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Disability, Activism, and Education in Samoa, 1970-1980

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Disability, Activism, and Education in Samoa, 1970-1980 Syracuse University SURFACE Dissertations - ALL SURFACE December 2015 Trying Times: Disability, Activism, and Education in Samoa, 1970-1980 Juliann Anesi Syracuse University Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/etd Part of the Education Commons Recommended Citation Anesi, Juliann, "Trying Times: Disability, Activism, and Education in Samoa, 1970-1980" (2015). Dissertations - ALL. 418. https://surface.syr.edu/etd/418 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the SURFACE at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations - ALL by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract In the 1970s and 1980s, Samoan women organizers established Aoga Fiamalamalama and Loto Taumafai, which were educational institutions in Samoa, an island in the Pacific. Establishing these schools for students with intellectual and physical disabilities, excluded from attending formal schools based on the misconception that they were "uneducable". In this project, I seek to understand how parent advocates, allies, teachers, women organizers, women with disabilities, and former students of these schools understood disability, illness, inclusive education, and community organizing. Through interviews and analysis of archival documents, stories, cultural myths, legends related to people with disabilities, pamphlets, and newspaper media, I examine how disability advocates and people with disabilities interact with educational and cultural discourses to shape programs for the empowerment of people with disabilities. I argue that the notions of ma’i (sickness), activism, and disability inform the Samoan context, and by understanding, their influence on human rights and educational policies can inform our biased attitudes on ableism and normalcy. TRYING TIMES: DISABILITY, ACTIVISM, AND EDUCATION IN SAMOA, 1970-1980 by Juliann T. Anesi B.A., California State University Fullerton, 1999 M.A., University of Hawai´i at Mānoa, 2005 C.A.S., Syracuse University, 2008 C.A.S., Syracuse University, 2010 Dissertation Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Special Education. Syracuse University December 2015 Copyright © Juliann T. Anesi 2015 All Rights Reserved For Charles Taulapapa Anesi Acknowledgements It takes a village to finish a dissertation and this one is no different. I am indebted to so many people whom I have crossed paths with in my life, and for that reason I have become a better person. My utmost gratitude goes to the women organizers and the participants who generously trusted me to tell their stories. This research project was possible because of the participants’ generosity. Thank you. This project took ten years to develop and eventually evolved into this dissertation project. I would be remised to not mention the numerous founding members of Aoga Fiamalamalama and Loto Taumafai Schools who are no longer with us. To them, wherever you are in this universe, thank you for the work you have done to change the school system for all students in Samoa. Thank you to Leta’a Dan Devoe and Sharon Suhren for your current leadership at Loto Taumafai and Aoga Fiamalamalama. I would like to thank my dissertation committee members: Professors Beth Ferri, Vivian May and Fata Simanu for guiding and challenging me to be a better writer and critical thinker. Beth, Vivian, and Fata’s support have been the wind beneath my wings and I can only soar high in the sky from here. In addition, I would like to thank Steven J. Taylor, another committee member, who departed this world too soon; thank you Steve for your leadership and scholar- activism. And especially for welcoming everyone at the beginning of the school year with an amazing barbeque. I hope my work will be reflective of your mentorship. More importantly, I am so grateful to my committee for continuously inspiring me to do social justice work. In California: I am so blessed to have an influential and motivating group of individuals who have all played a role in my development as a person and scholar. Thank you Grace Hong, Valerie Matsumoto, Mishuana Goeman, Michelle Erai, Setsu Shigematsu, and Lucy Burns, for v sharing your alofa (love) and mana (power) with me. I am motivated by your generosity, decolonizing scholarship, and solidarity politics. To the Revolutionary Women’s Writing group at UCLA, Pua Warren, Marilu Medrano, Yvette Martinez-Vu, Isabel Gomez, Sandra Ruiz, Carolina Beltran, and Kim Mack; thank you for our check-in sessions and support in keeping it real! Thank you to my writing partners, Hayley Cavino and Ester Trujillo for keeping me motivated and accountable to my writing deadlines. Additionally, thank you to Jacqueline Elam for helping me revise earlier drafts of this project. I would also like to thank my close friends Eileen Carolipio, Sharon Steigh, Manjari Patel, Yenny Moreno, Aniko Calzadilla, Suzie Scambia, Nicole Roloff, Natalie Macpherson, and Sanja Du Plessis for keeping me grounded and determined to finish school. To my friends and mentors, Kathy and David Hanlon, thank you for your endless aloha and support. Vince Diaz and Tina DeLisle, thank you for your friendship and mentoring. Everyone has been a part of my village of alofa and I am so appreciative of your scholarships, friendships, and leadership in our communities. In Australia: I would like to thank Professors Margaret Jolly, Katerina Teaiwa, and Kathy Lepani for hosting me as a research affiliate at the Australia National University (ANU). Thank you to Nick Mortimer for arranging my stay and research access. The ANU Pacific Collections served as some of the archival research, with the generous assistance from the folks there. Thank you for the laughs, stories, and writing sessions. In Samoa: Gele, I hope this story gets your dancing seal of approval. I would like to thank Stella MacKenzie for trusting me to tell this story. Because of you, I was granted access into this world of advocacy, fearlessness, and transformation. I would also like to thank Lisi Anesi, and Noa and Tony Aiono for hosting me during my stays in Samoa. Doing Zumba workouts, going to BINGO, and eating yummy food nurtured my soul. I also want to give a vi shout-out to my nephew and niece Jamie and Ina Aiono, my informative research team. They often accompanied me to my interviews and meetings, and taught me the research skills of talking story, doing “psychic” observation, and interviewing, all at the same time. My cousins Taulapapa Brenda and Matafeo George Latu were instrumental in locating and connecting me with the participants of this study. Thank you to Julie and George Tuiletufuga for your support for this project and advocacy in the disability community. Lastly, I would like to thank my cousins: the Anesi clan, the Carter fanau, the Fruean, the MacKenzie, and the Slavens who all physically and spiritually contributed to my comfort during the research of this project. Fa’afetai tele lava (thank you). In Syracuse: I would like to thank my classmates and friends who made this experience fun and intellectually stimulating over the years. I am so excited to continue the next journey of our academic careers. Thank you to D.L. Adams, Liat Ben-Moshe, Jessica Bacon, Fernanda Orsati, Eun Young Kim, Heidi Pitzer, Sherry Williams, Kate McLaughlin, Jennifer Nixon, Melissa Smith, Kelli Szott, Ashley Taylor, Lauren Shallish, Kristin Goble, Carrie Rood, Casey Reutemann, Danielle Cowley, and Zosha Stuckey. Dr. Pat Stith, my remarkable mentor, and the MGSOP group for your constant support and sharing of information. Regina Jones, my Oneida aunty, in the Native Student Program who energized my passion for indigenous issues. Thank you to Silvio Torres-Sailant for checking on my progress throughout the years. Finally, thank you to the amazing department staff members who make things happen everyday: Cyndi Colavita, Rachael Zubal-Ruggieri, Mary Ann Barker, Jeanne Schmidt, Maithreyee Dube, and Michelle Mondo. You all rock! Thank you to my parents, Charles Taulapapa and Alice Victoria Anesi, I would not be here today if it were not for your sacrifices and love. We moved across the Pacific Ocean from vii Samoa so that my siblings and I can have the opportunities we have today. My mother took on the challenging task of raising five young adults, when my father passed away in 1991. She never wavered from inspiring us to be loving and respectful toward others, and to build communities that the next generations can benefit from. My siblings Monaheni, Stella, Alalatoa Wyclif, and Charles Kayl and their partners, Mona, Kennie, Leilua, and Susan, have all contributed to my academic career emotionally, spiritually, monetarily, and always allowed the storage of my “junk” in their homes over the years. For a long time, the running joke in my family has been about my endless status as a student, followed by the phrase, “The word of the day is J-O-B.” Well, all good gigs come to an end and I will find a job! To my nephews and nieces: Trevor, Manasseh, Tristan, Kennie Jr., Kim, Corey, Emily, Makaelah, Avery, and Charly, I hope one day you will be inspired to tell our stories as agents of change! To my family in Guam: John, Bobbie, Chris, Jacob, and Uncle Tony--thank you for your love and support. Thank you to my family in Honolulu: the Aninzo, Lujan, and Respall families for always hosting me when I pass through. Lastly, Si’ Yu’us’ Ma’ase (thank you) to Keith Camacho, who’s love and support has sustained me through this project. Thank you for your patience, poignant remarks, delicious cooking, and willingness to endure my absence in our lives throughout the completion of this project. Needless to say, your island-style humor and constructive feedback has contributed to the improvement of this project.
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