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Metternich UNICODE 17312 1..432 Présentation de l'éditeur Aristocrate cosmopolite, inégalable praticien de la diplomatie, le prince de Metternich a marqué le XIXe siècle de son empreinte. Admirateur du siècle des Lumières, mais fermement opposé aux idéaux révolutionnaires, l’homme d’État autrichien impose sa vision des relations internationales après la chute de Napoléon. Son chef-d’œuvre est le Congrès de Vienne (1814-1815), qui assurera un long siècle de paix en Europe. Metternich fut également un modernisateur et le gage d’une stabilité qui permit à l’Autriche de consolider sa puissance. « Ma biographie me fera peut-être connaître d’une manière défavorable, mais du moins elle ne sera pas ennuyeuse », prophétisait le chancelier autrichien. L’ouvrage de Luigi Mascilli Migliorini en atteste, c’est un Metternich toujours sur la brèche, déroutant, à la fois solennel et sceptique, imprévisible, que fait revivre ce récit haletant et admirablement documenté. Le fondateur du nouvel ordre européen y apparaît dans tout son génie et dans toutes ses contradictions. Spécialiste mondialement reconnu de l’époque napoléonienne, Luigi Mascilli Migliorini est professeur à l’université de Naples « L’Orientale ». METTERNICH Luigi Mascilli Migliorini METTERNICH CNRS E´DITIONS 15, rue Malebranche – 75005 Paris Copyright original © Salerno Éditrice, 2014 © CNRS Éditions, Paris, 2018 ISBN : 978-2-271-11865-3 Metternich_UNICODE_17312 - 23.2.2018 - 14:34 - page 5 Préface « Pourquoi, demande Metternich à Gioacchino Rossini qui vit depuis plusieurs années renfermé dans sa maison de Paris et ne com- pose plus, vous constituez-vous geôlier et pourquoi préférez-vous cette tâche à celle d’être le dispensateur de nobles jouissances ? Le monde a besoin d’harmonie [...] vous n’avez pas le droit de vous taire. » Nous sommes le 11 avril 1859. Le prince se prépare à fêter ses quatre-vingt-six ans, mais beaucoup plus que le poids des années c’est l’angoisse du présent qui l’opprime : c’est l’arrogant désir de revanche du tout petit héritier du grand Napoléon, ce sont les jongleries de l’habile comte de Cavour qui, sous l’apparence du patriotisme italien, dissimule les ambitions de la maison de Savoie, c’est la fragile sécu- rité du monde habsbourgeois. Metternich mourra deux mois plus tard, lorsque – comme le racontent ses proches – la nouvelle de la défaite autrichienne à Magenta épuisera ses dernières forces. Mais ce 11 avril, peut-être poussé par l’intuition du naufrage annoncé, ou, au contraire, par un mouvement intérieur qui demeure constant, même dans les situations les plus dramatiques, il demande l’harmonie. Non l’harmonie perdue, toute empreinte du doux sentiment d’une nos- talgie qu’il n’a jamais éprouvée, mais l’harmonie des constructeurs, qui, elle, lui appartient. Durant sa longue vie, Metternich gardera de nombreux souvenirs du monde que la Révolution a balayé, et même de ce coin de douce terre de Rhénanie où il vint au monde et dont il sera séparé pour toujours, mais sans aucun regret. Il sera à peine effleuré par cet attendrissement pour le monde « d’avant la Révolution » dont un personnage, auquel on est souvent tenté de le rapprocher, le prince de Talleyrand, se servira pour charmer. Il ne montre aucune indul- gence particulière pour l’Ancien Régime. Il le considère même très tôt comme un lieu de désordre où la Tradition – là oui, une divinité éternelle à respecter – s’est dissoute avec à peine moins de fracas que, par la suite, et de manière définitive, lors des journées qui suivirent la chute du trône de France. L’harmonie, donc, pour des hommes comme lui, nés entre deux siècles extraordinaires, est devant eux, non derrière eux. C’est une conquête, non un héritage. C’est, pour le dire à la manière d’un autre constructeur (beaucoup plus maladroit), Metternich_UNICODE_17312 - 23.2.2018 - 14:34 - page 6 6METTERNICH son contemporain, François-René de Chateaubriand, un Nouveau Monde à découvrir, et non un Vieux Monde à regretter. Peut-on construire cette harmonie sans recourir à la force ? Et surtout, peut-elle être construite sans être contaminée par le désordre, voire l’excès, qu’en apparence elle fuit, horrifiée ? Ces interrogations prennent, dans la vie de Metternich, la forme historique de Napoléon. Ce n’est que lorsqu’il aura vaincu son puissant adversaire, quand – comme ce sera le cas lors de la célèbre entrevue de Dresde au cours de l’été 1813 – il aura finalement brisé son projet démesuré, héroïque jusqu’au titanisme, que le doute l’assaillira. De 1820 jusqu’à sa mort pratiquement, le chancelier habsbour- geois rembobinera, pour ainsi dire, la pellicule et parviendra, petit à petit, à comprendre le sens humain et historique de l’aventure napo- léonienne. À la fin, il prendra conscience que, sans elle, sa poursuite de l’harmonie risquait de paraître encore plus futile qu’il ne paraissait souvent lui-même à ses contemporains, avec ces yeux bleus, son sourire accroché aux lèvres, ses vêtements rarement en désordre, et surtout quand, par habitude ou faiblesse, il faisait courir au noble sentiment de l’harmonie les pièges mondains de l’insouciance. Sans Napoléon, l’harmonie du prince de Metternich prend couleur et forme de Biedermeier, le goût artistique de son temps, cette aspiration à la normalité de la petite bourgeoisie qui envahit Vienne et l’Europe après 1815, dont il est certainement éloigné, mais auquel il est exposé dès qu’il abandonne la confrontation avec son adversaire. Mais, peut-on parler d’harmonie pour exprimer le système de l’équilibre auquel l’Europe a été soumise pendant au moins le quart de siècle qui va du Congrès de Vienne aux révolutions de 1848 ? Peut- on parler d’harmonie au sujet des chaînes qui enserrent les chevilles du patriote italien Federico Confalonieri, détenu, assigné à la prison de Spielberg, auquel il fit face au cours de la dramatique entrevue- interrogatoire de l’hiver 1825 ? Ne s’agit-il pas, plutôt, de force, celle qu’il mettait lucidement au service de sa cause, sentant qu’en agissant ainsi, chacun de ses succès politiques et diplomatiques représentait un succès sur son adversaire théorique à savoir le désordre révolution- naire, tel que finalement, harmonie et équilibre pouvaient devenir, de manière plus banale, ordre ? De même, la conscience de ce qui est réellement en train d’arriver, en cette soirée du 13 mars 1848, saisit Metternich alors qu’en quelques heures son monde privé et son monde historique s’effon- drent. C’est la force, celle de la foule tumultueuse à l’extérieur du Hofburg et celle des intrigues de cour à l’intérieur, qui brise tout dessein d’équilibre. Et il se retrouve contraint à un pénible exil. Et Metternich_UNICODE_17312 - 23.2.2018 - 14:34 - page 7 PRÉFACE 7 quand il s’en revient dans sa patrie, se présente à lui, durant l’été 1851, en qualité de jeune diplomate allemand, Otto von Bismarck qui lui explique de quelle façon, par le fer et par le sang, il sera enfin possible de construire l’unité du peuple allemand. C’est dans ces ultimes, longues et singulières années de vie que Metternich ressent, d’une manière quelque peu tourmentée, le besoin d’une harmonie qui ne serait pas un objet perdu, mais un projet à construire. C’est dans ces années que les brillantes notes de Rossini remplacent, chez ce grand passionné de musique, les tonalités sévères du Prométhée de Beethoven avec lesquelles on l’avait salué, triom- phateur, à Vienne, après la défaite de Napoléon. Avec elles s’achève une vie aussi facilement exposée au stéréotype qu’hésitanteàse montrer dans sa vérité, comme si le diplomate raffiné avait décidé de jouer, avec ses biographes, une dernière et victorieuse partie. Je dois à mon père, à nos conversations du dimanche après-midi, où le prince de Metternich nous a souvent tenu compagnie, d’avoir compris comment il est possible de traverser un siècle terrible – le nôtre – sans se laisser intimider ni séduire, en arrivant à cet âge magnifique (94 ans) avec autant de souvenirs, et sans aucun regret. À lui, que j’ai perdu alors que ces pages, d’italiennes, se faisaient françaises, ce livre est dédié. Metternich_UNICODE_17312 - 23.2.2018 - 14:34 - page 8 Metternich_UNICODE_17312 - 23.2.2018 - 14:34 - page 9 Chapitre I Trop tôt, trop tard Trop tôt ou trop tard. Le carrefour existentiel auquel toute génération se trouve confrontée, et qui souvent se transforme en piège, consistant à attribuer aux défauts du présent la responsabilité de son mal de vivre, toucha également Klemens Wencelas Lothar prince de Metternich. Cela lui arriva, c’est étonnant, à un âge déjà bien avancé, alors qu’il allait sur ses cinquante ans et, pour lui, au moment où il faisait son bilan. Cela lui arriva alors, autre singularité, tandis qu’une génération de jeunes mécontents agités, le tenant pour responsable d’avoir imposé le retour inattendu et spectaculaire – une Restauration – de l’ordre ancien dans une Europe qui avait adhéré, non sans crainte mais aussi pleine d’espoir, aux paroles et aux pratiques de la liberté, avait transformé une condition récurrente en un manifeste douloureux : les « nés avec le siècle ». Or, dans le bref épanchement auquel il se laisse aller en octobre 1822, les mots de celui qui est alors l’arbitre quasiment incontesté de la politique européenne, se confondent avec ceux des enfants du siècle. Les confessions de celui qui a déjà longuement vécu anticipent celles de celui qui inaugure les siennes avec cette sentence : « Pour écrire l’histoire de sa vie, il faut d’abord avoir vécu ; aussi n’est-ce pas la mienne que j’écris1.» « Je suis venu au monde ou trop tôt ou trop tard, écrit de son côté Metternich, alors que Musset n’a encore que douze ans ; à présent je ne me sens bon à rien.
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