beograd, 2017. UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE FACULTY OF BIOLOGY Nina M. Devrnja IN VITRO PROPAGATION AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF ESSENTIAL OIL AND METHANOL EXTRACTS OF TANSY (Tanacetum vulgare L.) Doctoral Dissertation Belgrade, 2017 Mentori: _______________________________________ 6 3 4 Univerzitet u Beogradu 4 _______________________________________ Vanredni profesor dr 4 4 Univerzitet u Beogradu Biološki fakultet 5 ovi komisije: _______________________________________ V 6 dr ! " 4 Univerzitet u Beogradu 4 _______________________________________ Vanredni profesor dr ! #4 Univerzitet u Beogradu Biološki fakultet _______________________________________ Vanredni profesor dr 4 Univerzitet u Beogradu Hemijskii fakultet Datum odbrane: ____________________ 7 O 4P" # $ 6 ahvaljujem svom mentoru dr Du3 4 , korisnim savetima i uloženom trudu tokom izrade ove doktorske disertacije. Zahvaljujem se ' ( 4) 4na savetima, predusretljivosti i angažovanju na Biološkom fakultetu, Univerziteta u Beogradu prilikom realizacije doktorske disertacije. Neizmernu zahvalnost duguj * 4 disertacije, za energiju, veliku želju i vreme koje mi je poklonila tokom izrade ove disertacije. Dugujem joj zahvalnost za angažovanje u realizaciji eksperimenata iz oblasti indukcije odbrambenih mehanizama. Posebno joj se zahvaljujem na prenesenom znanju, idejama, entuzijazmu i inspiraciji koji su vodili do rešenja svakog problema. Retka je privilegija i bogatstvo raditi u takvom društvu. 6 + , * 4 na angažovanju u realizaciji histohemijskih eksperimenata. , - '4 + etarskog ulja iz in vitro biljka i prezentovanju rezultata. Svom šefu, dr Branki Vinterhalter, zahvaljujem se na ukazanom poverenju i pruženoj prilici da 6 6 $ .$ / 4 ) 7 4 dugujem zahvalnost za angažovanje u realizaciji 6 $ 0 + , 1 4-2 4 eksperimenata 4 6 iz oblasti antioksidativne aktivnosti i HPLC analiza. Veliku zahvalnost dugujem # ) 7 4 3 , Univerziteta u Beogradu, za angažovanje u realizaciji eksperimenata iz oblasti HPLC-MS-TOF analiza. Iskrenu zahvalnost dugujem mr 2+ / 4 6 ` * . 64O eksperimenata iz oblasti fitohemijskih GC-MS i GC-FID analiza. D 1 4 zahvalnost za saradnju i angažovanje u realizaciji eksperimenata u oblasti insekticidne aktivnosti. Zahvaljujem se Mirjani Pe4 na angažovanju u realizaciji eksperimenata i 6 u rezultata PTR-MS analiza. Dragim koleginicama * 2 4 i dr Tatjani 34 iskreno se zahvaljujem na prijateljskoj podršci i 4 koja nikad nije izostala. Zahvaljujem se k , 0 4 1 4 ) ( na korisnim savetima i prijatnoj radnoj atmosferi. Svim kolegama i koleginicama sa Odeljenja za fiziologiju biljaka veliko hvala na kolegijalnosti i uvek zanimljivim radnim danima. Mom sinu Marku i suprugu Nikoli hvala za ljubav i mir koji mi pružaju. Mojoj sestri i bratu, Dragani i Zoranu, + 7 nama. 4 mojim roditeljima, Jasminki i Milivoju, kao zahvalnost za bezuslovnu ljubav i slobodu koju su mi pružili. In vitro propagacija i biološka aktivnost etarskog ulja i metanolnih ekstrakata $# 6 Tanacetum vulgare L.) REZIME Rodu Tanacetum 6 aktivnim sekundarnim metabolitima. Tanacetum vulgare L. (syn. Chrysanthemum vulgare L., povrati6 vratiželja, konopljika) je višegodišnja, zeljasta biljka, poreklom iz Evrope i centralne Azije koja se obi6no sre4e duž puteva, pruga, pašnjaka i polja ali i priobalnih podru6ja. U Srbiji je ova vrsta deo sinurbane (ruderalne) flore. Predmet istraživanja ove disertacije bila ja fitohemijska karakterizacija sastava i bioloških aktivnosti etarskog ulja i metanolnih ekstrakata ove vrste. In vitro kultura T. vulgare je uspešno uspostavljena iz semena biljaka sakupljenih u prirodi. Kultura izdanaka je uspešno održavana i multiplikovana na MS hranljivoj podlozi uz dodatak 6-benziaminopurina (BAP) a prilikom ožiljavanja BAP je zamenjen indolsir4 (IBA). In vitro kultura korenova održavana je u te6noj MS hranljivoj podlozi sa dodatkom IBA koja je uticala na pove4anje biomase gajenih korenova tokom subkultura. Histo 6 analizom sekretornih struktura in vitro gajenih izdanaka 7 na listovima i stablu prisutne biserijatne glandularne trihome sa sekrecionim sadržajem u kojem su detektovani lipidi, terpeni i alkaloidi. Hemijska analiza metanolnih ekstrakata herbe i korena T. vulgare ukazala je na to da su ekstrakti biljaka gajenih in vitro kvalitativno siromašniji u odnosu na metanolne ekstrakte biljaka iz prirode ali su se ekstrakti biljaka in vitro 4 4 pojedinih jedinjenja, pre svih 3,5-O-dikafeoilhininskom kiselinom. Najzastupljenija jedinjenja su fenolne kiseline iz grupe derivata cimetne kiseline i to: neohlorogena, 3,5-O-dikafeoilhininska i dikafeoilhininska kiselina. Pored fenolnih kiselina detektovano je i 17 flavonoida. Relativni udeo fenolnih kiselina i flavonoida se razlikovao u zavisnosti od dela biljke kori4enog za pripremanje matanolnog ekstrakta. Uporedna analiza fitohemijskog sastava isparljivih komponenti etarskog ulja T. vugare sakupljenog sa prirodnog staništa i izdanaka gajenih in vitro 7 6 6 ! GC/MS analizom je pokazano da su kod biljaka iz prirode dominantne komponente u etarskom ulju pripadale grupi oksidovanih monoterpena, sa najzastupljenijim jedinjenjima trans-hrisantenil acetatom , trans-hrizantenolom , trans-tujonom i cis-tujonom. Sa druge strane, etarsko ulje in vitro gajenih biljaka T. vulgare karakterisalo se uje 6 seskviterpena. Svi monoterpeni identifikovani kod in vitro biljaka bili su prisutni i u etarskom ulju biljaka iz prirode dok su seskviterpenska jedinjenja bila daleko zastupljenija i raznovrsnija kod in vitro biljaka. Za analizu bioloških aktivnosti jedinjenja sekundarnog metabolizma T. vulgare 4 etarsko ulje i metanolni ekstrakti dobijeni iz biljaka sakupljenih iz prirode. Rezultati su pokazali da svi analizirani metanolni ekstrakti ispoljavaju zna6ajnu antioksidativnu aktivnost koja je korelirala sa sadržajem ukupnih fenola u ekstraktima. Metanolni ekstrakt korena posedovao je najve4i antioksidativni kapacitet a ujedno je sadržavao i najviše ukupnih fenola, sa najve4om relativnom zastupljeno4u neohlorogene, 3,5-O- dikafeoilhininske i dikafeoilhininske kiseline u odnosu na ostale ekstrakte. Etarsko ulje i metanolni ekstrakti cveta, lista, stabljike i korena T. vulgare ispoljili su i zna6ajnu antimikrobnu aktivnost testiranu na 8 bakterijskih i 6 vrsta mikromiceta. Etarsko ulje T. vulgare ispoljilo je jako antimikrobno dejstvo prema ve4ini ispitivanih bakterijskih (5 od analiziranih 8) i svim vrstama mikromiceta. S druge strane, metanolni ekstrakti korena, lista, cveta i stabljike T. vulgare ispoljili su jaku aktivnost na sve testirane vrste bakterija i ve4inu mikromiceta. " 4 6 efekti testiranih ekstrakata su bili na nivou efekata referentnih antibiotika 4 te se etarsko ulje i metanolni ekstrakti T. vulgare mogu preporu6iti u prevenciji i le6enju infekcija izazvanih vrstama prema kojima je pokazana visoka aktivnost ali i kao agensi u konzerviranju i o6uvanju kvaliteta namirnica u prehrambenoj industriji. U daljem radu # 6 # tarskog ulja i metanolnih ekstrakata na 4 humanog adenokarcinoma cerviksa (HeLa). $ 7 % 4 % % 4 &'$(-5). Rezultati in vitro testa su pokazali da je etarsko ulje ispoljilo najslabiju citotoksi6nost dok su metanolni ekstrakti stabla i korena pokazali slabije citotoksi6no delovanje na ciljne 4elije u odnosu na metanolne ekstrakte lista i cveta. Nakon tretmana metanolnim ekstraktima lista i cveta kod ve4ine HeLa 4elija došlo je do gubitka adhezije, skupljanja membrane i zaokrugljivanja 4elija što je ukazivalo na 4elijsku smrt. Pra4enje efekta etarskog ulja T. vulgare na larve gubara (Lymantria dispar L.) pokazalo je da etarsko ulje T. vulgare nije ispoljilo akutnu toksi6nost na gusenice drugog stadijuma razvi4a ali je izazvalo odlaganje presvla6enja i zna6ajno smanjenje procenta presvu6enih gusenica. Ingestija etarskog ulja uticala je i na druge parametre rastenja i razvi4a posmatrane kod gusenica 6etvrtog stupnja razvi4a. Etarsko ulje je smanjilo dnevni prirast mase gusenica 6etvrtog stupnja kao i brzinu konzumacije hrane. Iako je etarsko ulje uticalo i na smanjenje konverzije svarene hrane u biomasu gusenica, to smanjenje se nije pokazalo kao statisti6ki zna6ajno pa se može zaklju6iti da je time smanjen negativni efekat ingestije etarskog ulja i delom kompenzovan smanjeni unos hrane izazvan prisustvom etarskog ulja. U cilju ispitivanja potencijala etarskog ulja T. vulgare da indukuje mehanizme odbrane in vitro gajenih biljaka krompira koje su rasle u atmosferi ispunjenoj isparljivim ) 6 odbrane protiv patogena i herbivornih insekata. Prisustvo etarskog ulja izazvalo je intenzivnu indukciju dva analizirana PR (eng. pathogenesis-related) gena, PR-2 i PR-5. Prve promene u ekspresiji uo6ene su nakon 8 sati od izlaganja, a maksimum ekspresije od oko 50 puta zabeležen je za PR-2 gen nakon 12 h. Na osnovu preliminarne PTR-MS analize i merenja zastupljenosti pojedina6nih jedinjenja etarskog ulja u atmosferi teglica u kojima je bio krompir dominantna jedinjenja su bila monoterpenski ugljovodonici -pinen i p-cimen. Pored ovih jedinjenja i artemizia-keton, cis-tujon, trans-tujon i kamfor su bili veoma zastupljeni,
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