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And the Development of Farming Agricultural Lands Purchase Act Of Land Settlement and the Development of Farming under the Agricultural Lands Purchase Act of 1894 and Closer Settlement Acts 1906-1917 J. C. R. CAMM, M.Sc. Lecturer in Geography at the University of Newcastle Land tenure is one of the fundamental elements in the The Queensland Agricultural Lands Purchase Act of 1894 evolution of an agricultural economy and consequent settlement The Queensland Agricultural Lands Purchase Act which pattern. In Queensland as in other Australian States the passed through the legislature in 1894 has been described by solution of the land tenure problem has proved difficult. In Charles Bernays as, 'one of much importance and far reaching efforts to regulate conflicting agricultural ideals the legislature effect' 2. This Act, its subsequent amendments and the Closer has passed a multitude of land acts. The minutiae of these Settlement Acts passed from 1906 to 1917 had as. their major laws are overwhelmingly complex and difficult to summarise aim the purchase of land by the government and its subsequent although several studies have outlined the development of and planned resale for closer settlement based upon the family the search for satisfactory tenure conditions as reflected in agricultural farm. The Act introduced a number of principles Queensland legislation 1. However, case studies of the effec.ts widely adopted in later legislation. From its inception the of specific land acts on particular localities are fewer 10 regulations governing the Act were designed to be more dis­ number. It is therefore the aim of this paper to examine criminating in the development of closer settlement than the the extent of land repurchased under the Agricultural Lands regulations of previous acts having the same objectives. For Purchase Act of 1894, and allied acts, in the twenty-five year a variety of reasons most of these early acts had enjoyed only period from 1894 to 1919 and to evaluate the success of the limited success in the fostering of closer agricultural settlement. legislation and characteristics of farming and landscape changes Under the conditions of the 1894 Act each estate that was that developed. offered for repurchase and agricultural sub-division was carefully Queensland Heritagc Page Tl1'cnty-{iI'c 8 inspected by the Land Board. This Board then reported under owner as £3.12.6 • In another case the acquisition of Westbrook six maior headinO's to the Minister of Lands on the general Subdivision No. 1 the repurchase price was £2.8.0 per acre suitability of tht property for closer. settlement. Particular for land originally offered at £2.15.0 9. consideration was paid to- (1) the faIr value of the land to A key factor in the repurchase of estates was the demand the owner; (2) the demand for land in the neighbourhood for for agricultural land within the locality. This was in fact the agricultural settlement; (3) the suitability of the land offered very origin of the Agricultural Lands Purchase Act. In the for agricultural settlement; (4) the permanency of water supply; area of all repurchased estates the demand was pressing. This (5) the probability of immediate selection of the land.; and factor and other major characteristics of repurchase is well (6) the absence of a sufficient quantity of Crown land ~n. the illustrated in the report of the acquisition of Glengallan No. 1 neighbourhood available for agricultural settlement 3. AddItIonal estate. expert advice was also generally obtained on the nature and In the neighbourhood of the Glengallan Estate, judging by the fertility of the soils of the estate from the Department of inquiries the Land Board has made, there is a steady demand for good land for agricultural settlement. Generally on the Darling Agriculture. , .. Downs district this demand exists, and whenever land of good In most instances some modification of the owner s ongmal quality has been offered on reasonable terms by private owners, proposals was necessary before the Land Board submi~te~ its sales have been effected. The accessibility of land on the Glengallan final report. In some cases this led to protracted negotIatIons; Estate to the railway line offers additional inducement to select, and, in the opinion of the farming class, the value of the land the Gowrie estate, for example, was first offered for repurchase is considerably enhanced thereby. in March 1895 but was not finally acquired until 1901 4. In On the terms authorised by the 'Agricultural Lands Purchase Act the case of the North Toolburra estate, the initial offer by the of 1894' which are easier than any private owner could offer, land owners-Thomas Coutts and the Australian Joint Stock Bank­ would certainly be purchased, and the Land Board have reasons to believe that there are selectors now on the lookout for farms on was modified because of the poor quality of a large sector of the property under reference, who are ready to select whenever it the land tendered (figure 1) 5. At its preliminary inspection may be opened to selection 10. of this property, the Land Board judged that it contained too Despite the more difficult terms that private sale entailed, large a section of steep rugged terrain that was unsuitable for on the Darling Downs, the purchase by would-be agriculturalists agriculture (portion C), although the land along the frontage ~f of small blocks of land from large estates was a feature by the the Condamine River and Glengallan Creek was first class. This 1890s, and this tendency continued. This trend clearly indicated section was subsequently rejected. An amended proposal exclud­ the strong demand for arable land. On the Westbrook estate ing portion C was then submitted and accept~d by the Boa~d, before its repurchase in 1895, 6149 acres had been sold to which stated that parcel A (see Figure 1) consIsted of extenSIve small-scale agriculturalists. The acreage of individual lots varied rich black soil flats and good backland that was only lightly from 41 to 1224, with a price range from £2.5.0 to £7.1.0 1I. timbered. Parcel B although of poorer quality than A was A similar large sale of land had been negotiated on the considered capable of cultivation and suitable for the maintenance Clifton Estate. Here a total of 9267 acres had been subdivided of good pasturage. with the creation of 62 holdings 12. The situation at Clifton Similar adjustments occurred elsewhere. Rosewood estate 6 however was to prove exceptional. For although the farmers in the Ipswich district was at first rejected because of the had paid deposits, had occupied and had improved the land inclusion of 1058 acres deemed unsuitable on account of poor to a considerable degree, the legal title was still vested in the soils, bad drainage and physical separation from the area of Queensland Investment Company. This company offered the potentially good agricultural land. The repurchase of Glengallan land to the government under the provisions in the Agricultural No. 1 7 also saw modifications of proposals to exclude an area Lands Purchase Act. However, under the Act all land repurchased of poor stony ridges. had to be thrown open for selection by ballot if necessary. This There was also generally disparity between the price asked produced the immediate problem of the possibility of the occupant and the Government's offer. In the case of Rosewood the of the land losing his holding. However, as reported by Thomas owr.ers' amended offer was made at £4.2.6 per acre. However, Stevenson Sword of the Land Board, "each occupant is prepared the Land Board considered the fair value of the land to the to take his chance of gaining or losing his farm by ballot should there be more than one applicant for it, trusting that in the event of his farm being lost by him, the Crown will pay over to him, as an act of grace, the value of the improvements which may be paid by the incoming selector, as such value may be fixed either by mutual agreement or by the Land Board in open court in the usual way" 13. The unique position of Clifton was later resolved when the Government accepted the Clifton farmers as settlers under the ordinances of the Agricultural Lands Purchase Act. The case of Clifton agriculturalists does emphasise the earnest desire of small-scale operators to own and work their own land. This demand had fostered the private sale of land by large N estates to would-be agriculturalists. Private purchase from large ('0 holdings seems to have been the norm by which southern farmers, "d­ Victorians and New South Welshmen obtained holdings, "for 0'"/,,~ (~ - very few from outside (Queensland) ... selected repurchase C-area f/~ land ... they object to 160 acres being altogether too small" 14. excluded ~/' D from amended The rental of land for agricultural purposes at considerable offer. premiums provides a further indication of the desire for land II open block soil flats. for crop production. In its report concerning the Cryna estate near Beaudesert the Land Board recorded that 'men were renting [] good land lightly timbered. at 5s. to 8s. per acre ... for a five years' lease' 15. This was ....--, 0 I. 2 ~! ~ (1600, • l;;;;;;;;;...... ........... considered a sound indication of the strong desire of people to ~ contours 10 feet. MILES obtain good quality agricultural land. The high level of demand remained a constant factor in the Figure The North Toolburra Estate, 1895. repurchase of estates. Demand was stil~ high in the early 1900s Page Twenty-six Queensland Heritage as is clearly indicated by the evidence submitted to the select committee on Land Monopoly Tax, - 'there has been a very wo%j) / considerable demand recently on the D.owns proper - betw.een / Toowoomba and Warwick, and extendmg as far as Yandllla, \F west of Pittsworth, there is no Crown Land except estates that have been repurchased of which nearly the whole has been I fl'::::'Townsville disposed of' 16.
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