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Using Drama-Based Research and Practice to Understand Intimate Partner Violence With Using drama-based research and practice to understand intimate partner violence with young people in Samoa: Exploring an intersectionality informed approach to health promotion Emma Heard Bachelor of Arts/ Bachelor of Social Sciences Bachelor of Health Sciences (Honours) A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2018 Faculty of Medicine School of Public Health Abstract Young people around the world report high rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) and are at a critical life stage for building the foundations for intimate relationships free from violence later in life. Working with young people in culturally diverse contexts to understand their perceptions of and experiences within intimate relationships is an important step for IPV prevention globally. In Samoa, the Pacific Island nation where this study is located, 47.5% of young women (aged 15-24 years) report experiencing physical and/or sexual IPV. Social norms and cultural taboos leave young people in Samoa largely alienated from sexual and relationship health promotion. There is an immediate need to better understand the root causes of violence with this at-risk group to inform meaningful intervention that can halt violence, and to work with young people to establish safe and fulfilling intimate relationships free from violence now and into the future. This thesis presents findings from a participatory study conducted with young people in Apia, Samoa’s urban centre. The study was conducted over three phases. The first phase engaged 15 young people in an interactive drama workshop to gain in-depth understandings of their perceptions, conceptualisations and challenges within intimate relationships. The second phase worked with a smaller group of five young people to translate the initial outcomes from Phase 1 into a performance script. In the final phase, this script was presented to a broader group of approximately 50 young people as an interactive production aimed at providing opportunities for critical reflection and dialogue around current challenges within intimate relationships and possible ways forward. The data collected throughout the three phases of the study included: photographs and audio- visual material to capture embodied knowledge and exploration and transcriptions of focus group discussions after the first and final phases. Intersectionality informed approaches i guided the data collection and analysis, drawing out key intersections between individuals’ multiple identities and personal biographies with social and cultural systems of power, highlighting the implications of these for young people’s experiences within intimate relationships. Finding from across this study indicate young people in Samoa are engaging in intimate relationships and grappling with actions and approaches related to current and future experiences of IPV. Young people in Samoa want to engage in safe and fulfilling intimate relationships built on equality, but intersections of identities related to gender, age, religion and sexuality, with social gender expectations that support male leadership and hierarchical social systems, limit avenues and opportunities for young people to question current practices and explore new approaches. Findings suggest the interactive production provided an opportunity for participants to embody current and new approaches, and to physically express and explore alternative responses in a safe space. These embodied opportunities built a sense of empowerment and courage to try new approaches in practice. Such findings indicate a potential for drama as a tool for supporting critical consciousness in relation to intimate relationship practices with diverse groups of young people warrants further investigation. This thesis makes three significant contributions to public health: addressing an important gap in knowledge to inform IPV prevention with young people in Samoa; building on a small body of literature indicating a role for drama in public health research and practice; and supporting continued engagement with social theories in public health, specifically advocating for intersectionality informed approaches in health promotion research and practice. ii Declaration by author This thesis is composed of my original work, and contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference has been made in the text. I have clearly stated the contribution by others to jointly-authored works that I have included in my thesis. I have clearly stated the contribution of others to my thesis as a whole, including statistical assistance, survey design, data analysis, significant technical procedures, professional editorial advice, financial support and any other original research work used or reported in my thesis. The content of my thesis is the result of work I have carried out since the commencement of my higher degree by research candidature and does not include a substantial part of work that has been submitted to qualify for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution. I have clearly stated which parts of my thesis, if any, have been submitted to qualify for another award. I acknowledge that an electronic copy of my thesis must be lodged with the University Library and, subject to the policy and procedures of The University of Queensland, the thesis be made available for research and study in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968 unless a period of embargo has been approved by the Dean of the Graduate School. I acknowledge that copyright of all material contained in my thesis resides with the copyright holder(s) of that material. Where appropriate I have obtained copyright permission from the copyright holder to reproduce material in this thesis and have sought permission from co- authors for any jointly authored works included in the thesis. iii Publications during candidature Peer reviewed papers Heard, E., Mutch, A., & Fitzgerald, L. (2017). Using applied theater in primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of intimate partner violence: A systematic review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. epub ahead of print, 1-19. doi:10.1177/1524838017750157 Heard, E., Fitzgerald, L., Va'ai, S., Collins, F., & Mutch, A. (2018). Sugia/change: An ethnodrama exploring challenges in intimate relationships with young people in Samoa Violence Against Women. epub ahead of print, 1-16. doi:10.1177/1077801218778388 Heard, E., Fitzgerald, L., Va'ai, S., Collins, F., Whitaker, M., & Mutch, A. (2018). “In the islands people don’t really talk about this stuff, so you go through life on your own”: An arts- based study exploring intimate relationships with young people in Samoa. Culture, Health & Sexuality. epub ahead of print. doi:10.1080/13691058.2018.1492021 Heard, E., Fitzgerald, L., Va'ai, S., Whitaker, M., & Mutch, A. (2018). Exploring intimate partner violence in Polynesia: A scoping review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. epub ahead of print, 1-10. doi: 10.1177/1524838018795504 Conference abstracts Heard, E., Fitzgerald, L., & Mutch, A. (2017). Exploring peer-led, interactive drama as a tool for primary prevention of intimate partner violence with young people in Samoa. Presented at Australian Association for Adolescent Health, Youth Health Conference. Sydney, Australia. iv Heard, E., Fitzgerald, L., & Mutch, A. (2017). Using drama to promote healthy relationship skills with young people in Samoa: Primary prevention of intimate partner violence. Poster presented at the International Association for Adolescent Health 11th World Congress on Adolescent Health: Investing in adolescent health, the future is now! New Delhi, India. Heard, E. (2016). Using drama to promote healthy relationships with young people in Samoa: Primary prevention of intimate partner violence. Presented at UN Women’s Ending Violence in Samoa Roundtable. Apia, Samoa. Heard, E. (2015). Using drama to promote healthy relationships with young people in Samoa. Presented at National University of Samoa’s South Pacific Association for Commonwealth Literary and Language Studies Festival. Apia, Samoa. Heard, E. (2015). Using drama to promote healthy relationships with young people in Samoa. University of Queensland’s Research Higher Degree Student Conference. Brisbane, Australia. Publications included in this thesis Heard, E., Fitzgerald, L., Va'ai, S., Whitaker, M., & Mutch, A. (2018). Exploring intimate partner violence in Polynesia: A scoping review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. epub ahead of print, 1-10. doi: 10.1177/1524838018795504 Incorporated as Chapter 3. Contributor Statement of contribution Emma Heard (Candidate) Conception and design (80%) Identification and synthesis of literature v (100%) Analysis and interpretation (75%) Drafting and production (70%) Lisa Fitzgerald (Associate supervisor) Conception and design (10%) Analysis and interpretation (10%) Drafting and production (5%) Sina Va’ai Drafting and production (5%) Maxine Whittaker Drafting and production (5%) Allyson Mutch (Principal supervisor) Conception and design (10%) Analysis and interpretation (10%) Drafting and production (15%) Heard, E., Mutch, A., & Fitzgerald, L. (2017). Using applied theater in primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of intimate partner violence: A systematic review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, epub ahead of print, 1-19. doi:10.1177/1524838017750157. Incorporated as Chapter 4. Contributor Statement of contribution Emma Heard (Candidate) Conception and design (85%) Identification and synthesis
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