A Paradise Lost : Mapping Contemporary Literature from Hawaii

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A Paradise Lost : Mapping Contemporary Literature from Hawaii A PARADISE LOST: MAPPING CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE FROM HAWAI’I Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades des Doktors der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) an der Universität Konstanz Fachbereich Literaturwissenschaft vorgelegt von CLAUDIA RAPP im April 2004 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 23. Juli 2004 Referentinnen: Professor Dr. Reingard M. Nischik Professor Dr. Silvia Mergenthal Claudia Rapp, M.A. Erich-Bloch-Weg 10 78467 Konstanz 07531/941973 0176/20171337 [email protected] i In memory of my father, whose spirit guides me. For Cynthia, always with me, round the world and back. For the image of you standing up on the board, coming to me when I faltered. For Johanna Marie, leading me into the future. …and in memory of Glen, who provided a Haunt for ideas and for friends. Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit verortet und analysiert die zeitgenössische Literatur der hawaiianischen Inseln im Spannungsfeld von Postkolonialismus, Zugehörigkeitsdebatte, und regionaler Identitätsfindung. Aus deutscher sowie europäischer Sicht bildet sie den ersten Versuch, diese Literatur dem Fachpublikum nahezubringen. Aber auch im nordamerikanischen Raum sowie im engeren, lokal hawaiianischen Kontext existiert keine ausführliche integrative Überblicksarbeit zur kontemporären heimischen Literatur. Die Arbeit gliedert sich in sieben Hauptkapitel, beginnend mit einer Einführung in die Thematik und ihre Problematik: Hawai’i verfügt heute über eine eigenständige und vielfältige Literatur, die sich aus mehreren Traditionen speist. Diese ist jedoch außerhalb der Inseln nahezu unbekannt und wird praktisch nur vor Ort anthologisiert und erforscht. Die weitaus bekannteren oft stereotypen Texte von Besuchern wie Mark Twain, Robert Louis Stevenson, Jack London und James A. Michener haben die internationale Sicht auf Hawai’i als zeitlos paradiesischem Ort westlicher Sehnsucht ebenso geprägt wie die Hochglanzprospekte der Tourismusbranche. Die lokalen Autoren schreiben gegen diese verzerrten und euro-amerikazentrischen Bilder in unseren und ihren eigenen Köpfen an. Das zweite Kapitel beschreibt die für die Untersuchung relevanten theoretischen Fragestellungen. Ausgehend von einer kulturwissenschaftlichen Perspektive werden verschiedene Elemente aus dem postkolonialen Interpretationsfeld referiert. Neben einer postkolonialen Lese- und Schreibstrategie sind das diskursive Konzepte wie Hybridität, Migration, und Regionalismus. Außerdem werden einige Aspekte des Postmodernismus für den vorliegenden Kontext fruchtbar gemacht. Das dritte Kapitel stellt drei Vergleichsgebiete vor, an deren Kultur und Literatur sich hawaiianische Texte messen lassen. Neben der literaturwissenschaftlich gut erforschten Karibik sind das auch die Literaturen des Südpazifiks und die Asienamerikanische Literatur. ii Das vierte Kapitel beschreibt die Entwicklungslinien, die zur heutigen Literaturproduktion in Hawai’i geführt haben. Die Universität von Hawai’i spielt eine wesentliche Rolle sowohl als Ort kolonialer Bildung und Bewahrerin eines einseitigen und diskriminierenden „alten“ Kanons aber auch als Angelpunkt von Autoren, Wissenschaftlern, und Studierenden und somit der Produktion, Verbreitung und Erforschung lokaler Literatur. Weiterhin werden das Erwachen eines indigenen Bewusstseins und die Entwicklung einer weitreichenden „Renaissance“ hawaiianischer Kultur und Tradition sowie die Politisierung kultureller Praktiken seit den Siebziger Jahren beschrieben. Die Konsolidierung asiatischstämmiger Autoren in den Talk Story Konferenzen der späten Siebziger führte zur Gründung von Bamboo Ridge, einer Kollektive die bis heute lokale Autoren publiziert, zusammenführt, und unterstützt. Autorenzirkel, Lesungen, aber auch die Mitarbeit in staatlichen, universitären sowie schulischen Instanzen hat in den letzten beiden Dekaden zu einer breiteren Bekanntheit dieser Literatur geführt. Weiterhin brachte diese Gruppierung auch den ersten Versuch einer lokalen Literaturgeschichte hervor, Stephen H. Sumida’s And the View from the Shore, dem als Meilenstein ein eigenes Unterkapitel gewidmet ist. Das fünfte und umfangreichste Kapitel ist eine thematisch strukturierte Präsentation und Untersuchung zeitgenössisch hawaiianischer Literaturproduktion unter den Rubriken Geschichte, Ethnizität, Sprache, und Ort. In mehreren Unterkapiteln fächern sich diese anhand von Beispielen und deren Erläuterung weiter auf. Die Prägung Hawaiis durch geschichtliche Ereignisse wie den japanischen Angriff auf Pearl Harbor sowie die zentrale Bedeutung von Herkunft und Genealogie bei Ureinwohnern und Immigranten erklären die Häufigkeit von Texten mit geschichtlicher Thematik. Nach einem kurzen Überblick über die Fakten der wechselvollen Geschichte Hawaiis stellt die Arbeit dar, wie historische Romane und Kurzgeschichten vernachlässigte Aspekte der Vergangenheit verhandeln. Die multikulturelle Bandbreite lokaler Geschichtserfahrung erschließt sich in biografisch ausgerichteter Prosa und Poesie. Dank der Ära der Zucker- und Ananasplantagen und anderer Faktoren ist das Bevölkerungsspektrum der Inseln multiethnisch. Die untersuchte Literatur fragt nach den Eigenschaften und Überzeugungen die den (indigenen) Hawaiianer ausmachen. Außerdem reflektiert sie Unabhängigkeitsbestrebungen und beschreibt die revidierte Position der ehemals regierenden Weißen. Asiatische Identitäten werden differenziert von ihr beleuchtet. Unterschiede und Eigenheiten treten deutlich hervor. Am Beispiel von Lois-Ann Yamanakas umstrittenen Texten lässt sich ein generelles Problem ethnischer Literaturen aufzeigen: Leser und Kritiker erwarten allzu oft authentisch repräsentative Fakten in fiktionalen Werken und unterwerfen diese eher sozialwissenschaftlichen Fragestellungen als sie mit literaturtheoretischem Blick verstehen zu wollen. Gleichzeitig werden die unentrinnbare iii Politizität ethnischen Schreibens und die immense Verantwortung des postkolonialen Autors hier deutlich. Schließlich verhandelt Literatur die Befindlichkeit der vierzig Prozent der Bevölkerung Hawaiis deren Herkunft sich aus mehreren Ethnizitäten zusammensetzt. Die Probleme und Chancen multikulturellen Lebens bündeln sich in den Erfahrungen gemischtrassiger Menschen. In einem postkolonialen Kontext spielen außerdem die Verwendung und Auswahl von Sprache eine wesentliche Rolle. In Hawai’i hat sich aus dem frühen „Pidgin,“ einer Handels- und Kommandosprache, eine lebendige Kreolesprache entwickelt, die noch immer mit der tradierten Sicht als korrumpiertes Englisch befrachtet ist. Nichtsdestotrotz hat sich Pidgin als tragbare literarische Sprache regionalistischer Prägung erwiesen. Das indigene Hawaiianisch und seine Stilistik fließen dank vielfältiger Revitalisierungsbemühungen ebenfalls auf verschiedenen Ebenen in lokale Texte ein. Auch der Einfluß asiatischer Sprachen lässt sich nachweisen. Zuletzt ist die untersuchte Literatur eindeutig ortsgebunden. Verschiedene Schichten diskursiver Be-schreibung werden freigelegt und über-schrieben: Das indigene Hawai’i wird literarisch zurückverlangt, was sich am eindringlichsten in der Auseinandersetzung mit der „Zielscheiben-Insel“ Kaho’olawe zeigt, die von den amerikanischen Militärs jahrzehntelang zu Testzwecken beschlagnahmt war und nunmehr behutsam rekultiviert wird. Weiterhin beschreiben Gedichte und Geschichten eine spezifisch lokale Befindlichkeit, die sich in einem Gespür und Gefühl für das Land und seine Eigentümlichkeiten ausdrückt. Auch Gemeinschaft, Nachbarschaft, und Familie lassen sich räumlich fassen, werden hier zum Ort, zur Heimat. Da Hawai’i aus mehreren Inseln besteht, gehört auch das umliegende Meer als bedrohlicher oder beschützender Gegenpart mit dazu. Die genannten Themen und Motive machen das Spezifische moderner Literatur aus Hawai’i aus. Dies zeigt das fünfte Kapitel anhand von Textbeispielen und Analysen ausführlich auf. Daran anschließend wird zusammenfassend argumentiert, dass die Gemeinsamkeiten in Thematik, Ton, und Stil die Unterschiede in den verschiedenen Texten aufwiegen. Zeitgenössische Literatur aus Hawai’i ist ein eigenständiges Feld, geprägt von Geschichte und Genealogie, multikultureller Ethnizität, sprachlicher Vielfalt und Eigenheit, und einer zentralen Bindung an den Ort ihres Entstehens. Zuletzt zeigt ein kurzer Ausblick mögliche sich anschließende und ergänzende Fragestellungen. iv Abstract This study is the first to situate contemporary literature from Hawai’i in a comprehensive framework of current theoretical background, comparative surveys of other relevant literatures, and Hawaii’s literary history. From a German or even a European perspective, it is the first Ph. D. dissertation to deal with Hawaii’s literary production at all. Its main thesis is that the literature resulting from the islands’ history, the pervasive outside representation, and the unique multicultural setup of the population is fundamentally a Local one, place-bound, ethnicity-aware, expressed in a variety of linguistic choices. Contemporary literature from Hawai’i is an exploration of Local identity, providing a multitude of answers to the question “What is a Hawaiian?” After an introductory chapter that presents the issues and problems that this study deals with, the second chapter surveys the theoretical concepts that are utilized in the analysis of the literature under scrutiny. Based on a Cultural Studies approach, it employs postcolonialism as a reading and writing strategy, and negotiates the usefulness of postcolonial discourses on hybridity, migration, and regionalism in a postcolonial context. Postmodernism
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