DOCSLIB.ORG

A New Species of Hypocrella, H. Macrostroma, and Its Phylogenetic Relationships to Other Species with Large Stromata

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A New Species of Hypocrella, H. Macrostroma, and Its Phylogenetic Relationships to Other Species with Large Stromata Mycol. Res. 109 (11): 1268–1275 (November 2005). f The British Mycological Society 1268 doi:10.1017/S0953756205003904 Printed in the United Kingdom. A new species of Hypocrella, H. macrostroma, and its phylogenetic relationships to other species with large stromata Priscila CHAVERRI1*, Joseph F. BISCHOFF2, Miao LIU1 and Kathie T. HODGE1 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, 334 Plant Science Building, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA. 2 National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA. E-mail : [email protected] Received 4 April 2005; accepted 19 July 2005. Two specimens of a new species of Hypocrella with large stromata were collected in Bolivia and Costa Rica. The morphology of the new species, H. macrostroma sp. nov., was compared with that of other species with large stromata, i.e. H. africana, H. gaertneriana, and H. schizostachyi. In addition, phylogenetic analyses of partial sequences from three genes, large subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA (LSU), translation elongation factor 1-a (EF1-a), and RNA polymerase II subunit 1 (RPB1), were conducted to determine the relationships of the new species to other species of Hypocrella/ Aschersonia. Phylogenetic analyses show that H. macrostroma belongs to a strongly supported clade that includes H. africana, H. schizostachyi, and Aschersonia insperata, whereas other Hypocrella species belong to two sister clades. Hypocrella macrostroma is described and illustrated, and a lectotype is designated for H. gaertneriana. INTRODUCTION have been linked to teleomorphs. Petch (1921) com- piled the most complete taxonomic work on Hypo- Species in the entomopathogenic genus Hypocrella crella/Aschersonia to date; he accepted 42 species. (Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota) are fre- Fungal biodiversity surveys in poorly explored geo- quently encountered in the tropics and less often in graphical regions, detailed morphological examina- the subtropics. These fungi are found growing on scale tions, and DNA sequence analyses will probably reveal insects (Coccidae, Homoptera) and whiteflies (Aleyro- many undescribed species. didae, Homoptera) that parasitize living leaves, or rarely Two specimens of an unidentified species of branches, of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous Hypocrella with large stromata (3–22 mm diam) were plants. Hypocrella species have perithecia immersed collected in Costa Rica and Bolivia on stems of living in a brightly colored stroma and cylindrical asci that dicot vines. Generally, the stromata of Hypocrella/ contain four or eight multiseptate ascospores that Aschersonia are 2–5 mm diam, however, H. africana, disarticulate at maturity. Anamorphs of Hypocrella H. gaertneriana, H. schizostachyi (Hywel-Jones & are classified in the anamorph genus Aschersonia. The Samuels 1998), and the unidentified Hypocrella have latter state is more commonly found in the field, and markedly larger stromata that measure ca 5–30 mm in is sometimes associated with the teleomorph in diameter. These species are probably on scale insects the same stroma. Aschersonia is characterized by attached to branches of living dicotyledonous plants pycnidium-like conidiomata, phialides, sometimes (H. africana and the unidentified Hypocrella)or paraphyses, and unicellular, fusiform, hyaline conidia bamboo culms (H. gaertneriana and H. schizostachyi), that are brightly colored in mass and produced in whereas the majority of the Hypocrella/Aschersonia copious slime. species occur on scale insects or whiteflies on living Approximately 115 names in Hypocrella and 79 in leaves. The unidentified species resembles H. gaert- Aschersonia have been validly published; however, only neriana in the shape and size of the stroma; however, about 50 and 44 species, respectively, are currently the colour of the stroma and that the unidentified accepted (Petch 1921, Dingley 1954, Mains 1959a, b, species is on an insect on living dicotyledonous vines Hywel-Jones & Evans 1993). Only about 15 species suggested that it might be a new species. H. gaertneriana was described and illustrated by * Corresponding author. Present address: USDA-ARS, Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, Rm. 304, B-011A, Møller (1901) based on a specimen from Brazil. 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA. Specimens were deposited in the Berlin Botanical P. Chaverri and others 1269 Garden and Museum herbarium (B), but, unfortu- perithecia, asci and ascospores were characterized nately, a large part of the herbarium’s collection, by light microscopy. Colour terminology is from including Møller’s, was destroyed in 1943 (http:// Kornerup & Wanscher (1978). www.bgbm.fu-berlin.de/bgbm/research/colls/herb/). The only culture available for the unidentified H. gaertneriana was re-described and illustrated based species of Hypocrella was obtained from J.B. 115 on collections from Venezuela and French Guiana (ARSEF 7748) by isolating asci containing ascospores (Hywel-Jones & Samuels 1998); however, the authors and placing them on Difco potato dextrose agar (PDA) did not designate a neotype. In the present paper, with antibiotics. Morphological observations of the H. gaertneriana is lectotypified with the original illus- colonies and anamorph were based on cultures grown tration in Møller (1901). on PDA for four weeks in an incubator at 25 xC with Other genera in the Clavicipitaceae, such as alternating 12 h fluorescent light and 12 h darkness. Ascopolyporus, Dussiella, and Hyperdermium, also Measurements of continuous characters such as parasitize scale insects and have relatively large spore length were made using the beta 4.0.2 version stromata. In all these genera, the stromatal mass of Scion Image software (Scion, Frederick, MD). greatly exceeds that of the scale insect host. Sullivan Confidence intervals (a=0.05), minimum and maxi- et al. (2000) suggested that the large size of the stromata mum values for 10–30 anamorph and teleomorph results from a kind of secondary plant parasitism: once measurements (except where indicated) were calculated the fungus has consumed the scale insect body, the using Systat 8.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL). fungus may continue to access plant nutrients through the insect’s stylet. Other authors have suggested that DNA extraction, PCR, and sequencing the mechanism of nutrient acquisition in species of Hypocrella with large stromata is through the living Cultures of Hypocrella sp. J.B. 115 and other scale insect that forms a bridge between the fungus Hypocrella/Aschersonia species used in the phylogenetic and the plant (Hywel-Jones & Samuels 1998). A similar analyses (Table 1) were grown on potato-dextrose mechanism has been observed in Septobasidium (Couch broth in a 6-cm-diam Petri plate for about one week. 1938). More detailed research is needed to elucidate The mycelial mat was harvested in a laminar flow this phenomenon. hood and then dried using clean, absorbent paper The main objectives of the present paper are: (1) towels. DNA was extracted with Ultra CleanTM Plant to describe a new species of Hypocrella with large DNA Isolation Kit (MO BIO Laboratories, Solana stromata; and (2) to show its phylogenetic relationships Beach, CA). To extract DNA from the herbarium to other species of Hypocrella/Aschersonia, by using specimen of Hypocrella sp. P.C. 605, the surface of the partial DNA sequences of three genes, i.e., large sub- stroma was first cleaned briefly with sterilized distilled unit nuclear ribosomal DNA (LSU), translation elon- water, then rehydrated by placing the stroma in a small gation factor 1-a (EF1-a), and RNA polymerase II Petri plate with sterilized distilled water and letting subunit 1 (RPB1). We also discuss whether Hypocrella it stand for a few minutes until the stroma became species with large stromata should be classified in a softer. Subsequently, a very thin layer of the surface separate genus. of the stroma was shaved off using a scalpel and then discarded. Pieces of the clean inner stroma, in- cluding centri, were cut out and then placed in a 1.5-mL MATERIALS AND METHODS Eppendorf tube for immediate DNA extraction with Ultra CleanTM Plant DNA Isolation Kit. Morphological examination Three partial gene regions were amplified, i.e., large Dried reference specimens were obtained from US subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA (LSU), translation National Fungus Collection (BPI; H. africana holotype elongation factor 1-a (EF1-a), and RNA polymerase II BPI 635731, and H. schizostachyi isotype BPI 635854) subunit (RPB1). The primers used were LSU: LRORf and the William and Lynda Steere Herbarium (NY; (5k-GTACCCGCTGAACTTAAGC-3k) and LR5r H. gaertneriana GJS 1776). Other specimens (Hypo- (5k-ATCCTGAGGGAAACTTC-3k) (Vilgalys & Hester crella sp. J.B. 115=CUP 67509 and P.C. 605=CUP 1990); EF1-a: 983f (5k-GCYCCYGGHCAYCGTG- 67508, and H. africana P.C. 736=CUP 67510) were AYTTYAT-3k) (Carbone & Kohn 1999) and 2218r (5k- collected during recent expeditions to Ghana, Costa ATGACACCRACRGCRACRGTYTG-3k) (Rehner Rica and Bolivia; these specimens are deposited at 2001); RPB1: cRPB1Af (5k-CAYCCWGGYTTYA- the Cornell University Plant Pathology Herbarium TCAAGAA-3k) and RPB1Cr (5k-CCNGCDATNTC- (CUP). Stromata of J.B. 115 and P.C. 605 were rehy- RTTRTCCATRTA-3k) (Castlebury et al. 2004). PCR drated briefly in distilled water with a trace of Tween1 protocols for LSU and EF1-a are described in Sung 80 (J. T. Baker Chemical, Phillipsburg, NJ). Then, et al. (2001) and Chaverri & Samuels (2003), respect- rehydrated stromata were supported by Tissue-Tek ively. PCR for RPB1 was conducted as follows: (1) O.C.T. Compound 4583 (Miles, Elkhart, IN) and 5 min at 95 x, (2) 40 cycles of denaturation at 95 x sectioned at a thickness of ca 15 mm with a freezing for 1 min, annealing at 50 x for 2 min, and extension at microtome. The characteristics of the stroma tissue, 72 x for 2 min, and (3) 72 x for 10 min. The resulting Hypocrella macrostroma sp. nov. 1270 Table 1. Isolates, geographic origin and GenBank numbers of species used in the phylogenetic analyses. GenBank accession nos Species Isolate/Specimen number Geographic origin LSU EF1-a RPB1 Aschersonia aleyrodis P.C. 445 Mexico AY986900* AY986925* DQ000326* A. andropogonis P.C. 535 Bolivia AY986901* AY986926* DQ000327* A.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Review of Bambusicolous Ascomycetes
    DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.76463 ProvisionalChapter chapter 10 A Review of Bambusicolous Ascomycetes Dong-Qin Dai,Dong-Qin Dai, Li-Zhou TangLi-Zhou Tang and Hai-Bo WangHai-Bo Wang Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76463 Abstract Bamboo with more than 1500 species is a giant grass and was distributed worldwide. Their culms and leaves are inhabited by abundant microfungi. A documentary investiga- tion points out that more than 1300 fungi including 150 basidiomycetes and 800 ascomy- cetous species with 240 hyphomycetous taxa and 110 coelomycetous taxa are associated with bamboo. Ascomycetes are the largest group with totally 1150 species. Families Xylariaceae and Hypocreaceae, which are most represented, have 74 species and 63 species in 18 and 14 genera, respectively, known from bamboo. The genus Phyllachora with a max- imum number of species (22) occurs on bamboo, followed by Nectria (21) and Hypoxylon (20). The most represented host genera Bambusa, Phyllostachys, and Sasa are associated by 268, 186, and 105 fungal species, respectively. The brief review of major morphology and phylogeny of bambusicolous ascomycetes is provided, as well as research prospects. Keywords: bamboo fungi, pathogens, morphology, phylogeny 1. Introduction Bamboo, as the largest member of the grass family Poaceae, plays an important role in local economies throughout the world. They are used in furniture and construction, or as food for human and animals like panda. Bamboo is even used in Chinese traditional medicine for treating infections and healing of wounds [1]. Bamboo species is distributed in diverse cli- mates, from cold mountain areas to hot tropical regions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Holomorph of Parasarcopodium (Stachybotryaceae), Introducing P
    Phytotaxa 266 (4): 250–260 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/pt/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2016 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.266.4.2 The holomorph of Parasarcopodium (Stachybotryaceae), introducing P. pandanicola sp. nov. on Pandanus sp. SAOWALUCK TIBPROMMA1,2,3,4,5, SARANYAPHAT BOONMEE2, NALIN N. WIJAYAWARDENE2,3,5, SAJEEWA S.N. MAHARACHCHIKUMBURA6, ERIC H. C. McKENZIE7, ALI H. BAHKALI8, E.B. GARETH JONES8, KEVIN D. HYDE1,2,3,4,5,8 & ITTHAYAKORN PROMPUTTHA9,* 1Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kun- ming 650201, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China 2Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand 3School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand 4World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China 5Mushroom Research Foundation, 128 M.3 Ban Pa Deng T. Pa Pae, A. Mae Taeng, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand 6Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 34, AlKhoud 123, Oman 7Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand 8Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA 11442, Saudi Arabia 9Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand *Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Collections of microfungi on Pandanus species (Pandanaceae) in Krabi, Thailand resulted in the discovery of a new species in the genus Parasarcopodium, producing both its sexual and asexual morphs.
    [Show full text]
  • Ascomycota, Hypocreales, Clavicipitaceae), and Their Aschersonia-Like Anamorphs in the Neotropics
    available online at www.studiesinmycology.org STUDIE S IN MYCOLOGY 60: 1–66. 2008. doi:10.3114/sim.2008.60.01 A monograph of the entomopathogenic genera Hypocrella, Moelleriella, and Samuelsia gen. nov. (Ascomycota, Hypocreales, Clavicipitaceae), and their aschersonia-like anamorphs in the Neotropics P. Chaverri1, M. Liu2 and K.T. Hodge3 1Department of Biology, Howard University, 415 College Street NW, Washington D.C. 20059, U.S.A.; 2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada/Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada, Biodiversity (Mycology and Botany), 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada; 3Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, 334 Plant Science Building, Ithaca, New York 14853, U.S.A. *Correspondence: Priscila Chaverri [email protected] Abstract: The present taxonomic revision deals with Neotropical species of three entomopathogenic genera that were once included in Hypocrella s. l.: Hypocrella s. str. (anamorph Aschersonia), Moelleriella (anamorph aschersonia-like), and Samuelsia gen. nov (anamorph aschersonia-like). Species of Hypocrella, Moelleriella, and Samuelsia are pathogens of scale insects (Coccidae and Lecaniidae, Homoptera) and whiteflies (Aleyrodidae, Homoptera) and are common in tropical regions. Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences from nuclear ribosomal large subunit (28S), translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF 1-α), and RNA polymerase II subunit 1 (RPB1) and analyses of multiple morphological characters demonstrate that the three segregated genera can be distinguished by the disarticulation of the ascospores and shape and size of conidia. Moelleriella has filiform multi-septate ascospores that disarticulate at the septa within the ascus and aschersonia-like anamorphs with fusoid conidia. Hypocrella s. str. has filiform to long- fusiform ascospores that do not disarticulate and Aschersonia s.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity of Entomopathogens Fungi: Which Groups Conquered the Insect
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/003756; this version posted April 14, 2014. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. Diversity of entomopathogens Fungi: Which groups conquered the insect body? João P. M. Araújoa & David P. Hughesb aDepartment of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America. bDepartment of Entomology and Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America. [email protected]; [email protected]; ! Abstract The entomopathogenic Fungi comprise a wide range of ecologically diverse species. This group of parasites can be found distributed among all fungal phyla and as well as among the ecologically similar but phylogenetically distinct Oomycetes or water molds, that belong to a different kingdom (Stramenopila). As a group, the entomopathogenic fungi and water molds parasitize a wide range of insect hosts from aquatic larvae in streams to adult insects of high canopy tropical forests. Their hosts are spread among 18 orders of insects, in all developmental stages such as: eggs, larvae, pupae, nymphs and adults exhibiting completely different ecologies. Such assortment of niches has resulted in these parasites evolving a considerable morphological diversity, resulting in enormous biodiversity, much of which remains unknown. Here we gather together a huge amount of records of these entomopathogens to comparing and describe both their morphologies and ecological traits. These findings highlight a wide range of adaptations that evolved following the evolutionary transition to infecting the most diverse and widespread animals on Earth, the insects.
    [Show full text]
  • Fungal Pathogens Occurring on <I>Orthopterida</I> in Thailand
    Persoonia 44, 2020: 140–160 ISSN (Online) 1878-9080 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2020.44.06 Fungal pathogens occurring on Orthopterida in Thailand D. Thanakitpipattana1, K. Tasanathai1, S. Mongkolsamrit1, A. Khonsanit1, S. Lamlertthon2, J.J. Luangsa-ard1 Key words Abstract Two new fungal genera and six species occurring on insects in the orders Orthoptera and Phasmatodea (superorder Orthopterida) were discovered that are distributed across three families in the Hypocreales. Sixty-seven Clavicipitaceae sequences generated in this study were used in a multi-locus phylogenetic study comprising SSU, LSU, TEF, RPB1 Cordycipitaceae and RPB2 together with the nuclear intergenic region (IGR). These new taxa are introduced as Metarhizium grylli­ entomopathogenic fungi dicola, M. phasmatodeae, Neotorrubiella chinghridicola, Ophiocordyceps kobayasii, O. krachonicola and Petchia new taxa siamensis. Petchia siamensis shows resemblance to Cordyceps mantidicola by infecting egg cases (ootheca) of Ophiocordycipitaceae praying mantis (Mantidae) and having obovoid perithecial heads but differs in the size of its perithecia and ascospore taxonomy shape. Two new species in the Metarhizium cluster belonging to the M. anisopliae complex are described that differ from known species with respect to phialide size, conidia and host. Neotorrubiella chinghridicola resembles Tor­ rubiella in the absence of a stipe and can be distinguished by the production of whole ascospores, which are not commonly found in Torrubiella (except in Torrubiella hemipterigena, which produces multiseptate, whole ascospores). Ophiocordyceps krachonicola is pathogenic to mole crickets and shows resemblance to O. nigrella, O. ravenelii and O. barnesii in having darkly pigmented stromata. Ophiocordyceps kobayasii occurs on small crickets, and is the phylogenetic sister species of taxa in the ‘sphecocephala’ clade.
    [Show full text]
  • Entomopathogenic Fungal Identification
    Entomopathogenic Fungal Identification updated November 2005 RICHARD A. HUMBER USDA-ARS Plant Protection Research Unit US Plant, Soil & Nutrition Laboratory Tower Road Ithaca, NY 14853-2901 Phone: 607-255-1276 / Fax: 607-255-1132 Email: Richard [email protected] or [email protected] http://arsef.fpsnl.cornell.edu Originally prepared for a workshop jointly sponsored by the American Phytopathological Society and Entomological Society of America Las Vegas, Nevada – 7 November 1998 - 2 - CONTENTS Foreword ......................................................................................................... 4 Important Techniques for Working with Entomopathogenic Fungi Compound micrscopes and Köhler illumination ................................... 5 Slide mounts ........................................................................................ 5 Key to Major Genera of Fungal Entomopathogens ........................................... 7 Brief Glossary of Mycological Terms ................................................................. 12 Fungal Genera Zygomycota: Entomophthorales Batkoa (Entomophthoraceae) ............................................................... 13 Conidiobolus (Ancylistaceae) .............................................................. 14 Entomophaga (Entomophthoraceae) .................................................. 15 Entomophthora (Entomophthoraceae) ............................................... 16 Neozygites (Neozygitaceae) ................................................................. 17 Pandora
    [Show full text]
  • Jitjak, W., Sanoamuang, N. 2019. a Novel Fungus, Mycodomus
    1 Asia-Pacific Journal of Science and Technology: Volume: 24. Issue: 03. Article ID.: APST-24-03-03. Research Article Asia-Pacific Journal of Science and Technology https://www.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/APST/index Published by the Research and Technology Transfer Affairs Division, Khon Kaen University, Thailand A novel fungus, Mycodomus formicartus associated with black ant, Dolichoderus thoracicus (Smith) on bamboo Wuttiwat Jitjak1 and Niwat Sanoamuang2, 3, * 1International College, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand. 2Division of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand. 3Applied Taxonomic Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand *Correspondent author: [email protected] Received 1 July 2018 Revised 7 June 2019 Accepted 10 June 2019 Abstract A fungus on a bamboo plant in Dan Sai district, Loei province, Thailand was collected for identification. Its appearance consisted of a grey-to-black matter with pores on the surface attached on a bamboo branch, and a population of black ants, Dolichoderus thoracicus (Smith) was associated with this fungus. Inside its fruiting body, there was a cavity functioning as a nest. With very dense hyphal mass, perithecia with periphyses were produced below the surface of the fruiting body. Asci contained 8 partascospores. The phylogenetic trees using three DNA regions, 18s rDNA, 28s rDNA and internal transcribed spacer suggested that it was in Dothideomycetes, Capnodiaceae but did not fit in any reported genus. Therefore, a new genus Mycodomus and species, Mycodomus formicartus were proposed and described. Keywords: Ant nest, Ant fungus, Black ant, Capnodiaceae, Perithecia 1. Introduction Fungal samples were observed to have gray-to-black lumps with pores on the surface on bamboo branches and collected for identification.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Evidence for an Animal Pathogen Origin of Ergot and The
    Molecular Ecology (2007) 16, 1701–1711 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03225.x PBlackwell Puhblishing Ltdylogenetic evidence for an animal pathogen origin of ergot and the grass endophytes J. W. SPATAFORA,* G.-H. SUNG,* J.-M. SUNG,† N. L. HYWEL-JONES‡ and J. F. WHITE, JR§ *Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA, †Department of Applied Biology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea, ‡Mycology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Science Park, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand, §Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA Abstract Grass-associated fungi (grass symbionts) in the family Clavicipitaceae (Ascomycota, Hypo- creales) are species whose host range is restricted to the plant family Poaceae and rarely Cyperaceae. The best-characterized species include Claviceps purpurea (ergot of rye) and Neotyphodium coenophialum (endophyte of tall fescue). They have been the focus of con- siderable research due to their importance in agricultural and grassland ecosystems and the diversity of their bioactive secondary metabolites. Here we show through multigene phylogenetic analyses and ancestral character state reconstruction that the grass symbionts in Clavicipitaceae are a derived group that originated from an animal pathogen through a dynamic process of interkingdom host jumping. The closest relatives of the grass symbi- onts include the genera Hypocrella, a pathogen of scale insects and white flies, and Metarhizium, a generalist arthropod pathogen. These data do not support the monophyly of Clavicipitaceae, but place it as part of a larger clade that includes Hypocreaceae, a family that contains mainly parasites of other fungi.
    [Show full text]
  • BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS of a BAMBOO FUNGUS, Shiraia
    BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A BAMBOO FUNGUS, Shiraia bambusicola, AND SCREENING FOR HYPOCRELLIN HIGH-YIELDING ISOLATES Yongxiang Liu A Thesis Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Crop Production Technology Suranaree University of Technology Academic Year 2009 คุณสมบัติทางชีววิทยาเชื้อราไผ Shiraia bambusicola และการคัดหาไอโซเลต ที่ใหผลผลิตไฮโปเครลลินสูง นางสาวยงเฉียง หลิว วิทยานิพนธนี้สําหรับการศึกษาตามหลักสตรปรู ิญญาวิทยาศาสตรดุษฎีบัณฑิต สาขาวิชาเทคโนโลยีการผลตพิ ืช มหาวิทยาลัยเทคโนโลยีสุรนารี ปการศึกษา 2552 BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A BAMBOO FUNGUS, Shiraia bambusicola, AND SCREENING FOR HYPOCRELLIN HIGH-YIELDING ISOLATES Suranaree University of Technology has approved this thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Thesis Examining Committee (Dr. Sodchol Wonprasaid) Chairperson (Dr. Sopone Wongkaew) Member (Thesis Advisor) (Asst. Prof. Dr. Chokchai Wanapu) Member (Assoc. Prof. Dr. Niwat Sanoamuang) Member (Dr. Thitiporn Machikowa) Member (Prof. Dr. Sukit Limpijumnong) (Asst. Prof. Dr. Suwayd Ningsanond) Vice Rector for Academic Affairs Dean of Institute of Agricultural Technology ยงเฉียง หลิว : คุณสมบัติทางชีววิทยาเชื้อราไผ Shiraia bambusicola และการคัดหาไอโซเลต ที่ใหผลผลิตไฮโปเครลลินสูง (BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A BAMBOO FUNGUS, Shiraia bambusicola, AND SCREENING FOR HYPOCRELLIN HIGH- YIELDING ISOLATES) อาจารยที่ปรึกษา : อาจารย ดร.โสภณ วงศแก ว, 96 หนา. เชื้อรา ชิราเอีย แบมบูซิโคลา (Shiraia bambusicola) เปนแหลงของสารไฮโปเครลลินตาม
    [Show full text]
  • Five New Species of Moelleriella with Aschersonia-Like Anamorphs Infecting Scale Insects (Coccidae) in Thailand
    Five New Species of Moelleriella With Aschersonia-like Anamorphs Infecting Scale Insects (Coccidae) in Thailand Artit Khonsanit National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Wasana Noisripoom National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Suchada Mongkolsamrit National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Natnapha Phosrithong National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Janet Jennifer Luangsa-ard ( [email protected] ) National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6801-2145 Research Article Keywords: Clavicipitaceae, Entomopathogenic fungi, Hypocreales, Phylogeny, Taxonomy Posted Date: February 25th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-254595/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/29 Abstract The genus Moelleriella and its aschersonia-like anamorph mostly occur on scale insects and whiteies. It is characterized by producing brightly colored stromata, obpyriform to subglobose perithecia, cylindrical asci, disarticulating ascospores inside the ascus and fusiform conidia, predominantly found in tropical and occasionally subtropical regions. From our surveys and collections of entomopathogenic fungi, scale insects and whiteies pathogens were found. Investigations of morphological characters and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses based on partial sequences of LSU, TEF and RPB1 were made. Five new species of Moelleriella and their aschersonia-like anamorphs are described here, including M. chiangmaiensis, M. ava, M. kanchanaburiensis, M. nanensis and M. nivea. They were found on scale insects, mostly with at to thin, umbonate, whitish stromata. Their anamorphic and telemorphic states were mostly found on the same stroma, possessing obpyriform perithecia, cylindrical asci with disarticulating ascospores. Their conidiomata are widely open with several locules per stroma, containing cylindrical phialides and fusiform conidia.
    [Show full text]
  • <I>Aschersonia Conica</I>
    ISSN (print) 0093-4666 © 2011. Mycotaxon, Ltd. ISSN (online) 2154-8889 MYCOTAXON http://dx.doi.org/10.5248/118.325 Volume 118, pp. 325–329 October–December 2011 Aschersonia conica sp. nov. (Clavicipitaceae) from Hainan Province, China Jun-Zhi Qiu, Yu-Bin Su, Chong-Shuang Weng & Xiong Guan* Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian, P. R. China * Correspondence to: [email protected] Abstract — Aschersonia conica, a new anamorphic species of the family Clavicipitaceae, is described and illustrated based on specimens collected in Hainan Province, China. The entomogenous fungus is characterized by conical, whitish to pale yellow stromata that are surrounded by a hypothallus and a wide base, wide ostiolar openings, cylindrical conidiogenous cells in a compact palisade, filiform sterile elements, and fusiform conidia. Key words — morphology, taxonomy, new taxon Introduction Aschersonia Mont., a large genus in the family Clavicipitaceae, has been well studied, especially in America and Europe (Hywel-Jones & Evans 1993; Liu et al. 2005). Recently, new studies on Aschersonia and Hypocrella were carried out using both morphological and molecular techniques (Liu et al. 2006; Spatafora et al. 2007; Sung et al. 2007). Chaverri et al. (2008), who have provided the most extensive revision of Aschersonia since Petch (1921), accepted 32 species. They showed that Aschersonia is a form genus that shares similar anamorph morphologies with Moelleriella and Hypocrella but that both teleomorphic genera can be distinguished by their ascospore disarticulation and conidial shape and size. Mongkolsamrit et al. (2009) later published three additional species based on morphology combined with ITS and β-tubulin sequence analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Cordyceps, Isaria, Lecanicillium, the Conidial States of Ascomycetes in Hypocreales—The Most Common and Best Metarhizium, Nomuraea and Many More)
    Richard A. Humber USDA-ARS Biological Integrated Pest Management HURRICANEHURRICANE WARNING!WARNING! ! RW Holley Center for Agriculture & Health 538 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA How changed nomenclatural rules [email protected] affect fungal entomopathogens ABSTRACT: The changes in the International Code of Nomenclature for fungi, that will accept only a single generic name in the future for all connected algae and plants (a new name!) adopted at the 2011 International Botanical conidial and sexual forms of fungal genera while suppressing all other linked Congress brought a mix of the good, the bad, and the ugly. Most people will genera; committees will have to choose which names to accept and to suppress, welcome the ability to publish descriptions and diagnoses of new taxa in English and will supposedly favor the earliest published applicable (sexual or conidial) (or Latin), and to publish new taxa in a wide range of online rather than print generic name. These changes in the Code will have disruptive and destabilizing media. Many people, however, may regard the elimination of dual nomen- effects for several years, and will affect few fungi more severely than hypo- clature for the conidial and sexual states of individual pleomorphic fungi (e.g., crealean entomopathogens (e.g., Beauveria, Cordyceps, Isaria, Lecanicillium, the conidial states of ascomycetes in Hypocreales—the most common and best Metarhizium, Nomuraea and many more). This poster explains the changes and known entomopathogenic conidial genera) to be an unfortunate step backward suggests what might be the probable (if, for many of us, unwelcomed) decisions forced by the adoption of a new standard referred to as ‘One Fungus = One that will probably be reached for these fungi.
    [Show full text]