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Pan-Americanism Re-Invented in Uncle Sam's Backyard: Catholic and Latin Identity in French Canada and Mexico in the First Half of the 20™ Century

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Pan-Americanism Re-Invented in Uncle Sam's Backyard: Catholic and Latin Identity in French Canada and Mexico in the First Half of the 20™ Century PAN-AMERICANISM RE-INVENTED IN UNCLE SAM'S BACKYARD: CATHOLIC AND LATIN IDENTITY IN FRENCH CANADA AND MEXICO IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20™ CENTURY MAURICE DEMERS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN HISTORY YORK UNIVERSITY, TORONTO, ONTARIO FEBRUARY 2010 Library and Archives Biblioth&que et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'Sdition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-64869-8 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-64869-8 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie priv§e, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. M Canada Abstract This dissertation reveals how and why groups from Mexico's and Quebec's civil societies actively sought to establish close cultural and political linkages at the turn of the 1940s. Based on extensive research in governmental, religious, and university archives in Mexico and Canada, it constructs for the first time how various stakeholders outside official diplomatic circles attempted to influence these countries' relations during the Second World War. This conflict represented a turning point in North America, as Canada acquired a new international status, Mexico turned over a new leaf on conflicting social relations with Catholic groups, and both countries reconfigured their ties to the United States. On the margins of that scenario, French Canadian nationalists and Catholic militants in Mexico tried to make geopolitical relations more favourable to their sociocultural struggles. They lobbied for a rapprochement between Canada and Mexico and were able to build broad alliances despite wartime restrictions in part because they put on display their privileged connections with international dignitaries at a time when a new world order was in the balance. I use a series of case studies involving transnational ties to demonstrate this point. Analysing the balls and congresses organised by the Union des Latins d'Amerique in Montreal, students' and dignitaries' visits at Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico and Universite de Montreal, and the character of the fiftieth anniversary celebration of the Virgin of Guadalupe's crowning in Mexico City along with the significance of Cardinal Villeneuve's legation for this golden jubilee, I argue that the organisers of these events used them to showcase the role political minorities could play in the establishment of good connections with diplomatic partners. In some ways, the individuals who arranged these encounters attempted to influence the national balance of power by positioning themselves as key actors on the scene of pan-American affairs. Overall, this dissertation shows how ideas about foreign linkages sometimes start with local concerns, and how identities are contextual and malleable—even for persons defending the uniqueness of a specific cultural heritage. iv Acknowledgments A Christian Demers I would not have been able to go on with this doctoral project during all those years without the help and guidance of many people, the financial support of various institutions, and the encouragement of friends and family. Let me state at the outset that I am indebted to their questions, suggestions and support, which played a significant role in my ability to carry through with this dissertation. I am especially grateful to my supervisors, Roberto Perin and Anne Rubenstein, for their assistance and guidance. Among other things, their feedback helped me to re-conceptualise my dissertation when needed, and critically analyse the multifaceted relations at the core of my study. I wish to acknowledge the advice and suggestions of Marcel Martel, who has provided very important recommendations throughout the dissertation process. I also want to thank the other members of the dissertation examining committee for their valuable comments and observations on my study. Finally, I benefited from the insights and support of many colleagues at the History Department of York University and at the Toronto Latin American Research Group. In particular, I want to show gratitude to Sophia Koutsoyannis, Mathieu Lapointe and Brad Skopyk for their help and friendship. Various governmental and academic programs funded my doctoral research. Grants received from the Social Sciences and Research Council of Canada, the Ontario Graduate Scholarship, and different York University fellowships paid for research trips to Canadian and Mexican archives. The archivists at those institutions—above all the staff at the Archivo de la Accion Catdlica Mexicana at Universidad Iberoamericana, the Archivo General de la Nacion, the Archives du Centre de recherche Lionel-Groulx, the archives of the archdioceses of Quebec and Mexico City, and the university archives of UNAM, Universite Laval and Universite de Montreal—all contributed to the successful completion of this dissertation, and I am sincerely thankful for their help. The hospitability of many individuals was also invaluable. I am especially grateful to Maud Aubert, Yolanda Meyer, Nelson Carrasco, Cesar Gonzalez, and Israel Hamel for welcoming me to their home while doing research or going to conferences. At last, I owe a debt of gratitude to my parents, my wife and my newborn Leo. Mes parents ont su attiser ma curiosite intellectuelle des mon plus jeune age en me permettant d'explorer de nouveaux horizons. Quant a Karine, sa presence a mes cotes au fit de mon cheminement universitaire fut indispensable, trouvant les mots justes pour m'encourager a persister dans mes recherches et m'offrant de plus un soutien moral et emotionnel indefectible lors de mes nombreux deplacements a I'etranger. v Contents Introduction 1 • Identity Politics and Foreign Relations 6 • Historiographical Debates on the Nature of French Canadian Nationalism 11 • Debates on the Mexican Church-State Conflict in the 20th Century 22 • Sources, Concepts, and Brief Overview of Chapters 31 1. Distant Neighbours or Providential Partners? The Cultural, Economic and Political Factors that Shaped Canadian-Mexican Relations 38 • Restoring the Broken Linkages with the British Empire and Contributing to Continental Defence, Two Good Reasons to Officialise Diplomatic Relations 40 Cultural Affinities and Early Contacts Shaped by the Catholic Church 46 • Republican Nationalism and Ultramontane Religiosity 46 • Catholic Connections between Quebec and Latin America 51 Neo-Colonial Economic Connections and Political Structures 57 • National Sovereignty and Continental Diplomatic Relations 57 • Mexico and Uncle Sam's Pan-Americanism 60 • Canada and British Neo-Colonialism in Latin America 64 Conflicts and Political Upheavals, 1910-1939 69 • The Cristiada 70 • The Latinization of French Canadian Nationalism 74 Conclusion 82 2. The O'Leary Brothers and the Union des Latins d'Amerique: a Transnational Project for French Canada 84 • Why Studying the ULA Does Matter 86 The Origins of the Association in Mexico 88 • Spring 1939, Walter O'Leary Moves to Mexico City 89 • The Founding Members of the Union Cultural Mexico-Canada Frances ..92 The Controversial Beginnings of the Montreal Branch: French Canadian Nationalism and Ottawa's Surveillance 97 • Dostaler O'Leary and the Union Culturelle Mexique-Canada Frangais....98 • The Association Changes its Name 100 • Monitoring the Union des Latins d'Amerique 103 vi • Competing Groups? 112 The Union des Latins d'Amerique 118 • National Impulses for Transnational Encounters: the 1943 Journees d'Amerique Latine 121 • Breaking the Glass Ceiling of Foreign Relations? 127 Conclusion 133 The Poetics of Student Exchanges: Meeting the Local 'Other' Abroad, Receiving the Exotic 'Cousin' at Home 137 • The Interstices of Power: Student Exchanges as a Metaphor 138 UNAM as a Battleground: Fighting to Preserve Catholic Humanist Education in a Postrevolutionary Country 142 • Producing Identities: Clashes
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