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Travels by the Czech Teacher and School Headmaster Siedleckie Zeszyty Komeniologiczne ▪ Tom VI/2019 W STRONĘ KOMENIOLOGII JAKO NAUKI Siedlce Comeniological Research Bulletin ▪ Vol. 6/2019 TOWARDS COMENIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE Helena Kovářová ORCID: 0000-0001-7868-6362 Comenius Museum in Přerov, the Czech Republic TRAVELS BY THE CZECH TEACHER AND SCHOOL HEADMASTER FRANTIŠEK SLAMĚNÍK IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF COMENIUS IN POLAND AND THE NETHERLANDS AS EVIDENCE OF COMMITMENT TO COMENIOLOGY DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0013.6264 Abstract: At the turn of the 20th century, the interest in John Amos Comenius’ legacy was on the rise. While various basic monographs and studies were published at the time, his biography still contained a lot of uncertainties and the list of his works was incomplete. In addition to histori- ans, some teachers who admired Comenius engaged in searching for new facts that would con- tribute to answering some issuable questions. One of them was František Slaměník, the founder of the oldest Comenius Museum. This paper focuses in detail on Slaměník’s reports from his private travels abroad to places linked to Comenius’ life. Slaměník’s texts are interesting evi- dence of comeniological discourse in the Czech lands at the last quater of 19th century with overlap to the beginning of 20th century. Keywords: John Amos Comenius, František Slaměník, comeniology, traveling, Naarden, Leszno Introduction The origin of comeniology as a scientific discipline in the second half of the 19th century in the Czech environment is closely linked to the activities of patriotic teachers and the teacher movement, as they pressed for the so- called Czech school in the Austrian monarchy. This question became one of the political priorities of the forming national and civil society and Comenius was its symbol. This fact had a great influence on Komenský's reflection in Czech lands, as it caused a strong accent on the pedagogical part of his work. During this period, it was mainly teachers who systematically researched Comenius' life, found support in his work for their requirements (eg teaching in his mother tongue), as well as inspiration. To the main works, crucial for the development of comeniology, belong Život Jana Amose Komenského (The 385 Helena Kovářová Life of Jan Amos Comenius, 1871) by František Jan Zoubek and Život a díla Komenského (The Life and Works of Comenius, 1892) by Josef Klika. Strong impulses gave comeniological research a celebration of the 200th anniversary of Comenius's death in 1871 (according to the then poorly determined year of his death) and celebrations of Comenius’ 300th birth anniversary in 1892. It stirred immense interest in his life and work among experts as well as the general public in the Czech Lands. The main organizer of the festivities held in March 1892 in Přerov, the city where Comenius studied and gathered his first bits of experience, was František Slaměník, the headmaster of a local school. As he was too busy organizing the event, he couldn’t accept an invitation to the unveiling ceremony of the Comenius memorial in Naarden, the Nether- lands, that took place at the same time. He hoped to meet the Naarden officials in August 1892 on the occasion of another Comenius celebration that was to take place in Přerov together with a teachers’ congress, but he later only re- ceived a salutation with an apology. Slaměník later considered travelling by his own means to the place that “all Czechs consider holy” outside the times of official celebrations. František Slaměník (1845–1919) met the work by Comenius as a child. His father and grandfather owned several rare prints, including Orbis pictus. It was the beginning of his strong emotional interest toward the histo- ry of Czech reformation. Other Comenius pedagogical writings were at time of Slaměník´s youth just discovered and published in the Czech (Didactics 1849, Informatorium 1858). The Czech, patriotic-minded teachers possessed in the 2nd half of 19 century the biggest contribution for the increased interest in Comenius, especially in Moravia region, where Slaměník studied (Olomouc) and worked (Kroměíž, Kojetín, Přerov). He became one of the co-founders of the District Teachers Association named after the “Teacher of Nations”. Slaměník actively participated in the first Czechoslovak teachers congress in Prague in 1870, as well as the second meeting in 1871 in Přerov, where was decided to build the Comenius Monument. According customer wish was Comenius depicted as a teacher with a pupil for the first time. Until this time, Comenius's portraits had only the attributes of a scholar. In 1874, when the memorial was unveiled in Přerov, Slaměník was one of the keynote speakers. He became the editor of the educational magazine called "Komenský" (Comenius) in 1880. In Přerov he founded the oldest museum dedicated to Comenius and the Unity of Brethren in the world in 1888. He took the library "Comenius-Stiftung" in Leipzig as a model. 386 Travels by the Czech teacher and school headmaster František Slaměník in the footsteps of… He was a promoter of Comenius’ works and thoughts, a knowledgea- ble guide through the exposition as well as a skilful rhetorician. He expanded his collection thanks to his contacts with local as well as foreign antiquarians, and he gathered new contacts and items for his collections during his frequent travels. His fondness of travelling at the beginning of his professional career was limited by a lack of financial means. He could only start travelling abroad more often once he had extra income from giving pupils private lessons and later from time-consuming participation in the editorial preparation of “Komenský”magazine (Slaměník, 1907: 158 and 379) subtitled “An educa- tional weekly magazine intended for our teaching staff as well as friends of education and our beloved youths”. František Slaměník also looked into areas of dispute regarding Come- nius’ life, and he did fruitful research in Czech archives about Comenius’ stay in Fulnek and later also directed his efforts at foreign institutions. On his pri- vate journeys, he searched for any documents related to the life of the Teacher of the Nations and subsequently published his findings in “Komenský”, and later also in other newspapers and magazines. He mediated the information to a wider group of public and has undeniable merits in the field of populariz- ing of comeniology. Slaměník and Polish towns Being a member of the Comenius Gesellschaft, he attended reunions of the society, e.g. its founding meeting in Magdeburg in 1891, in Leszno, Poland, in October 1893 and in Berlin in 1896. In Leszno, the town where Comenius lived for many years, he visited Robert Frommberger, a local evangelical pas- tor. Frommberger showed him round an archive and a church where Come- nius worked. František Slaměník also met a junior clergyman named Wilhelm Bickerich, not anticipating at the time how important this meeting would later prove to be. He returned to Leszno in 1906 when travelling the following route: Prague, Liberec, Herrnhut, Görlitz, Wrocław, Leszno, Poznań, Toruń, Elbląg, Malbork, Gdańsk, Berlin, Leipzig, Prague. His destinations were places linked to Czech non-Catholic refugees (the generations from the 16th to the 18th century). Slaměník was very emotional about meeting the renewed Unity of the Brethren. His depiction of his stay in Herrnhut is strongly emotional, and he presents the relationships between the church members as almost an ideal Christian society. The director of the local Brethren archive and member of 387 Helena Kovářová the Comenius Gesellschaft, Josef Müller, enabled him to study the most pre- cious pieces from the collection. What mostly caught Slaměník’s attention was an old print published by the Unity of the Brethren with handwritten notes made by Jan Blahoslav. Another stop on Slaměník’s journey was Wrocław, where he wanted to study the former library of Charles the Elder of Žerotín, patron and guardi- an of Unity of the Brethern. He knew the library listing made by the official Moravian historiographer Béda Dudík in 1877, who received for his study support from the Moravian Regional Committee. He hoped to get an oppor- tunity to examine the significant collection that was deposited at the evangeli- cal parish office of the St. Magdalene Church in 1641 and later was transferred to the municipal library. Slaměník was first accompanied by a young clerk who did not know anything about the Žerotín library, but in an effort to show him the most precious pieces, he presented to him a Brethren hymn book in a binding with the Žerotín family crest. The librarian later explained that the family’s collection was not deposited all at one place but was classified by topics. Slaměník copied and published a description of the comeniological manuscripts Truchlivý (The Mournful), Přemyšlování o dokonalosti křesťanské (Thinking about Christian Perfection), Centrum securitatis, O truchlivým a smutným (About the Mournful and the Sad), Labyrint světa a lusthauz srdce (Labyrinth of the World and Paradise of the Heart) (Slaměník, 1906: 602) and several other prints. In addition to Comenius’ works, also hymn books of the Unity of the Brethren were included. In Leszno, he met his friend Wilhelm Bickerich, at that time the first pastor of St. John’s Church, a member of the Comenius Gesellschaft and an enthusiastic comeniologist. He translated, among other things, Comenius’ treatise on the doom of Leszno that was published in 1904. Slaměník copied a document entitled Agenda k svěcení biskupů (Agenda on Bishop Ordination) from the church archive in situ and published a list of selected old prints of the Unity of the Brethren and comeniological manuscripts. However, he paid the most attention to Liber fondationum dona- tionumque in Bohemia, a manuscript from the 16th century that he had a chance to examine in 1893. He immediately copied an annotation by Come- nius from 1670 about the graves of his parents and sisters.
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