DOCSLIB.ORG

TESIS DOCTORAL Control Biológico De Estados Edáficos De

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
TESIS DOCTORAL Control Biológico De Estados Edáficos De TESIS DOCTORAL Control biológico de estados edáficos de tefrítidos (Diptera: Tephritidae) mediante tratamientos de suelo con ascomicetos mitospóricos entomopatógenos (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) Doctoranda: Dª. Inmaculada Garrido Jurado Director: Prof. Dr. Enrique Quesada Moraga Córdoba, 2012 TÍTULO: Control biológico de estados edáficos de tefrítidos (Diptera: Tephritidae) mediante tratamientos de suelo con ascomicetos mitospóricos entomopatógenos (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) AUTOR: Inmaculada Garrido Jurado © Edita: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Córdoba. 2012 Campus de Rabanales Ctra. Nacional IV, Km. 396 A 14071 Córdoba www.uco.es/publicaciones [email protected] TÍTULO DE LA TESIS: Control biológico de estados edáficos de tefrítidos (Diptera: Tephritidae) mediante tratamientos de suelo con ascomicetos mitospóricos entomopatógenos (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) DOCTORANDO/A: Inmaculada Garrido Jurado INFORME RAZONADO DEL/DE LOS DIRECTOR/ES DE LA TESIS (se hará mención a la evolución y desarrollo de la tesis, así como a trabajos y publicaciones derivados de la misma). La Doctoranda, Dña. Inmaculada Garrido Jurado, se incorporó a nuestro Grupo de Investigación AGR 163 “Entomología Agrícola” en el año 2005 para la realización del Trabajo Profesional Fin de Carrera que da opción al título de Ingeniero Agrónomo. Inmediatamente tras su obtención fue contratada con cargo al Proyecto de Excelencia de la Junta de Andalucía P07-AGR-02933 “Los Hongos Entomopatógenos en la desinfestación biológica del suelo”, del que fuimos Coordinador e Investigador Principal junto con el Prof. Dr. D. Cándido Santiago Álvarez. Los distintos objetivos planteados en esta tesis doctoral se abordan en capítulos como trabajos independientes con formato artículo, ya que la mayor parte de ellos han sido publicados como ”full lenght papers” o están en proceso de publicación, como se indica a continuación: Garrido-Jurado, I., Márquez, M., Ortiz-Urquiza, A., Santiago-Álvarez, C., Iturriaga, E.A., Quesada-Moraga, E., Monte, E., Hermosa, R., 2011. Genetic analyses place most Spanish isolates of Beauveria bassiana in a molecular group with word-wide distribution. BMC Microbiology 11, 84. Garrido-Jurado, I., Torrent, J., Barrón, V., Corpas, A., Quesada-Moraga, E., 2011. Soil properties affect the availability, movement, and virulence of entomopathogenic fungi conidia against puparia of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae). Biological Control 58, 277-285. Garrido-Jurado, I., Valverde-García, P., Quesada-Moraga, E., 2011. Use of a multiple logistic regression model to determine the effects of soil moisture and temperature on the virulence of entomopathogenic fungi against pre-imaginal Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata. Biological Control 59, 366-372. Garrido-Jurado, I., Ruano, F., Campos, M., Quesada-Moraga, E., 2011. Effects of soil treatments with entomopathogenic fungi on soil dwelling non-target arthropods at a commercial olive orchard. Biological Control 59, 239-244. Quesada-Moraga, E., Valverde-García, P., Garrido-Jurado, I., 2012. The effect of temperature and soil moisture on the development of the pre-imaginal Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae). Environmental Entomology (Enviado). Por tanto, se han publicado tres trabajos en la revista Biological control, una de las revistas de mayor impacto Q1 del Área de Entomología del Journal of Citation Reports (11 de 83; IP: 2.164; JCR 2010); se trata de una de las revistas de mayor índice de impacto donde se puede publicar un trabajo de este tipo de Control de Plagas en el área de Entomología, pues las que la preceden se refieren a aspectos de investigación básica en fisiología de insectos. Además, se ha publicado otro trabajo en la revista BMC Microbiology, situada en Q2 en el área de Microbiología del JCR (38 de 107; IP: 2.960; JCR 2010), y otro se ha enviado a la revista Environmental Entomology, situada en el Q2, en primera posición, en el área de Entomología del JCR (21 de 83; IP: 1.534; JCR 2010), y que es una de las mejores revistas de la Sociedad Americana de Entomología. Por todo ello, se autoriza la presentación de la tesis doctoral. Córdoba, 10 de febrero de 2012 Firma del/de los director/es Fdo.: Dr. D. Enrique Quesada Moraga Índice I. Los hongos entomopatógenos en el control de tefrítidos ………………………………. 1 1. Introducción ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3 2. Los hongos entomopatógenos ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4 2.1. Posición sistemática de los hongos entomopatógenos ……………………………………………………………. 4 3. Empleo de ascomicetos mitospóricos entomopatógenos en el control de plagas …………………………. 5 3.1. Papel de los ascomicetos mitospóricos entomopatógenos en el control integrado de tefrítidos 5 3.1.1. Tratamientos dirigidos a los adultos ……………………………………………………………………………... 5 3.1.1.1. Aplicación aérea ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5 3.1.1.2. Atracción e infección ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 6 3.1.2. Tratamientos de suelo dirigidos a estados preimaginales …………………………………………….. 6 4. Diversidad y evolución de los ascomicetos mitospóricos entomopatógenos …………………………………. 7 4.1.Sistemática molecular de los ascomicetos mitospóricos entomopatógenos ……………………………. 8 5. Ecología de los ascomicetos mitospóricos entomopatógenos en hábitats epígeos e hipogeos ……... 10 5.1. Los ascomicetos mitospóricos entomopatógenos en hábitats epígeos …………………………………... 10 5.2. Los ascomicetos mitospóricos entomopatógenos en hábitats hipogeos …………………………………. 11 5.2.1. Factores edáficos de naturaleza biótica que pueden intervenir en la eficacia insecticida 11 y la persistencia del inóculo …………………………………………………………………………………………. 5.2.2. Factores edáficos de naturaleza abiótica que pueden intervenir en la eficacia insectici- 12 da y la persistencia del inóculo ……………………………………………………………………………………... 6. Bibliografía ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 13 II. Las moscas de la fruta: biología, comportamiento y control ………………………….. 21 1. La familia Tephritidae ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 23 2. Morfología del adulto ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 23 3. Morfología de estados pre-imaginales …………………………………………………………………………………………... 23 4. Distribución geográfica ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 25 5. Biología y comportamiento …………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 26 5.1. Ceratitis capitata ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 26 5.2. Bactrocera oleae …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 27 6. Daños e importancia económica ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 28 7. Control de tefrítidos ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 29 7.1. Control de adultos ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 29 7.1.1. Medidas basadas en prácticas agronómicas …………………………………………………………………. 29 7.1.2. Capturas de adultos …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 30 7.1.3. Lucha autocida por medio de machos estériles ……………………………………………………………. 31 7.1.4. Control químico …………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 32 7.1.5. Control biológico …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 33 7.1.5.1. Control macrobiano ………………………………………………………………………………………… 33 7.1.5.2. Control microbiano …………………………………………………………………………………………. 34 7.2. Control de estados pre-imaginales ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 35 7.2.1. Medidas basadas en prácticas agronómicas ……………………………………………………………….. 35 7.2.2. Control químico …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 35 7.2.3. Control biológico …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 36 i Índice 8. Bibliografía …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 37 III. Justificación y objetivos …………………………………………………………. 45 IV. Genetic analyses place most Spanish isolates of Beauveria bassiana in a molecular group 49 with world-wide distribution ……………………………………………………… 1. Backgroud ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 51 2. Results …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 52 2.1. Analysis of group I introns in 3’ LSU rDNA ………………………………………………………………………………. 52 2.2. EF1-α gene analysis ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 55 2.3. Integration of intron insertion patterns and EF1-α phylogenetic distribution …………………………. 56 3. Discussion ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 56 4. Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 61 5. Methods ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 61 5.1. Fungal isolates and morphological studies ……………………………………………………………………………… 61 5.2. DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and sequencing ……………………………………………………………….. 61 5.3. Molecular analyses …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 62 6. Additional material ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 63 7. Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 63 8. References …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 64 V. Soil properties affect the availability, movement, and virulence of entomopathogenic 67 fungi conidia against puparia of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) …………… 1. Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 69 2. Material and methods …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 70 2.1. Propagation of fungal isolates ………………………………………………………………………………………………... 70 2.2. Soils ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 70 2.3. Influence of soil type and electrolyte concentration on adsorption and drag of conidia on soil 71 2.3.1. Influence of soil type …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 71 2.3.1. Effect of the electrolyte concentration ………………………………………………………………………….
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Review of Bambusicolous Ascomycetes
    DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.76463 ProvisionalChapter chapter 10 A Review of Bambusicolous Ascomycetes Dong-Qin Dai,Dong-Qin Dai, Li-Zhou TangLi-Zhou Tang and Hai-Bo WangHai-Bo Wang Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76463 Abstract Bamboo with more than 1500 species is a giant grass and was distributed worldwide. Their culms and leaves are inhabited by abundant microfungi. A documentary investiga- tion points out that more than 1300 fungi including 150 basidiomycetes and 800 ascomy- cetous species with 240 hyphomycetous taxa and 110 coelomycetous taxa are associated with bamboo. Ascomycetes are the largest group with totally 1150 species. Families Xylariaceae and Hypocreaceae, which are most represented, have 74 species and 63 species in 18 and 14 genera, respectively, known from bamboo. The genus Phyllachora with a max- imum number of species (22) occurs on bamboo, followed by Nectria (21) and Hypoxylon (20). The most represented host genera Bambusa, Phyllostachys, and Sasa are associated by 268, 186, and 105 fungal species, respectively. The brief review of major morphology and phylogeny of bambusicolous ascomycetes is provided, as well as research prospects. Keywords: bamboo fungi, pathogens, morphology, phylogeny 1. Introduction Bamboo, as the largest member of the grass family Poaceae, plays an important role in local economies throughout the world. They are used in furniture and construction, or as food for human and animals like panda. Bamboo is even used in Chinese traditional medicine for treating infections and healing of wounds [1]. Bamboo species is distributed in diverse cli- mates, from cold mountain areas to hot tropical regions.
    [Show full text]
  • <I> Elaphomyces</I>
    The genus Elaphomyces (Ascomycota, Eurotiales) a ribosomal DNA-based phylogeny and revised systematics of European 'deer truffles' Paz, A.; Bellanger, J. -M.; Lavoise, C.; Molia, A.; awrynowicz, M.; Larsson, E.; Ibarguren, I. O.; Jeppson, M.; Læssøe, Thomas; Sauve, M.; Richard, F.; Moreau, P. -A. Published in: Persoonia DOI: 10.3767/003158517X697309 Publication date: 2017 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Document license: CC BY-NC-ND Citation for published version (APA): Paz, A., Bellanger, J. -M., Lavoise, C., Molia, A., awrynowicz, M., Larsson, E., Ibarguren, I. O., Jeppson, M., Læssøe, T., Sauve, M., Richard, F., & Moreau, P. -A. (2017). The genus Elaphomyces (Ascomycota, Eurotiales): a ribosomal DNA-based phylogeny and revised systematics of European 'deer truffles'. Persoonia, 38, 197-239. https://doi.org/10.3767/003158517X697309 Download date: 02. okt.. 2021 Persoonia 38, 2017: 197–239 ISSN (Online) 1878-9080 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.3767/003158517X697309 The genus Elaphomyces (Ascomycota, Eurotiales): a ribosomal DNA-based phylogeny and revised systematics of European ‘deer truffles’ A. Paz1, J.-M. Bellanger2, C. Lavoise1, A. Molia3, M. Ławrynowicz4, E. Larsson5, I.O. Ibarguren6, M. Jeppson7, T. Læssøe8, M. Sauve2, F. Richard2, P.-A. Moreau9,* Key words Abstract Elaphomyces (‘deer truffles’) is one of the most important ectomycorrhizal fungal genera in temperate and subarctic forest ecosystems, but also one of the least documented in public databases. The current systemat- Astraeus ics are mainly based on macromorphology, and is not significantly different from that proposed by Vittadini (1831). Eurotiaceae Within the 49 species recognised worldwide, 23 were originally described from Europe and 17 of these were Eurotiomycetes described before the 20th century.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Species of Hypocrella, H. Macrostroma, and Its Phylogenetic Relationships to Other Species with Large Stromata
    Mycol. Res. 109 (11): 1268–1275 (November 2005). f The British Mycological Society 1268 doi:10.1017/S0953756205003904 Printed in the United Kingdom. A new species of Hypocrella, H. macrostroma, and its phylogenetic relationships to other species with large stromata Priscila CHAVERRI1*, Joseph F. BISCHOFF2, Miao LIU1 and Kathie T. HODGE1 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, 334 Plant Science Building, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA. 2 National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA. E-mail : [email protected] Received 4 April 2005; accepted 19 July 2005. Two specimens of a new species of Hypocrella with large stromata were collected in Bolivia and Costa Rica. The morphology of the new species, H. macrostroma sp. nov., was compared with that of other species with large stromata, i.e. H. africana, H. gaertneriana, and H. schizostachyi. In addition, phylogenetic analyses of partial sequences from three genes, large subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA (LSU), translation elongation factor 1-a (EF1-a), and RNA polymerase II subunit 1 (RPB1), were conducted to determine the relationships of the new species to other species of Hypocrella/ Aschersonia. Phylogenetic analyses show that H. macrostroma belongs to a strongly supported clade that includes H. africana, H. schizostachyi, and Aschersonia insperata, whereas other Hypocrella species belong to two sister clades. Hypocrella macrostroma is described and illustrated, and a lectotype is designated for H. gaertneriana. INTRODUCTION have been linked to teleomorphs. Petch (1921) com- piled the most complete taxonomic work on Hypo- Species in the entomopathogenic genus Hypocrella crella/Aschersonia to date; he accepted 42 species.
    [Show full text]
  • The Holomorph of Parasarcopodium (Stachybotryaceae), Introducing P
    Phytotaxa 266 (4): 250–260 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/pt/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2016 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.266.4.2 The holomorph of Parasarcopodium (Stachybotryaceae), introducing P. pandanicola sp. nov. on Pandanus sp. SAOWALUCK TIBPROMMA1,2,3,4,5, SARANYAPHAT BOONMEE2, NALIN N. WIJAYAWARDENE2,3,5, SAJEEWA S.N. MAHARACHCHIKUMBURA6, ERIC H. C. McKENZIE7, ALI H. BAHKALI8, E.B. GARETH JONES8, KEVIN D. HYDE1,2,3,4,5,8 & ITTHAYAKORN PROMPUTTHA9,* 1Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kun- ming 650201, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China 2Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand 3School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand 4World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China 5Mushroom Research Foundation, 128 M.3 Ban Pa Deng T. Pa Pae, A. Mae Taeng, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand 6Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 34, AlKhoud 123, Oman 7Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand 8Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA 11442, Saudi Arabia 9Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand *Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Collections of microfungi on Pandanus species (Pandanaceae) in Krabi, Thailand resulted in the discovery of a new species in the genus Parasarcopodium, producing both its sexual and asexual morphs.
    [Show full text]
  • Metabolites from Nematophagous Fungi and Nematicidal Natural Products from Fungi As an Alternative for Biological Control
    Appl Microbiol Biotechnol (2016) 100:3799–3812 DOI 10.1007/s00253-015-7233-6 MINI-REVIEW Metabolites from nematophagous fungi and nematicidal natural products from fungi as an alternative for biological control. Part I: metabolites from nematophagous ascomycetes Thomas Degenkolb1 & Andreas Vilcinskas1,2 Received: 4 October 2015 /Revised: 29 November 2015 /Accepted: 2 December 2015 /Published online: 29 December 2015 # The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Plant-parasitic nematodes are estimated to cause Keywords Phytoparasitic nematodes . Nematicides . global annual losses of more than US$ 100 billion. The num- Oligosporon-type antibiotics . Nematophagous fungi . ber of registered nematicides has declined substantially over Secondary metabolites . Biocontrol the last 25 years due to concerns about their non-specific mechanisms of action and hence their potential toxicity and likelihood to cause environmental damage. Environmentally Introduction beneficial and inexpensive alternatives to chemicals, which do not affect vertebrates, crops, and other non-target organisms, Nematodes as economically important crop pests are therefore urgently required. Nematophagous fungi are nat- ural antagonists of nematode parasites, and these offer an eco- Among more than 26,000 known species of nematodes, 8000 physiological source of novel biocontrol strategies. In this first are parasites of vertebrates (Hugot et al. 2001), whereas 4100 section of a two-part review article, we discuss 83 nematicidal are parasites of plants, mostly soil-borne root pathogens and non-nematicidal primary and secondary metabolites (Nicol et al. 2011). Approximately 100 species in this latter found in nematophagous ascomycetes. Some of these sub- group are considered economically important phytoparasites stances exhibit nematicidal activities, namely oligosporon, of crops.
    [Show full text]
  • University of California Santa Cruz Responding to An
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ RESPONDING TO AN EMERGENT PLANT PEST-PATHOGEN COMPLEX ACROSS SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL SCALES A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES with an emphasis in ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY by Shannon Colleen Lynch December 2020 The Dissertation of Shannon Colleen Lynch is approved: Professor Gregory S. Gilbert, chair Professor Stacy M. Philpott Professor Andrew Szasz Professor Ingrid M. Parker Quentin Williams Acting Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies Copyright © by Shannon Colleen Lynch 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables iv List of Figures vii Abstract x Dedication xiii Acknowledgements xiv Chapter 1 – Introduction 1 References 10 Chapter 2 – Host Evolutionary Relationships Explain 12 Tree Mortality Caused by a Generalist Pest– Pathogen Complex References 38 Chapter 3 – Microbiome Variation Across a 66 Phylogeographic Range of Tree Hosts Affected by an Emergent Pest–Pathogen Complex References 110 Chapter 4 – On Collaborative Governance: Building Consensus on 180 Priorities to Manage Invasive Species Through Collective Action References 243 iii LIST OF TABLES Chapter 2 Table I Insect vectors and corresponding fungal pathogens causing 47 Fusarium dieback on tree hosts in California, Israel, and South Africa. Table II Phylogenetic signal for each host type measured by D statistic. 48 Table SI Native range and infested distribution of tree and shrub FD- 49 ISHB host species. Chapter 3 Table I Study site attributes. 124 Table II Mean and median richness of microbiota in wood samples 128 collected from FD-ISHB host trees. Table III Fungal endophyte-Fusarium in vitro interaction outcomes.
    [Show full text]
  • Eight New<I> Elaphomyces</I> Species
    VOLUME 7 JUNE 2021 Fungal Systematics and Evolution PAGES 113–131 doi.org/10.3114/fuse.2021.07.06 Eight new Elaphomyces species (Elaphomycetaceae, Eurotiales, Ascomycota) from eastern North America M.A. Castellano1, C.D. Crabtree2, D. Mitchell3, R.A. Healy4 1US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA 2Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Division of State Parks, 7850 N. State Highway V, Ash Grove, MO 65604, USA 33198 Midway Road, Belington, WV 26250, USA 4Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA *Corresponding author: [email protected] Key words: Abstract: The hypogeous, sequestrate ascomycete genus Elaphomyces is one of the oldest known truffle-like genera.Elaphomyces ectomycorrhizae has a long history of consumption by animals in Europe and was formally described by Nees von Esenbeck in 1820 from Europe. hypogeous fungi Until recently most Elaphomyces specimens in North America were assigned names of European taxa due to lack of specialists new taxa working on this group and difficulty of using pre-modern species descriptions. It has recently been discovered that North America sequestrate fungi has a rich diversity of Elaphomyces species far beyond the four Elaphomyces species described from North America prior to 2012. We describe eight new Elaphomyces species (E. dalemurphyi, E. dunlapii, E. holtsii, E. lougehrigii, E. miketroutii, E. roodyi, E. stevemilleri and E. wazhazhensis) of eastern North America that were collected in habitats from Quebec, Canada south to Florida, USA, west to Texas and Iowa. The ranges of these species vary and with continued sampling may prove to be larger than we have established.
    [Show full text]
  • The Functions and Evolution of Social Fluid Exchange in Ant Colonies (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Marie-Pierre Meurville & Adria C
    ISSN 1997-3500 Myrmecological News myrmecologicalnews.org Myrmecol. News 31: 1-30 doi: 10.25849/myrmecol.news_031:001 13 January 2021 Review Article Trophallaxis: the functions and evolution of social fluid exchange in ant colonies (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Marie-Pierre Meurville & Adria C. LeBoeuf Abstract Trophallaxis is a complex social fluid exchange emblematic of social insects and of ants in particular. Trophallaxis behaviors are present in approximately half of all ant genera, distributed over 11 subfamilies. Across biological life, intra- and inter-species exchanged fluids tend to occur in only the most fitness-relevant behavioral contexts, typically transmitting endogenously produced molecules adapted to exert influence on the receiver’s physiology or behavior. Despite this, many aspects of trophallaxis remain poorly understood, such as the prevalence of the different forms of trophallaxis, the components transmitted, their roles in colony physiology and how these behaviors have evolved. With this review, we define the forms of trophallaxis observed in ants and bring together current knowledge on the mechanics of trophallaxis, the contents of the fluids transmitted, the contexts in which trophallaxis occurs and the roles these behaviors play in colony life. We identify six contexts where trophallaxis occurs: nourishment, short- and long-term decision making, immune defense, social maintenance, aggression, and inoculation and maintenance of the gut microbiota. Though many ideas have been put forth on the evolution of trophallaxis, our analyses support the idea that stomodeal trophallaxis has become a fixed aspect of colony life primarily in species that drink liquid food and, further, that the adoption of this behavior was key for some lineages in establishing ecological dominance.
    [Show full text]
  • Ascomycota, Hypocreales, Clavicipitaceae), and Their Aschersonia-Like Anamorphs in the Neotropics
    available online at www.studiesinmycology.org STUDIE S IN MYCOLOGY 60: 1–66. 2008. doi:10.3114/sim.2008.60.01 A monograph of the entomopathogenic genera Hypocrella, Moelleriella, and Samuelsia gen. nov. (Ascomycota, Hypocreales, Clavicipitaceae), and their aschersonia-like anamorphs in the Neotropics P. Chaverri1, M. Liu2 and K.T. Hodge3 1Department of Biology, Howard University, 415 College Street NW, Washington D.C. 20059, U.S.A.; 2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada/Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada, Biodiversity (Mycology and Botany), 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada; 3Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, 334 Plant Science Building, Ithaca, New York 14853, U.S.A. *Correspondence: Priscila Chaverri [email protected] Abstract: The present taxonomic revision deals with Neotropical species of three entomopathogenic genera that were once included in Hypocrella s. l.: Hypocrella s. str. (anamorph Aschersonia), Moelleriella (anamorph aschersonia-like), and Samuelsia gen. nov (anamorph aschersonia-like). Species of Hypocrella, Moelleriella, and Samuelsia are pathogens of scale insects (Coccidae and Lecaniidae, Homoptera) and whiteflies (Aleyrodidae, Homoptera) and are common in tropical regions. Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences from nuclear ribosomal large subunit (28S), translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF 1-α), and RNA polymerase II subunit 1 (RPB1) and analyses of multiple morphological characters demonstrate that the three segregated genera can be distinguished by the disarticulation of the ascospores and shape and size of conidia. Moelleriella has filiform multi-septate ascospores that disarticulate at the septa within the ascus and aschersonia-like anamorphs with fusoid conidia. Hypocrella s. str. has filiform to long- fusiform ascospores that do not disarticulate and Aschersonia s.
    [Show full text]
  • Elaphomycetaceae, Eurotiales, Ascomycota) from Africa and Madagascar Indicate That the Current Concept of Elaphomyces Is Polyphyletic
    Cryptogamie, Mycologie, 2016, 37 (1): 3-14 © 2016 Adac. Tous droits réservés Molecular analyses of first collections of Elaphomyces Nees (Elaphomycetaceae, Eurotiales, Ascomycota) from Africa and Madagascar indicate that the current concept of Elaphomyces is polyphyletic Bart BUYCK a*, Kentaro HOSAKA b, Shelly MASI c & Valerie HOFSTETTER d a Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, département systématique et Évolution, CP 39, ISYEB, UMR 7205 CNRS MNHN UPMC EPHE, 12 rue Buffon, F-75005 Paris, France b Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science (TNS) Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan, email: [email protected] c Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Musée de l’Homme, 17 place Trocadéro F-75116 Paris, France, email: [email protected] d Department of plant protection, Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil research station, ACW, rte de duiller, 1260, Nyon, Switzerland, email: [email protected] Abstract – First collections are reported for Elaphomyces species from Africa and Madagascar. On the basis of an ITS phylogeny, the authors question the monophyletic nature of family Elaphomycetaceae and of the genus Elaphomyces. The objective of this preliminary paper was not to propose a new phylogeny for Elaphomyces, but rather to draw attention to the very high dissimilarity among ITS sequences for Elaphomyces and to the unfortunate choice of species to represent the genus in most previous phylogenetic publications on Elaphomycetaceae and other cleistothecial ascomycetes. Our study highlights the need for examining the monophyly of this family and to verify the systematic status of Pseudotulostoma as a separate genus for stipitate species. Furthermore, there is an urgent need for an in-depth morphological study, combined with molecular sequencing of the studied taxa, to point out the phylogenetically informative characters of the discussed taxa.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity of Entomopathogens Fungi: Which Groups Conquered the Insect
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/003756; this version posted April 14, 2014. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. Diversity of entomopathogens Fungi: Which groups conquered the insect body? João P. M. Araújoa & David P. Hughesb aDepartment of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America. bDepartment of Entomology and Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America. [email protected]; [email protected]; ! Abstract The entomopathogenic Fungi comprise a wide range of ecologically diverse species. This group of parasites can be found distributed among all fungal phyla and as well as among the ecologically similar but phylogenetically distinct Oomycetes or water molds, that belong to a different kingdom (Stramenopila). As a group, the entomopathogenic fungi and water molds parasitize a wide range of insect hosts from aquatic larvae in streams to adult insects of high canopy tropical forests. Their hosts are spread among 18 orders of insects, in all developmental stages such as: eggs, larvae, pupae, nymphs and adults exhibiting completely different ecologies. Such assortment of niches has resulted in these parasites evolving a considerable morphological diversity, resulting in enormous biodiversity, much of which remains unknown. Here we gather together a huge amount of records of these entomopathogens to comparing and describe both their morphologies and ecological traits. These findings highlight a wide range of adaptations that evolved following the evolutionary transition to infecting the most diverse and widespread animals on Earth, the insects.
    [Show full text]
  • Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Brazilian Forest Plantations
    Forests 2014, 5, 439-454; doi:10.3390/f5030439 OPEN ACCESS forests ISSN 1999-4907 www.mdpi.com/journal/forests Review An Overview of Integrated Management of Leaf-Cutting Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Brazilian Forest Plantations Ronald Zanetti 1, José Cola Zanuncio 2,*, Juliana Cristina Santos 1, Willian Lucas Paiva da Silva 1, Genésio Tamara Ribeiro 3 and Pedro Guilherme Lemes 2 1 Laboratório de Entomologia Florestal, Universidade Federal de Lavras, 37200-000, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil; E-Mails: [email protected] (R.Z.); [email protected] (J.C.S.); [email protected] (W.L.P.S.) 2 Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil; E-Mail: [email protected] 3 Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 49100-000, São Cristóvão, Sergipe State, Brazil; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +55-31-389-925-34; Fax: +55-31-389-929-24. Received: 18 December 2013; in revised form: 19 February 2014 / Accepted: 19 February 2014 / Published: 20 March 2014 Abstract: Brazilian forest producers have developed integrated management programs to increase the effectiveness of the control of leaf-cutting ants of the genera Atta and Acromyrmex. These measures reduced the costs and quantity of insecticides used in the plantations. Such integrated management programs are based on monitoring the ant nests, as well as the need and timing of the control methods. Chemical control employing baits is the most commonly used method, however, biological, mechanical and cultural control methods, besides plant resistance, can reduce the quantity of chemicals applied in the plantations.
    [Show full text]