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2nd International Seminar on Education 2017 Empowering Local Wisdom on Education for Global Issue Batusangkar, September 05-06-2017
THE EFFECT OF THE UNITARY TRUST (MYTHS) AS THE BEHAVIOR OF THE MINANGKABAU COMMUNITY
Rini Wirasty,B FKIP- PBS Universitas Mahaputra Muhammad Yamin Solok [email protected]
ABSTRACT The phrase of belief (myth) makes character or behavior in society. The social life of various cultures makes variations in behavior. Minangkabau culture shows that the behavior of the community departs from the expression of popular belief, which at this moment the influence of myth is still in use in everyday life. In terms of the function of the myth itself is in use the community in providing advice, reprimands, education / how to educate, child prohibition or kemanakan, as well as some people who are considered necessary, make this mythical behavior develops and form the character of society itself. (Myth) is still rooted, making the culture Minang still able to survive in turmoil of cultural variations and life kemodrenan. Progress in thinking, acting to make Minangkabau culture smart in behaving. This paper reveals the behavior of Minangkabau people to express the beliefs of the people or more in the know with myths.
Keywords: Myth, Behavior, Society, Minangkabau
INTRODUCTION Cultural behavior is not perceived as a burden, but as a necessity. This is created because it is his paper is still associated with some of continuously done with guidance and my other writings that I have also T supervision and exemplary in all aspects and seminarkan or there are also in the publication creativity in the culture itself. In addition, through the journal. The myth or expression of there are conditions and situations that are public or people's beliefs is a topic I have created to support the ongoing creativity and raised for some writing. Myth is an interesting other activities within the cultural context in thing studied in the form as a reflection of the society. character formation of children, both at school Culture is closely related to society. and even at home sakali too. Myth can also Melville J. Herskovits and Bronislaw reflect our behavior. Malinowski argue that everything in society is The myth that will be discussed in this determined by the culture that society owns paper is appointed from the Minangkabau itself. The term to get it is cultural- area, as a reflection of the behavior of the Determinism. Herskovits views culture as a Minangkabau community. The myth in hereditary from one geeration to another, later Minangkabau is still well preserved, as people referred to as superoganic. still use it as a social controller in society. According to Andreas Eppink, culture contains the whole notion of social norms, REVIEW OF RELATED THEORIES social values, science and the whole social, 1 Cultural Influence religious, and other structures, in addition to Behavior is a habit perpetrated by all the intellectual, artistic statements that individuals repeatedly so that it becomes characterize a society. automatic or takes place spontaneously.
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According to Edward Burnett Tylor, understand the implied meaning contained in culture is a complex whole, in which an utterance (by James Danandjaya: 1991). knowledge, belief, art, morals, laws, customs, People's belief that is often called superstition and other abilities are gained as a member of is a belief by Western-educated people is society. considered simple not based on logic so that According to Selo Soemardjan, and scientifically can not be accounted for. Soelaiman Soemardi, culture is a means of the Superstition includes not only the confidence work, taste, and creation of society. (belief), but also behavior (behavior), Description of the various definitions above, experiences (experiences), there are times can be obtained understanding of culture is when the tool, and usually also expressions something that will affect the level of and rhyme (Bruvand in Danandjaja 1991: 53). knowledge and include the system of ideas or Folklor oral is folklore whose form is a ideas contained in the human mind, so that in combination of oral and non-verbal elements. everyday life, the culture is abstract. Expression of the people's trust can be While cultural manifestations are classified into one of the most verbal folklore things created by human beings as cultured which grow and develop in these areas, beings, in the form of behaviors, and objects of including in Nagari Selayo lemur District of a real nature, such as patterns of behavior, Solok District. The expression of people's trust language, tools of life, social organization, in the ceremony is because the people's trust religion, art, etc., all of which Intended for consists of oral statements coupled with humans in carrying out the life of the gesture gestures that are considered community. supernatural meanings. According to In addition there are three forms of culture: Danandjaja (1991: 154), superstitions a. The form of thoughts, ideas, ideas, norms, concerning beliefs and practices (habits), are rules, and so on. This being from abstract generally inherited through word-of-mouth culture is in the mind of each member of media. These words of speech are described the society in which it lives. with terms consisting of signs or causes and b. Activities of human patterned behavior in consequences. The superstition society. The social system consists of The first is based on causal human activities that interact, interact and relationships by association whereas the mingle with each other at any time and second superstition, that is, the deliberate always follow certain patterns based on the human act that causes a result is what we call customs of behavior. This social system is magic or magic (Koentjaraningrat in real or concrete. Danandjaja 1991: 53). According to c. Physical form, is the total physical result of Wittgenstain (in Parera, 1990: 18), the the activities of human actions and works meaning of an utterance is shaped by its use in in society. language society. The phrase of popular belief is made up of words that form language and 2 Expressions of People's Faith have meaning, as Chaer (2003: 44) says, that The phrase is an attempt speakers to language is a system of symbolic sounds, or give birth to feelings, views and emotions in meaningful speech sounds. The meaning of the the form considered most appropriate that he expression is given directly by the informant. said opponents of the meaning implied in the So the meaning of the expression of trust that expression of trust is a the assurance of we get from informat in the form of words something. Society is a number of inhabitants from speech acts that form the language and who inhabit an area. So the expression of meaning of the expression of belief that will be public confidence is a business speaker to a explained each meaning and function of the group of people to convey information that expression of trust that will be described. gave birth to the feelings, views and emotions According to Wittgenstain (in Parera, 1990: 18 that are considered most appropriate speaker ), The meaning of an utterance is shaped by its so that a group of people to know and use in the language society. The phrase of 354 2nd International Seminar on Education 2017 Empowering Local Wisdom on Education for Global Issue Batusangkar, September 05-06-2017 popular belief is made up of words that form the human body, and medicine (E) travel or language and have meaning, as Chaer (2003: communications, (f) love, courtship and 44) says, that language is a system of symbolic marriage, (g) death and customs of funerals. sounds, or meaningful speech sounds. The The superstitions of birth, the period Baby, meaning of the expression is given directly by and childhood, love, courtship, and marriage, the informant. So the meaning of the death and custom burial is the belief of the expression of trust that we get from informat people who became the background of life in the form of words from speech act which cycle rituals of human being that many form the language and meaning of expression practiced by the Indondesia. Based on the of belief that will be explained each meaning above description and function of expression of belief that will 3 Behavior be explained. The meaning of the expression of popular belief is conveyed with the meaning Behavior comes from the words of the kias or implied. It is intended that what "fairy" and "behavior". Fairy means how to is delivered does not hurt other people. For act, and behavior means deeds, behaviors, example, not overlapping the corpses in the ways of doing things. Learning can be defined beko house in step kuciang, because it will be as a process by which painful for the simayat. The structure of terms an organization changes its behavior as a result is derived from the English language ie of experience. Skinner differentiates the structure which means form. Atmazaki (2005: behavior into two, namely: 96), Said the structure is an arrangement that 1. innate behavior (innate behavior), which is has interconnected relation between elements the behavior brought about since the organism or a series of elements are arranged in an is born in the form of reflexes and instincts. integrated manner. Superstition concerns trust 2. Behavior operand (operant behavior) is a and practice (habit). Generally inherited behavior formed through the learning process. through speech medium. These words are In humans, the operant or psychological explained in terms of signs or causes, and are behavior is the dominant one. Most of these expected to have a result (for example) for behaviors are behavioral behaviors, behavior example if a frog (sign) sounds it will rain acquired, behavior controlled by the center of (due). Dundes (in Danandjaja, 1991: 154), consciousness or the brain (cognitive). divides superstition into two structures. The Human behavior is a set of behaviors first structure consists of two parts, namely (a) that are owned by humans and influenced by based on causal relationships by association, customs, attitudes, emotions, values, ethics, (b) deliberate human actions that cause a power, persuasion, and / or genetics. result. The so-called magical or magical. The One's behavior is grouped into fair relationships that cause the association are: (1) behavior, acceptable behavior, strange time equation, (2) the equation of form, (3) the behavior, and deviant behavior. In sociology, stability and part, (4) the sound equation, behavior is regarded as something not while the second structure consists of three addressed to others and is therefore a very parts, the sign, To another state (conversion) basic human social act. Behavior should not be and result (result). Based on that opinion can misinterpreted as social behavior, which is a be concluded that the structure of expression higher-level action, because social behavior is of people's trust can be divided into two, a behavior that is specifically addressed to namely structure consisting of two parts others. Acceptance of a person's behavior is (causation) and structure consisting of three measured relative to social norms and parts (signs, conversion and effect). Hand, (in governed by various social controls. In the Danandjaja 1991: 155-156), shares the behavioral medicine a person and his family superstitious or expression of people's beliefs are studied to identify the causal factors, around the human environment in seven triggers or that aggravate the onset of health categories: (a) birth, infancy, childhood, (b) problems. Interventions of behavior are often
355 2nd International Seminar on Education 2017 Empowering Local Wisdom on Education for Global Issue Batusangkar, September 05-06-2017 done in the context of holistic and Minangkabau people sent their deputies to ask comprehensive management. the Sapurba one of Iskandar Zulkarnain's Benjamin Bloom, an educational descendants to become their king. psychologist, distinguishes three areas of The Minang community is part of the behavior, namely cognitive, affective, and Deutro Melayu (Melayu Muda) community psychomotor. Later in its development, the who migrated from mainland South China to domain of behavior classified by Bloom is the island of Sumatra around 2,500-2,000 divided into three levels: years ago. It is estimated that this community group entered from the east side of the island A. Knowledge of Sumatra, along the river Kampar up to the Knowledge is the result of human sensing, or plateau called darek and became the home of the result of knowing a person to the object the Minangkabau people. Some of this darek through his or her senses region then formed a kind of confederation B. Attitude (attitude) known as luhak, hereinafter referred to as Attitude is a person's closed response to a Luhak Nan Tigo, which consists of Luhak particular stimulus or object, which already Limo Puluah, Luhak Agam, and Luhak Tanah involves the factors of opinion and emotion in Data. In the reign of the Dutch East Indies, the question. luhak region became a territorial territory of C. Action or practice government called afdeling, headed by a This action refers to the behavior expressed in resident whom the Minangkabau community the form of action, which is the tangible form referred to as Mr. Luhak. of knowledge and attitudes already possessed. Meanwhile, along with the growth and In addition, Skinner also describes the development of the population, Minangkabau definition of behavior as follows behavior is people spread to other darek region and form the result of the relationship between stimulus some specific areas into the area of Overseas. (stimulus) and responses (response). He The concept of rantau for Minang society is an distinguishes two forms of response, namely: area that becomes the entrance to Minangkabau nature. Rantau also serves as a Respondent response or reflexive response, is the response generated by certain stimuli. This place to find life, trade area. Rantau in kind of stimulation is called eliciting Minangkabau known as Rantau Nan Duo is stimulikarena resulting in a relatively fixed divided into Rantau in Hilia (east coastal area) response. and Rantau in Mudiak (west coastal area). At first the mention of Minang people Operant responseor instrumental response, is a response that arises and develops as a result has not been distinguished from the Malay of certain stimuli, called reinforcing stimuli or people, but since the 19th century, the mention reinforcer. Such stimuli can amplify the of Minang and Malay began to be responses that organisms have made. distinguished by the matrilineal culture that Therefore, such stimuli follow or reinforce survived compared to the patrilineal adopted certain behaviors that have been done. by the Malay people in general. Then this grouping continues for the sake of both the 4. Minangkabau Society census and the politics. From tambo received from generation According to tambo, Minangkabau to generation, tells that their ancestors came custom system was first initiated by two from the descendants of Iskandar Zulkarnain. brothers, Datuk Ketumanggungan and Datuk Although the tambo is not systematically Perpatih Nan Sebatang. Datuk arranged and more legendary than facts and Ketumanggungan inherited the aristocratic tends to a literary work that has become the Koto Piliang traditional system, while Datuk property of many communities. But the story Perpatih bequeathed the customary system of of this tambo is slightly more comparable to egalitarian Bodi Caniago. In its journey, these Sulalatus Salatin who also tells how the two customary systems known as the
356 2nd International Seminar on Education 2017 Empowering Local Wisdom on Education for Global Issue Batusangkar, September 05-06-2017 conformity fill each other and form the but if mentioned otherwise buruak badannyo Minangkabau community system. lai the child's body will be obese or healthy In Minangkabau society, there are later on. Especially for small children / babies three pillars that build and maintain the there are some things that must be said integrity of culture and customs. They are implicitly or inverse of what is expressed, scholars, clever, and ninik mamak, known as including later also wearing clothes also Tungku Tigo Sajarangan. All three are inverted (the outer one being inside, the myth complementary and shoulder to shoulder in the that is still popular, child singlet or baby must same high position. In a democratic and be reversed So as not to egalitarian Minangkabau society, all get palasik In the belief that if wearing a baby community affairs are deliberated by the three singlet must be in the inside to remove for elements unanimously. palasik antidote. The age of the children will be more DISCUSSION fun, because this age will play more. Mythos The expression of popular belief, at at this age are more likely to act in children's this time in some areas still function and still play, be it in terms of time, place, speech. Jan used, and some areas are still used but only balari-run juo beko butjak anak dubilih, this sebahagian. The expression of public belief or myth will be applied in the afternoon before for subsequent discussion will be used in sunset, usually the children at this time is the mythical terms. There are several categories of spirit of playing chase that will lead to a ban myths that grow in the community as a form that belief in Minang society afternoon is a and function. In this paper I will present the very sensitive time because There is an influence of myth as the behavior of people, assumption that the devil will return to his especially in Minangkabau. Myth is a part in nest, then the children who play in the superstitions that involve beliefs and habits, afternoon will be sent home with the reason which are usually inherited by through the that the demon's son is also running back to medium of speech. These words of speech are the nest, because later when there are sick described with terms consisting of signs or children at night when they play until too late , causes and consequences. The first superstition Then the child stepped on a demon / devil's is based on causality based on association and son. Parents always remind their children not the second deliberate human act which causes to run in the afternoon, and that would be a a consequence we call magic. very obedient reason in society. There are some myths concerning In adolescence is also surrounded by babies, at this time there are many myths that myths regarding behavior, it is desirable that at discuss the life of the baby, for example, a this age their behavior will experience a period child ketek if kalua house or bajalan must bao of change from previous ages. The myth that is dasun jo samek if the root of the bali palasik imposed by the child is rabid bulu duduak at beko means small children, if want to go out the door lamo dapek beko beko, the myth of the house should take it A single garlic and a this ban means that girls / girls should not sit at hairpin to avoid getting palasik (a person who the door if done then there is a consequence or likes to disrupt a small child). Or buruak threat that later dating will be far or long can badannyo lai this myth is destined, when met be a marriage or husband, This teenage boy is tau see a baby child badannnya fat / plump very scary. This myth wants an action that is hence must be said buruak badannyo lai, usually done in this age will get a habit that is meaning that diingnkan is the word opposite not done by teenagers, the punishment also from real. The Minang people believe that affects the mindset later. This myth taught that implying something will be more meaningful we should not be arbitrary in doing our own than having to say the truth. The word intends actions, this myth does a severe punishment so that the child is not easily sick so it becomes that we can not sit in any place that will thin if if the child is called the fat of this child, disturb the user of the door.
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The myth continues to lead Minang In this last part the myth is still a society up to adulthood. This mythical age reflection of the behavior of Minangkabau only applies to certain activities only, not too society. Myths can also be a means of many settings of action, because at this age of behavior control in society, so the community thinking usually has been better. But the myth will continue to maintain the sustainability of is still a good controlling tool in the Minang the expression of public trust itself, the myth community, for example before the marriage will also be preserved by accident. Whatever of some beautiful bajalan jauah baduo-duo, myth will do is part of the life of Minang tired of bapisah beko, meaning if the wedding society at this time. day has been determined then the two brides Preservation of this folklore form will are not allowed to go together let alone the be well preserved, reflecting the behavior of purpose far, The unintended event may be the the people. Although the position of the myth separation in question is the death of one of is still awake, but not close The possibility that the bride and groom at the time of delivering someday myth will disappear and be an invitation to relatives, usually the Minang accompanied by different behaviors to the next people believe in it. So for the distribution of generation, hopefully we all can still preserve invitations around the city where they live is the myths that exist in the Minangkabau allowed only, but for a remote area will be environment, and maybe there will be the assisted by family or other family. Inijnya hands of the government later. myth this goal is that the marriage that will take place as smoothly as desired. REFERENCES At the time of pregnant women, the expression of public trust restrictions more, https://apramesywary.wordpress.com/2013/04/ because at this time, the fetus is more guarded. 05/hubungan-manusia-dan-kebudayaan- For example, "urang pregnant indian buliah eat di-indonesia/ jangek" myth this ban with the purpose if wktu ugmyfirmansyah13.blogspot.com/.../pengaruh- birth will not be difficult, because if during kebudayaan-terhadap-kehidupan.htm pregnancy eat jangek / skin of cow usually made skin cracker or in Minang society 29 Mar 2015. Diakses,Minggu, cooked by way of make gulai. Believed when 13/08/2017. Pukul 09.00.WIB eating jangek, pregnant women then later Albarracín, Dolores, Blair T. Johnson, & Mark when the birth process will be hard and sticky P. Zanna. The Handbook of Attitude. ari-arinyanya. There is also a myth that the Routledge, 2005. Hlm. 74-78 mother who was pregnant if going out of the house must carry objects made of metal, such Gochman, David S. Handbook of Health as scissors, folding knife, temiti and so forth. Behavior Research: Relevance for This object is believed to keep the sijanin from Professionals and Issues for the Future. devil or jin interference. Springer, 1 The above myth is a picture based on Navis, A.A. (1984). Alam Terkembang Jadi age, or period. Many more myths used by the Guru: Adat dan Kebudayaan Minangkabau community in other respects, Minangkabau. Jakarta: Grafiti Pers. such as myths in development, tourist attractions, famous roads and so forth. From Batuah, A. Dt.; Madjoindo, A. Dt. some descriptions show how myth still gives (1959). Tambo Minangkabau dan opportunity to the behavior of Minang society Adatnya. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. itself. Danandjaja, James. 1991. Folklor Indonesia: Ilmu Gosip, Dongeng, dan lain- 4. Conclusion lain.Jakarta: Pustaka Utama Grafiti.
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