DOCSLIB.ORG

Periodic Table of Elements

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Periodic Table of Elements Nonmetals and Metalloids Periodic Table of Elements Matter: Properties and Changes Warm up ● In your notebook answer the following exercise: ○ Find the element copper (Cu) in the periodic table, what can you infer about copper’s properties and explain how its position in the periodic table helps identify its properties. Lesson Objectives ● Describe the properties of nonmetals. ● Tell how metalloids are useful. Nonmetals ● Nonmetals are elements that lacks most of the properties of metals. ● Most nonmetals are poor conductors of electricity and heat and are reactive with other elements. ● Many of the nonmetals are common elements on Earth. ○ Nitrogen ○ Oxygen ○ Carbon Physical Properties of Nonmetals ● Ten of the 16 nonmetals are gases at room temperature. ○ nitrogen and oxygen ● Others are solid nonmetals are dull and brittle. ○ carbon, phosphorus, and sulfur ● Bromine is the only nonmetal that is liquid at room temperature. ● Nonmetals usually have lower densities than metals, and are poor conductors of heat and electricity. Chemical Properties of Nonmetals ● Except for Group 18, most nonmetals readily form compounds with other elements. ● Many metals and nonmetals react with each other. Their atoms usually gain or share electrons when they react to other atoms. ● Nonmetals can also form compounds with other nonmetals by sharing electrons. FAmilies of Nonmetals ● Carbon Family ● Nitrogen Family ● Oxygen Family ● Halogen Family ● Noble Gases ● Hydrogen Carbon FAmily ● The elements in Group 14. ● They gain, lose, or share four electrons when reacting with other elements. ● Carbon is the only nonmetal element in the group and play an important role in the chemistry of life. Nitrogen Family ● The elements in Group 15. ● The two nonmetals in this group are nitrogen and phosphorus. ● These nonmetals usually gain or share three electrons when reacting with other elements. ● Nitrogen is an element that occurs in nature as a molecule formed from two nitrogen atoms bonded together. ● A molecule that is made up of two identical atoms is a diatomic molecule. Oxygen Family ● The elements in Group 16. ● The three nonmetals in this group are oxygen, sulfur, and selenium. ● These atoms typically gain or share two electrons in a reaction. ● The oxygen is highly reactive and it can combine with almost every other element. It is the most abundant element in the Earth’s crusg. We breathe is O2 and the ozone is O3. ● Sulfur is the other common nonmetal in this family. Halogen Family ● The elements in Group 17 are the most reactive elements. ● All but one of the halogens are nonmetals. ● A halogens atom typically gain or shares one electron. ● Halogen elements are dangerous, many of the compounds that halogens form are quite useful. Noble Gases ● The elements in Group 18 do not ordinarily form compounds because the atoms of these elements do not gain, lose, or share electrons. ● Usually unreactive ● All the noble gases exist in Earth’s atmosphere, but only in small amounts. ● Because they are so unreactive, they were not discovered until the late 1800s. Hydrogen ● Is the simplest element ● Its atoms contain one proton and one electron. ● Because hydrogen’s chemical properties are so different from the other elements, it cannot be grouped into a family. ● Hydrogen makes up more than 90 percent of the atoms in the universe, it makes up only 1 percent of the mass of found on Earth’ s crust, oceans, and atmosphere. ● Hydrogen is rarely found on Earth as a pure element. ● Most hydrogen is combined with oxygen in water (H2O). Metalloids Boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, tellurium, polonium, astatine Metalloids ● On the border between the metals and nonmetals are seven elements called metalloids. ● Metalloids have some of the characteristics of metal and some of nonmetals. ● The most useful property of the metalloids is their varying ability to conduct electricity. Some are used to make semiconductors. ● Semiconductors are substances that under some conditions can carry electricity, and under other conditions cannot carry electricity. ● Some semiconductors are used to make computer chip, transistors, and lasers..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Alternate Graphical Representation of Periodic Table of Chemical Elements Mohd Abubakr1, Microsoft India (R&D) Pvt
    An Alternate Graphical Representation of Periodic table of Chemical Elements Mohd Abubakr1, Microsoft India (R&D) Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad, India. [email protected] Abstract Periodic table of chemical elements symbolizes an elegant graphical representation of symmetry at atomic level and provides an overview on arrangement of electrons. It started merely as tabular representation of chemical elements, later got strengthened with quantum mechanical description of atomic structure and recent studies have revealed that periodic table can be formulated using SO(4,2) SU(2) group. IUPAC, the governing body in Chemistry, doesn‟t approve any periodic table as a standard periodic table. The only specific recommendation provided by IUPAC is that the periodic table should follow the 1 to 18 group numbering. In this technical paper, we describe a new graphical representation of periodic table, referred as „Circular form of Periodic table‟. The advantages of circular form of periodic table over other representations are discussed along with a brief discussion on history of periodic tables. 1. Introduction The profoundness of inherent symmetry in nature can be seen at different depths of atomic scales. Periodic table symbolizes one such elegant symmetry existing within the atomic structure of chemical elements. This so called „symmetry‟ within the atomic structures has been widely studied from different prospects and over the last hundreds years more than 700 different graphical representations of Periodic tables have emerged [1]. Each graphical representation of chemical elements attempted to portray certain symmetries in form of columns, rows, spirals, dimensions etc. Out of all the graphical representations, the rectangular form of periodic table (also referred as Long form of periodic table or Modern periodic table) has gained wide acceptance.
    [Show full text]
  • 25 WORDS CHLORINE Chlorine, Cl, Is a Very Poisonous Green Gas That's
    25 WORDS CHLORINE Chlorine, Cl, is a very poisonous green gas that's extremely reactive. It's used for sanitizing, purifying, and was used as a weapon during World War I by the Germans. But in chemistry, it is an oxidizer. Chlorine, Cl, is a green gaseous element with an atomic number of 17. This halogen is a powerful oxidant and used to produce many things, such as cleaning products. Chlorine; it's chemical symbol is Cl. Chloride is abundant in nature and necessary for life but a large amount can cause choking and and poisoning. It's mainly used for water purification but has other uses. Chlorine is a halogen and to test if it has a halogen, we use the Beilstein Copper Wire Test. It is also used to produce safe drinking water. Chlorine, atomic number seventeen, is a halogen that is found in table salt, NaCl, making it essential to life. However, pure chlorine, Cl2, is a poisonous gas, detectable at even 1 ppm. Chlorine, (Symbol Cl), belongs to the halogen family of elements, found in group 17 on the periodic table. Chlorine has an atomic number of 17 and atomic weight of 35.453. Chlorine is the 17th element on the periodic table, and is in the "Halogens" group, which has a tendency to gain one electron to form anions. Its anion can be found commonly in table salt Chlorine (symbolized Cl) is the chemical element with atomic number 17. Clorine is a powerful oxidant and is used in bleaching and disinfectants. It is a pale yellow-green gas that has a specific strong smell.
    [Show full text]
  • Driving Halogen Lamps Application Note
    Application Note 1604 Driving Halogen Lamps Abstract: This application note looks at the suitability of the Ultimod wide trim powerMods for applications driving Halogen lamps. An incandescent lamp generates light by heating is that the powerMod will go into a protective a tungsten wire or filament until it glows (at current limit. The characteristics of this current around 2,500 ºC) by passing an electric current limit are shown in Figure 1 below. through it. A halogen lamp is basically a modified version of an incandescent lamp. The difference is that the bulb of a halogen lamp has a small amount of a halogen gas added. The presence of this halogen in the bulb produces a chemical reaction (known as the halogen cycle) that redeposists tungsten evaporated by heating back onto the filament. In a standard incandescent the constant evaporation leads to the eventual failure of the lamp as the filament progressively thins and breaks or “burns out”. Since in a halogen lamp the tungsten is redeposited back on the filament Figure 1 Current Limit Characteristics its lifetime is extended, and it also be heated to a higher temperature (in the region of 3,000 ºC), which increases its efficiency. You can see from Figure 1 that when we increase the load (by reducing the loads The high operational temperature of the filament resistance) and the current increases above the results in a challenge for a constant voltage set current limit of the modules we enter a mode power supplies like the Ultimod due to the of operation known as straight line current different resistance of the tungsten filament limiting where the current is held constant and at room temperature and its resistance at 3,000 the voltage is reduced.
    [Show full text]
  • Polymorphism, Halogen Bonding, and Chalcogen Bonding in the Diiodine Adducts of 1,3- and 1,4-Dithiane
    molecules Article Polymorphism, Halogen Bonding, and Chalcogen Bonding in the Diiodine Adducts of 1,3- and 1,4-Dithiane Andrew J. Peloquin 1, Srikar Alapati 2, Colin D. McMillen 1, Timothy W. Hanks 2 and William T. Pennington 1,* 1 Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; [email protected] (A.J.P.); [email protected] (C.D.M.) 2 Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613, USA; [email protected] (S.A.); [email protected] (T.W.H.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Through variations in reaction solvent and stoichiometry, a series of S-diiodine adducts of 1,3- and 1,4-dithiane were isolated by direct reaction of the dithianes with molecular diiodine in solution. In the case of 1,3-dithiane, variations in reaction solvent yielded both the equatorial and the axial isomers of S-diiodo-1,3-dithiane, and their solution thermodynamics were further studied via DFT. Additionally, S,S’-bis(diiodo)-1,3-dithiane was also isolated. The 1:1 cocrystal, (1,4-dithiane)·(I2) was further isolated, as well as a new polymorph of S,S’-bis(diiodo)-1,4-dithiane. Each structure showed significant S···I halogen and chalcogen bonding interactions. Further, the product of the diiodine-promoted oxidative addition of acetone to 1,4-dithiane, as well as two new cocrystals of 1,4-dithiane-1,4-dioxide involving hydronium, bromide, and tribromide ions, was isolated. Keywords: crystal engineering; chalcogen bonding; halogen bonding; polymorphism; X-ray diffraction Citation: Peloquin, A.J.; Alapati, S.; McMillen, C.D.; Hanks, T.W.; Pennington, W.T.
    [Show full text]
  • Of the Periodic Table
    of the Periodic Table teacher notes Give your students a visual introduction to the families of the periodic table! This product includes eight mini- posters, one for each of the element families on the main group of the periodic table: Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Boron/Aluminum Group (Icosagens), Carbon Group (Crystallogens), Nitrogen Group (Pnictogens), Oxygen Group (Chalcogens), Halogens, and Noble Gases. The mini-posters give overview information about the family as well as a visual of where on the periodic table the family is located and a diagram of an atom of that family highlighting the number of valence electrons. Also included is the student packet, which is broken into the eight families and asks for specific information that students will find on the mini-posters. The students are also directed to color each family with a specific color on the blank graphic organizer at the end of their packet and they go to the fantastic interactive table at www.periodictable.com to learn even more about the elements in each family. Furthermore, there is a section for students to conduct their own research on the element of hydrogen, which does not belong to a family. When I use this activity, I print two of each mini-poster in color (pages 8 through 15 of this file), laminate them, and lay them on a big table. I have students work in partners to read about each family, one at a time, and complete that section of the student packet (pages 16 through 21 of this file). When they finish, they bring the mini-poster back to the table for another group to use.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigative Science – ALIEN PERIODIC TABLE Tuesday September 17, 2013 Perry High School Mr
    Investigative Science – ALIEN PERIODIC TABLE Tuesday September 17, 2013 Perry High School Mr. Pomerantz__________________________________________________________________________Page 1 of 2 Procedure: After reading the information below, correctly place the Alien elements in the periodic table based on the physical and chemical properties described. Imagine that scientists have made contact with life on a distant planet. The planet is composed of many of the same elements as are found on Earth. However, the in habitants of the planet have different names and symbols for the elements. The radio transmission gave data on the known chemical and physical properties of the first 30 elements that belong to Groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18. SEE if you can place the elements into a blank periodic table based on the information. You may need your Periodic Table as a reference for this activity. Here is the information on the elements. 1. The noble gases are bombal (Bo), wobble, (Wo), jeptum (J) and logon (L). Among these gases, wobble has the greatest atomic mass and bombal has the least. Logon is lighter than jeptum. 2. The most reactive group of metals are xtalt (X), byyou (By), chow (Ch) and quackzil (Q). Of these metals, chow has the lowest atomic mass. Quackzil is in the same period as wobble. 3. The most reactive group of nonmetals are apstrom (A), volcania (V), and kratt (Kt). Volcania is in the same period as quackzil and wobble. 4. The metalloids are Ernst (E), highho (Hi), terriblum (T) and sississ (Ss). Sissis is the metalloid with the highest mass number.
    [Show full text]
  • Halides and Halogens. What Do I Need to Know? John Vivari, Nordson EFD
    Halides and Halogens. What do I need to know? John Vivari, Nordson EFD Abstract With halogen-containing substances in the public eye due to scrutiny by the European Union and a variety of non- governmental organizations (NGOs) as possible additions to the list of substances banned from electronics, we at EFD have received numerous inquiries from customers asking how this subject will affect them and their processes. Having just overcome the hurdle of RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances), they want to know what halogens and halides are, and what changes they should be prepared for if required to stop using them. Halide-free materials are not new. Some segments of the electronics industry have been sensitive to halides and their significance for decades. This paper will give the reader a working knowledge of halogens and halides. Armed with this education, the reader will be able to make informed decisions when required to use halogen-free materials, either because regulations dictate it or social pressure makes acceptance preferable to resistance. Key Words: halide, halogen, bromine, chlorine, flame retardant, RoHS What are halogens and halides? damage. Brominated flame retardant use is not limited to electronics. It is also in common usage in furniture, At their most basic level, halogens are the electronegative construction materials and textiles. elements in column 17 of the periodic table, including fluorine (F), chlorine, (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I) and Other sources of halogens in circuit boards include astatine (At). In electronics fiberglass sizing, epoxy curing agents and accelerators, applications, iodine and resin wetting and de-foaming agents, flux residues, and astatine are rarely if ever contamination from handling.
    [Show full text]
  • The Halogens Family Word List
    The Halogens Family Word list Halogen – halogenas Any of the electronegative elements, fluorine, chlorine, iodine, bromine, and astatine, that form binary salts by direct union with metals. Fluorine – floras The most reactive nonmetallic element, a pale-yellow, corrosive, toxic gas that occurs combined, especially in fluorite, cryolite, phosphate rock, and other minerals. Chlorine – chloras A halogen element, a heavy, greenish-yellow, incombustible, water-soluble, poisonous gas. Bromine – bromas An element that is a dark-reddish, fuming, toxic liquid and a member of the halogen family. Iodine – jodas A nonmetallic halogen element occurring at ordinary temperatures as a grayish-black crystalline solid. Astatine – astatas A highly unstable radioactive element, the heaviest of the halogen series, that resembles iodine in solution. Bleach - baliklis A chemical agent used for bleaching. Ion – jonas An atom or a group of atoms that has acquired a net electric charge by gaining or losing one or more electrons. Compound – junginys A pure, macroscopically homogeneous substance consisting of atoms or ions of two or more different elements in definite proportions that cannot be separated by physical means. Solid – kieta medžiaga Having three dimensions (length, breadth, and thickness), as a geometrical body or figure. Vapour – garai Particles of moisture or other substance suspended in air and visible as clouds, smoke, etc. Conductor – laidininkas A substance, body, or device that readily conducts heat, electricity, sound, etc. Hydrogen – vandenilis A colorless, odorless, flammable gas that combines chemically with oxygen to form water. Sodium – natris A soft, silver-white, metallic element that oxidizes rapidly in moist air, occurring in nature only in the combined state.
    [Show full text]
  • Name Class Period Pre-AP Chemistry: Worksheet # 3.4 Date
    Name Class Period Pre-AP Chemistry: Worksheet # 3.4 Date Directions: Write your answers to the following questions in the space provided. For problem solving, all of the work leading up to the final answer must be shown in order to receive credit. You will not receive credit for “Magic 1. Use the periodic table to separate these 12 elements into six pairs of elements having similar properties. Ca, K, Ga, P, Si, Rb, B, Sr, Sn, Cl, Bi, Br Ca & Sr K & Rb Ga & B P & Bi Si & Sn Cl & Br 2. Use the periodic table to identify by name and symbol the elements that have the following locations. Phosphorus a. Group 15, Period 3 Barium b. Groups 2, Period 6 3. Where are the metals usually found on the periodic table? Where are the nonmetals found? The metalloids? Metals are on the left side and in the center; nonmetals are in the upper-right corner; metalloids form a border between the metals and nonmetals. 4. What are the major differences in the physical properties of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids? Metals—have luster, are malleable and ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity Nonmetals—are dull, not good conductors of heat and electricity, are brittle Metalloids—tend to be brittle, are semiconductors of heat and electricitiy 5. List one distinctive characteristic for the halogens, one for the noble gases, and one for the alkali metals. The halogens are the most reactive nonmetals The noble gases are unreactive. The alkali metals are the most reactive metals. 6. Hydrogen is shown on some periodic tables in two places: both with the alkali metals and with the halogens.
    [Show full text]
  • Periodic Table 1 Periodic Table
    Periodic table 1 Periodic table This article is about the table used in chemistry. For other uses, see Periodic table (disambiguation). The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, organized on the basis of their atomic numbers (numbers of protons in the nucleus), electron configurations , and recurring chemical properties. Elements are presented in order of increasing atomic number, which is typically listed with the chemical symbol in each box. The standard form of the table consists of a grid of elements laid out in 18 columns and 7 Standard 18-column form of the periodic table. For the color legend, see section Layout, rows, with a double row of elements under the larger table. below that. The table can also be deconstructed into four rectangular blocks: the s-block to the left, the p-block to the right, the d-block in the middle, and the f-block below that. The rows of the table are called periods; the columns are called groups, with some of these having names such as halogens or noble gases. Since, by definition, a periodic table incorporates recurring trends, any such table can be used to derive relationships between the properties of the elements and predict the properties of new, yet to be discovered or synthesized, elements. As a result, a periodic table—whether in the standard form or some other variant—provides a useful framework for analyzing chemical behavior, and such tables are widely used in chemistry and other sciences. Although precursors exist, Dmitri Mendeleev is generally credited with the publication, in 1869, of the first widely recognized periodic table.
    [Show full text]
  • Pre and Post Tests Use the Periodic Table to Answer These Questions
    Pre and Post Tests Use the periodic table to answer these questions. MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Neon is an example of a(n): A. Alkali Metal B. Noble Gas C. Halogen D. Rare Earth Metal 2. An element that has two valence or outer level electrons would be considered a(n): A. Nonmetal B. Noble Gas C. Halogen D. Metal 3. Sodium is in the same group or family as: A. Lithium B. Helium C. Calcium D. Thorium 4. Iodine is an example of a(n): A. Noble Gas B. Halogen C. Alkali Metal D. Rare Earth Metal 5. If an element is a gas at room temperature, then it must be a(n): A. Alkali Metal B. Nonmetal C. Halogen D. Alkaline Earth Metal 6. If an element has one to three valence or outer level electrons, then it is a(n): A. Nonmetal B. Halogen C. Noble Gas D. Metal 7. Which of the following elements belongs to the group that includes the most active metals? A. Aluminum B. Sodium C. Iron D. Mercury GRIDDED RESPONSE 8. How many valence or outer level electrons does an atom of the element argon have? _____________ SHORT RESPONSE 9. Barium and magnesium are both found in the same group in the periodic table. Name two properties that they would be expected to share. EXTENDED RESPONSE 10. Chlorine and bromine are both found in the same group in the periodic table. Name this group. Are these elements metals or nonmetals? How many valence electrons do they have? Name a property that these two elements would be expected to share.
    [Show full text]
  • Lithium Halogen Exchange #1 Revised
    Myers Lithium-Halogen Exchange Chem 115 RLi + R'X RX + R'Li H H 1.1 eq n-BuLi H H Br OEt Et2O, !80 °C Li OEt Lithium-halogen exchange reactions are kinetically controlled. The position of the equilibrium varies with the stabilities of the carbanion intermediates involved (sp >> sp2 >> sp3) Lau, K. S.; Schlosser, M. J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 1595. n-PrLi + PhI n-PrI + PhLi 1:10,000 1. 2 eq t-BuLi 2. n-C8H17Br CH3 H3C Br H3C Li I THF-ethyl ether-pentane !120 °C 77% LiI I Li Keq << 1 I I Neumann, H.; Seebach, D. Tetrahedron Lett. 1976, 17, 4839. Lithium-halogen exchange of vinyl halides is stereospecific, proceeding with retention of In the above example, internal trapping of the newly formed alkyllithium reagent by alkylation configuration. drives an otherwise unfavorable exchange reaction. Alkyliodides are more reactive than the corresponding bromides. Alkylchlorides are 1. 2.1 eq t-BuLi OH essentially inert. 2. !78 " 23 " !78 °C I 3. benzaldehyde n-pentane-ethyl ether (3:2) 2 t-BuLi + RI t-BuI + RLi t-BuLi isobutene + isobutane + LiI Bailey, W. F.; Punzalan, E. R. J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 5404. Lithium-halogen exchange reactions using t-BuLi typically employ two or more equivalents of Aliphatic alkyllithium reagents are normally prepared from the corresponding primary t-BuLi. The first equivalent is used for the exchange and the second equivalent reacts with iodides at low temperature in a pentane-ether solvent system. the t-BuI produced, to form isobutene, isobutane, and lithium iodide.
    [Show full text]