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Procedia CIRP 22 ( 2014 ) 15 – 22

3rd International Conference on Through-life Engineering Services Advanced Maintenance Services for Promoting Sustainability

Benoit Iunga,*, Eric Levrata

a Lorraine University, CRAN, CNRS UMR 7039, Campus Sciences, BP70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre, France

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +33-383684438; fax: +33-383684459. E-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract

Ecology and industry, which have been many times considered as antagonists, are now associated together in the sustainability concept to support the three social / economic / environment pillars. In that way, industrial enterprises and more precisely manufacturing ones seek to integrate environment into their strategy by conducting an innovative rationalization of the production as promoted by and circular economy paradigms. This rationalization is favoring the evolution from product to a Product-Service Systems approach (PSS). The continuity of these services is mainly carried out by the maintenance which is no longer an aftermarket service needed for product (system) functionality but rather an inherent service function of the product (system). Thus this paper aims to investigate the role of maintenance to contribute to the development of these paradigms. It is based first on describing the main features of industrial ecology/circular economy transposing the nature concepts to industrial system. It leads to define key principles and levers to be addressed for the development of industrial ecosystems. Then maintenance activity is globally presented allowing, in a second step, to place maintenance services already existing in line with some of these principles and levers (ex. green maintenance), but also to explore advanced maintenance services more able to support promotion of industrial ecosystem by covering others principles and levers. These advanced services can be built from conventional maintenance processes but integrating sustainability goal (ex. prognostics of energy efficiency) or from innovative processes (ex. regenerative management). Finally scientific issues related to these advanced maintenance services are underlining and should concretize future research directions for researchers/practitioners working on maintenance field.

© 20142014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (Peerhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/-review under responsibility of the Programme). Chair of EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Through-life Engineering PeerServ-reviewices. under responsibility of the Programme Chair of the 3rd InternationalThrough-life Engineering Conference

Keywords: Maintenance, Maintenance Services, Sustainability, Green Maintenance, Industrial Ecology, Circular Economy

1. Introduction assessing sustainability and effort to enhance it [4]. In that way, sustainability has become an important issue in all the In modern manufacturing processes, opportunities to spheres of life by focusing on safeguarding natural resources increase efficiency still exist, but the gains are largely against exploitation, in the name of productivity and incremental and insufficient to generate real competitive competitiveness, by manufacturing and service organization advantage or differentiation. In that way, some business [5]. More precisely for industrial enterprises, it means to leaders are moving towards an industrial model that decouples integrate environment into their strategy by conducting an revenues from material input by promoting actually innovative rationalization of the production as promoted by sustainability and then the circular economy (in opposition as industrial ecology [6] (science of sustainability [7]). Indeed the linear economy) [1]. Sustainability is generally defined as the industrial system is associated to an eco-system requiring to development “that meets the needs of present without analyze its material flows () and the compromising the ability of future generation to meet their predispositions to the energy laws of the real world but also to own needs” [2]. It is referred to the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) consider the services to allow the economic system to function framework with three dimensions: social, environmental (or (i.e. to produce and consume). Thus sustainability concepts ecological) and financial. This framework allows to underline help businesses to reduce risk, avoid generation, increase links between these three dimensions leading to formalize material and energy efficiency, and innovate by creating new indicators (e.g. eco-efficiency [3]) needed to measure and and environmentally friendly products and services. This

2212-8271 © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the Programme Chair of the 3rd InternationalThrough-life Engineering Conference doi: 10.1016/j.procir.2014.07.018 16 Benoit Iung and Eric Levrat / Procedia CIRP 22 ( 2014 ) 15 – 22

relationship between products and services has to be (Beginning-of-Live BOL, Middle-of-Life MOL, End-of-Life materialized as a support of eco-functionality concept EOL) has to be reconsidered for replacing the EOL with including eco-efficient producer services, eco-efficient restoration, shift towards the use of renewable energy, services, eco-services and product service systems (PSS) [8]. eliminates the use of toxic chemicals (return to the bio-sphere), PSS which is a term well used in manufacturing domain, is and aims for the elimination of waste. In that way, the defined as : “A system of products, services, networks or actors maximum value could be extracted from restoration and supporting infrastructure that is developed to be competitive, (less energy and cost efficient than producing satisfy customers and be more environmentally sound that everything from scratch reused multiple times) [13]. Thus, traditional business models” [9]. In this definition, service is circular economy implies an extended vision for sustainable seen as the deeds, processes and performances and an activity manufacturing assuming that sustainability is achieved thanks or series of activities provided as a solution to customer to the cyclical nature of eco-systems. It leads to rethink how problems. the industrial systems must be designed in order to establish It leads to base the sustainable manufacturing or the not only interactions between these systems but also with the competitive sustainable manufacturing (CSM) [10] on a natural environment (Figure 2). It has to be seen as a holistic view considering the relevant levels – product, process concretization of industrial symbiosis (e.g. the symbiosis of and system (artefacts) – and not just one more of these in Kalundborg [14]). This symbiosis is an illustration of the way isolation. For example, [11] is promoting a 6R methodology to from a linear to a circular economy. not only reduce, and recycle but also recover, redesign and remanufacture artifacts corresponding more to stakeholder value leading to an evolution (sustainability is the driver for innovation) from traditional manufacturing until sustainable one (Figure 1). This evolution is also supported by the emergence of new technologies such as Information and Communication Technology (ICT) allowing to offer processing, storing and communication capacities required to deliver expected services for sustainability.

Fig. 2. Circular economy: An industrial system that is restorative by design [1]

So, circular economy is regenerative/restorative by design and referred to the paradigm named regeneration [13] supporting the evolution from eco-efficiency consideration to eco- effectiveness one. Indeed the regeneration paradigm is showing the interacting notions of bio-sphere (“natural” sphere) and techno-sphere (“technical” sphere). Natural Fig. 1. Evolution of sustainable manufacturing [10] industrial resources (materials) can go back to the bio-sphere without disturbances if they are not degraded, and technical In consistence with this holistic view, U.S. department of 1 resources (materials) must remain as long as possible in the commerce is proposing as definition for sustainable techno-sphere in order to limit the consumption of raw manufacturing: “The creation of manufactured products that materials, , or emissions. This principle is also use processes that minimize negative environmental impacts, consistent with pre-cycling principle [12] meaning actions conserve energy and natural resources, are safe for employees, taken now to prepare for current resources to become future communities, and consumers and are economically sound”. resources rather than waste accumulating in the biosphere. Nevertheless, from some years ago, incremental approach of To face with circular economy paradigm and its associated minimizing negative environmental impacts has not really principles, the maintenance (with its basic functions such as worked and should be modified or replaced [12]. Indeed old inspection, monitoring, repair etc.) is a major lever to be products or more globally old flows of materials would considered with regards to the service delivering but also become new resources for the economy or for the nature. This regeneration support. Indeed in consistence with system new direction is the one proposed by the circular economy engineering vision [15], maintenance can be seen first, as promoted by foundation such as Ellen McArthur [1]. enabling system, to sustain the target system (target artefact) The circular economy is a generic term materializing an all along its life cycle (general point of view on the target), economic concept that fits in the context of sustainable then as a key tool to keep the regeneration potential of development and based on the concepts of green economy, (artefact) components (field level point of view) [16] and usage (functionality) economy and industrial ecology. In that finally, as a target system, through iterative way, requiring also way, the conventional entire life cycle artefact phases to be sustainable (e.g. green maintenance) [17] because a maintenance system is also a system consuming and producing flows (e.g. material, energy, information). It means to adopt evolution vs. revolution ways in maintenance 1 http://www.trade.gov/competitiveness/sustainablemanufacturing/index.asp because the conventional approaches based on failures studies Benoit Iung and Eric Levrat / Procedia CIRP 22 ( 2014 ) 15 – 22 17 of target system are not well adapted to support regeneration information. Thus IE is trying to transpose the nature issues. It is needed to develop new requirements in the principles, or at least to be inspired by them. It has to be done maintenance system design by extending the current notion of by founding the approach in consistent with scientific operational conditions to the notion of regeneration health directions as proposed by biomimetic [24] which is proposing management. to “imitate” the most relevant inventions of nature for adapting At least, it has to lead in consistence with sustainability them to the service of human people. properties to promote life cycle approach (life cycle system; In that way, through the industrial ecology, the flows are life cycle maintenance [18]) to take into account the phases analyzed in terms of MFA () in order to interactions; holistic approach or system thinking approach be able to measure the pressure of the human activities on the [15] to take into account system complexity and multi- environment (e.g. major flows of energies, material) or of disciplinary vision to manage asset as a whole; and SFA (Substance Flow Analysis) in order to increase the functionality concept to maintain a service – a regeneration ecological performances (e.g. carbon). need and not a component feature. Industrial ecology is therefore based on the study of flows and In that way, maintenance is no longer an aftermarket service stocks of raw materials, energy and information within a needed for product (system) functionality but rather an clearly defined system (industrial area, watershed, etc.). The inherent service function of the product (system). waste of one production activity can become a resource for Thus to highlight some innovative maintenance directions, another activity ("waste does not exist; waste equal food") and section 2 is defining main features of industrial ecology / create short economic loops. In that way, flow is a mean to circular economy. Then section 3 is reusing these features to implement real synergies and reveal opportunities for place, firstly, some maintenance services already existing in development. line with these paradigm, and secondly, some new The choice of such paradigm should promote the development maintenance services and their related scientific issues in of ecosystem type III (Figure 3). Industrial society currently support of these innovative maintenance directions. Finally a works on ecosystem type I which is a solution without future. conclusion is given in section 4. Indeed there is an increasing (a) of natural resources consumption to exhaustion and (b) of releases to the biosphere 2. Industrial Ecology / Circular Economy – Features until saturation of its processing capability.

Industrial Ecology (IE) is mainly defined as the sustainability science [7]. It is using tools such as LCA (Life Cycle Analysis), LCC (Life Cycle Costing), ERA (Environmental Risk Analysis) [19] and has to be compliant with some norms/standards such as ISO14001, ISO9001, OHSAS 18001, SA8000, and ISO26000 [20]. Industrial ecology is founded on the quasi-cyclic functioning of natural ecosystems [21]. It relies primarily on the study of industrial metabolism, that is to say, the analysis of material flows and energy underlying all activities performing a material energy balance. It also uses the optimization calculations and analysis of the life cycle. Therefore, in the meaning of Industrial Ecology: "Ecology" refers to scientific ecology, ecosystem studies.

"Industrial" means the contemporary industrial society as Fig. 3. Types of eco-systems as adapted by [25] a whole (e.g. production system, distribution system, public or private services, agriculture, government). This vision of an ecosystem type III is consistent with the vision advocated by circular economy to implement, in the Thus IE is a part in “the ecology of industrial societies, that is industrial world, the principle that nature does not know the to say producing human activities and/or consumers of goods definition of waste. This cycle, more commonly known as and services." It is in the same sense that the green production natural cycle, repeats ad infinitum without disruption. In this [22]. This view offers a way to understand the industrial sense by applying the principle of closed loop on the techno- society as a system, a "specific ecosystem of the biosphere" sphere (all activities, products and human services), products composed of elements and their interactions. It is a metaphor are designed to be reused in a cycle called industrial cycle. So (transposition of Biosphere – Techno-sphere) on which is built it should be a closed operation between the biological / organic the ecology. This is characteristic of IE originality and its metabolism (biosphere) and technical metabolism (techno- revolutionary vision having to lead to the development of sphere) (Figure 2). It leads to justify a new organization of the future manufacturing systems as expected in [23]. different economic actors by referring to the natural capitalism Indeed, the industrial system and the biosphere are usually [26] arguing that the natural resources and ecosystem services considered as separated: at one side factories or cities, and make possible the economic activity. These services can another side the nature, the environment. Industrial ecology deliver an important economical added value without any other explores the opposite assumption: the industrial system can be alternative to obtain the same profits. considered as a special kind of ecosystem. Indeed, the However actually, this vision of an ecosystem type III is production process and the consumption of goods and services idealistic for industrial systems due to several reasons such as: consist of stocks and flows of material, energy and It is impossible to eliminate all waste within the techno-sphere; 18 Benoit Iung and Eric Levrat / Procedia CIRP 22 ( 2014 ) 15 – 22

all products cannot be designed to be reusable indefinitely in P3. The life cycle vision is also mandatory to be taken into techno-sphere. account in ecological consideration (e.g. Raw material Therefore considering all these obstacles and constraints extraction, material processing, design, manufacture, account, evolution of industrial ecology to real circular use, maintenance, retirement) by integrating also all the economy should be seen as a revolution for industrial logistic support activities [31]. Indeed environmental systems. It is a complete change, a break that can be impacts should be assessed for a product or a process illustrated by the way to move from eco-efficiency indicator from material extraction to end of life. The concept of to eco-effectiveness one [27] knowing that these two life cycle also highlights the complexity of impacts indicators are consistent with those defined by the GRI between phases to avoid shifting environmental (Global Report Initiative) being a frame for assessing problems from one phase to another. In that way, life sustainability. cycle constraints have to be also considered in the new Eco-efficiency means "do more with less" and allow business models. companies to be more competitive by, for example, P4. An integrated multidisciplinary approach based on the recycling and reusing materials or reducing the use social sciences (including economics), technical of natural resources. This is the first contribution to engineering, environmental sciences. sustainable development. However, it is not P5. Use of new ICT for improving quality, cost-effectiveness, considered as a long-term strategy because it does safety and cleanliness [32]. not address the root problems. Indeed, it applies the P6. The consideration of people with various levels of same system that is the root cause of the problem. It intellectual capacity and skills (from manual workers to presents little more than an illusion of change. skilled machine operators to innovative designers and Eco-effectiveness is defined as a "real metaphor for managers). It is requiring sustainability of the human change" in terms of an alternative that should allow capital involved including a strong societal dimension conjunction with the nature and business to be (creation of jobs or unemployment), the performance and fruitful and productive: A way for developing new evolution of the educational system, etc. Human resource (eco) industrial systems. From an industrial design is a central “component” for these paradigms due to the view, this should lead to the design of products social pillar but also high capacities to be implement in incorporating the principle of life cycle as "cradle- symbiosis with the system such as resilience capacity. to-cradle" rather than "cradle-to-grave" [13]. The implementation of these principles must be translated into On the previous basis, it is clear that recycling and reuse is levers (Ly) in the development of sustainable ecosystems, such only one step and does not constitute a solution. Indeed, if the as: product or material is toxic from the beginning, toxicity will L1. A systematic recovery of waste as a resource and more inevitably end up in the environment to poison it more slowly, generally the exchange of industrial flows (e.g. steam, but more surely. So it is needed (if possible) to totally heat). For example, it implies to think on processes so that eliminate toxic materials and processes in order to manufacture all wastes leaving the industrial plants have a value and products that can be recycled and reused safely or that can be can be used by another company. composted for supporting the growth and development of L2. Minimizing losses dissipation (e.g. energy, pollution natural flows (e.g. water, ground material). emissions). According to this metaphor of change, it is necessary, for IE L3. Dematerialization of the economy with one hand, a and Circular Economy, to rely on key principles (Px) such as functionality (usage) economy and on the other hand, a the following: product policy consuming less natural resource and P1. Joint considerations of social, economic, cultural, having less impact on the environment. The paradigm that technical, operational and environmental issues require is connected to the first item is the paradigm of the implementation of a holistic approach [19] [29]. In functionality (usage) leading to sell a service instead of addition, to provide a solution to the overall problem, it physical object. It can dramatically alter the logic of is necessary to consider their elements in relationship as industrial production. According to the second item, it is a whole [28]. It means to address these issues with requiring the consideration of the life cycle as a whole to systems thinking approach. assess the impacts and control them. In this sense, the P2. The system thinking [15] must also address the concept of service can be attributed both to the product, complexity of the elements studied. Indeed, one must process or system. Thus as the human people is an consider the interactions between the elements as element of this system, services related to social aspect, complex and also the impact of making decisions as security, or protection have to be also considered. In this complex. For example, the result of actions / decisions context, maintenance is essential in the service delivery can lead to go to a worse situation (in terms of because linking product quality or operation quality but sustainable development) than the initial one. also human safety at work [33]. Requirements and performances have to be addressed L4. The decarbonizing of the energy (e.g. renewable energy). jointly on the three sustainability pillars by integrating This involves working on minimizing the overall climate the fact that the assessment conclusion will be based on risk by seeking an energy emitting less greenhouse gas the performances obtained by the worst pillar. It has to emissions. Technical (material) such as metals, plastics lead to investigate new business models integrating and other non-compostable materials should flow back sustainability and conventional criteria [30]. from the user (consumer) to the manufacturer, with a Benoit Iung and Eric Levrat / Procedia CIRP 22 ( 2014 ) 15 – 22 19

renewable energy consumption as much as possible (e.g. by itself requiring also to be sustainable. It is fully consistent carbon footprint). with the principles and levers identified with regards to IE and L5. Pooling of resources and services (e.g. logistics support) circular economy considerations (see section 2). It has to allow knowing that prices must tell the truth about the to rationalize and to optimize, as the whole, the target and the externalized costs (the price of final products must maintenance systems all along their life cycle. This system integrate all). vision is a real contribution to the dependability of the L6. A sharing of equipment or resources (e.g. skills, job). industrial ecosystem with a first step towards its resilience L7. A creation of new activities, services, opportunities or [39], by advocating a global approach of the Reliability, local industries (e.g. recovery of products, pooling). Availability, Maintainability, Safety (RAMS) properties while Diversity is a strength (carrying a buffer against external taken into account all the performances/requirements attached shocks). to sustainability. In face of these conventional and emerging uses cases, In summary, all these previous principles (Px) and levers (Ly) contributions already exists that are proposing more some have to be considered for the development of industrial changes or evolutions of way of maintenance ecosystems well in phase with IE or Circular Economy. These understanding/working (see section 3.1.). The contributions are systems, in consistence with practices defended in [15], must related to maintenance services including, for example, be understood both as the target system (or target artefact component monitoring, diagnostics; prognostics, equipment materializing product, process) and as enabling system to form repair, regular inspection, refurbishment, strategy optimization, the solution as a whole. In that way, maintenance system has to health management. Indeed with regards to service definition, be investigated due to the major support it is offering with maintenance services are here considered mainly as regards to the service delivery but also to maintenance processes, activities or series of activities. regeneration/restorative capacities. Nevertheless, break is also needed to promote new ways more suitable to support advanced maintenance services of industrial 3. Maintenance considerations/services to support IE / eco-system (see section 3.2.). Indeed for example, the Circular Economy paradigms conventional approaches based on failures studies of target system are not well adapted to support restorative issues. Usually, maintenance is defined as a combination of all This breaking vision is advocated by PHM (Prognostics and technical, administrative and managerial actions during the life Health Management) community [52] stimulating, among cycle of an item intended to retain it in, or restore it to, a state other things, the integration of sustainability requirements in in which it can perform the required function [34]. But most of maintenance development. For example, prognostics could be people focused more on restoring consideration and think that used not only for calculating a RUL as conventionally defined the role of maintenance is ‘to fix things when they break’, but [57] but for evaluating the energy consumption, the energy when things break down maintenance has failed [35]. It led to efficiency or the service achievement [40]. a negative image, to be recognized as a cost and only limited to Based both on these conventional and emerging views, it the production phase. Nevertheless, due to the necessity now to should allow to consider maintenance no longer as an optimize the costs (the costs for the maintenance is much aftermarket service needed for product (system) functionality higher than the acquisition and operation costs [38]), the role but rather an inherent service function of the product (system). of maintenance has to change (has changed) as underlined by This orientation is well in phase with the three PSS variations: [18] through the vision of “life cycle maintenance”. It is Product-oriented PSS, Use-oriented PSS and Result-oriented defending a profit vision for the maintenance leading to PSS [46]. Thus the maintenance services are declined in the increase the number of stakeholders in maintenance by two next sub-sections in consistence with the philosophy of expecting results on the three sustainability pillars [36] from these three variations but practically, by positioning them with the deployment of concepts such as “lean maintenance”, regards to their contributions to the principles and levers “green maintenance”, “maintenance-centred circular identified in section 2. manufacturing” [17] [37] (Figure 4). 3.1. From some existing maintenance contributions to industrial eco-system

The contributions underlined below are of course not exhaustive but give illustrations on some principles and levers of section 2 applied to maintenance view. So, they have necessary a link with IE or circular economy considerations (the conventional maintenance papers are not addressed). About new business models (P2, P3, L3), [41] is proposing a comprehensive - unique model for classifying traditional and Fig. 4. Concept of maintenance-centered circular manufacturing [37] green Product-Service offerings and combining business and green. Maintenance is integrated to the model as a Product- These stakeholders should be representative of related service. In the context of circular manufacturing, [37] is performances/requirements expected from the conventional expressing the basis for modelling the maintenance and reuse maintenance use cases but also from emerging ones addressing management capacities by presenting some simulation results. advanced maintenance, on the one hand, as a main enabling In a complementary way of simulation, [17] is developing an system of the target system, and on the other hand, as a system approach to evaluate green maintenance aspect of mechanical 20 Benoit Iung and Eric Levrat / Procedia CIRP 22 ( 2014 ) 15 – 22

systems at it design stage and rank the design alternatives. The A use (functionality economy) (P1, P2, P3, L3) in the way evaluation problem is formulated as a multi-attribute decision- to maintain a functional service on a product, process, and making model knowing that green maintenance requirements organization. The service is here at performance level (high are structured on: Environmental compatibility, energy abstraction) and not at component level. Maintenance efficiency, human health and safety risks (Figure 5). decision should be done at this level (system approach) while keeping the link with the component level on which maintenance action is done. In relation to the performance level, the seller of the item (product, object) has an incentive to increase the item lifetime to better control its aging, better anticipate its failures (to keep the service in the time to be not interrupted), to make the item more flexible for reusing parts and avoid penalties [55]. A trivial consequence from the life increasing (for the same service offered) is a decreasing in the amount of natural resources used and waste in the Biosphere. A product/process/service policy (L1, L2, L3, P3) which is consuming less natural resources and source of less impact on the environment. This is a different consideration of maintainability/maintenance at the design phase. It should Fig. 5. Green maintenance requirements [17] allow to develop a service even more efficient for the

design phase (in link with DfM concept) by a systemic Multi-criteria decision is also a tool used by [42] for green integration of sustainability requirements (e.g. choice of supplier and selection, and by [43] for the optimization of “clean” materials, carbon footprint) and a multi-criteria maintenance KPI (Key Performance Indicators) some of them evaluation of these requirements. being related to sustainability. On the same idea of KPI, [44] A strategy for energy management (L2, L4) in an is investigating a model to simulate the maintenance system integrated approach through the development of systems to with regards to green maintenance index. aid efficient operation and reconfiguration compared to The implementation of all these models can require the use of consumptions. new ICT and platforms more dedicated to maintenance (P5, This means implementing new processes related to: L5, and L6). In that way [45] put in evidence e-maintenance

technologies more able to support advanced maintenance - Monitoring to assess the impact of a functioning services such as those required for making at disposal a lot of degradation (whether related to physical deterioration, information/indicators required to assess sustainability. Some normal wear of aging or modified operating technologies like Web are also proposed by [46] for better parameters) on energy consumption. It has to be done integrating product development with maintenance and by monitoring energy measure or a drift and by services operations (to support MRO; maintenance, repair and evaluating energy loss via an impact factor.

overhaul) [46]. MRO is also seen as a challenge and chance for - Diagnostics to identify the main root of the energy sustainable enterprises [47]. Improvement of other loss and to define the potential way to fix maintenance activities can be done also by the usage of BOL permanently without recurrent loss. data [48]. Additional aspects of maintenance optimization - Prognostics for predicting changes in energy losses according to sustainability indicators, are investigated by [49] (for example from energy efficiency evaluation), and [50] on proposal of complementary platforms. providing enough information on the future situation About human- social considerations/involvement (P6, L3), in order to help decisions for control, efficient [36] is discussing the interest of approach such as TPM (Total maintenance strategies deployment, purchases of Productive Maintenance) with regards to lean and green. On energy resources at the best price, energy storage, the safety and health consideration, [33] is developing a alternative energy choice etc. generic risk management approach to maintenance (safe - Fleet dimension for reconfiguring an operation maintenance operation) which is integrating human, according to the most efficient items and to find again organizational and technical dimensions. This safety aspect is the efficiency to the items using too much energy also studied by [58] by considering the physical – [54]. physiological interaction requirements for maintenance A strategy for regeneration/restorative health management specification. (L1). It means mainly to work on the deployment of: Finally in overlapping with several principles and levers, [51] - Monitoring of the main flows and their properties with is discussing on industrial asset maintenance and sustainability. respect to sustainability. For example, main flows are materials that cannot be confined to avoid ending up 3.2. Towards advanced maintenance services with an unwanted material. This monitoring could lead to more frequent changes in other flows while trying to In addition to the previous contributions relatively well maximize the lifespan of flows to confine in the established, other directions have to explore to promote new industrial cycle.

maintenance services most able to support promotion of - Prognostics to study, with anticipation, the flows industrial eco-system. For example, it is possible to investigate properties in order to avoid bad state or properties some advanced maintenance services with regards to: values according to biosphere or techno-sphere requirements. Thus the objective is, at least, to predict Benoit Iung and Eric Levrat / Procedia CIRP 22 ( 2014 ) 15 – 22 21

the deadline when the concerned flow is still reusable. discussing (a) these paradigms by underlining both their key The conventional models based on degradation principles/levers, and (b) the maintenance position with thresholds cannot be used because too simple without regards to these principles/levers. In that way, maintenance is considering flow properties complexity. Prognostics now considered no longer as an aftermarket service needed for may also be used on other features of a component by product (system) functionality but rather really an inherent focusing on its residual life for facilitating reuse. For service function of the product (system). It led to inventory example, a component needs to be monitored and some existing maintenance services/processes contributing to changed either in relation to a failure state but more on industrial eco-system such as those related to “green its ability to be reused in another application domain. maintenance” requirements or TPM philosophy but also to - On the basis of these flows (e.g. material) states and propose innovative directions such as those related to forecasted trends, it would be wise to build, for regeneration/restorative health management strategy or example, by aggregation, a health integrated energy management approach. These innovative assessment/management which would no longer directions implies to attack new scientific issues mainly related focused solely on conventional parameters of system to the development of additional models for monitoring, states but on the parameters in conjunction with ecology diagnostics, prognostics, decision making processes able to control. address sustainability considerations (ex. energy efficiency, RULS, regeneration indicators). They represent some future From these first previous investigations, it is required, for a challenges for the researchers on maintenance field in order to potential implementation of the advanced services, to attack stabilize the maintenance as a main contributor to promote scientific issues such as the following: industrial eco-system. 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