Landmarks in Liège Editor: Paul Muljadi

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Articles Liège 1 Cointe Observatory 10 Collège en Isle (Liège) 11 Collège Saint-Servais (Liège) 12 Cornillon Abbey 12 Curtius Museum 13 Liège Airport 14 Liège Cathedral 18 Liège Science Park 19 Liège-Guillemins railway station 20 Meuse (river) 24 Pont de Wandre 30 Prince-Bishops' Palace (Liège) 31 Royal Conservatory of Liège 33 St Bartholomew's Church, Liège 34 St. Lambert's Cathedral, Liège 35 University of Liège 38 References Article Sources and Contributors 42 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 43 Article Licenses License 45 Liège 1 Liège

Liège

Flag Coat of arms

Liège Location in Belgium

Coordinates: 50°38′N 05°34′E

Country Belgium

Region Wallonia

Community French Community

Province Liège

Arrondissement Liège

Government

• Mayor Willy Demeyer (PS)

• Governing party/ies PS – cdH

Area

• Total 69.39 km2 (26.8 sq mi) Liège 2

[1] Population (1 January 2010)

• Total 192504

• Density 2774.2/km2 (7185.2/sq mi)

Demographics

• Foreigners 16.05% (7 January 2005)

Postal codes 4000–4032

Area codes 04

[2] Website www.liege.be

Liège (French pronunciation: [ljɛːʒ]; Dutch: Luik, Dutch pronunciation: [lœyk] ( listen); Walloon: Lidje; German: Lüttich; Latin: Leodium; Luxembourgish: Leck; until 17 September 1946[3] [4] [5] the city's name was written Liége, with the acute accent instead of a grave accent) is a major city and municipality of Belgium located in the province of Liège, of which it is the economic capital, in Wallonia, the French-speaking region of Belgium. The city is situated in the valley of the Meuse River, near Belgium's eastern borders with the Netherlands and Germany, where the Meuse meets the Ourthe. It is in the former sillon industriel, the industrial backbone of Wallonia. The Liège municipality includes the former communes of Angleur, Bressoux, Chênée, Glain, Grivegnée, Jupille-sur-Meuse, Rocourt, and Wandre. The city is the principal economic and cultural centre of Wallonia. Liège is, with 194,054 inhabitants as of 1 May 2009, the second most populous city in Wallonia, after Charleroi.[6] The metropolitan area, including the outer commuter zone, covers an area of 1,879 km2 and has a total population of 749,110 as of 1 January 2008.[6] [7] This includes a total of 52 municipalities, a.o. Herstal and Seraing, and ranks as the third most populous in Belgium, after Brussels and Antwerp.[7]

Etymology Liège's Latin form, Leodium, has the Germanic word leod, meaning "people", as its origin. Compare archaic Dutch lui(den), lieden ("people"), Old English lēod (English lede "people"), Modern German Leute ("people"), Norwegian dialectal lyd ("people"). Also related are Russian люди (ljúdi) and Hindi loagh, both meaning "people".

History

Early Middle Ages

Although settlements already existed in Roman times, the first references to Liège are from 558, when it was known as Vicus Leudicus. Around 705, Saint Lambert of Maastricht is credited with completing the Christianization of the region, indicating that up to the early 8th-century the religious practices of antiquity had survived in some form. Christian conversion may still not have been quite universal, since Lambert was murdered in Liège and thereafter regarded as a martyr Liège in 1650 for his faith. To enshrine St. Lambert's relics, his Liège 3

successor, Hubertus (later to become St. Hubert), built a basilica near the bishop's residence which became the true nucleus of the city. A few centuries later, the city became the capital of a prince-bishopric, which lasted from 985 till 1794. The first prince-bishop, Notger, transformed the city into a major intellectual and ecclesiastical centre, which maintained its cultural importance during the Middle Ages. Pope Clement VI recruited several musicians from Liège to perform in the Papal court at Avignon, thereby sanctioning the practice of polyphony in the religious realm. The city was renowned for its many churches, the oldest of which, St Martin's, dates from 682. Although nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire, in practice it possessed a large degree of independence.

Late Middle Ages and Renaissance The strategic position of Liège has made it a frequent target of armies and insurgencies over the centuries. It was fortified early on with a castle on the steep hill that overlooks the city's western side. In 1345, the citizens of Liège rebelled against Prince-Bishop Engelbert III de la Marck, their ruler at the time, and defeated him in battle near the city. Shortly after, a unique political system formed in Liège, whereby the city's 32 guilds shared sole political control of the municipal government. Each person on the register of each guild was eligible to participate, and each guild's voice was equal, making it the most democratic system that the Low Countries had ever known. The system spread to Utrecht, and left a democratic spirit in Liège that survived the Middle Ages.[8] After a rebellion against rule from Burgundy that figured prominently in the plot of Sir Walter Scott's 1823 novel Quentin Durward, King Louis XI of France and Duke Charles the Bold of Burgundy captured and largely destroyed the city in 1468, after a bitter siege which was ended with a successful surprise attack. Liège was technically still part of the Holy Roman Empire. After 1477, the city came under the rule of the Habsburgs and, after 1555, under Spanish sovereignty, although its immediate rule remained in the hands of its prince-bishops. The reign of Erard de la Marck (1506–1538) coincides with the Renaissance Liégeoise. During the Counter-Reformation, the diocese of Liège was split and progressively lost its role as a regional power. In the 17th century the prince-bishops came from the Bavarian family Wittelsbach. They ruled over Cologne and other bishoprics in the northwest of the Holy Roman Empire as well.

18th century to World War I

The Duke of Marlborough captured the city from the Bavarian prince-bishop and his French allies in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession. In the middle of the eighteenth century the ideas of the French encyclopedists began to be received at Liège; Bishop de Velbruck (1772–84), encouraged their propagation and thus prepared the way for the Revolution Liégeoise, which burst upon the episcopal city on 18 August 1789. In the course of the 1794 campaigns of Liège in 1649 the French Revolution, the French army took the city and imposed strongly anticlerical regime, destroying the cathedral of Saint Lambert. The overthrow of the prince-bishopric was confirmed in 1801 by the Concordat co-signed by Napoléon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII. France lost the city in 1815 when the Congress of Vienna awarded it to the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Dutch rule lasted only until 1830, when the Belgian Revolution led to the establishment of an independent, Catholic and neutral Belgium which incorporated Liège. After this, Liège developed rapidly into a major industrial city which became one of continental Europe's first large-scale steel making centres. The Walloon Jacquerie of 1886 saw a large-scale working class revolt.[9] No less than 6,000 regular troops were called into the city to quell the unrest,[10] while strike spread through the whole sillon industriel. Liège 4

Liège's fortifications were redesigned by Henri Alexis Brialmont in the 1880s and a chain of twelve forts was constructed around the city to provide defence in depth. This presented a major obstacle to Germany's army in 1914, whose Schlieffen Plan relied on being able to quickly pass through the Meuse valley and the Ardennes en route to France. The German invasion on August 5, 1914 soon reached Liège, which was defended by 30,000 troops under General Gérard Leman (see Battle of Liège). The forts initially held off

an attacking force of about 100,000 men but were Centre of Liège in 1770 pulverised into submission by a five-day bombardment by the Germans' 42 cm Big Bertha howitzers. Due to faulty planning of the protection of the underground defense tunnels beneath the main citadel, one direct artillery hit caused a huge explosion, which eventually led to the surrender of the Belgian forces. The Belgian resistance was shorter than had been intended, but the twelve days of delay caused by the siege nonetheless contributed to the eventual failure of the German invasion of France. The city was subsequently occupied by the Germans until the end of the war. Liège received the Légion d'Honneur for its resistance in 1914.

World War II to the present The Germans returned in 1940, this time taking the forts in only three days. Most Jews were saved, with the help of the sympathising population, as many Jewish children and refugees were hidden in the numerous monasteries. The German occupiers were expelled by the Allies of World War II in September 1944 but Liège was subsequently subjected to intense aerial bombardment, with more than 1,500 V1 and V2 missiles landing in the city between its liberation and the end of the war. After the war ended, the Royal Question came to the fore, since many saw king Leopold III as collaborating with the Germans during the war. In July 1950, André Renard, leader of the Liégeois FGTB launched the General strike against Leopold III of Belgium and "seized control over the city of Liège".[11] The strike ultimately led to Leopold's abdication. Liège began to suffer from a relative decline of its industry, particularly the coal industry, and later the steel industry, producing high levels of unemployment and stoking social tension. During the 1960-1961 Winter General Strike, disgruntled workers went on a rampage and severely damaged the central railway station Guillemins. The unrest was so intense that "army troops had to wade through caltrops, trees, concrete blocks, car and crane wrecks to advance. Streets were dug up. Liège saw the worst fighting on 6 January 1961. In all, 75 people were injured during seven hours of street battles."[12] Liège is also known as a traditionally socialist city. In 1991, powerful Socialist André Cools, a former Deputy Prime Minister, was gunned down in front of his girlfriend's apartment. Many suspected that the assassination was related to a corruption scandal which swept the Socialist Party, and the national government in general, after Cools' death. Two men were sentenced to twenty years in jail in 2004, for involvement in Cools' murder. Liège has shown some signs of economic recovery in recent years with the opening up of borders within the European Union, surging steel prices, and improved administration. Several new shopping centres have been built, and numerous repairs carried out. On 13 December 2011, there was a grenade and gun attack at Place Saint-Lambert. An attacker, later identified as one Nordine Amrani, aged 33, armed with grenades and an assault rifle, was reported as having attacked people waiting at the bus stop shortly before 1:30 PM CET. Four fatalities were reported, including the attacker who shot Liège 5

himself, and 64 people injured, among them a two-years-old child with life-threatening injuries.[13] Police reported that the situation was "under control" by 2:50 PM.[14] [15]

Climate

Climate data for Liege Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °C (°F) 3.3 5.6 8.9 13.9 17.8 20.6 21.7 21.7 18.9 12.8 8.9 5 13.24 (38) (42) (48) (57) (64) (69) (71) (71) (66) (55) (48) (41) (55.8)

Average low °C (°F) -1.7 -0.6 1.7 5 8.3 11.7 13.3 13.3 10.6 6.7 3.3 0.6 6.02 (29) (31) (35) (41) (47) (53) (56) (56) (51) (44) (38) (33) (42.8)

Precipitation mm (inches) 36 41 46 36 41 66 74 64 61 64 43 58 627 (1.4) (1.6) (1.8) (1.4) (1.6) (2.6) (2.9) (2.5) (2.4) (2.5) (1.7) (2.3) (24.7)

[16] Source: Weatherbase

Demographics As of January 1, 2008, the municipality of Liège has a total population of 190,102.[6] The metropolitan area has about 750,000 inhabitants. Its inhabitants are predominantly French-speaking, with German and Dutch-speaking minorities. The city is a major educational hub in Belgium. There are 42,000 students attending more than 24 schools. The University of Liège, founded in 1817, has 20,000 students.

Main sights

• The 16th century palace of the Prince-Bishops of Liège is built on the Place St Lambert, where the old St. Lambert's Cathedral used to stand before the French Revolution. An archeological display, the Archeoforum, can be visited under the Place St Lambert. • The perron on the nearby Place du Marché was once the symbol of justice in the Prince-Bishopric and is now the symbol of the city. It stands in front of the 17th century city hall. • The present Liège Cathedral, dedicated to Saint Paul, contains a treasury and Saint Lambert’s tomb. It is one of the original seven collegiate churches, which include the German-Romanesque St Bartholomew's Church (Saint Barthélémy) and the church of St Martin. • The church of Saint-James (Saint-Jacques) is probably the most beautiful medieval church in Liège. It is built in the so-called Flamboyant-Gothic style, while the porch is early Renaissance. The The stairway of the Montagne de Bueren. statues are by Liège sculptor Jean DelCour. Saint-Jacques also contains 29 spectacular 14th century misericords. • The main museums in Liège are: MAMAC (Museum of Modern & Contemporary Art), Museum of Walloon Life, and Museum of Walloon Art & Religious Art (Mosan art). The Curtius Museum is an elegantly furnished mansion from the 17th century along the Meuse River, due to reopen in March 2009 as the expanded Grand Curtius museum housing the collections of the archaeology, decorative arts, religious art and Mosan art museums. Liège 6

• Other sites of interest include the historical city centre (the Carré), the Hors-Château area, the Outremeuse area, the parks and boulevards along the Meuse river, the Citadel, the 400 steps stairway "Montagne de Bueren", leading from Hors-Château to the Citadel, 'Mediacite' shopping mall designed by Ron Arad Architects and the Liège-Guillemins train station designed by Santiago Calatrava.

Folklore

"Le Quinze Août" celebration takes place annually on August 15 in Outremeuse and celebrates the Virgin Mary. It is one of the biggest folkloric displays in the city, with a religious procession, a flea market, dances, concerts, and a series of popular games. Nowadays these celebrations start a few days earlier and last until the 16th. Some citizens open their doors to party goers, and serve "peket", the traditional local alcohol. This tradition is linked to the important folkloric character Tchantchès (Walloon for François), a hard-headed but resourceful Walloon boy who lived during Charlemagne's times. Tchantchès is remembered with a statue, a museum, and a number of puppets found all over the city.

Liège hosts one of the oldest and biggest Christmas Markets in Belgium.

Traditional Liégeois puppets

Culture

The city is well known for its very crowded folk festivals. The 15 August festival ("Le 15 août") is maybe the best known. The population gathers in a quarter named Outre-Meuse with plenty of tiny pedestrian streets and old yards. Many people come to see the procession but also to drink alcohol and beer, eat cabbage, sausages or pancakes or simply enjoy the atmosphere until the early hours. The Saint Nicholas festival around the 6 December is organized by and for the students of the University; for 24 hours, the students (wearing very dirty lab-coats) are allowed to beg for money for drinking.

Liège is renowned for its significant nightlife. Within the pedestrian zone, there is an area (a 100 × 100 m (328.08 ft × 328.08 ft) square called Le Carré) with many lively pubs which are reputed to remain open until the last customer leaves (typically around 6 am). Another active area is the Place du Marché. The "Batte" market is where most locals visit on Sundays. The outdoor market goes along the Meuse River and also attracts many visitors to Liège, the Sunday "Batte" market Liège. The market typically runs from early morning to 2 o'clock in the afternoon every weekend year long. Produce, clothing, and snack vendors are the main concentration of the market. The city annually hosts a significant jazz festival Jazz à Liège. Liège has active alternative cinemas, Le Churchill, Le Parc and Le Sauvenière. There are also 2 mainstream cinemas, the Kinepolis multiplexes. Liège 7

Liège also has a particular Walloon dialect, sometimes said to be one of Belgium's most distinctive. There is a large Italian community, and Italian can be heard in many places.

Sport The city has a number of football teams, most notably Standard Liège, who have won several championships, and R.F.C. de Liège, one of the oldest football clubs in Belgium. It is also known for being the club who refused to release Jean-Marc Bosman, a case which led to the Bosman ruling. In Spring Liège also hosts the Liège–Bastogne–Liège cycle race, the oldest of the classic cycle races. The circuit starts from the city of Liège, goes to the city of Bastogne and returns to finish in the Liège suburb of Ans. The second half contains most of the climbs in the race, such as the Stockeu, Haute-Levée, La Redoute, Saint-Nicolas and the Col de Forges. With the 2009 Vuelta a España visiting Liège after four stages in the Netherlands, Liège is the only city that can boast having hosted stages of all three cycling Grand Tours.[17]

Economy In the past, Liège was one of the most important steel-making centres in Europe. Starting in 1817, John Cockerill extensively developed the iron and steel industry. The industrial complex of Seraing was the largest in the world. It once boasted numerous blast furnaces and mills. Although now a mere shadow of its former self, steel production and the manufacture of steel goods remain important. Liège has also been an important centre for gunsmithing since the Middle ages and the arms industry is still strong with the headquarters of FN Herstal. The economy of the region is now diversified, the most important centres are: Mechanical industries (Aircraft engine and Spacecraft propulsion), space technology, information technology, biotechnology and also production of water, beer or chocolate. A science park south east of the city, near the University of Liège campus, houses spin-offs and high technology businesses.

Transport Liège is also a very important transport and logistics centre:[18] • The city possesses the third largest river port in Europe[19] directly connected to Antwerp, Rotterdam and Germany via the Meuse river and the Albert Canal. • In 2006 Liège Airport was the 8th most important cargo airport in Europe. A new passenger terminal was opened in 2005. It is also the main hub and the headquarter of TNT Airways. • Trains from Liège-Guillemins provide direct railway connections with Brussels, Antwerp, Namur and Charleroi, Luxembourg, Maastricht in the Netherlands, Paris in France, and Aachen in Germany. The city is also connected to the high-speed network. Train times are 40 minutes to Brussels and 2h13 to Paris with the Thalys train. The German ICE links Liège with Aachen, Cologne and Frankfurt. Two new high-speed lines (HSL 2 and HSL 3) have been built to connect Liège to the high-speed network. • The highway network around Liège has 7 branches and is very important for national and international traffic. Liège 8

Famous inhabitants

• Pippin the Younger (in French: Pépin le Bref), King of the Franks (born in Jupille, 8th century) • Charlemagne, King of the Franks, then crowned emperor (birth in Liège uncertain, 8th century) • Alger of Liège, learned priest (11th century) • William of St-Thierry, theologian and mystic (11th century) • Johannes Ciconia (14th century), composer, Master of the Ars Nova • Jean d'Outremeuse, writer and historian (14th century) • Jacques Arcadelt, composer (16th century) • Hubert Naich, composer (16th century) • Lambert Lombard, painter (1505–1566) • Theodor de Bry, engraver (1528–1598) • Louis De Geer Introducer of Walloon Blast furnaces in Sweden (1587–1652] • Linus of Liège (1595–1675) Counter-reformation critic of Isaac Newton • Gérard de Lairesse, painter (1640–1711) Statue of Charlemagne in the centre of Liège • André Ernest Modeste Grétry, composer (1741–1813) • Hubert Joseph Walther Frère-Orban, statesman (1812–1896) • César Franck, composer (1822–1890) • Zénobe Gramme, inventor (1826–1901) • José Dupuis, creator of many roles in Offenbach's opéras-bouffes (1833–1900) • Georges Nagelmackers founder of the Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits (1845–1905) • Eugène Ysaÿe, composer and violinist (1858–1931) • Emile Digneffe, lawyer and politician (1858–1937) • Gustave Serrurier-Bovy Architect and furniture designer (1858–1910]] • Charles Magnette, lawyer and politician (1863–1937) • Richard Heintz, Post-Impressionist painter (1871–1929) • Louis Dewis, Post-Impressionist painter (1872–1946) • Joseph Jongen, organist, composer, and educator (1873–1953) • Marie Delcourt, Professor at the University, expert of the ancient Greek religion, Walloon movement activist (1891–1979) • Jean Rey Old Minister, Walloon movement activist second President of the European Commission (1902–1983) • Georges Simenon, novelist (1903–1989) • Stanislas-André Steeman, writer (1908–1970) • Henri Pousseur composer (1929–2009) • Violetta Villas, polish singer and actress (1938–2011) • Jean-Maurice Dehousse Politician, Walloon movement activists, first Minister-President of the Walloon Region • Gary Hartstein, M.D. Formula 1 (1955–) • Groupe µ, team of scientists. • Nicolas Ancion, writer (1971–) • Sandra Kim, winner of the 1986 Eurovision Song Contest for Belgium (1972–) • Philippe Léonard, football player (1974–) • Marie Gillain, International actress (1975–) Liège 9

• Justine Henin, top ranked female tennis player (1982–) • Axel Hervelle, basketball player (1983–) • Axel Witsel (1989–), Soccer Player

International relations

Twin towns – Sister cities Liège is twinned with:

• Aachen, Germany • Plzeň, Czech Republic • Cologne, Germany [20] • Porto, Portugal • Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg • Rotterdam, the Netherlands [21] • Lille, France • Saint-Louis, Senegal • Kraków, Poland • Szeged, Hungary • Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo • Tangier, Morocco [22] • Maastricht, the Netherlands • Turin, Italy • Nancy, France • Volgograd, Russian Federation

References Notes

[1] Population per municipality on 1 January 2010 (http:/ / statbel. fgov. be/ nl/ binaries/ Pop Bevolk 01012010_v2_f_tcm325-109882. xls) (XLS; 221 KB)

[2] http:/ / www. liege. be/ [3] The Book Collector. Vol. 8 (1959), p. 10. [4] Room, Adrian. 2006. Placenames of the World. 2nd ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., p. 219. [5] "Liège". 1991. Encyclopaedia Britannica: Micropædia. Vol. 7. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, p. 344.

[6] Statistics Belgium; Population de droit par commune au 1 janvier 2008 (excel-file) (http:/ / statbel. fgov. be/ downloads/ pop200801com. xls) Population of all municipalities in Belgium, as of 1 January 2008. Retrieved on 2008-10-19.

[7] Statistics Belgium; De Belgische Stadsgewesten 2001 (pdf-file) (http:/ / www. statbel. fgov. be/ pub/ d0/ p009n014_nl. pdf) Definitions of metropolitan areas in Belgium. The metropolitan area of Liège is divided into three levels. First, the central agglomeration (agglomeratie) with 480,513 inhabitants (2008-01-01). Adding the closest surroundings (banlieue) gives a total of 641,591. And, including the outer commuter zone (forensenwoonzone) the population is 749,110. Retrieved on 2008-10-19. [8] Henri Pirenne, Belgian Democracy, Its Early History, Translated by J.V. Saunders, The University press, Hull 1915, pp. 140–141. Available

online: Belgian Democracy, Its Early History pp. 72–73. (http:/ / clubliege. ru/ upload/ Tim/ BelgianDemocracy. pdf)

[9] The New York Times, Published March 25, 1886 (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ mem/ archive-free/ pdfres=9F0CE2DA1330E533A25755C2A9659C94679FD7CF) [10] See The New York Times, published March 23, 1886 [11] Erik Jones, Economic Adjustment and Political Transformation in Small States,Oxford Press, 2008, p. 121 978-0-19-920833-3 [12] Political History of Belgium: From 1830 Onwards, Academic and Scentific Publishers, Brussels, 2009, p. 278. ISBN 978-90-5487-517-8

[13] pa.press.net (2011 [last update]). "Four die in market grenade attack - MSN UK News" (http:/ / news. uk. msn. com/ articles. aspx?cp-documentid=160054235). news.uk.msn.com. . Retrieved 13 December 2011.

[14] Attaque à l’explosif sur la place Saint-Lambert à Liège (http:/ / www. lesoir. be/ regions/ liege/ 2011-12-13/

attaque-a-l-explosif-sur-la-place-saint-lambert-a-liege-live-883451. php), Le Soir website; Belgium attack: grenades thrown at bus-stop in

Liège - live updates Belgium attack: grenades thrown at bus-stop in Liège - live updates (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ global/ blog/ 2011/

dec/ 13/ belgium-attack-grenades-thrown-at-bus-stop-in-liege-live-updates), The Guardian website; Attentat à Liège : 2 morts, dont l'auteur,

Nordine Amrani, et 64 blessés (http:/ / www. levif. be/ info/ actualite/ belgique/

attentat-a-liege-2-morts-dont-l-auteur-nordine-amrani-et-64-blesses/ article-4000018013466. htm), Le Vif.

[15] Attentat à Liège: l’auteur s’appelle Nordine Amrani, un Liégeois de 32 ans (http:/ / www2. sudpresse. be/ regions/ liege/ 2011-12-13/

attentat-a-liege-l-auteur-s-appelle-nordine-amrani-un-liegeois-de-32-ans-924509. shtml)

[16] "Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Liege, Belgium" (http:/ / www. weatherbase. com/ weather/ weather. php3?s=87460& refer=wikipedia). Weatherbase. 2011. . Retrieved on November 24, 2011.

[17] "Web Oficial de la Vuelta a Espańa 2009 – Official Web Site Vuelta a Espańa 2009" (http:/ / www. lavuelta. com/ 09/ ingles/ recorrido/

etapa4. asp). Lavuelta.com. . Retrieved 2009-05-05. Liège 10

[18] Liège, the place to build: http:/ / mipimliegeois. pingouin. globulebleu. com/

[19] "Liège, a brief summary" (http:/ / www. belgiumtheplaceto. be/ liege. php). .

[20] "International Relations of the City of Porto" (http:/ / www. cm-porto. pt/ document/ 449218/ 481584. pdf). 2006–2009 Municipal Directorateofthe PresidencyServices InternationalRelationsOffice. . Retrieved 2009-07-10.

[21] "Lile Facts & Figures" (http:/ / www. mairie-lille. fr/ sections/ site-en/ Menu_horizontal_haut/ discovering-lille/ lille-facts-figures/ lille-facts-figures). Mairie-Lille.fr. . Retrieved 2007-12-17.

[22] Turin City Hall – International Affairs (http:/ / www. comune. torino. it/ relint/ inglese/ index. shtml) (English) Retrieved on 2008-01-26.

External links

Official

• (French) (Dutch) (English) (German) (Wallonian) Official website of the city of Liège (http:/ / www. liege. be/ )

• (French) (Dutch) (English) (Spanish) (German) Liège congres (http:/ / www. liegecongres. be/ EN/ INDEX/

index. php)

• (French) (Dutch) (English) (German) Leodium: the touristic and cultural network (http:/ / www.

liege-leodium. be)

Others

• (French) (Dutch) (English) (German) Christmas market of Liège (http:/ / www. villagedenoel. be/ )

• (English) Discover Liège (Eupedia) (http:/ / www. eupedia. com/ belgium/ liege. shtml)

• (English) Liège photo gallery (http:/ / www. itravelnet. com/ photography/ europe/ belgium/ liegephotogallery. html)

Cointe Observatory

Cointe Observatory (French: Observatoire de Cointe), situated in the district of Cointe in Liège, Belgium,[1] was built by the University of Liège in 1881-82 to plans by the architect Lambert Noppius. The building, in a medieval revival style, is sited in a private park formerly the estate of the wealthy industrialist Vanderheyden de Hauzeur family. It accommodated the university's Institute of Astrophysics, later the Institute of Astrophysics and Geophysics, until 2002, when the Institute was moved to the Sart-Tilman campus.

As of 2008 the building was occupied by the Société Cointe Observatory Astronomique de Liège, but was in the course of renovation with the intention that it should house the Service Régional des Fouilles Archéologiques. Cointe Observatory 11

References

[1] http:/ / sprecomah. eu/ rlicc/ images/ newsletter/ rliccnews080701_96dpi. pdf

Sources • Houziaux, L. (ed. Eugène Wahle) 1981: L'astronomie et l'astrophysique dans Apports de Liège au progrès des sciences et des techniques ISBN 2-87011-090-1

Collège en Isle (Liège)

The Collège en Isle (in Latin Gymnasium Societatis Iesu in insula, Leodii) was a Jesuit secondary school located on the île de la Meuse in the Principality of Liège. Founded in 1582, it passed into other hands on the suppression of the Jesuits in 1773. Its pedagogical tradition was continued by the collège Saint-Servais, founded in Liège in 1828.

The Collège en Isle of Liège (engraving of 1740) Collège Saint-Servais (Liège) 12 Collège Saint-Servais (Liège)

The Collège Saint-Servais is a Catholic school in Liège. Founded in 1828, it continues the teaching tradition of the suppressed Collège en Isle. When it became co-educational in 1992, it was renamed the Collège Saint-Benoît Saint-Servais. The guiding force of the collège is Jesuit, although most of the teachers are now lay-people.

Cornillon Abbey

Cornillon Abbey (L'Abbaye du Mont-Cornillon in French) was a Premonstratensian monastery which occupied a site close to Liège in Belgium. In 1288 the abbey having moved to a new location, it became known as Beaurepart Abbey. It was the home of Saint Juliana of Liège.

History The abbey was founded by Albero I, Bishop of Liège, in 1124, three years after Saint Norbert had formed the Premonstratensian Order. The abbey, intended for Canons Regular of Prémontré from Floreffe Abbey near Namur, stood on the right bank of the Meuse on an elevation called Mont Cornillon which overlooked the city of Liège.[1] In the early years of the order all Premonstratensian abbeys were double abbeys, that is to say, the canons lived on one side of the church and the nuns, who had charge of the hospital for women, on the other side. Where an abbey stood on an elevation, as was the case at Cornillon, both the nunnery and the hospital were built at the foot of the hill. Saint Juliana of Liège (born 1193; died 1258), whose name is connected with the institution of the feast of Corpus Christi on account of her visions, was a nun of this convent. The first abbot of Cornillon was Blessed Lucas, one of Saint Norbert's disciples, a learned and holy religious, some of whose writings have been published in the "Bibliotheca Magna Patrum", and also by Migne. The Bishop of Liège, wishing to build a fortress on the heights of Cornillon, gave the canons in exchange in 1288 another site in his episcopal city where the abbey, from that time on called Beaurepart Abbey ("Bellus Reditus"), stood until it was suppressed by the French Republic in 1796. All the religious refused to take the oath of allegiance to the Republic; some were exiled and one was put to death. The abbey was declared to be of public utility and consequently was not sold. For a time it served as an arsenal and for other government purposes, but by decree of 11 June 1809, Napoleon gave the abbey to the Bishop of Liège as his residence and as the diocesan seminary. On the abbey's original site on Mont Cornillon the Little Sisters of the Poor have built an old people's home, and the former nunnery at the foot of the hill is now occupied by Carmelite nuns.

References

[1] "Abbey of Cornillon" (http:/ / www. newadvent. org/ cathen/ 04379c. htm). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company. Curtius Museum 13 Curtius Museum

The Curtius Museum (Musée Curtius) is a museum of archaeology and decorative arts, located on the bank of the Meuse River in Liège, classified as a Major Heritage of Wallonia It was built sometime between 1597 and 1610 as a private mansion for Jean Curtius, industrialist and munitions supplier to the Spanish army. With its alternating layers of red brick and natural stone, and its cross-mullioned windows, the building typifies the regional style known as the Mosan (or Meuse) Renaissance.

After a 50 million euro redevelopment the museum is Curtius Museum scheduled to reopen as the Grand Curtius (Le Grand Curtius) in March 2009, housing the collections of the archaeology, weaponry, decorative arts, religious art and Mosan art museums. Its collections include Bonaparte, First Consul (1804).

External links • (French) (Dutch) (English) (German) Official website of the Grand Curtius Museum [1]

References

[1] http:/ / www. grandcurtiusliege. be/ Liège Airport 14 Liège Airport

Liège Airport

IATA: LGG – ICAO: EBLG

LGG Location of airport in Belgium

Summary

Airport type Public & Military

Owner Walloon government

Operator Liege Airport s.a.

Location Liège

Hub for TNT Airways El Al Cargo

Elevation AMSL 659 ft / 201 m

Coordinates 50°38′15″N 05°26′36″E

Runways

Direction Length Surface

ft m

05R/23L 12,139 3,700 Asphalt

05L/23R 7,677 2,340 Asphalt

Statistics (2010)

Freight (tonnes) 639,434

Passengers 299,043

Liège Airport (IATA: LGG, ICAO: EBLG), also called Liège-Bierset, is an important cargo airport in Belgium. It was at the end of 2009 the 8th biggest cargo airport in Europe. Liège airport is the biggest cargo airport in Belgium and the third biggest for passengers after Brussels Airport and Brussels South Charleroi Airport.[1] Liège is located in the centre of the golden triangle Paris - Amsterdam - Frankfurt that handles 66% of European freight, 75% when taken together with London. The airport is located in Grâce-Hollogne, Liège Province, north-west of the city of Liège, in the east of Belgium. It is mainly used for freight operation but also serves more than 23 destinations for passengers (mainly charters). Liège Airport 15

Cargo activity Liège Airport is the world hub of TNT Airways, and the European hub of CAL Cargo Air Lines, El Al Cargo, Ethiopian Cargo and Avient Aviation. The airport is also used as a regular refuelling stop on New York City - Middle East routes by Kalitta Air (including the Newark - Baghdad route for US mail). Last year (2010) : 639,434 tonnes of freight.

Passenger activity Last year (2010) : 299,043 passengers

Airlines and destinations

Passenger airlines

Airlines Destinations Belle Air Pristina, Tirana Jet4you operated by Jetairfly Tétouan [begins 15 June 2012] Jetairfly Tel Aviv-Ben Gurion

Charter airlines

Airlines Destinations Freebird Airlines Antalya Jetairfly Alicante, Antalya, Bodrum, Djerba, Enfidha, Gran Canaria, Heraklion, Hurghada, Ibiza, Kos, Málaga, Palma de Mallorca, Rhodos, Tenerife-South Nouvelair Monastir Thomas Cook Airlines Agadir, Alicante, Antalya, Bodrum, Burgas, Corfu, Dalaman, Djerba, Enfidha, Heraklion, Belgium operated by TNT Hurghada, Ibiza, İzmir, Kos, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Malaga, Marrakech, Monastir, Airways Palermo, Palma de Mallorca, Rhodes, Tenerife-South Tunisair Enfidha Liège Airport 16

Cargo airlines

Airlines Destinations Africa West Lomé Airlines Avient Aviation Abuja, Entebbe, Harare, Kano, Lagos, Ouagadougou, Pointe-Noire, Port Harcourt CAL Cargo Air New York-JFK, Tel Aviv-Ben Gurion Lines El Al Cargo New York-JFK, Tel Aviv-Ben Gurion Ethiopian Addis Ababa, Cairo, Dubai, Hong Kong, Khartoum, Luxembourg Airlines Cargo FedEx Feeder Dublin, Manchester operated by Air Contractors Icelandair Cargo East Midlands, Humberside, Norrköping, Reykjavík-Keflavík Kalitta Air Bahrain, New York-JFK, Newark Nightexpress Frankfurt Southern Air Dover Air Force Base TNT Airways Amsterdam, Athens, Barcelona, Basel/Mulhouse, Belfast-International, Bergamo, Berlin-Tegel, Billund, Birmingham, Bologna, Bordeaux, Brno, Bucharest-Henri Coandă, Catania, Delhi, Dubai, Dublin, Budapest, East Midlands, Edinburgh, Erfurt, Frankfurt, Geneva, Glasgow-International, Gothenburg-Landvetter, Hong Kong, Helsinki, Istanbul-Atatürk, Jönköping, Katowice, Larnaca, Lisbon, Ljubljana, London-Stansted, Lyon, Madrid, Malmö, Marseille, Munich, Norwich, Nurenberg, Nottingham, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Porto, Prague, Rennes, Rome-Fiumicino, Shanghai-Pudong, Shannon, Shenzhen, Singapore, Tallinn, Tangier, Toulouse, Turku, Västerås, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Örebro TNT Airways Halifax, New York-JFK, Reykjavík-Keflavík operating by ABX Air TNT Airways Kiev-Boryspil, Vienna operating by Ukraine International

Other facilities Avient Aviation has its Continental Europe offices on the airport property.[2] [3]

Transportation The airport is located next to the E42 (exit 3), close to an important highway junction.

By bus • A special bus (number 57) links the airport to Liège main train station (Liège-Guillemins) where connections can be made for local, national and international high speed trains. This bus operates only on week days. LIEGE STATION: 7.20 8.20 10.20 12.20 14.20 16.20 17.20 LIEGE AIRPORT: 7.36 8.36 10.36 12.36 14.36 16.36 17.36 Liège Airport 17

LIEGE AIRPORT, TNT: 7.40 8.40 10.40 12.40 14.40 16.40 17.40 • * TEC website [4] • Bus number 53 goes to Liège city centre (Place Saint-Lambert).[5]

By car (GPS) Rue de l’Aéroport B-4460 Grâce-Hollogne Belgium 50° 38' 13 N - 5° 26' 38 E

References • (French) (English) (Dutch) (German) Liège Airport [6] (official site) • (Chinese) (English) Liège Airport [7] (official site) • (English) Up-to-date map and information on scramble.nl [8] • Airport information for EBLG [9] at World Aero Data. Data current as of October 2006.

[1] 2009 report (http:/ / www. liegeairport. com/ uploaded/ Documents/ Press/ 10-01-22 2009Report AN. pdf)

[2] " Welcome (http:/ / www. avient. aero/ Welcome. htm)." Avient Aviation. Retrieved on 8 August 2011. "With head office in Harare, Zimbabwe, Avient has two further offices; one in continental Europe and the other in the United Kingdom."

[3] " Contact Us (http:/ / www. avient. aero/ ContactUs. htm)." ( Direct link to frame (http:/ / www. avient. aero/ Content/ ContactUsC. htm)) Avient Aviation. Retrieved on 8 August 2011. "BELGIUM Liege Airport, Cargo Nord, Rue Saint Exupery 22, B-4460, Grace Hollogne, Belgium"

[4] http:/ / www. infotec. be/ index. aspx?PageId=631734023237830544& Language=english

[5] Liège BUS 53 : http:/ / www. liegeairport. com/ uploaded/ Documents/ horaire53. pdf

[6] http:/ / www. liegeairport. be/ en/ home

[7] http:/ / www. liegeairport. cn/

[8] http:/ / www. scramble. nl/ airports/ publish/ eblg. htm

[9] http:/ / worldaerodata. com/ wad. cgi?airport=EBLG Liège Cathedral 18 Liège Cathedral

for the earlier cathedral of Liège, see St. Lambert's Cathedral, Liège Liège Cathedral, otherwise St. Paul's Cathedral, Liège, in Liège, Belgium, is the seat of the Bishopric of Liège.

St. Paul's Cathedral

During the French Revolution the ancient cathedral of Liège, St. Lambert's Cathedral, was destroyed systematically, from 1794 onwards. After the revolutionary fervour had evaporated a new cathedral was needed. The ancient collegiate church of St. Paul's was thought suitable for the purpose and was elevated in rank, before 1812. This is the present Liège Cathedral.

The present cathedral

History

The present cathedral of Liège was originally one among the seven collegiate churches of the city.[1] It was founded in the 10th century, reconstructed between the 13th and 15th centuries, and restored in the mid-19th century. It became the cathedral of Liège in the first years of the 19th century as the replacement for the destroyed St. Lambert's Cathedral. In 1812, further to a request from Napoléon Bonaparte, the tower, with its ogival

windows, was raised by a storey and the belltower installed. Liège Cathedral interior

Building The apse, constructed in the 14th century in the Rayonnant style, is pentagonal. The choir, the transept, the main nave and the side naves date from the 13th century and have all the characteristics of Gothic architecture of that period. Later Gothic architecture occurs in the windows of the transept and of the nave, the side chapels and the tower. The upper gallery is modern, as is the storey with the ogival windows and the spire of the belltower. The lintel of the portal bears an inscription, formerly on the city seal: Sancta Legia Ecclesiae Romanae Filia ("Holy Liège, daughter of the Roman church"). Liège Cathedral 19

Notes [1] St. Peter's, St. Cross, St. Paul's, St. John's, St. Denis's, St. Martin's and St. Bartholomew's

Sources and external links

• Plan of the cathedral (http:/ / architecture. relig. free. fr/ images/ liege/ plan. jpg) (French)

• La place de la Cathédrale hier et aujourd'hui (http:/ / users. belgacom. net/ claude. warzee/ place_cathedrale/

index. htm) (French)

• The cathedral treasury, largely transferred from the predecessor cathedral (http:/ / www. tresordeliege. be/ fr/

cathedrale/ st-paul. html) (French)

• Architecture religieuse en occident - Fiche de la cathédrale Saint-Paul (http:/ / architecture. relig. free. fr/ liege. htm) (French)

Liège Science Park

Liège Science Park is a business incubator and science park of the University of Liège and is located on the territories of the municipalities of Seraing and Liège (Belgium).

History In 1953, Marcel Dubuisson, the new president of the University of Liège supported the idea of creating a new type of campus, based on what he had seen during a stay at Harvard University in 1936. The campus should combine all the university services: libraries, accommodation units, sports facilities, the restaurants and the companies linked to the Alma Mater. Marcel Dubuisson together with Pierre Clerdent (Governor of the Province of Liège) drafted a plan for a site outside the city of more than 10 square kilometres of land. The Sart Tilman site would become the new location for all the activities of the University of Liège. In 1971, the Belgian Committee of Ministers for the economic and social cooperation created the science park which is located on both the municipality of Liège (Sart Tilman) and the municipality of Seraing (Cense rouge). In February 1975 the first company, IBM, settled on the science park. The site would be developed with the cooperation of three partners: SPI+, the Company-University Interface of Liège and the municipality of Seraing. Besides academic research, biotechnology, electronics, space and engineering. In 2003 the scientific park was named Liège Science Park as part of project which promotes the development of high-potential economic activities together with a closer cooperation between high-tech companies and research labs.

Source • Liège Science Park [1] • SPI+ [2] • Liège region [3]

External links • Liège Science Park [4] (English) • Liège Science Park [5] (Dutch) Liège Science Park 20

References

[1] http:/ / www. spow. be/ fr/ lgsciencepark. pdf

[2] http:/ / www. wallonie-developpement. be/ news/ detail. asp?newsId=64

[3] http:/ / www. liegeonline. com/ new/ news/ lol24. pdf

[4] http:/ / www. liegesciencepark. be/ eng/

[5] http:/ / www. liegesciencepark. be/

Liège-Guillemins railway station

Liège-Guillemins train station is the main station of the city of Liège, the third biggest city in Belgium. It is one of the most important hubs in the country and is one of the 3 Belgian stations on the high-speed rail network. The station is used by 36,000 people every day.

History

In 1838, only three years after the first continental railway, a line linking Brussels and Ans, in the northern suburbs of Liège, was opened. The first train station of Liège-Guillemins was inaugurated in The station May 1842, linking the valley to the upper Ans station. In 1843, the first international railway connection was born, linking Liège to Aachen and Cologne.

The station was modernized and improved in 1882 and in 1905 for the World Fair in Liège. This station was replaced in 1958 by a modern (for that time) one that was used until June 2009, a few months before the opening of the new Calatrava designed station.

New station The station in 1905 The new station by the architect Santiago Calatrava was officially opened on September 18, 2009 with a show by Franco Dragone. It has 9 tracks and 5 platforms (three of 450m and two of 350m). All the tracks around the station have been modernized to allow high speed arrival and departure. The new station is made of steel, glass and white concrete. It includes a monumental arch, 200 metres long and 35 metres high. The building costs were € 312 million.

The station in the 1970s Liège-Guillemins railway station 21

The station in September 2008

Train services Liège-Guillemins station is served by InterCity- and InterRegio trains, connecting Liège with all major Belgien cities, as well as several international destinations such as Aachen, Lille, and Maastricht. In addition to the national traffic, Liège-Guillemins station welcomes Thalys and ICE trains, connecting Liège to Brussels, Paris, Aachen, Cologne, and Frankfurt. Two new dedicated high-speed tracks have been built: HSL 2 (Brussels-Liège) and HSL 3 (Liège-German border). There are also plans for Eurostar and ICE to link Liège to London directly.

Preceding station Thalys Following station Brussels-South Aachen Hbf Thalys toward Paris-Nord toward Essen Hbf Namur Thalys Terminus toward Paris-Nord Preceding station DB AG Following station Bruxelles-Nord / Brussel-Noord Aachen ICE 79 toward Bruxelles-Midi toward Frankfurt (Main) Hbf Preceding station NMBS/SNCB Following station Leuven Verviers-Central IC A toward Oostende toward Eupen Huy Liège-Jonfosse IC D toward Lille-Flandres toward Herstal Ans IC F Terminus toward Quievrain Flemalle-Haute Liège-Jonfosse IC M toward Bruxelles-Midi / Brussel-Zuid toward Liers Bruxelles-Nord / Brussel-Noord Bressoux IC O toward Bruxelles-Midi / Brussel-Zuid toward Maastricht Liège-Jonfosse IR c Terminus toward Antwerpen-Centraal Liège-Jonfosse Angleur IR m toward Liers toward Luxembourg Liège-Guillemins railway station 22

Angleur Terminus IR q toward Aachen Hbf

The national trains to Brussels also use the high speed track at 200 km/h, while the Thalys and ICE can go up to 300 km/h.

Road Connections Liège-Guillemins is also a transportation hub for TEC Bus: more than 1,620 buses carrying 15,000 people serve the station everyday. It is one of the rare train stations in Europe directly connected to the highway network (E40-E25).

Gallery

Opening night (18/09/2009)

Opening night Opening night Opening night 27-05-2011

27-05-2011 Liège-Guillemins railway station 23

References

External links

• Official website (http:/ / en. euro-liege-tgv. be/ )

• Guillemins station and discrit (http:/ / www. liegeonline. be/ en/ medias/ pdf/ gareguilleminsEN. pdf)PDF (353 KiB) Meuse (river) 24 Meuse (river)

Meuse

The Meuse in France, Belgium, and the Netherlands Origin France

Mouth North Sea 51°51′59″N 4°1′8″E

Basin countries France, Belgium, Netherlands

Length 925 km (575 mi)

Source elevation 409 m (1,342 ft)

Avg. discharge 230 m³/s (8,124 ft³/s)

Basin area 36,000 km² (13,900 mi²)

The Maas (Dutch: Maas; IPA: [ˈmaːs];) or Meuse (English pronunciation: /ˈmjuːz/; French: [møz]; Walloon Mouze /muːs/) is a major European river, rising in France and flowing through Belgium and the Netherlands before draining into the North Sea. It has a total length of 925 km (575 mi). From 1301 the upper Meuse roughly marked the western border of the Holy Roman Empire with the Kingdom of France, after Count Henry III of Bar had to receive the western part of the County of Bar (Barrois mouvant) as a French fief from the hands of King Philip IV. The border remained stable until the annexation of the Three Bishoprics Metz, Toul and Verdun by King Henry II in 1552 and the occupation of the Duchy of Lorraine by the forces of King Louis XIII in 1633. Its Meuse river seen from SPOT satellite lower Belgian (Walloon) portion, part of the sillon industriel, was the first fully industrialized area in continental Europe.[1] Meuse (river) 25

Etymology The name Meuse is derived from the French name of the river, which evolved from the Latin name Mosa. The Dutch name Maas descends from Middle Dutch Mase, which comes from the presumed but unattested Old Dutch form *Masa, from Proto-Germanic *Masō. Only modern Dutch preserves this Germanic form, however. Despite its appearance, the Germanic name is not derived from the Latin name, judging from the change from earlier o into a, which is characteristic of the Germanic languages. Therefore, both the Latin and Germanic names were probably derived from a Celtic source, which would have been *Mosā.

Geography The Meuse rises in Pouilly-en-Bassigny, commune of Le Châtelet-sur-Meuse on the Langres plateau in France from where it flows northwards past Sedan (the head of navigation) and Charleville-Mézières into Belgium. At Namur it is joined by the River Sambre. Beyond Namur the Meuse winds eastwards, skirting the Ardennes, and passes Liège before turning north. The river then forms part of the Belgian-Dutch border, except that at Maastricht the border lies further to the west. In the Netherlands it continues northwards through Venlo closely along the border to Germany, then turns towards the west, where it joins the Waal river and forms part of the extensive Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta, together with the Scheldt river in its south and the Rhine river in the north. The river has divided near Heusden into the Afgedamde Maas on the right and the Bergse Maas on the left. The Bergse Maas continues under the name of Amer, which is part of the Biesbosch, and is joined by the Nieuwe Merwede, after which it flows on under the name of Hollands Diep, before finally flowing into the North Sea as Haringvliet. The Meuse is crossed by railway bridges between the following stations (on the left and right banks respectively): • Netherlands: • Hasselt (Belgium) – Maastricht (currently being put back online) • Roermond – Weert • Blerick – Venlo • Cuijk – Nijmegen Heyendaal • Ravenstein – Wijchen • 's-Hertogenbosch – Zaltbommel There are also numerous road bridges and around 32 ferry crossings. The Meuse is navigable over a substantial part of its total length: In the Netherlands and Belgium, the river is part of the major inland navigation infrastructure, connecting the Rotterdam-Amsterdam-Antwerp port areas to the industrial areas upstream: Hertogenbosch, Venlo, Maastricht, Liège, Namur. Between Maastricht and Maasbracht, an unnavigable section of the Meuse is bypassed by the 36 km Juliana Canal. South of Namur, further upstream, the river can only carry more modest vessels, although a barge as long as 100 m. can still reach the French border town of Givet. From Givet, the river is canalized over a distance of 272 kilometres. The canalized Meuse used to be called the "Canal de l'Est — Branche Nord" but was recently rebaptized into "Canal de la Meuse". The waterway can be used by the smallest barges that are still in use commercially (almost 40 metres long and just over 5 metres wide). Just upstream of the town of Commercy, the Canal de la Meuse connects with the Canal de la Marne au Rhin by means of a short diversion canal. (Source: NoorderSoft Waterways database). The Cretaceous sea reptile Mosasaur is named after the river Meuse. The first fossils of it were discovered outside Maastricht 1780. Meuse (river) 26

A view of the Meuse in the French Ardennes

Basin area

An international agreement was signed in 2002 in Ghent, Belgium about the management of the river amongst France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Belgium. Also participating in the agreement were the Belgian regional governments of Flanders, Wallonia, and Brussels (which is not in the basin of the Meuse but pumps running water into the Meuse).

Most of the basin area (36000 km2) is in Wallonia (12000 km2), followed by France (9000 km2), the Netherlands (8000 km2), Germany (2000 km2), Flanders (2000 km2) and Luxembourg (a few km2). An International Commission on the Meuse has the responsibility of the implementation of the treaty. The costs of this Commission are met by all these countries, in proportion of their own territory into the basin of the Meuse: The Netherlands and Wallonia 30%, France 15%, Germany 14.5%, Flanders 5%, Brussels 4.5%, Kingdom of Belgium and Luxemburg 0.5%. Basin of the River Meuse The map of the basin area of Meuse was joined to the text of the treaty.[2] On the cultural plan, the river Meuse, as a major communication route, is the origin of the Mosan art, principally (Wallonia and France). The first landscape painted in the Middle-Age was the landscape of Meuse. For instance Joachim Patinir [3] He was likely the uncle of Henri Blès who is sometimes defined as a Mosan landscape painter active during the second third of the 16th century (i.e., second generation of landscape painters) [4]

The Meuse and the Rochers de Freÿr, in front of the Castle of Freÿr south of Dinant Tributaries

The main tributaries of the river Meuse are listed below in downstream-upstream order, with the town where the tributary meets the river: • Dieze (near 's-Hertogenbosch) • Aa (in 's-Hertogenbosch) Meuse (river) 27

• Dommel (in 's-Hertogenbosch) • Gender (in Eindhoven) • Raam (river in North Brabant) (in Grave) • Niers (in Gennep) • Swalm (in Swalmen) • Rur/Roer (in Roermond) • Wurm (in Heinsberg, Germany)

• Merzbach (in Linnich, Germany) The Meuse at Dinant • Inde (in Jülich, Germany) • Geleenbeek (near Maasbracht) • Geul (near Meerssen) • Geer/Jeker (in Maastricht) • Voer/Fouron (in Eijsden) • Berwinne/Berwijn (near Moelingen, part of Voeren) • Ourthe (in Liège) • Weser/Vesdre (near Liège) • Amel/Amblève (in Comblain-au-Pont) • Salm (in Trois-Ponts) The Meuse river at Namur capital of Wallonia • Warche (near Malmedy) • Hoyoux (in Huy) • Mehaigne (in Wanze) • Sambre (in Namur) • Bocq (in Yvoir) • Molignée (in Anhée) • Lesse (in Anseremme, part of Dinant) • Viroin (in Vireux-Molhain) • Semois or Semoy (in Monthermé) • Sormonne (in Warcq) • Bar (near Dom-le-Mesnil) The Meuse at Liège, third river port of Europe • Chiers (in Bazeilles) • Othain (in Montmédy)

Distributaries

The mean annual discharge rate of the Meuse has been relatively stable over the last few thousand years. One recent study estimates that average flow has increased about 10% since 2000 BC.[5] The hydrological distribution of the Meuse changed during the later Middle Ages, when a major flood forced it to shift its main course northwards towards the Merwede river. From then on, several stretches of the The Meuse (Maas) at Maastricht original Merwede were named "Maas" (i.e. Meuse) instead and served as the primary outflow of that river. Those branches are currently known as the Nieuwe Maas and Oude Maas. Meuse (river) 28

However, during another series of severe floods the Meuse found an additional path towards the sea, resulting in the creation of the Biesbosch wetlands and Hollands Diep estuaries. Thereafter, the Meuse split near Heusden into two main tributaries, one flowing north to join the Merwede, and one flowing directly to the sea. The branch of the Meuse leading directly to the sea eventually silted up, (and now forms the Oude Maasje stream), but in 1904 the canalised Bergse Maas was dug to take over the functions of the silted-up branch. At the same time, the branch leading to the Merwede was dammed at Heusden, Meuse near Grave (and has since been known as the Afgedamde Maas) so that little water from the Meuse now actually enters the old Maas estuary, or the current Rhine distributaries. The resulting separation of the rivers Rhine and Meuse is considered to be the greatest achievement in Dutch hydraulic engineering before the completion of the Zuiderzee Works and Delta Works.

One recent study [6] notes that the difference between summer and winter flow volumes has increased significantly in the last 100–200 years. These workers point out that the frequency of serious floods (i.e. flows > 1000% of normal) has increased markedly. They predict that

winter flooding of the Meuse may become a recurring problem in the Meuse near Appeltern coming decades.

Départements, provinces and towns

The Meuse flows through the following departments of France, provinces of Belgium, provinces of the Netherlands and towns: • Haute-Marne • Vosges: Neufchâteau • Meuse: Commercy, Saint-Mihiel, Verdun, Stenay • Ardennes: Sedan, Charleville-Mézières, Givet • Namur: Dinant, Namur • Liège: Huy, Liège, Visé • Limburg: Maastricht, Roermond, Venlo, Gennep • Limburg: Maaseik • North Brabant: Boxmeer, Cuijk, Grave, Ravenstein, Lith, Heusden, Aalburg, Woudrichem • Gelderland: Maasdriel • South Holland: Rotterdam, Dordrecht, Maassluis

Deutschlandlied The Meuse (Maas) is mentioned in the (nowadays not sung) first stanza of the Deutschlandlied German national anthem. The lyrics written in 1841 describe a then–disunited Germany with the river as its western boundary, where King William I of the Netherlands had joined the German Confederation with his Duchy of Limburg in 1839. Though the duchy's territory officially became an integral part of the Netherlands by the 1867 Treaty of London, the text passage remained unchanged when the Deutschlandlied was declared the national anthem of the Weimar Republic in 1922. Meuse (river) 29

References

[1] (French) "Wallonie : une région en Europe" (http:/ / sder. wallonie. be/ ICEDD/ CAP-atlasWallonie2006/ pages/ atlas. asp?txt=conWalEur). Ministère de la Région wallonne. . Retrieved September 29, 2007.

[2] Accord international sur la Meuse (http:/ / environnement. wallonie. be/ legis/ international/ accord004. htm) [3] French: Les rochers par lesquels l'art gothique suggère conventionnellement un site sauvage et désertique, sont présents. Comme d'aucuns l'ont remarqué, ces pics rocheux qui vont devenir chez Patinier, indissociables de l'évocation d'un paysage ressemblent à ceux qu'il a pu voir dans la région dinantaise (...) Mais il va de soi que les paysages représentés ne sont jamais dans leur ensemble la transposition de sites existants. L'espace tel que le conçoit Patinier est d'un autre ordre que celui qui s'offre au spectateur dans la réalité. in 'L'essor du paysage' in Jacques Stiennon, Jean-Patrick Duchesne, Yves Randaxhe, 'Cinq siècles de peinture en Wallonie', Les éditeurs d'art associés, Bruxelles, 1988, p. 67-72. The landscape of the Mosan valley is the inspiration of Patinier but the result of this inspiration was not a painture of this landscape.

[4] Contribution of scientific methods to the understanding of the work of the 16th century painter, Henri Bles Université de Liège (http:/ / www.

sciencedirect. com/ science?_ob=ArticleURL& _udi=B7GJ1-4DPD107-V& _user=10& _coverDate=01/ 01/ 2002& _alid=1187370996&

_rdoc=1& _fmt=high& _orig=search& _cdi=20193& _docanchor=& view=c& _ct=562& _acct=C000050221& _version=1&

_urlVersion=0& _userid=10& md5=cfb95b591dbf792ade417b90b0938439) [5] Ward PJ, H Renssen, JCJH Aerts, RT van Balen & J Vandenberghe (2008), Strong increases in flood frequency and discharge of the River Meuse over the Late Holocene: impacts of long-term anthropogenic land use change and climate variability. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 12:

159-175. http:/ / www. hydrol-earth-syst-sci. net/ 12/ 159/ 2008/ hess-12-159-2008. pdf [Ward et al., 2008] [6] Ward et al., 2008

External links

• Peace Palace Library's Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law regarding Meuse River (http:/ /

www. ppl. nl/ bibliographies/ all/ showresults. php?bibliography=water& code=WR244& topic=regional studies > Europe > Meuse River) Pont de Wandre 30 Pont de Wandre

Pont de Wandre

Carries Road vehicles

Crosses River Meuse, Albert Canal

Locale Liege, Belgium

Designer René Greisch

Design Cable stayed bridge

Coordinates 50°40′27″N 5°38′37″E

[1] References:

The Pont de Wandre is a single pier cable-stayed bridge carrying the N667 road across the Albert Canal and River Meuse in Liege, Belgium.

History and description From the 15th to 19th century the Meuse at Wandre was crossed by a ferry. In 1884 the first bridge crossing between Herstal and Wandre was built; it consisted of a metal bowstring bridge across the canal, a seven arched brick and stone viaduct across the land between the two waterways, then a box section rectangular girder truss bridge across the Meuse supported on three piers. Due to increased traffic caused by industrial development a second bridge was built upstream of the first between 1935 and 1937; this was blown up by the Belgian Army in 1940. Two temporary metal pedestrian bridges of metal replaced the destroyed bridge.[2] Construction of replacement bridges began in 1947; a 59.4m long bridge across the Albert Canal (le pont de l'Esparanto), and a three span concrete bridge across the Meuse of total length 190m; the new construction was officially opened in 1948.[2] An increase in traffic on the Albert Canal during the 1970s necessitated its expansion for larger vessels required the widening of the channel from 35 to 85m; as a result this expansion also required the construction of a new bridge.[2] Work to construct a new bridge to replace the post war bridges began in 1985;[2] the bridge was officially opened 16 June 1989, at a cost of 508million belgian francs.[1] It connects suburbs Wandre and Hertstal of Liege, crossing the Meuse and Albert Canals,[1] the main support stands on the isthmus between the Meuse and Albert canal. The total length of the bridge including the approach sections is ~527m, the main cable stayed spans are 144m and 168m.[1] The inverted Y shaped concrete main support is 88.5m high, and supports a 22m wide road deck.[3] Pont de Wandre 31

References [1] Sources:

• Nicholas Janberg, ed., "Wandre Bridge" (http:/ / en. structurae. de/ structures/ data/ index. cfm?id=s0000101), en.structurae.de (Nicolas Janberg's Structurae),

• "Le pont de Wandre" (http:/ / www. herstal. be/ loisirs/ patrimoine/ ouvrage-d2019art) (in french), www.herstal.be (Site officiel de la Ville de Herstal),

[2] "D'hier et d'aujourd'hui : Du passeur d'eau.. au Pont de Wandre" (http:/ / www. herstal. be/ loisirs/ patrimoine/ ouvrage-d2019art/

artcile-herstal-magazine-n-1-2004-pont-de-wandre. pdf) (in french), www.herstal.be, [3] Sources:

• "Pont de Wandre à Liège" (http:/ / www. greisch. com/ projet/ FR-1440. pdf) (in french), www.greisch.com (Greisch),

• "Referenties : Burgerlijke bouwkunde" (http:/ / nl. freyssinet. be/ burgerlijke_bouwkunde/ index-x,3. htm) (in dutch), nl.freyssinet.be (Freyssinet Belgium): 1990 Pont de Wandre - Luik,

External links

• Thérèse Cortembos (2004), "Wandre" (http:/ / books. google. co. uk/ books?id=9NAlReZpEzsC& lpg=PP1&

pg=PA399#v=onepage& q& f=false) (in french), Liège (Patrimone architectural et territoires de Wallonie) (http:/

/ books. google. co. uk/ books?id=9NAlReZpEzsC), Editions Mardaga / Ministère de la Région wallonne, pp. 399–401

Prince-Bishops' Palace (Liège)

The Prince-Bishops' Palace of Liège is on place Saint-Lambert in the centre of Liège, Belgium. It once faced St. Lambert's Cathedral.

History

Its imposing facade dominates the end of the The palace in 2010 place St-Lambert, centre of commercial life in Liège, where St Lambert's Cathedral formerly stood. Two buildings preceded the present palace, a first palace integrated with the fortifications was built about 1000 AD by Bishop Notger, but it was destroyed in the fire of 1185. The palace was reconstructed under Raoul de Zähringen. This building was much damaged in the sack of the city by the Burgundians and was also burnt in 1505.

On mounting the episcopal throne in 1505 The palace in 1649 Bishop Érard de La Marck found the palace in ruins and entrusted the construction of a new one to the master builder Arnold van Mulken in 1526. It was finished at the end Prince-Bishops' Palace (Liège) 32

of the 16th century. The principal facade on the south was completely rebuilt after the fire of 1734 in the Louis XIV-Regency style under the direction of the Brussels architect Jean-André Anneessens, son of François Anneessens. In 1849, a new west wing was built by the architect Jean-Charles Delsaux, in the same style as the old palace to accommodate the provincial government.

The place Saint-Lambert in 1770

At present the building is occupied by the provincial services of Liège and the Palais de Justice. The great courtyard is surrounded by galleries of arcades and 60 massives and elegant columns. The variety of the decoration of these columns is extraordinary. The second courtyard which is reached from the interior of the palace is more intimate and is closed to the public except on rare occasions such as heritage days. The judicial institutions of Liège having been dispersed on about ten sites in the city a vast project to extend the palace was The palace in the 18th century undertaken. It involves various buildings facing the west side of the palace and will bring them together in the centre of the city. This will be completed in mid 2011.

Bibliography • Bruno Demoulin (ed.), Liège et le palais des princes-évêques, Bruxelles, Fonds Mercator, 2008, 320 p. • Julie Godinas, Le palais de Liège, coeur de la Cité ardente, Namur, Institut du patrimoine wallon, 2008, 234 p. • Suzanne Collon-Gevaert, Érard de La Marck et le palais des princes-évêques de Liège, Liège, Vaillant-Carmanne, 1975, 157 p. • Jean Lejeune De la principauté à la métropole édit Mercator Anvers 1967 • Jean Lejeune Liège et son palais édit Mercator 1979

External links • Extensions [1] • Place Saint-Lambert: photos [2]

References

[1] http:/ / www. buildingsagency. be/ realisatieberichten_fr. cfm?key=70

[2] http:/ / users. belgacom. net/ cwarzee/ place_saint-lambert/ index. htm Royal Conservatory of Liège 33 Royal Conservatory of Liège

The Royal Conservatoire of Liège (RCL) (Dutch Koninklijk Conservatorium Luik, French Conservatoire royal de Liège) is one of four conservatories in the French Community of Belgium that offers higher education courses in music and theatre. Located at 29 Piercot Forgeur in the city of Liège, the school's principal building was built in 1887 using a neoclassical design by architects Louis Boonen and Laurent Demany. Inside the building is a large concert hall, the Salle philharmonique de Liège, which has recently been entirely renovated. The hall is the major performance venue for the Orchestre Philharmonique de Liège. The RCL was founded in 1826 by William I of the Netherlands. Joseph Daussoigne-Méhul served as the school's first director from 1826-1862.[1] Jean-Théodore Radoux was director of the conservatory from 1872-1911.[2]

Notable alumni • Gaston Dethier • Camille Everardi • César Franck • Frantz Jehin-Prume • Marc Laho • Jean Rogister • Adolphe Samuel

References

[1] Denis Havard de la Montagne. "Joseph Daussoigne-Méhul" (http:/ / www. musimem. com/ Daussoigne-Mehul. htm). www.musimem.com. .

[2] Theodore Baker. "Baker's biographical dictionary of musicians, page 735" (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=H2kNAAAAIAAJ&

pg=PA735& lpg=PA735& dq="Bacha"+ "bassoon"& source=bl& ots=NMOwS_Jkoq& sig=bYxyirpnB0jARn0IzZ8a33d8m3g& hl=en&

ei=J68kTOq0E6WSnAfpnsDqBA& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=1& ved=0CBcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage& q="Bacha"

"bassoon"& f=false). Google Books. . St Bartholomew's Church, Liège 34 St Bartholomew's Church, Liège

Founded outside the city walls, the Roman Catholic Collegial Church of Saint Bartholemew in Liège, Belgium, was built in coal sandstone, from the late 11th century (the chancel) to the late 12th century (the massive westwork, with its twin towers which were reconstructed in 1876), and underwent, like most religious buildings, modifications through the centuries. Nevertheless, the Meuse Romanesque—Ottonian architecture character of its architecture remained deeply rooted. The 18th century saw the addition of two more aisles, the opening of a neoclassical portal in the walls of the westwork, and the St. Bartholomew's Church in 2006 French Baroque redecoration of the interior. The interior of the western section has recently been restored back to the original style.

St. Bartholomew's is one of the original seven Roman Catholic collegiate churches of Liège (which also include the churches of St. Peter, St. Paul, St. John, St. Denis, St. Martin, and the Holy Cross). In 2006, the church emerged from heavy restoration

work (seven years, 10,000 replaced stones, the Engraving of St. Bartholomew's church, 1735 restoration of the polychromy of the walls).

Art collection The church contains many works of art, among which may be mentioned The Glorification of the Holy Cross, a tableau of the local painter Bertholet Flemalle (1614-1675); The Crucifixion, from another local artist, Englebert Fisen (1655-1733); and a statue of St. Roch by Renier Panhay de Rendeux (1684-1744).

Baptismal font

St. Bartholomew's is the site of one of the most admired treasures of ecclesiastical Mosan art: a baptismal font attributed to the goldsmith Renier de Huy. It was commissioned at the beginning of the 12th century (1107-1108) by the abbot Hellin for the church Notre-Dame-aux-Fonts, now destroyed, where local baptisms traditionally were administered.

The font was installed in St. Bartholomew's Church in 1804, after having been spared from the Revolutionaries. This remarkable work heralds a resurgence of Greek influences on Font of Renier de Huy: The baptism of Christ Western art. The brass tank, resting on ten (originally twelve) ox St Bartholomew's Church, Liège 35

figures, presents five scenes: the baptism of Jesus in the Jordan, the preaching of St. John the Baptist, the baptism of the catechumens, the baptism of the centurion Cornelius, and the baptism of the philosopher Craton.

Font of Renier de Huy: The baptism of the catechumens

St. Lambert's Cathedral, Liège

for the present cathedral of Liège see Liège Cathedral St. Lambert's Cathedral, Liège (or in full, the Cathedral of Our Lady and St. Lambert; French: Cathédrale Notre-Dame-et-Saint-Lambert) was the cathedral of Liège, Belgium, until 1794, when its destruction began. This enormous Gothic cathedral, dedicated to Saint Lambert of Maastricht, occupied the site of the present Place Saint-Lambert in the centre of Liège.

History Engraving of St. Lambert's Cathedral Saint Lambert, bishop of Maastricht, was assassinated in Liège about 705, and was initially buried in Maastricht. The site of his martyrdom became a place of pilgrimage, and his successor, Saint Hubert, returned the body and reburied it there. Shortly afterwards the episcopal seat was transferred from Maastricht to Liège, and Lambert's shrine became a cathedral.

Several structures succeeded each other on the site. The first was a martyr's shrine or mausoleum (martyrium), commissioned by Saint Hubert. Unusually it was oriented to the west, which may account for the existence of a west choir in subsequent cathedral buildings. Two St. Lambert's Cathedral, 18th century cathedrals followed. The first, built towards the end of the 8th century, was in Carolingian style. St. Lambert's Cathedral, Liège 36

In 978 Bishop Notger installed a chapter of sixty canons. He then built a new church from around the year 1000, in Ottonian style, with a special crypt for the relics of the martyred saint. The architecture was that of the Holy Roman Empire. The new cathedral had a massive westwork, two choirs at opposite ends, two transepts, each with a tower over the crossing, adding to the monumentality of the structure, and a cloister at the east end. It is noticeable from the groundplan that the entrances were located in the north and south sides of the building, and not along the St. Lambert's Cathedral, 1780 east-west axis.[1]

Many alterations were made to it during the decades 1140-1180. The disgraced and excommunicated Emperor Henry IV, who died on 7 August 1106, was buried here by the Prince-Bishop Otbert, after the entrails and heart had been removed. The German bishops protested and declared that the cathedral would be considered contaminated as long as the body remained there. Emperor Henry V therefore had his father's remains disinterred and transferred to Speyer Cathedral, on 15 August 1106.[2]

During the night of 28/29 April 1185 a violent fire broke out in Reconstruction of the cathedral c.1770 one of the houses next to the cloisters, to which it immediately spread, and from there to the rest of the cathedral, which was destroyed. Reconstruction began the very next day, in the Gothic style, making extensive use of the previous foundations. Part of the cathedral had been restored by 1189, when the Archbishop of Cologne visited in order to reconsecrate the church. In 1197, the relics of Saint Lambert, which had been in safe storage since the fire, were reinstalled in the new building.

However, the reconstruction was far from complete, for lack of funds. Processions criss-crossed the diocese in an effort to raise the necessary money. In the middle of the 13th century Pope Innocent IV granted indulgences to anyone who helped with the rebuilding of the cathedral. From 1391, work started on a tower 135 metres high, to the west of the south arm of the eastern transept, the belltower of which was the same height as the hill of the citadel, and for the rest of its existence was a landmark for all who approached the city. Its completion in 1433 marked the end of the major works. St. Lambert's Cathedral measured 96 metres in length (or 173 metres including the cloisters). With the side chapels its breadth was 37 metres. The height to the top of the ceiling vault was some 30 metres. In style, if not in size, it was comparable to the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris. The sandstone towers that characterised the west front were closely related to those of the cathedral of Saints Michael and Gudula in Brussels, and of the Grote Kerk in Breda, in the Netherlands, as well as of the Basilica of Our Lady in Tongeren. The archéoforum[3] of Liège, situated beneath Place Saint-Lambert, makes it possible to see the ruins of the cathedral, besides the traces of other occupations of the site from the prehistoric period up to the 18th century. St. Lambert's Cathedral, Liège 37

Destruction

In 1794, under the French régime, after the révolution liégeoise, the demolition of the cathedral, agreed the previous year, was put in hand. The Liège revolutionaries considered it a symbol of the power of the Prince-Bishop. Demolition began with the removal of the lead from the roof for use in the manufacture of arms and munitions, under the supervision of a "Commission destructive de la cathédrale". Consideration of the destruction of the great tower began in 1795. In 1803 the western towers were demolished. The site was entirely levelled in 1827, except for a section of masonry from the ancient passage between the cathedral and the bishop's palace, which was still standing in 1929.

Once the revolutionary mood had passed, it was necessary to select another church to replace the destroyed cathedral. The collegiate church of St. Paul was selected as being, of those suitable, the closest to the centre of the city, and this became the present Liège Cathedral (or St. Paul's Cathedral, Liège). After it had been sensitively modernised, there were transferred to it the "Bonaparte, Premier Consul" by Ingres. numerous treasures that had been saved from the old cathedral - works of In the background St. Lambert's Cathedral is distinctly visible, although at gold, ivory, manuscripts, sculptures and reliquaries - which can be seen this period it was already in the process displayed in the cloisters. The site is maintained today by the Institut du of demolition by the revolutionaries of Patrimoine, the institute in charge of cultural heritage protection in Liège. Wallonia.[4]

Notes [1] This may possibly be the consequence of a superstition that evil would come from the west, and that an entrance on that side might allow it to enter the house of God. Many religious buildings in the Meuse region have this feature. [2] D. Droixhe, "Une histoire des Lumières au pays de Liège", les Editions de l'Université de Liège, 2007, p. 15

[3] http:/ / www. archeoforumdeliege. be

[4] Cathedral remains (http:/ / www. institutdupatrimoine. be/ code/ fr/ mission_b_prop_arch_2. asp) at the website of the Institut du Patrimoine

Further reading Philippe, Joseph, La Cathédrale Saint-Lambert de Liège: gloire de l'Occident et de l'art mosan, Liège: édition Eugène Wahle ISBN 2870110499

External links

• Archéoforum de Liège (http:/ / www. archeoforumdeliege. be/ ) (French)

• Trésor de la cathédrale de Liège (http:/ / www. tresordeliege. be/ newsite/ fr/ cathedrale/ st-lambert. html) (French) University of Liège 38 University of Liège

University of Liège Université de Liège

Latin: Universitas Leodiensis

Established 1817

Type Public university of the French Community of Belgium

Rector Prof. Bernard Rentier

Administrator François Ronday

Academic staff 2,800

Admin. staff 4,300

Students 20,000

Location Liège, Wallonia, Belgium

Campus Urban, suburban

Affiliations AUF Académie Wallonie-Europe T.I.M.E.

[1] Website www.ulg.ac.be

The University of Liège (ULg), in Liège, Wallonia, Belgium, is a major public university in the French Community of Belgium. Its official language is French.

History The University was founded in 1817 by William I of the Netherlands, then King of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and by his Minister of Education, Anton Reinhard Falck. The foundation of the university was the result of a long intellectual tradition which dates back to the origins of the Bishopric of Liège. Beginning in the eleventh century, the influence of the prince-bishops of Liège attracted students and prominent scientists and philosophers, such as Petrarch, to study in its libraries. The reputation of its medieval schools gave the city the reputation as a new Athens. A 17 March 1808 decree by Napoleon I concerning the organization of an imperial university indicated Liège as the site of a new academy to be composed of a Faculty of Arts and a Faculty of Science - the first university charter for Liège. Ultimately, Liège owes its university to William I of the Netherlands, who remembered the city's prestigious legacy of teaching and culture when he decided to establish a new university on Walloon soil. Nearly 200 years later, settled to some extent in the Sart-Tilman district of Liège, the University of Liège depends on the French community of Belgium. The University is located at the edge of the River Meuse, in the center of "the Island," the Latin Quarter of Liège. By 2009, the Agronomical University College of Gembloux (FUSAGx) is part of ULg. It has adopted a new name for academics as well as research, namely 'Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech'. University of Liège 39

Organization The University of Liège has: • 20,000 students • 4,600 foreign students • 4,300 employees • 2,800 faculty members (both teaching and research) • 1,300 administrative and technical support staff The ULg comprises: • 9 Faculties • Faculty of Philosophy and Letters • Faculty of Law and Political Science • Faculty of Science • Faculty of Medicine • Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science (Applied Science) • Faculty of Veterinary Medicine • Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech - Faculty of Agronomical Science and Biological Engineering (at the Gembloux campus) • Faculty of Psychology and Education • Faculty of Architecture • 2 Schools • HEC Management School - University of Liege (Economics, Management & Business Engineering) • The J. Constant Graduate School of Criminology (part of the Faculty of Law and Political Science) • 1 Institute • The ULg Institute for Social Science (Sociology & Human Sciences) • 45 Departments

Notable alumni For full list see University of Liège alumni • Joaquín Arderíus, novelist • Philippe Bodson, engineer • Albert Claude, Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1974 • Marie Delcourt, first female professor at the ULg • Marcel Detienne, philosophy and literature (PhD) • Paul Demaret, rector of the College of Europe • Jacques H. Drèze, economist • Paul Fredericq (1850–1920), historian • Michel A. J. Georges, veterinary, 2008 Francqui Prize • Jean Gol (1942–1995), lawyer, politician • Alexis Jacquemin (1938–2004), economy, 1983 Francqui Prize on Human Sciences • David Keilin, entomologist • Auguste Kerckhoffs, Dutch linguist and cryptographer • Jan Kowalewski, Polish cryptologist • Wincenty Kowalski, Polish military commander • Marc Lacroix, biochemist University of Liège 40

• Joseph Lebeau, statesman • Jean-Christophe Marine, biologist • Marcel Nicolet, Belgian physicist and meteorologist[2] • Jean-Baptiste Nothomb, statesman and diplomat • Paul Pastur, lawyer and politician (1866–1938) • Joseph Plateau (1801–1883), physicist • Georges Poulet, literary critic • Guy Quaden, economist, Governor of the National Bank of Belgium • Jean Rey (1902–1983), second President of the European Commission • Max Rooses, writer • Léon Rosenfeld, physicist • Polidor Swings, 1948 laureate of the Francqui Prize • Haroun Tazieff, French vulcanologist and geologist • André Henri Constant van Hasselt, poet

Notable faculty • Zénon-M. Bacq (1903–1983), radiobiologist • Florent-Joseph Bureau (1906–1999), mathematician • Eugène Charles Catalan, mathematician • André Danthine, computer scientist • Marcel Florkin (1900–1979), medicine, biochemistry • Laurent-Guillaume de Koninck (1809–1887), palaeontologist and chemist • Émile Louis Victor de Laveleye, economist • Marie Delcourt (1891–1979), classical philologist • Philippe Devaux (1902–1979), philosopher • Paul Fourmarier (1877–1970), geologist • Paul Gochet (1932), philosopher • Groupe µ, Group of semiticians • Godefroid Kurth (1847–1916), historian • Paul Ledoux (1914–1988), astrophysicist • Pol Swings (1906–1983), astrophysicist • Edouard Van Beneden (1846–1910), biologist • Theodor Schwann (1810–1882), biologist University of Liège 41

Honorary doctorate • Mikhail Gorbachev (2011) • Bill Viola (2010)

References

[1] http:/ / www. ulg. ac. be/

[2] History of Geopyhysics, Volume 1 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=eClXLhf5jdYC& lpg=PA44& dq="Marcel Nicolet"&

pg=PA44#v=onepage& q& f=false). Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union. 1984. pp. 44. ISBN 8755-1217. .

External links

• University of Liège (http:/ / www. ulg. ac. be/ )

• ULg's WebTV (http:/ / webtv. ulg. ac. be)

• International Conference on System Simulation in Buildings held in ULG (http:/ / www. ssb2010. ulg. ac. be/ ) Article Sources and Contributors 42 Article Sources and Contributors

Liège Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=465677947 Contributors: .snoopy., 16@r, 52 Pickup, Aaker, Acroterion, Addshore, Adumoul, Ahoerstemeier, AjaxSmack, Amatulic, Andre Engels, Andrwsc, Angr, Antandrus, Arthena, Attilios, Bearcat, Behemoth, Bjung, Bobblewik, Bouere.info, Bz2, CSWarren, CambridgeBayWeather, Canuck85, Cg2p0B0u8m, Christian List, CommonsDelinker, Cs-wolves, Cybercobra, Cynwolfe, Dbachmann, Dhum Dhum, Dodeluc, Donarreiskoffer, Doremo, Dvavasour, Edcolins, Editingproject, Ekeb, El C, Eldamorie, Elhugo05, Eras-mus, Erianna, Eugene0410, Everyking, Fishal, Fleurkaunas, Flying Saucer, Frisch1, Frokor, Fudoreaper, Fuhghettaboutit, G from B, Gabbe, Gaius Cornelius, Gidonb, Graham87, Green-eyed girl, Guirro, HADRIANVS, Hashar, HeartofaDog, HennessyC, Hooiwind, IMSoP, Ian Dalziel, Ianb, Icarus, Ichigostar2007, JPopovic, Japanese Searobin, Jauhienij, JdeJ, Jean-Pol Grandmont, Jeanphi, Jed, Jeronimo, Jnc, Jnestorius, JordeeBec, José Fontaine, Jrenier, Julien Tuerlinckx, Julius.kusuma, Jvhertum, Kbdank71, Kierant, Kingal86, Kinneytj, Korg, Kwamikagami, LHOON, LVan, Lalratty, Le Fou, Leasnam, Lebob, Lekiend, Lightmouse, Looxix, Lreafuente, Luc.de.bry, Luwilt, MaThQc, Majabl, Marek69, Mark K. Jensen, Markussep, Mav, Medjl, Mendaliv, Metsavend, Michael Fourman, Michael042, Miracle Pen, Mschlindwein, Mscuthbert, Mtnsuborg, Mutters mueller, NTF, Nach0king, Nat Krause, Neddyseagoon, Neelix, NickDeGraeve, Nk, Numbo3, Ohconfucius, Omar-toons, Omondi, Opie, Orelstrigo, Oreo Priest, PRehse, Pastordavid, Patrick, Pavel Vozenilek, Petercascio, Pgr94, Pjred, Polylerus, Pustelnik, Pvosta, RKThe2, Railwayfan2005, Reenem, Renata, Rex Germanus, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Robertg9, Robin22, Robster1983, Roofbird, Rsg, Ruedetocqueville, Sannse, Scipius, Severo, Sf5xeplus, Sheilakirbos, Skomorokh, Snoyes, SomeHuman, Sonuwe, Soundoftoday, Srtxg, StanZegel, Steinbach, Stemonitis, Stephane.dohet, SteveMcP, TKD, Targeman, Thomas Ludwig, Tobias Conradi, Tommy2010, Ulric1313, Urhixidur, VKing, Vanbasten 23, Vanished user 03, Varlaam, Vb, Vegetator, Visite fortuitement prolongée, Vítek, Welsh, Welshleprechaun, Wester, Wetman, Wik, Wikix, Woohookitty, Xezbeth, °, 194 anonymous edits

Cointe Observatory Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=430969591 Contributors: Bdaughe5, Deor, Fransvannes, Headbomb, HeartofaDog, I'm with Coco, Jaraalbe, Jeff G., KConWiki, Neddyseagoon, S. Korotkiy, Sisyph, Tim!

Collège en Isle (Liège) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=465110351 Contributors: Afernand74, Hebrides, Neddyseagoon

Collège Saint-Servais (Liège) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=438246367 Contributors: Afernand74, Neddyseagoon

Cornillon Abbey Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=394376921 Contributors: Charles Matthews, Greenshed, HeartofaDog, JASpencer, Johnpacklambert, Kneel17, Neddyseagoon, Njamesdebien, Picapica, Renata3, Staffelde, Travelbird

Curtius Museum Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=409426016 Contributors: CRKingston, D6, Dogears, Grutness, José Fontaine, Lithoderm, Neddyseagoon, Opie, Petercascio, Stephane.dohet, Vb, Vegaswikian, Waacstats, 3 anonymous edits

Liège Airport Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=463488351 Contributors: Alexander zhang, Bender235, CambridgeBayWeather, Cocker777, CommonsDelinker, David Edgar, Donarreiskoffer, Eusc, Friends147, Funkibizniz, Galandil, Gertjan R., Jrenier, Kavs8, Kman543210, Kosovar, Krellis, MKY661, MaBo, MilborneOne, Mono74, Neddyseagoon, OwenBlacker, Para, Per aspera ad Astra, Reedy, Snoozlepet, Welshleprechaun, Whale plane, WhisperToMe, Wiher, Wikipirx, Zaps93, Zyxw, 68 anonymous edits

Liège Cathedral Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=464966696 Contributors: Deor, Felix Folio Secundus, HeartofaDog, Hede2000, Mattg82, Neddyseagoon, Sophie

Liège Science Park Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=394377614 Contributors: Erianna, Jpbowen, Jrenier, Lightmouse, Luwilt, Neddyseagoon, Pvosta, Waacstats

Liège-Guillemins railway station Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=460602563 Contributors: Brandon5485, Coyets, David Edgar, Dneubert, Edgepedia, Eduardo89, Gonioul, Icarusgeek, J.delanoy, Jpleburton, Jrenier, LMB, Le Fou, Magioladitis, Markussep, Neddyseagoon, Oreo Priest, Pedantic of Purley, SchuminWeb, Scottlup, Shadowjams, Slasher-fun, Stone-photography, Thomas5388, Vincent Simar, 46 anonymous edits

Meuse (river) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=465351361 Contributors: Ahoerstemeier, Alvaro, Andre Engels, Augwhite, Bestofmed, Between My Ken, Breno, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Cantiorix, Carlossuarez46, Civil Engineer III, CodeCat, CommonsDelinker, Conversion script, Cwoyte, DB 103245, DaMatriX, Darwinek, Daudzoss, Dewet, Djnjwd, Donarreiskoffer, Drumguy8800, Eggishorn, F-j123, Francvs, Frokor, FvdP, Gidonb, GoingBatty, Good Olfactory, Goudzovski, Green Giant, Hadal, Hairy Dude, HennessyC, JLogan, JaGa, Jaho, JdH, Jean-Pol Grandmont, Jeni, Jeronimo, Jj137, José Fontaine, Karel Anthonissen, Knepfler, Kpjas, Laburke, Leovizza, Leszek Jańczuk, Lucyin, M-le-mot-dit, MASTER OF DISASTER, MJJR, Marianocecowski, Markussep, Matthead, Mav, Meco, Messire, Michielverbeek, MinisterForBadTimes, Modeha, Mschlindwein, Myasuda, Nk, Olivier, Oreo Priest, OwenBlacker, P-A., Papayoung, Patrick, Pearle, Picapica, Rjwilmsi, Rodemont2, Rugops, Seeaxid, Sengkang, Shesh kheya, Snowdog, Spitfire, Srtxg, Struthious Bandersnatch, Thule, Tkuvho, Tlaresch, Travelbird, VKing, Vdegroot, Vítek, Wester, Woohookitty, Xyzzyva, Zigger, 56 anonymous edits

Pont de Wandre Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=460135195 Contributors: Imgaril, John of Reading, Severo

Prince-Bishops' Palace (Liège) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=432358781 Contributors: Felix Folio Secundus, Neddyseagoon, Paulmcdonald

Royal Conservatory of Liège Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=464971957 Contributors: 4meter4, Hrdinský, NameIsRon, Neddyseagoon, Singingdaisies, Triwbe, Voceditenore, Woohookitty

St Bartholomew's Church, Liège Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=405391270 Contributors: Aviad2001, CommonsDelinker, Goodness Shamrock, Johnbod, Jonathan Oldenbuck, Jrenier, Kleon3, Look2See1, Neddyseagoon, Opie, Rich Farmbrough, Stephane.dohet, 2 anonymous edits

St. Lambert's Cathedral, Liège Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=442484329 Contributors: Attilios, Felix Folio Secundus, Gonioul, HeartofaDog, Jane023, Neddyseagoon

University of Liège Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=464938878 Contributors: 000BlueSky000, Aelfthrytha, Alekjds, CComMack, Centralien, Christian75, D6, Donarreiskoffer, Dthomsen8, Eog1916, Fotaun, Fxnoro, Gilliam, Giraffedata, Greenshed, Gun Powder Ma, JHunterJ, Jeanhousen, Jnc, Jrenier, Juzeris, Karljoos, Kiefer.Wolfowitz, Klow, Masonpatriot, Melaen, Neddyseagoon, Night of the Big Wind Turbo, Nk, Noisette1, Pvosta, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, Toddst1, Trident13, 33 anonymous edits Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 43 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

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