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AVIS Ce Document a Été Numérisé Par La Division De La Gestion Des Direction des bibliothèques AVIS Ce document a été numérisé par la Division de la gestion des documents et des archives de l’Université de Montréal. L’auteur a autorisé l’Université de Montréal à reproduire et diffuser, en totalité ou en partie, par quelque moyen que ce soit et sur quelque support que ce soit, et exclusivement à des fins non lucratives d’enseignement et de recherche, des copies de ce mémoire ou de cette thèse. L’auteur et les coauteurs le cas échéant conservent la propriété du droit d’auteur et des droits moraux qui protègent ce document. Ni la thèse ou le mémoire, ni des extraits substantiels de ce document, ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement reproduits sans l’autorisation de l’auteur. Afin de se conformer à la Loi canadienne sur la protection des renseignements personnels, quelques formulaires secondaires, coordonnées ou signatures intégrées au texte ont pu être enlevés de ce document. Bien que cela ait pu affecter la pagination, il n’y a aucun contenu manquant. NOTICE This document was digitized by the Records Management & Archives Division of Université de Montréal. The author of this thesis or dissertation has granted a nonexclusive license allowing Université de Montréal to reproduce and publish the document, in part or in whole, and in any format, solely for noncommercial educational and research purposes. The author and co-authors if applicable retain copyright ownership and moral rights in this document. Neither the whole thesis or dissertation, nor substantial extracts from it, may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author’s permission. In compliance with the Canadian Privacy Act some supporting forms, contact information or signatures may have been removed from the document. While this may affect the document page count, it does not represent any loss of content from the document. ,. .( Université de Montréal Experimentation and Political Science: . Six Applications par Peter John Loewen Département de science politique Faculté des arts et des sciences Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Philosophiae Doctor (Ph.D.) en science politique Avril 2008 @Peter John Loewen,2008 Université de Montréal Faculté des arts et des sciences Cette thèse intitulée: Experimentation and Political Science: Six Applications par Peter John Loewen (LOEP13027903) a été évaluée par un jury composé des personnes suivantes: Denis Saint-Martin président-rapporteur André Blais directeur de recherche Patrick Fournier codirecteur Richard Nadeau membre du jury James Druckman examinateur externe Chantal Benoit Barre représentante du doyen de la FES Résumé Cette thèse démontre l'utilité de l'expérimentation en science politique à l'aide de six articles. Bien que disparates quant à leurs questions et sujets, ils sont tous liés au comportement et à la psychologie politique. Le premier article examine le rôle des considérations qui ne sont pas de l'ordre de l'intérêt personnel dans la formation des préférences pour les dépenses publiques. Je mesure l'altruisme des répondants par un jeu du dictateur. Je démontre qu'un niveau d'altruisme élevé prédit un plus fort appui pour des dépenses publiques, malgré le coût pour le répondant . Le deuxième article s'intéresse à un paradoxe central de la participation politique: s'il est peu probable que le vote d'un simple citoyen décide du résultat d'une élection, pourquoi y a-t-il autant d'électeurs? Je démontre à l'aide d~un modèle formel que certàins votent pour le bénéfice des autres. À l'aide d'une série de jeux du dictateur, je montre ensuite que les préférences variées pour certains partisans prédisent la décision de voter ou non. Le troisième article présente les résultats d'une expérience de terrain sur les capacités de persuasion du courrier publicitaire. Durant la campagne de Michael Ignatieff pour la direction du Parti libéral du Canada en 2006, nous avons assigné de façon aléatoire du courrier aux délégués qui s'étaient engagés auprès d'autres candidats, puis nous les avons sondés. Ceux ayant reçu du courrier ont ajusté leur évaluation des autres candidats à la hausse et ont moins bien classé M. Ignatieff. Il' Le quatrième article montre comment le modèle de Bradley-Terry peut être utilisé pour analyser le pouvoir persuasif de l'argumentation. Au cours du référendum d'octobre 2007 sur la réforme électorale en Ontario, nous avons assigné à chacun des 520 répondants de notre sondage un argument en faveur et un argument contre la réforme, avant de leur demander leur opinion. Les arguments pour le système existant profitent d'un avantage général, tout comme les arguments qui font appel à la justice et à la représentation locale. Les arguments qui mentionnent les partis politiques sont moins persuasifs. Le cinquième article pose la question des divers niveaux d'altruisme chez ceUx qui s'identifient à un parti politique au Canada. Nous observons les différences entre les partisans dans leur allocation aux co-partisans, à d'autres partisans, et à des individus anonymes dans quatre jeux du dictateur lors d'un sondage en ligne. Tous donnent plus aux co-partisans et moins aux autres partisans. Les Néo-démocrates sont plus altruistes en moyenne que les Conservateurs et les Libéraux. Dans le sixième article, nous nous demandons si le vote obligatoire mène aux effets de second ordre d'augmentation des connaissances et d'engagement des citoyens. Nous avons conduit une expérience de terrain avec des étudiants en âge de voter d'un cégep de Montréal. Certains étaient payés pour compléter deux sondages, d'autres étaient aussi payés pour voter lors de l'élection provinciale. Nous avons trouvé peu d'indications d'effets de second ordre. Mots clés: expérimentation; comportement politique; psychologie politique; vote; économie comportementale; campagnes électorales Summary This dissertation demonstrates the usefulness of experimentation in politi­ cal science through six articles. While eclectic in their questions and subjects, the articles aH faU under the rubric of political psychology and behaviour. The first article examines the role of non-self-interested considerations in the formation of preferences for public spending. l measure the altruism of respondents through the use of a dictator game experiment in a large online survey. l demonstrate that ",L'-,'-"V'~L levels of altruism predict greater support for public spending, even when it cornes at a cost to the respondent. The second article addresses the "paradox of participation": if the prob­ ability of a single vote deciding an election is so low, why do we still observe large numbers of vot ers? l demonstrate in a formaI model that sorne În­ dividuals will vote because of the benefits accrued to others. Empirically, preferences for partisans which differ in a dictator game significantly predict the decision to vote. The ~hird article presents the results from a field experiment into the persuasive capacities of direct maiL The experiment was conducted in 2006 with the Michael Ignatieff campaign for the leadership of the Liberal Party of Canada. The experiment randomly assigned a direct mailing to delegates pledged to other candidates. We then surveyed these delegates. We find that those who received mail appeared to adjust their evaluations of other candidates upwards and to move Ignatieff down in their preference rankings. iv The fourth article uses a Bradley-Terry model to analyze the persuasive power of arguments in a survey experiment conducted during the October 2007 Ontario referendum on electoral reform. We assigned each of 520 re­ spondents one of six arguments for and one of six arguments against electoral reform and then measured their preference for reform. We show that argu­ ments for the existing system enjoyed an advantage, arguments whieh appeal to fairness and local representation were significantly more persuasive, and arguments which mention political parties were less persuasive. The fifth article asks if partisan identifiers in Canada differ in their levels of altruism. We examine the behaviour of partisans in four dictator games in an online survey. We compare differences between partisans in their al­ locations to co-partisans, other partisans, and anonymous individuals. AU partisans consistently aUocate the most to co-partisans and the least to other partisans. Anonymous individuals are in the middle. We also find that New Democrats are more altruistic than Conservatives or Liberals. The sixth article asks whether compulsory voting leads to the "second­ order" effects of increased citizen knowledge and engagement. We conducted a field experiment among voting-aged students at a Montreal CEGEP. Our intervention involved paying sorne students to complete two surveys while paying another ùoup to also vote in a provincial election. We find little evidence of "second-order" effects. Keywords: Experimentation; Political Behaviour; Politieal Psychology; Vot­ ing; Behavioural Economies; Campaigns v Table de matières Résumé . Summary III Liste des tableaux. Xll Liste des figures . XVI Dédicace .. XVll Remercients . xviii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Underside of 'Warren Miller's Cowboy Boots. 2 1.2 Defining Experimentation and Experimental Types 4 1.2.1 Experimental Types ............ 7 1.3. An Eye Out for Inferential Monsters: The Case for Experi­ mentation in Political Science . 16 1.4 The Quantity of Experimentation in Political Science 20 1.4.1 The Nature of Experimentation in Political Science 23 1.5 The Qualities of Experimentation in Political Science 26 1.5.1 Statistical conclusion validity ........ 29 Vi 1.5.2 InternaI validity . 31 1.5.3 Construct Validity 32 1.5.4 External Validity 35 1.5.5 Comparing the types 37 1.6 The Articles . ..... 38 1.6.1. Dictators and Purses: Altruism and Support for Public Spending. 39 1.6.2 Antipathy, Affinity, and Political Participation: How Our Concern for Other Partisans Makes Us Vote. .. 40 1.6.3 For Want of a Nail: Direct Mail and Negative Persua- sion in a Leadership Race (with Daniel Rubenson).
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