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Lachen Über Eine Tragödie: Der Nahostkonflikt in Charlie Hebdo Über Die Jahrzehnte Ihres Bestehens Wurde in Charlie Gesagten Ausdrückt

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Lachen Über Eine Tragödie: Der Nahostkonflikt in Charlie Hebdo Über Die Jahrzehnte Ihres Bestehens Wurde in Charlie Gesagten Ausdrückt Catherine Michel: Lachen über eine Tragödie: Der Nahostkonflikt in Charlie Hebdo Über die Jahrzehnte ihres Bestehens wurde in Charlie Gesagten ausdrückt. Sarkasmus wiederum wird Hebdo regelmäßig der Nahostkonflikt satirisch kom- als eine ‚böse‘ Form der Ironie definiert: Wie bei mentiert. Ausgehend von Schlüsseldaten der Geschichte der Ironie wird das Gegenteil dessen gesagt, was des Nahostkonflikts bietet der Artikel eine Bestandsauf- tatsächlich gemeint ist, allerdings soll das Gemeinte nahme der Thematik über die einzelnen Jahre, Rubriken (ein wenig oder sogar sehr) wehtun. Sarkasmus im- und Autor_innen, wie auch die exemplarische Analyse pliziert dementsprechend Stichelei, Hohn, Demü- einzelner Bildbeiträge. tigung, sogar Vernichtung, wohingegen Ironie in der Regel einen „freundlichen Charakter“ bewahrt Der vorliegende Artikel beschäftigt sich mit der The- (Maschke 2015: 42). Was ‚schwarzen Humor‘ matisierung des Nahostkonflikts in der Zeitschrift betrifft, geht der Begriff („humour noir“) auf den Sur- Charlie Hebdo. Im Zentrum stehen Fragen rund um realisten André Breton zurück (vgl. Breton 1966), den Aktualitätsbezug, d.h. welche Ereignisse (nicht) der sich bei seiner komplexen Definition auf Hegels aufgegriffen werden, die Verteilung der Beiträge Konzept des objektiven Humors und auf Freud auf Text und Bild, die Autorenschaft, d.h. welche stützt (vgl. u.a. Graulle 2000). Seit den 1960er Jahren Beiträger_innen1 sich mit der Thematik system- wurde der Begriff weitgehend auf eine Humorform atisch oder nur gelegentlich auseinandersetzen, und reduziert, die in ihm eine Antwort auf eine Zeit schließlich der Humor selbst, mit dem an dieses ex- sieht, die von Nihilismus und Desillusion geprägt ist plosive Themenfeld herangegangen wird. (vgl. Lohse 2004: 282): Sie soll mit groteskem, mor- Dafür muss kurz allgemein auf das Thema bidem Humor dem Aberwitz des (menschlichen) Da- ‚Hu mor‘, die Vorgehensweise bei der Recherche für seins, insbesondere dem Tod, gegenübertreten (vgl. diesen Beitrag und das daraus resultierende Korpus Cloutier 1983). eingegangen werden. Daran anschließend wird die Die Identifikation der jeweiligen Humorform, eigentliche Auswertung der Text- und Bildbeiträge bzw. bereits die Beantwortung der Frage, ob es erfolgen; zunächst quantitativ hinsichtlich ihrer sich überhaupt um Humor handelt, ist deutlich Verteilung auf Text und Bild, ihre Verteilung auf die schwieriger. Denn die Empfänger_in muss nicht einzelnen Epochen bzw. Publikationsjahre und auf zwangsläufig das, was die Sender_in selbst für Hu- die einzelnen Zeichner_innen/Autor_innen, und mor hält, ebenfalls als solchen verstehen. Oder schließlich qualitativ, indem exemplarisch die Bei- die intendierte Humorform stimmt nicht mit der tragsformen und deren Humor betrachtet werden. wahrgenommenen überein: Während die Sender_ in ihren Humor beispielsweise als Ironie versteht, kann dieser von der Empfänger_in als sarkastisch Humorformen aufgefasst werden. Generell muss die Fähigkeit, bes- timmte Humorformen als solche zu erkennen, von Humorformen wie Ironie, Sarkasmus und schwarzen Kindern erst erlernt werden (vgl. Milner/Hawkins/ Humor klar zu definieren und voneinander abzu- Milner 2014: 254). Witz- und Humorverständnis grenzen, fällt nicht leicht. Ironie wird gemein- sind aber auch stark medien- und modalitäts- sowie hin als eine Form verstanden, bei der der Sprech- auch gattungs-, kontext- und gemütsabhängig. Iro- ende „vorgeblich etwas sagt, was er für falsch hält, nie beispielsweise wird in einem verbal-mimisch- um damit etwas seines Erachtens nach Wahres gestischen Kontext wie einem Gespräch von den auszudrücken“ (Taneva 2008: 172): Sie ist mit an- Empfänger_innen einfacher als solche wahrgenom- deren Worten eine Form, die das Gegenteil des men, als in einem rein schriftlichen Text, in dem 1 Die Chefredaktion und die Herausgeberschaft von die Sender_in nicht mittels Betonung und Mimik Charlie Hebdo war und ist bis heute nur in männlichen Händen. andeuten kann, dass das, was sie gerade sagt, iro- Auch die Mehrheit der Karikaturen, Comics und Artikel über nisch gemeint ist. Und was von manchen als Sar- den Nahostkonflikt stammen von männlichen Mitarbeitern. kasmus verstanden wird, kann von anderen bereits Da jedoch auch einige Frauen zum Thema beigetragen haben, als eine ernsthafte Beleidigung aufgefasst werden, je wurden die Begriffe, wo nötig, gegendert. 60 Charlie Hebdo: Nicht nur am 7. Januar 2015! Catherine Michel: Lachen über eine Tragödie nachdem, wie ‚dick ihr Fell‘ ist. Bestimmte Daten und Ereignisse werden daher Wenn die ‚zeitweise Anästhesierung des Her- nicht von allen stets gleich gewichtet und eingeord- zens‘ (vgl. Bergson 1993: 4), welche Henri Bergson net. Insofern birgt dieser Wunsch, sich bei der Un- als Grundvoraussetzung für das Verständnis des tersuchung auf Schlüsseldaten und -ereignisse des Komischen betrachtet, bei der Empfänger_in also Nahostkonflikts beschränken zu wollen, bereits eine nicht stattfindet, sondern sie dem Gesagten emotio- gewisse Problematik. nal begegnet, wird sie den Humor entweder nicht Als Anhaltspunkt für diese historischen Ereignisse verstehen, ihn missverstehen und sich gar beleidigt und Daten wurden von folgenden Publikationen oder in ihrer Ehre gekränkt fühlen. Das, was von der veröffentlichte Chroniken verwendet: BBC und Sender_in ursprünglich als Humor intendiert war, The Guardian, auf der Seite timelines.ws, infoplease. ist für die Empfänger_in keiner mehr. In der Tat ist com und den englischen Wikipedia-Seiten (vgl. u.a. es für viele schwer, für manche sogar unmöglich, ei- Rowen 2000; Brown 2001; anon./BBC 2017; anon./ ner Äußerung, die unmittelbar mit der eigenen Per- Timelines o.J.; anon./Wikipedia o.J.). Auf diesen son, der Familie, engen Freund_innen, aber auch der Seiten werden, mehr oder weniger detailliert, die eigenen Weltanschauung oder Religion in Verbin- Kriege bzw. kriegsähnlichen Auseinandersetzun- dung steht, emotional ‚neutral‘ gegenüberzutreten gen zwischen den Konfliktparteien des Nahostkon- sodass sie mit gerichtlichen Klagen reagieren. Zu flikts, die diversen Zusammenkünfte, um eine einer solchen hatte beispielsweise der türkische Präs- friedliche Lösung des Konflikts zu finden, der Tod ident Recep Erdoğan u.a. auf das Jan-Böhmermann- von wichtigen Politikern (u.a. Rabin, Arafat, Sha- Gedicht gegriffen (vgl. z.B. anon./Zeit 2016; anon./ ron), spezifische politisch motivierte Aktionen Is- Welt 2017), aber eben auch dutzende Einzelpersonen raels, wie etwa der Bau des Sperrzauns oder der und Gruppen auf Publikationen von Charlie Hebdo. Rückzug aus Gaza, aber auch manche Anschläge Die Karikaturen, Comics, Artikel usw. zum Nahost- und Attentate von beiden Seiten, die großes media- konflikt, die in Charlie Hebdo bis heute veröffen- les Aufsehen erregt haben, gelistet. Beispiele hierfür tlicht wurden, haben m.W. bis dato keine derartigen sind u.a. die Erschießung des Jungen Mohammed gerichtlichen Auseinandersetzungen nach sich gezo- Al-Dura, der Lynchmord an den beiden israelischen gen. Die Einschätzung schließlich, welcher Humor- Reservisten in Ramallah, die Tötung der amerika- form die einzelnen Beiträge zuzuordnen sind, ist aus nischen Friedensaktivistin Rachel Corrie und das o.g. Gründen immer teilweise auch meinem subjek- vom ultraorthodoxen Siedler Goldstein angerichtete tiven Standpunkt geschuldet. Massaker in Hebron. Was derartige Israel-Chrono- logien auf Webauftritten französischsprachiger Me- dien betrifft, konnte im Rahmen einer oberflächli- Vorgehensweise bei der Recherche des chen Suche, wie sie jede ‚normale’ Internetnutzer_in Quellenmaterials und das daraus resultierende durchführen würde, lediglich die von L’Express ge- Korpus funden werden (vgl. Gouëset 2012). Französische öffentlich-rechtliche Medien (z.B. France 2, France Angesichts der Fülle des Materials – die Ausgabe Info) bieten hingegen keine solchen Datenaufbe- vom 7. September 2016 trägt die Nummer 1259, reitungen. Stattdessen lassen sich Zeitleisten auf Zählung beginnend ab dem Neuanfang 1992 – konnte mehreren französischen Internetseiten, die von bei den Recherchen für diesen Artikel leider nicht Solidaritätsbewegungen für Palästina betrieben die komplette Durchsicht sämtlicher Ausgaben ge- werden, finden (vgl. Vidal 2007; anon./Palestine-sol- leistet werden. Stattdessen wurden, ausgehend von idariate o.J.). ‚Schlüsseldaten‘ des Nahostkonflikts, punktuell nur Da Charlie Hebdo jedoch anders als Le Canard En- jene Ausgaben durchgesehen, die unmittelbar nach chaîné keinen Schwerpunkt im investigativen Jour- dem jeweiligen Ereignis veröffentlicht wurden so- nalismus hat, sondern eher direkt auf die Aktualität wie alle folgenden Ausgaben, die noch Hinweise auf reagiert – und dementsprechend darauf, was in an- das Ereignis vorzuweisen hatten. Doch was genau deren Medien jeweils als ‚aktuell‘ thematisiert wird sind Schlüsseldaten bzw. -ereignisse? Wer trifft die –, wäre es sehr interessant, zunächst die franzö- Auswahl? Sicherlich wird die Selektion von der sische Medienlandschaft nach Thematisierungen (kulturellen, politischen) Perspektive der jeweiligen des Nahostkonflikts im Zeitraum des Bestehens der Autor_in und der Herausgeber_in (mit)bestimmt. 61 Charlie Hebdo: Nicht nur am 7. Januar 2015! Catherine Michel: Lachen über eine Tragödie Satirezeitung zu durchsuchen, um anschließend Quantitative Analyse: vergleichen zu können, was davon wiederum von Verteilung Text/Bild Charlie Hebdo aufgegriffen wurde. Aus Gründen des Umfangs konnten leider allein die Ausgaben von Hinsichtlich der Gewichtung der beiden Beitragsar-
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