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The Newsletter of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations
Volume 41, Number 3, January 2011 assp rt PThe Newsletter of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations Inside... Nixon, Allende, and the White House Tapes Roundtable on Dennis Merrill’s Negotiating Paradise Teaching Diplomatic History to Diplomats ...and much more! Passport The Newsletter of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations Editorial Office: Mershon Center for International Security Studies 1501 Neil Avenue Columbus OH 43201 [email protected] 614-292-1681 (phone) 614-292-2407 (fax) Executive Director Peter L. Hahn, The Ohio State University Editor Mitchell Lerner, The Ohio State University-Newark Production Editor Julie Rojewski, Michigan State University Editorial Assistant David Hadley, The Ohio State University Cover Photo President Nixon walking with Kissinger on the south lawn of the White House, 08/10/1971. ARC Identifier 194731/ Local Identifier NLRN-WHPO-6990-18A. Item from Collection RN-WHPO: White House Photo Office Collection (Nixon Administration), 01/20/1969-08/09/1974. Editorial Advisory Board and Terms of Appointment Elizabeth Kelly Gray, Towson University (2009-2011) Robert Brigham, Vassar College (2010-2012) George White, Jr., York College/CUNY (2011-2013) Passport is published three times per year (April, September, January), by the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, and is distributed to all members of the Society. Submissions should be sent to the attention of the editor, and are acceptable in all formats, although electronic copy by email to [email protected] is preferred. Submis- sions should follow the guidelines articulated in the Chicago Manual of Style. Manuscripts accepted for publication will be edited to conform to Passport style, space limitations, and other requirements. -
Gunboat Economics?
Andreas Exenberger, Dr. Research Area “Economic and Social History” Faculty of Economics and Statistics, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck Universitaetsstrasse 15, A-6020 Innsbruck Tel.: (+43)-(0)512-507-7409 E-mail: [email protected] Homepage: http://www.uibk.ac.at/economics/exenberger Paper for AHE 08 (London, July 14-16, 2006) (Version of June 1, 2006; rough draft, no citation without explicit permission) Gunboat Economics? An Essay about some of the Relationships between Wealth and Violence Introduction By working on the relevance of violence in economics (from an historical perspective) I discovered something seeming rather strange at first site: although there are a lot of historical examples that the performance (and appearance) of “gunboats” (not necessarily in the literal sense) directly influenced economic relations, there is no conceptual approach about that interrelation neither in economics nor in history. And while the term “gunboat diplomacy” is cited extensively in political and historical (and sometimes even in economical) contexts und even more, is commonly understood, there is no such thing as “gunboat economics” at all. To be correct, this is not completely true. In 1985 Jeffrey Garten published an article in Foreign Affairs even entitled “Gunboat Economics”. In the text however, he did not mention the term again and confuses it throughout the article, which is mainly a critique of Reaganomics and the unilateral (and economically protectionist) foreign policy of the administration Reagan I (1981-84), with gunboat diplomacy. Interestingly enough, during the last twenty years U.S. problem-solving did not change very much and both Bushes as well as Clinton continued and even intensified a foreign policy resting on means that can be summarized as “gunboats” (as I said, not necessarily in the literal sense, because the “gunboats” of our times are not battleships, but long-distance missiles, intervention forces and diplomatic pressure). -
Congressional Record
CONGRESSIONAL• RECORD. PROCEEDINGS .AND DEBATES OF THE FORTY-SIXTH CONGRESS. SESSION. IN .SENATE. circumstances of great mercy, in the enjoyment of reason, and of health and every needed blessing. MONDAY, December 1, 1879. It hath seemed good unto Thee, 0 God, in Thine inscrntB,ble provi dence, to remove by the hand of death from this body one of its mem The first Monday of December being "the day prescribed by the Con bers. We pray that Thou wouldst bless his affilcted family. Sustain stitution of the United States for the annual meeting of Congress, the them in their sore bereavement and comfort them with the consola second session of the Forty-sixth Congress commenced this day. tions of our most holy religion. And may we be deeply impressed, . The Senators assembled in the Senate Chamber in the Capitol at by this solemn event, of our own mortality, of the shortness and un Washington City. certainty of life, and of the importance of being prepared for our The VICE-PRESIDENT of the United States (Hon. WILLIAM A. departure; for we know neither the day nor the hour when we shall WHEELER, of New York) took the chair and called the Senate to or- be called hence. der at twelve o'clock noon. · And, 0 God, we invoke Thy blessing to rest upon another member SENATORS PRESENT. of this body, whom Thou hast sorely stricken, in removing by death The following Senators were prt:i;ent: from his companionship the partner of his joys and his sorrows. We F1·om the State of invoke Thy blessing to rest upon him in his sore affliction. -
Dollar Diplomacy Or Debt Trap? Examining China’S Role in the Western Hemisphere
DOLLAR DIPLOMACY OR DEBT TRAP? EXAMINING CHINA’S ROLE IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE, CIVILIAN SECURITY, AND TRADE OF THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED SIXTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION May 9, 2019 Serial No. 116–36 Printed for the use of the Committee on Foreign Affairs ( Available: http://www.foreignaffairs.house.gov/, http://docs.house.gov, or www.govinfo.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 36–227PDF WASHINGTON : 2019 COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS ELIOT L. ENGEL, New York, Chairman BRAD SHERMAN, California MICHAEL T. MCCAUL, Texas, Ranking GREGORY W. MEEKS, New York Member ALBIO SIRES, New Jersey CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey GERALD E. CONNOLLY, Virginia STEVE CHABOT, Ohio THEODORE E. DEUTCH, Florida JOE WILSON, South Carolina KAREN BASS, California SCOTT PERRY, Pennsylvania WILLIAM R. KEATING, Massachusetts TED S. YOHO, Florida DAVID N. CICILLINE, Rhode Island ADAM KINZINGER, Illinois AMI BERA, California LEE ZELDIN, New York JOAQUIN CASTRO, Texas JIM SENSENBRENNER, Wisconsin DINA TITUS, Nevada ANN WAGNER, Missouri ADRIANO ESPAILLAT, New York BRIAN MAST, Florida TED LIEU, California FRANCIS ROONEY, Florida SUSAN WILD, Pennsylvania BRIAN FITZPATRICK, Pennsylvania DEAN PHILLIPS, Minnesota JOHN CURTIS, Utah ILHAN OMAR, Minnesota KEN BUCK, Colorado COLIN ALLRED, Texas RON WRIGHT, Texas ANDY LEVIN, Michigan GUY RESCHENTHALER, Pennsylvania ABIGAIL SPANBERGER, Virginia TIM BURCHETT, Tennessee CHRISSY HOULAHAN, Pennsylvania GREG PENCE, Indiana TOM MALINOWSKI, New Jersey STEVE WATKINS, Kansas DAVID TRONE, Maryland MIKE GUEST, Mississippi JIM COSTA, California JUAN VARGAS, California VICENTE GONZALEZ, Texas JASON STEINBAUM, Staff Director BRENDAN SHIELDS, Republican Staff Director SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE, CIVILIAN SECURITY, AND TRADE ALBIO SIRES, New Jersey, Chairman GREGORY W. -
United States Dollar Diplomacy in China During the Taft Administration
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 5-1965 United States Dollar Diplomacy in China During the Taft Administration In Suk Ro Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Ro, In Suk, "United States Dollar Diplomacy in China During the Taft Administration" (1965). Master's Theses. 3856. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/3856 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. UNITED STATES DOLLAR DIPLOMACY IN CHINA DURING THE TAFT ADMINIS'rRATION by IN SUK RO A thesis presented to the Faculty of the School of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillJnent of the Degree of Master of Arts Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan May 1965 ACKNOWLEDGEMEN'I' The writer wishes to express his sincere appreciation and gratitude to Dr. Willis F. Dunbar, head of the History Department at Western Michigan University, for his reading and correcting the following pages and providing advice and suggestions for the product of this thesis. TADLE OF co::TI:�TS I. Ii:Tl{JDUCTICJ;; • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 II. [. S. ;;I:U,TICf,S '.JITl: Ciili':A UP TO TEE TAFT AD:UXIST�Li.TIO.\ 1. B2.cl ...·; rounc 2. S?iere of Interests in Cnina 3. The Open Door Doctrine 10 III• TAFT, K:.,OX XU DOLLA� Dl:'LO::..\CY . 17 IV. -
William Howard Taft, Dollar Diplomacy, 1912 in His Fourth State of The
William Howard Taft, Dollar Diplomacy, 1912 In his fourth State of the Union Address, President William Howard Taft sought to define his own framework for U.S. policy in Latin America. Here he used the phrase, “substituting dollars for bullets,” and in the rest of the selection explained what he meant by that expression. To the Senate and House of Representatives: The foreign relations of the United States actually and potentially affect the state of the Union to a degree not widely realized and hardly surpassed by any other factor in the welfare of the whole Nation. The position of the United States in the moral, intellectual, and material relations of the family of nations should be a matter of vital interest to every patriotic citizen. The national prosperity and power impose upon us duties which we can not shirk if we are to be true to our ideals. The tremendous growth of the export trade of the United States has already made that trade a very real factor in the industrial and commercial prosperity of the country. With the development of our industries the foreign commerce of the United States must rapidly become a still more essential factor in its economic welfare. Whether we have a farseeing and wise diplomacy and are not recklessly plunged into unnecessary wars, and whether our foreign policies are based upon an intelligent grasp of present-day world conditions and a clear view of the potentialities of the future, or are governed by a temporary and timid expediency or by narrow views befitting an infant nation, are questions in the alternative consideration of which must convince any thoughtful citizen that no department of national polity offers greater opportunity for promoting the interests of the whole people on the one hand, or greater chance on the other of permanent national injury, than that which deals with the foreign relations of the United States. -
Planning Guide
Unit Planning Guide UNIT PACING CHART Unit 3 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Unit 3 Day 1 Unit Opener Chapter 7 Opener, Chapter 8 Opener, Chapter 9 Opener, Wrap-Up/Project, Section 1 Section 1 Section 1 Unit Assessment Day 2 Section 2 Section 2 Section 2 Day 3 Section 3 Section 3 Section 3 Day 4 Chapter Chapter Section 4 Assessment Assessment Day 5 Chapter Assessment U.S. Entrance into World War I Place the Ask students to individually rank the causes following “Causes of American Entrance into from most important to least important. Then World War I” on an overhead transparency: randomly group students and have them try • Loss of innocent lives to reach consensus. The interrelated nature of the six causes makes the task extremely diffi- • Loss of trade cult. If time permits repeat the process and • Historical/cultural ties to British/French make a hypothetical change in the historical Lee Weber • Defense of democracy against dictatorship facts. For instance, suggest that Germany had Price Laboratory • Freedom of the seas a large surface navy and Britain developed School unrestricted submarine warfare. How would • The Zimmermann Note Cedar Falls, IA U.S. policy have changed? Or, what if Germany were our major trading partner, not England and its allies? 258A Introducing Unit Author Note Dear American History Teacher: The great industrial development of the United States in the second half of the nineteenth century trans- formed the character of the nation. It also produced new pressures and new problems that shaped the era that began with the depression of 1893 and led ulti- mately to America’s entry into World War I. -
Political Contributions & Related Activity Report
Political Contributions & Related Activity Report 2010 CARTER BECK JOHN JESSER DAVID KRETSCHMER SVP & Counsel VP, Provider Engagement & COC SVP, Treasurer & Chief Investment Officer ANDREW LANG LISA LATTS SVP, Chief Information Officer Staff VP, Public Health Policy MIKE MELLOH VP, Human Resources DEB MOESSNER ANDREW MORRISON 2010 WellPAC President & General Manager KY SVP, Public Affairs BRIAN SASSI WellPAC Chairman EVP, Strategy & Marketing, Board of Directors BRIAN SWEET President & CEO Consumer VP, Chief Clinical Pharmacy Officer JOHN WILLEY Director, Government Relations TRACY WINN ALAN ALBRIGHT WellPAC Treasurer Manager, Public Affairs Legal Counsel to WellPAC WellPAC Assistant Treasurer & Executive Director 1 from the Chairman Recognizing the impact that public policy decisions have on our stakeholders, WellPoint has made a commitment to be involved in the political process. Our efforts include policy development, direct advocacy, lawful corporate contributions and the sponsorship of WellPAC, the non- partisan political action committee of WellPoint associates. WellPAC’s purpose is to help elect candidates for federal and state office who share our mission of making health care reform work for our customers, our associates, our investors and the communities we serve. WellPoint pays the PAC’s administrative costs as allowed by law, but all WellPAC contributions are funded through the voluntary support of eligible WellPoint associates. In 2010, WellPAC contributed $596,999 to federal candidates, political parties and committees, and $192,581 to candidates and committees at the state and local levels. In total, WellPoint made more than $2.8 million in corporate political contributions. Additionally, our public affairs team actively engaged with lawmakers and candidates at the federal level, and in our 14 core business states. -
1897 Journal
; 1 SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. Monday, October 11, 1897. The court met pursuant to law. Present: The Chief Justice, Mr. Justice Field, Mr. Justice Harlan, Mr. Justice Gray, Mr. Justice Brewer, Mr. Justice Brown, Mr. Justice Shiras, Mr. Justice AYhite aud Mr. Justice Peckham. W. F. Fitzgerald, of San Francisco, Cal. ; W. H. Anderson, of San Francisco, Cal. ; James E. Boyd, of Greensboro, N. C. ; John G. Thomp- son, of Danville, 111. ; John D. Johnson, of St. Louis, Mo. ; Edward F. Brown, of New York City ; William H. Blymyer, of ^s^ew York City J. C. Byers, of Mena, Ark.; Benj. Morris Strouse, of Lebanon, Pa.; George H. Peirce, of Camden, N. J. Henry M. Earle, of Washington, ; D. C. ; Thomas H. Clark, of Montgomery, Ala. ; L. W. Campbell, of Waco, Tex. ; E. G. C. Bleakly, of Camden, N. J., and William 1. Grubb, of Birmingham, Ala., were admitted to practice. The Attorney-General presented to the court the Hon. John K. Rich- ards as Solicitor-General, and it was ordered that his commission be recorded. The Chief Justice announced that the court would commence the call of the docket to-morrow, pursuant to the 26th rule. Adjourned until to-morrow at 12 o'clock. The day call for Tuesday, October 12, will be as follows : Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 (and 5 and 6), 7, 8, 9, 10, 13 and 14. O 2 SUPEEME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. Tuesday, Octobeh 12, 1897. Present: The Chief Justice, Mr. Justice Harlan, Mr. Justice Gray, Mr. Justice Brown, Mr. -
ULTIMATUM to (Continued from Page 1) Mask from the Beast of YOUR End War on Nicaragua Dreamer
Page Two THE DAILY WORKER .aise Demand in Senate CURRENT EVENTS DALLES SENDS ■ War on Nicaragua Tears PREPARE FOR <?to Withdraw Battleships, By T. J. O’Flaherty. ULTIMATUM TO (Continued from page 1) Mask from the Beast of YOUR End War on Nicaragua dreamer. He does not realize the great joy that is experienced by nor- (Continued from page 1) all,” he declared. “Wherever we look mal people in giving. It is second Imperialism blunders and still more blunders.” Oil COMPANIES only to the Joy of receiving. This Wall Street business; we keep Ukalr should our Diaz Forces Retreating. department of The DAILY WORKER IMMEMORIAL bands off." MANAGUA, Nicaragua, Dec. 30- takes advantage of this occasion to By J. LOUIS ENGDAHL. Attacks Wall Street. Defeat after defeat is being adminis- Refuses Request for Oil thank the unknown reader who Bent King minced no words In frankly tered the Diaz forces by the liberal us greetings in behalf of the American declaring that Wall Street Imperial- government’s armies in a series of Law Delay working class. This policy of demo- is the season for celebrating hypocrisy, or at least a "better hypo- MEETING of ism prompted the attack on the Nic- battles fought in the eastern half cratic centralization saved us and the THIBthe 150th anniversary of the suc- crisy." It attacks the theory of country. araguans. "Our nationals go into the (Special to Tha Dally Worker) poor mall carriers a lot of agony and cessful battles of Trenton and Bolshevist Interference In Mexico countries and make invest- The only thing that can save the trouble. -
Taylor's Legislative History and Souvenir of Connecticut, 190
Taylor'slegislativehistoryandsouvenirofConnecticut,190- WilliamHarrisonTaylor State F lower oe Connecticut Mountain L aurel [ Kalmia latifolia ] Approved b y the General Assembly Photographed a nd Hand Cotored by April 17, 1907 Clara A. Thompson, Hartford Legislative H istory Souvenir AND OF Connecticut Authorized b y the General Assembly, July 95, 1907 Vol.I. V 1907-1908. PORTRAITSND A SKETCHES OF STATE OFFICERS, SENATORS, REPRESENTATIVES, C LERKS, CHAPLAINS, ETC. GROUP C UTS OF COMMITTEES. LIST OF COMMITTEES. PUTNAM, C ONN. WILLIAM HARRISONi TAYLOR, 1908. House R esolution No. 68. Statef o Connecticut, House of Representatives, January Session, A.D., 1907. Resolution c oncerning Legislative History and Souvenir of Connecticut. RESOLVEDY B THIS HOUSE: Section 1 . That the Comptroller be and he is hereby authorized and directed to draw his order on the Treasurer in favor of William H. Taylor for the sum of four thousand dollars, in full payment for seven hundred copies of the Legislative History and Souvenir of Connecticut. Sec.. 2 The Comptroller shall not draw said order nor shall the Treasurer pay said sum until satisfactory evidence shall have been presented to them that said history contains an historical sketch of the six state officers and all the members, clerks, and chaplains of the Senate and House of Representa tives, and pictures of at least four-fifths of said persons and until two hundred and twenty copies of said book have been delivered to the Connecticut Public Library Committee to be distributed to the Public Libraries of the State, one hundred and seventy-five copies to the State Librarian, for State and International exchange, and three hundred and five copies to the Secretary of the State to be distributed to the State Officers and members, clerks, and chaplains of the Senate and House of Representatives. -
William Howard Taft and Dollar Diplomacy
WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT AND DOLLAR DIPLOMACY - Roosevelt's successor, William Taft (1909-1913), did not carry a big stick - Taft adopted a foreign policy that was mildly expansionist but depended more on investors' dollars than on the navy's battleships - Taft's policy of trying to promote U.S. trade by supporting American enterprises abroad was given the name dollar diplomacy DOLLAR DIPLOMACY IN EAST ASIA AND LATIN AMERICA - Taft believed that private American financial investment in China & the nations of Central America would lead to greater stability there, while at the same time promoting U.S. business interests - Taft's policy was thwarted by one major obstacle: growing anti-imperialism both in the U.S. & overseas RAILROADS IN CHINA - Taft wanted U.S. bankers to be included in a British, French, and German plan to invest in railroads in China & Taft succeeded in securing American participation in an agreement signed in 1911 - In the northern province of Manchuria, however, the U.S., was excluded from an agreement between Russia & Japan to build railroads there - In direct defiance of the U.S. Open Door policy, Russian & Japan agreed to treat Manchuria as a jointly held sphere of influence INTERVENTION IN NICARAGUA - To protect U.S. investments, the U.S. intervened in Nicaragua's financial affairs in 1911, & sent in marines when a civil war broke out in 1912 - The marines remained, except for a short period, until 1933 THE LODGE COROLLARY - Henry Cabot Lodge, a Republican senator from Massachusetts, was responsible for another action