DOCSLIB.ORG

Evaluating the Impact of Menthol Cigarette Bans On

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evaluating the Impact of Menthol Cigarette Bans On Original research Tob Control: first published as 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-056259 on 5 April 2021. Downloaded from Evaluating the impact of menthol cigarette bans on cessation and smoking behaviours in Canada: longitudinal findings from the Canadian arm of the 2016–2018 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Surveys Janet Chung- Hall ,1 Geoffrey T Fong ,1,2,3 Gang Meng,1 K Michael Cummings ,4 Andrew Hyland,5 Richard J O’Connor,5 Anne C K Quah ,1 Lorraine V Craig 1 ► Additional material is ABSTRACT progression to regular smoking among new smokers, 6 7 published online only. To view Objective To evaluate the impact of menthol cigarette especially those who are younger. please visit the journal online bans in seven Canadian provinces between 2016 and Independent scientific reviews conducted by the (http:// dx. doi. org/ 10. 1136/ 2 tobaccocontrol- 2020- 056259). 2018. Tobacco Products Scientific Advisory Committee, Methods Longitudinal data from the Canadian arm the US Food and Drug Administration8 and the 1 Psychology, University of of the 2016 and 2018 ITC Four Country Smoking and WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regu- Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Vaping Survey. 1098 non- menthol and 138 menthol 9 Canada lation have all concluded that the removal of 2School of Public Health and smokers were surveyed pre- menthol and post- menthol menthol from cigarettes would have significant Health Systems, University of cigarette bans. Multivariate logistic regression models public health benefits, and recommended a ban on Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, examined associations between pre- post ban changes menthol cigarettes. Canada in smoking behaviour, including differences between 3Ontario Institute for Cancer Canada was one of the first countries in the world Research, Toronto, Ontario, menthol and non- menthol smokers in quit attempts and to introduce bans on menthol cigarettes. Between Canada quitting. May 2015 and July 2017, 7 out of 10 Canadian copyright. 4 Psychiatry & Behavioral Results At follow- up, 59.1% of pre- ban menthol provinces implemented menthol cigarette bans.10 Sciences, Medical University smokers switched to non- menthol cigarettes; 21.5% quit A federal ban on menthol (including all analogues of South Carolina, Charleston, smoking and 19.5% still smoked menthols, primarily South Carolina, USA and derivatives) in cigarettes, most cigars and blunt 5Health Behavior, Roswell Park purchased from First Nations reserves. Menthol smokers wraps came into force in October 2017.11 Nation- Comprehensive Cancer Center, were more likely than non- menthol smokers to make a wide menthol cigarette bans have also been imple- Buffalo, New York, USA quit attempt (adjusted OR (aOR)=1.61, 95% CI 1.03 mented in Ethiopia (September 2015), Senegal to 2.51), and to remain quit (aOR=2.30, 95% CI 1.06 (May 2017), Uganda (September 2019), Nigeria http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/ Correspondence to to 5.01). Menthol smokers did not differ significantly Dr Janet Chung- Hall, (April 2020), Moldova (May 2020), Turkey (May from non- menthol smokers in quit success (aOR=1.72, Psychology, University of 2020) and the European Union (May 2020). 95% CI 0.98 to 3.01); however, daily menthol smokers Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada; Researchers have used different methods to eval- were more likely than daily non- menthol smokers to quit jchunghall@ uwaterloo. ca uate the potential impact of a menthol cigarette (aOR=2.21, 95% CI 1.15 to 4.24), and daily menthol ban, including surveys to assess smokers’ intended Received 24 September 2020 smokers who quit before the ban were more likely than Revised 6 March 2021 behaviour in response to a hypothetical menthol daily non- menthol smokers to remain quit (aOR=2.81, Accepted 13 March 2021 ban, simulation modelling and experimental 95% CI 1.15 to 6.85). switching of menthol smokers to non-menthol ciga- Conclusions Although menthol smokers were most rettes.12–14 However, few population- level studies likely to switch to non- menthol cigarettes, the menthol ban was also significantly associated with higher rates of have evaluated the actual effects of implemented on September 25, 2021 by guest. Protected quit attempts and quit success among menthol smokers menthol cigarette bans. compared with non- menthol smokers, and may have Research from the Canadian province of Ontario helped to prevent relapse among menthol smokers provides the best available evidence for the public who had quit smoking before the ban. Results confirm health impact of a real- world menthol cigarette and extend evaluation of Ontario’s menthol ban across ban to date. After Ontario banned menthol ciga- © Author(s) (or their provinces covering 83% of the Canadian population. rettes, sales of menthol cigarettes and all cigarettes employer(s)) 2021. Re- use in Ontario declined to approximately zero and by permitted under CC BY- NC. No 11%, respectively, compared with no changes in commercial re- use. See rights British Columbia (no provincial menthol ban).15 and permissions. Published by BMJ. INTRODUCTION Daily menthol smokers in Ontario were also more Menthol was first added as a characterising flavour likely than non- menthol smokers to make quit To cite: Chung- Hall J, to cigarettes in the USA in the 1920s, and is still attempts (63.0% vs 43.0%) and quit smoking Fong GT, Meng G, et al. 16 Tob Control Epub ahead of the most common flavouring for cigarettes in many (24.0% vs 14.0%) after the ban. Another study 1–3 print: [please include Day countries. Menthol creates a cooling sensation found that 29.1% of menthol smokers made a Month Year]. doi:10.1136/ that reduces the harshness of cigarette smoke,4 5 post- ban quit attempt.17 Some studies have found tobaccocontrol-2020-056259 thereby leading to increased experimentation and that menthol smokers switched to other products. Chung- Hall J, et al. Tob Control 2021;0:1–8. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-056259 1 Original research Tob Control: first published as 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-056259 on 5 April 2021. Downloaded from One study found that 29.0% of menthol smokers reported using at Wave 2. A cohort of 850 newly recruited adult smokers was other flavoured tobacco or e- cigarettes after Ontario’s menthol also included at Wave 2. Sampling weights were calibrated to cigarette ban.17 Another Ontario study found that daily menthol benchmarks from national surveys to ensure that data are repre- cigarette smokers were more likely to use other tobacco prod- sentative of the adult smoker and vaper population in Canada. ucts, flavoured tobacco products and flavoured cigars after a Data were collected online, and respondents were remunerated. menthol cigarette ban.18 Methodological details are described elsewhere21–25 and avail- An important design element of a 2019 evaluation of Ontar- able online (http://www. itcproject. org/ methods). io’s 1 January 2017 menthol ban on smoking cessation was the 16 comparison of menthol smokers to non- menthol smokers. Measures This study controlled for the potential influence of two events— Pre-ban smoking status New Year’s resolutions and National Non- Smoking Week in Smokers were defined as those who had smoked at least 100 19 20 Canada—which are both known to increase quitting. The cigarettes in their lifetime and currently smoked cigarettes at present study examined the impact of a menthol cigarette ban least monthly. At Wave 1, smokers were asked whether they in Ontario, but also in six other provinces, where bans were had a usual brand of cigarettes. Respondents were then asked implemented at other times of the year, thereby allowing for to identify the flavour of their usual brand or the brand they policy evaluation across a broader range of Canadian provinces last purchased. Respondents who selected ‘tobacco and menthol’ and implementation dates than the January implementation in flavour were categorised as menthol smokers, and those who Ontario. selected ‘just tobacco’ or ‘tobacco and some other flavour’ were Evaluating the impact of a menthol ban is critical to inform categorised as non- menthol smokers. regulatory actions that would maximise public health benefits and minimise any negative unintended consequences in other Post-ban smoking status jurisdictions. This longitudinal cohort study is the first to eval- At Wave 2, respondents were asked to identify the flavour of uate the impact of menthol cigarette bans on smoking behaviour their usual cigarette brand or the brand they last purchased. and smoking cessation among adult smokers in seven Canadian Respondents were categorised into one of three types of provinces. post- ban product use for analyses: (1) currently not smoking, (2) currently smoking menthol cigarettes and (3) currently smoking METHODS non- menthol cigarettes. Participants and sampling Data are from Wave 1 (2016) and Wave 2 (2018) of the ITC Four Post-ban purchase of menthol cigarettes Country Smoking and Vaping (4CV) Survey. In brief, the ITC copyright. Post- ban menthol smokers were asked to report where they last 4CV Survey retained participants from the original ITC Four purchased menthol cigarettes for personal use. Figure 2 provides Country Survey of nationally representative samples of adult all response categories. smokers (aged 18+ years) in Australia, Canada, the UK and the USA (2002–2014) who met eligibility criteria, and recruited new participants who were current smokers, former smokers (quit Post-ban cessation behaviours ≤2 years) or current vapers from country- specific panels. Quit attempts were assessed by asking current smokers who Figure 1 presents the timeline of menthol cigarette bans in each reported ever making a quit attempt: ‘In the last 18 months, have http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/ of the seven provinces evaluated and pre- post ban survey dates. you tried to stop smoking?’ Responses were coded as ‘yes’ and The ITC 4CV Wave 1 Survey was conducted in Canada from July ‘no’. Responses ‘refused’ and ‘don’t know’ were excluded from to November 2016, before the implementation of menthol ciga- analysis.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • In the United States District Court for the District Of
    Case 1:16-cv-00296-JB-LF Document 132 Filed 12/21/17 Page 1 of 249 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW MEXICO IN RE: SANTA FE NATURAL TOBACCO COMPANY MARKETING & SALES PRACTICES AND PRODUCTS LIABILITY LITIGATION No. MD 16-2695 JB/LF MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER THIS MATTER comes before the Court on: (i) the Defendants’ Request for Judicial Notice in Support of Motion to Dismiss, filed November 18, 2016 (Doc. 71)(“First JN Motion”); (ii) Defendants’ Second Motion for Judicial Notice in Support of the Motion to Dismiss the Consolidated Amended Complaint, filed February 23, 2017 (Doc. 91)(“Second JN Motion”); (iii) Defendants’ Third Motion for Judicial Notice in Support of the Motion to Dismiss the Consolidated Amended Complaint, filed May 30, 2017 (Doc. 109)(“Third JN Motion”); and (iv) the Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss the Consolidated Amended Complaint and Incorporated Memorandum of Law, filed February 23, 2017 (Doc. 90)(“MTD”). The Court held hearings on June 16, 2017 and July 20, 2017. The primary issues are: (i) whether the Court may consider the items presented in the First JN Motion, the Second JN Motion, and the Third JN Motion without converting the MTD into one for summary judgment; (ii) whether the Court may exercise personal jurisdiction over Reynolds American, Inc. for claims that were not brought in a North Carolina forum; (iii) whether the Federal Trade Commission’s Decision and Order, In re Santa Fe Nat. Tobacco Co., No. C-3952 (FTC June 12, 2000), filed November 18, 2016 (Doc. 71)(“Consent Order”), requiring Defendant Santa Fe Natural Tobacco Company, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Pack Modifications Influence Perceptions of Menthol E-Cigarettes
    Pack Modifications Influence Perceptions of Menthol E-cigarettes Amy M. Cohn, PhD Amanda L. Johnson, MHS Haneen Abudayyeh, MPH Bonnie King, MHS Jess Wilhelm, PhD Objectives: Tobacco package colors and descriptors influence attitudes and intentions to use. This study examined the impact of flavor, color, and descriptors on electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) packages young adults’ perceptions of e-cigarettes. Methods: We recruited 2872 US participants ages 18-24 from Amazon Mechanical Turk (2018-2019) and randomized them to view one of 7 e-cigarette package images that varied by flavor (menthol vs tobacco), color (green or brown vs black and white), and descriptor (present vs absent). Models examined main and interactive effects of flavor, color, and descriptor on perceptions of appeal, harm, and addictiveness, and the moderating effects of product appeal. Results: Menthol e-cigarette packages were rated as more “attention grabbing,” “appetizing,” and “fun to use.” Perceptions of harm and addictiveness did not vary across package conditions. Interactions of menthol pack conditions with appeal emerged. Specifically, participants exposed to the green package with the menthol descriptor reported low e-cigarette harm perceptions across all levels of “attention grabbing” and “discour- ages use,” while those exposed to the green package without the menthol descriptor or the brown package with the tobacco descriptor reported lower harm perceptions as ratings of prod- uct appeal increased. Conclusions: Colors and descriptors on e-cigarette packaging influence product appeal and harm perceptions. Key words: flavored tobacco; menthol; e-cigarettes; young adults; perceived harm; perceived addictiveness; appeal; packaging; marketing; tobacco companies Tob Regul Sci.™ 2021;7(2):87-102 DOI: doi.org/10.18001/TRS.7.2.1 urveillance data show that the prevalence of bacco smoke or vapor, making it easier for new us- current e-cigarette use has increased signifi- ers to initiate tobacco use.
    [Show full text]
  • CITY of SHOREVIEW AGENDA CITY COUNCIL WORKSHOP Monday March 15, 2021 5:00 PM
    CITY OF SHOREVIEW AGENDA CITY COUNCIL WORKSHOP Monday March 15, 2021 5:00 PM MEETING FORMAT - This meeting is taking place virtually due to COVID-19. Members of the public may join the meeting the following ways: PC, Mac, iPad, iPhone, or Android device https://us02web.zoom.us/j/84462029374?pwd=cXYxMHpoMGhFRTlIdkQ4SkI2cUljUT09 Password: 303732 Phone Call 1-312-626-6799 Webinar ID: 844 6202 9374 Passcode: 303732 1. GENERAL BUSINESS 1.a Discussion regarding tobacco flavor ban 1.b Review of Updated Vision, Mission, and Core Values for the City of Shoreview 2. OTHER ISSUES 3. ADJOURNMENT 1 Memorandum TO: City Council Workshop FROM: Renee Eisenbeisz , Assistant City Manager DATE: March 15, 2021 SUBJECT: Discussion regarding tobacco flavor ban ITEM 1.a NUMBER: SECTION: GENERAL BUSINESS REQUESTED MOTION INTRODUCTION In 2016, the city council approved an ordinance that limits the sale of flavored tobacco, excluding menthol, mint, and wintergreen, to tobacco shops. Last year, the city received a request to expand its restrictions to include menthol, mint, and wintergreen. The council briefly discussed this at a workshop meeting and asked staff to bring it back this spring for further discussion. DISCUSSION Katie Engman from the Association of Nonsmokers-Minnesota will be at the March 15 workshop meeting to discuss a possible expansion of the city's restrictions to include menthol, mint, and wintergreen. As you can see on the attached map, several cities in the metropolitan area have restricted or banned flavored tobacco products, including menthol. Please find attached the following documents: Fact sheet on menthol tobacco products Letter of support from the human rights commission Summary of ANSR's 2020 survey on youth vaping Summary of Minnesota's 2020 survey on youth tobacco usage Policy brief on menthol Ms.
    [Show full text]
  • "I Always Thought They Were All Pure Tobacco'': American
    “I always thought they were all pure tobacco”: American smokers’ perceptions of “natural” cigarettes and tobacco industry advertising strategies Patricia A. McDaniel* Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Nursing University of California, San Francisco 3333 California Street, Suite 455 San Francisco, CA 94118 USA work: (415) 514-9342 fax: (415) 476-6552 [email protected] Ruth E. Malone Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Nursing University of California, San Francisco, USA *Corresponding author The Corresponding Author has the right to grant on behalf of all authors and does grant on behalf of all authors, an exclusive licence (or non exclusive for government employees) on a worldwide basis to the BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and its Licensees to permit this article (if accepted) to be published in Tobacco Control editions and any other BMJPGL products to exploit all subsidiary rights, as set out in our licence (http://tc.bmj.com/misc/ifora/licence.pdf). keywords: natural cigarettes, additive-free cigarettes, tobacco industry market research, cigarette descriptors Word count: 223 abstract; 6009 text 1 table, 3 figures 1 ABSTRACT Objective: To examine how the U.S. tobacco industry markets cigarettes as “natural” and American smokers’ views of the “naturalness” (or unnaturalness) of cigarettes. Methods: We reviewed internal tobacco industry documents, the Pollay 20th Century Tobacco Ad Collection, and newspaper sources, categorized themes and strategies, and summarized findings. Results: Cigarette advertisements have used the term “natural” since at least 1910, but it was not until the 1950s that “natural” referred to a core element of brand identity, used to describe specific product attributes (filter, menthol, tobacco leaf).
    [Show full text]
  • Menthol Content in U.S. Marketed Cigarettes
    HHS Public Access Author manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author Nicotine Manuscript Author Tob Res. Author Manuscript Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 July 01. Published in final edited form as: Nicotine Tob Res. 2016 July ; 18(7): 1575–1580. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntv162. Menthol Content in U.S. Marketed Cigarettes Jiu Ai, Ph.D.1, Kenneth M. Taylor, Ph.D.1, Joseph G. Lisko, M.S.2, Hang Tran, M.S.2, Clifford H. Watson, Ph.D.2, and Matthew R. Holman, Ph.D.1 1Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993 2Tobacco Products Laboratory, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA Abstract Introduction—In 2011 menthol cigarettes accounted for 32 percent of the market in the United States, but there are few literature reports that provide measured menthol data for commercial cigarettes. To assess current menthol application levels in the U.S. cigarette market, menthol levels in cigarettes labeled or not labeled to contain menthol was determined for a variety of contemporary domestic cigarette products. Method—We measured the menthol content of 45whole cigarettes using a validated gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method (GC/MS). Results—In 23 cigarette brands labeled as menthol products, the menthol levels of the whole cigarette ranged from 2.9 to 19.6 mg/cigarette, with three products having higher levels of menthol relative to the other menthol products. The menthol levels for 22 cigarette products not labeled to contain menthol ranged from 0.002 to 0.07 mg/cigarette.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Non-Menthol Flavours in Tobacco Products on Perceptions and Use Among Youth, Young Adults and Adults: a Systematic
    Tob Control: first published as 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053196 on 21 November 2016. Downloaded from Review Impact of non-menthol flavours in tobacco products on perceptions and use among youth, young adults and adults: a systematic review Li-Ling Huang,1 Hannah M Baker,2 Clare Meernik,2 Leah M Ranney,1,2 Amanda Richardson,1 Adam O Goldstein1,2 ► Additional material is ABSTRACT Prevention and Tobacco Control Act (FSPTCA) published online only. To view Objective This systematic review examines the impact banned cigarettes containing non-menthol flavour- please visit the journal online fl 2 (http:// dx. doi. org/ 10. 1136/ of non-menthol avours in tobacco products on tobacco ings, a step that other global entities, including the tobaccocontrol- 2016- 053196). use perceptions and behaviours among youth, young European Union (EU), Australia and France, have adults and adults. also taken. Other countries, such as Canada and 1Lineberger Comprehensive Data sources English-language peer-reviewed Brazil, have extended, or are in the process of Cancer Center, University of publications indexed in 4 databases were searched extending, flavour bans to include other tobacco North Carolina, Chapel Hill, fl 3 North Carolina, USA through April 2016. products and even menthol avour. 2Department of Family Medicine, Study selection A search strategy was developed The passage of the FSPTCA was influenced by Tobacco Prevention and related to tobacco products and flavours. Of 1688 data showing that candy-flavoured and fruit- Evaluation Program, School of articles identified, we excluded articles that were not flavoured cigarettes may be marketed to selectively Medicine, University of North 4–6 Carolina, Chapel Hill, North English-language, were not peer-reviewed, were appeal to and attract younger consumers.
    [Show full text]
  • Estudo Propaganda PDV Regina Blessa
    ______________________________________________ Análise de campanha em ponto de venda: MARLBORO MAYBE Regina Blessa Doutoranda em Design da Universidade de Aveiro - Portugal e Mestre em Ciências da Comunicação pela USP - São Paulo ______________________________________________ Resumo O presente artigo reúne indícios psicológicos, históricos e de semiótica para analisar as pretensões do uso de discurso publicitário específico na campanha Talvez Marlboro e seus possíveis targets (públicos-alvo). Baseado principalmente em estudo bibliográfico, esta análise mostra os formatos usados na comunicação da indústria tabagista ao longo do tempo, em vários países, seu foco, suas estratégias e manifestações contra seus abusos. Palavras-chave: propaganda de cigarros, ponto de venda, comunicação para jovens. Introdução A propaganda de cigarros na mídia de massa está proibida no Brasil e em vários países do mundo, há mais de quatorze anos. No entanto, muitas brechas foram deixadas para garantir a sobrevivência do mercado tabagista, que habilidosamente sabe empreender ações de marKeting para que novas gerações de consumidores sejam preparadas para a continuidade de seu negócio. Nosso foco neste trabalho não é demonstrar o impressionante número de pessoas que sofrem ou que morrem devido ao fumo, pois este já é considerado há décadas a principal causa de morte evitável que atinge o pouco divulgado número de mais de 10.000 mortes por dia em todo o planeta. Nem tão pouco querer entender a distorção do poder público que ao mesmo tempo recebe bilhões em impostos da indústria e gasta outros tantos bilhões na saúde pública para tentar remediar o mal feito. Queremos apenas apontar para essas brechas que estão sendo usadas habilmente, pois, ao cidadão comum, não parecem graves nem eficientes, pois atingem apenas seu subconsciente (de jovem) ainda não formado em seu discernimento e personalidade.
    [Show full text]
  • Menthol Cigartte Use Among Smokers
    Volume 2, Issue 16 November 2013 According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, cigarettes This burden update classified as menthol make up 32 percent of all cigarette sales in the United focuses on menthol States1. Menthol is a substance naturally found in mint plants such as cigarette usage in the United States and peppermint and spearmint. It gives a cooling sensation and is frequently used Illinois, and uses Nielsen to dull the nerves in the airways of the smoker. This allows them to inhale software to identify more and deeply receive a larger amount of nicotine and other cancer causing market trends in Illinois. chemicals from the cigarette. MENTHOL CIGARTTE USE AMONG SMOKERS According to the 2009-2010 National Adult Tobacco Survey (NATS), 32 percent of adult male smokers and 40 percent of adult female smokers reported in the past 30 days they usually smoked menthol cigarettes. About 85 percent of black non-Hispanic adult smokers chose menthol cigarettes over other types of cigarettes, as did 42 percent of Hispanic smokers. Menthol cigarettes are least popular among adult smokers who identify as non- Hispanic white (25%). Menthol cigarette use is most common among young adult smokers between the ages of 18 and 24 (45%), adult smokers between the ages of 25 and 34 (39%) and adult smokers between the ages of 45 and 54 (36.5%). When looking at education, 40 percent of adult smokers with less than a high school diploma chose menthol cigarettes over other types. Figure 1. Menthol Cigarette Use Among Adults Smokers by Demographic, United States, 2009-2010 90 85.2 80 70 60 50 45.4 42.3 39.6 38.9 40.2 40 36.7 36.5 35.3 35.6 Percent 32.1 33.1 28.6 30.5 28.2 30 25.3 26.3 24.3 25.3 20 10 0 Source: National Adult Tobacco Survey (NATS), 2009-2010 Note: Each group, other than Hispanic, is non-Hispanic.
    [Show full text]
  • Menthol in Tobacco Products WHO/NMH/PND/18.1 © World Health Organization 2018
    CASE STUDIES FOR REGULATORY APPROACHES TO TOBACCO PRODUCTS Menthol in tobacco products WHO/NMH/PND/18.1 © World Health Organization 2018 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative GENERAL DISCLAIMERS. The designations employed Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO and the presentation of the material in this publication do not licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/ imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). WHO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of represent approximate border lines for which there may not this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses yet be full agreement. any specific organization, products or services. The use of the The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you products does not imply that they are endorsed or recom- must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative mended by WHO in preference to others of a similar nature Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health capital letters.
    [Show full text]
  • WT/DS406/R Page A-1 ANNEX a EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES of THE
    WT/DS406/R Page A-1 ANNEX A EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES OF THE FIRST WRITTEN SUBMISSIONS OF THE PARTIES Contents Page Annex A-1 Executive summary of the first written submission of Indonesia A-2 Annex A-2 Executive summary of the first written submission of the United States A-11 WT/DS406/R Page A-2 ANNEX A-1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE FIRST WRITTEN SUBMISSION OF INDONESIA I. INTRODUCTION 1. The Republic of Indonesia ("Indonesia") challenges Section 101 of the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009 (the "Act"). In particular, Indonesia challenges the "special rule for cigarettes" in Section 101(b), which banned the production or sale of certain cigarettes it characterized as "flavored" (hereinafter the "Special Rule"). 2. According to the legislative history of the Act, the Special Rule was meant to stop cigarette manufacturers from targeting underage smokers with flavours intended to increase the appeal of smoking. One type of flavoured cigarette escaped the ban – menthol cigarettes. 3. Cigarettes may contain a variety of ingredients and flavours that are added to the tobacco or filter. There is, in short, "no logical difference", according to Professor Michael Siegel of Boston University, "between menthol and the hundreds of other flavor additives put into cigarettes", and that includes clove. 4. Clove cigarettes have been produced in Indonesia for over a century. It is estimated that as many as 6 million Indonesians are employed directly or indirectly in the manufacture of cigarettes and the growing of tobacco. The cigarette industry, including clove, accounts for approximately 1.66 per cent of Indonesia's total gross domestic product ("GDP").
    [Show full text]
  • ENDS Flavor Preference by Menthol Cigarette Smoking Status Among US Adults, 2018–2019
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article ENDS Flavor Preference by Menthol Cigarette Smoking Status among US Adults, 2018–2019 Brian L. Rostron *, Joanne T. Chang, Cindy M. Chang, Rebecca A. Jackson and Bridget K. Ambrose Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; [email protected] (J.T.C.); [email protected] (C.M.C.); [email protected] (R.A.J.); [email protected] (B.K.A.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: E-cigarette flavor preference may differ among smokers using e-cigarettes, but little in- formation is available on preferences by menthol cigarette status. Using nationally representative data for US adults from the 2018–2019 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey, we analyzed e-cigarette flavor preference by menthol cigarette status and e-cigarette device type for dual-cigarette and e-cigarette users and e-cigarette users who had recently quit smoking by trying to switch to e-cigarettes (“switchers”). Approximately half (52.2%) of dual users of men- thol cigarettes and e-cigarettes reported using menthol/mint-flavored e-cigarettes as did 41.4% of “switchers” who had smoked menthol cigarettes; exclusive menthol/mint flavor use was 13.1% for dual users and 21.3% for “switchers.” A similar proportion (45.1%) of dual users who smoked nonmenthol cigarettes used tobacco-flavored e-cigarettes, but only 26.7% of “switchers” who had smoked nonmenthol cigarettes used tobacco-flavored e-cigarettes. Approximately 60% of dual users and “switchers” used fruit/other flavors, regardless of menthol cigarette use.
    [Show full text]
  • Flavoured Tobacco How the Industry Baits Its Prey
    Flavoured Tobacco How the Industry Baits its Prey In recent years, tobacco manufacturers have flooded the Tobacco market with fruit, alcohol and even candy‐flavoured cigars Products in and smokeless tobacco products. While the use of Canada are additives to improve flavour and odour is not new to the flavoured tobacco industry, the brazen marketing of chocolate, with: bubble gum, vanilla, banana split, mint and other flavours that are attractive to youth is unprecedented. Flavoured Appletini tobacco products appear even more kid‐friendly and Banana Split amusing as manufacturers coordinate the packaging to Blueberry the flavour. Bubble Gum Cherry Internal tobacco industry documents clearly reveal why Chocolate Mint the companies are doing this. These additives are: Cinnamon • Designed to make the first smoking experience more Clove Coconut pleasurable by improving the taste and sensations for Cosmo smokers and “chewers” Cotton Candy • Designed to encourage experimentation Grape Mango • Designed to make smoking easier by masking the Menthol irritation on airways, preventing airways from Mint tightening and preventing the smoker from coughing Orange Liqueur (coughing is the body’s way of protecting lungs from Peach inhaling harmful substances). Peanut Butter and Jam • Designed to make smoking trendy and dynamic Pina Colada Raspberry • Designed to disguise the smell of second‐hand Rum smoke, and reduce concerns and complaints from Spearmint non‐smokers near smokers Strawberry Tangerine Tequila Designed to make the first smoking Vanilla experience more pleasurable Wildberry Wintergreen Flavourings reduce the unpleasant smell and taste of their Watermelon products. A former Philip Morris employee explained “the Whisky harshness and bitterness of nicotine is not acceptable alone in a cigarette.
    [Show full text]