~Ock Creek Park Di Trict of Columbia
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
hi toric re ource tudy ~OCK CREEK PARK DI TRICT OF COLUMBIA ON P.11CROFf lM PlfASE RETURN TD: l[ CAL INR>RMATION COITER Co or ca . DOMR SERVICE CENTER rol 2-3/:;...cc -. NATIONAL. PARK SERVICE historic resource study august 1990 by William Bushong \ ROCK CREEK PARK • DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR I NATIONAL PARK SERVICE iii I e TABLE OF CONTENTS I ACKNOWLEDGEMENlS I ix PART I: HISTORY OF 1HE lAND AREA AND USES OF ROCK CREEK PARK. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION I 1 CHAPTER II: SUMMARY OF THE PREHISTORY AND HISTORY OF WASHINGTON, D.C. PRIOR TO 1790. I 7 Aboriginal Inhabitants, European Contact. and Trade. I 8 Settlement and Development of Towns in the Washington Area. I 12 NOTES I 19 CHAPfER III: "ROCK CREEK IN OLDEN DAYS": TIIE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF TIIE LAND AREA OF ROCK CREEK PARK. 1790-1890. I 22 Rock Creek Park in the L'Enfant-Ellicott Plan for the National Capital. I 23 The Settlement of Upper Rock Creek Before the Civil War. I 25 The Milling Industry Along Rock Creek. / 34 The Civil War Period, 1861-1865. I 40 Nineteenth Century Land Uses After 1865. / 46 NOTES I 52 CHAPTER IV: TIIE ESTABLISHMENT OF ROCK CREEK PARK. I 61 Legislative Background to the Creation of Rock Creek Park. I 63 The Rock Creek Park Commission. I 73 NOTES I 79 iv CHAPTERV: THE PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT OF ROCK CREEK PARK. 1890-1933. I 85 Years of Transition. I 85 Park Planning and the Centennial of the Nation's Capital. I as· The 1901-1902 McMillan Plan and Rock Creek Park. I 93 Park Planning and Administration, 1916-1933. I 96 Development and Uses of Rock Creek Park Prior to 1933. I 103 Road, Trail, and Bridge Construction. I 103 Major Building and Park Facilities. I 112 NOTES I 121 CHAPTER VI: ROCK CREEK PARK IN THE MODERN ERA, 1933- PRESENT. Rock Creek Park in the New Deal Era. / 133 Major Park Development and Land Use, 1942 to the Present. I 146 NOTES I 150 PART II: DESCRIPTION AND EVALUATION OF HISTORICAL RESOURCES. ROCK CREEK PARK. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. / 155 Inventory MethodologyI Areas of Significance. I 156 Contributing Properties. I 159 Building Complexes. I 160 Buildings, Structures, and Objects. I 170 Non-Contributing Properties. I 184 -- ------- I I v e BIBLIOGRAPHY I 188 I I e 11 Vl LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1. View Lookin~ up Joyce Road Toward the Golf Course, 1931. I 214 Figure 2. "Rock Creek in Olden Days" Plate from Thomas Nelson Page's Washington and Its Romance. 1921. I 216 Figure 3. Detail of Andrew Ellicott's map, "Territory of Columbia," 1793. I 218 Figure 4. Detail of Rock Creek Valley from the Boschke Tooographical Map of Washington and its Environs, 1861. I 220 Figure 5. Detail of the Pierce Shoemaker estate from Michler's 1866 "Topographical Sketch of the Environs of Washington." I 222 Figure 6. Detail of the Joshua Pierce estate from Michler's 1866 ''Topographical Sketch of the Environs of Washington." I 224 e. Figure 7. Fort DeRussy Earthworks, 1989. (Author) I 226 Figure 8. Lithograph View of Rock Creek, 1875. I 228 Figure 9. Detail of the Rock Creek Valley from the Lydecker topographical map of 1884 prepared under the direction of F. V. Greene. I 230 Figure 10. Detail from Hopkins Survey Plats, 1887. I 232 Figure 11. Klingle Ford, 1890s. I 234 Figure 12. Path in Rock Creek illustrated in James Bryce's The Nation's Capital, 1913. I 236 Figure 13. Hiking Group in Rock Creek Park, 1915. I 238 Figure 14. Horseback Riders in Rock Creek Park circa. 1920. I 240 Figure 15. Bingham Drive, August 19, 1931. I 242 Figure 16. Military Road looking west, October, 1932. I 244 --- vii Figure 17. Boulder Bridge, ca. 1930. I 246 Figure 18. Pebble Dash Bridge and Broad Branch Road Ford, 1920s. I 248 Figure 19. Ross Drive Bridge, built 1907. Photograph taken 1989. I 250 Figure 20. Couple picnicking by Pierce Mill Dam, ca. 1920. I 252 Figure 21. Milkhouse Ford. Photograph taken in 1989 after rainstorm. I 254 Figure 22. Pierce Mill, 1933. I 256 Figure 23. Aerial View of the Rock Creek Golfcourse, 1940s. I 258 Figure 24. Joaquin Miller Cabin, 1989: I 260 Figure 25. Temporary Log Picnic Shelter, 1920s. I 262 Figure 26. Old Boundary Bridge, February 24, 1931. I 264 Figure 27. Park Police Station, 1989. I 266 Figure 28. Restoration of Pierce Mill wheel, 1936. I 268 Figure 29. Detail of a site plan prepared for a proposed road relocation project at the Pierce Klingle Mansion, 1935. I 210 Figure 30. Pierce Klingle Mansion in the 1950s. I 272 Figure 31. Jusserand Memorial, 1989. I 274 Figure 32. Works Progress Administration Road Crew Building the Piney Branch Parkway, 1935. Park Road Viaduct in the Background./ 276 Figure 33. Civilian Conservation Corps at Work on the Grounds of the Pierce Mill, 1935. I 278 · Figure 34. Equestrian Trail, 1930s. I 280 Figure 35. Traffic Congestion at the Equestrian Crossing on Tilden Street, ca. 1935. I 282 Vlll FOLDOUT MAPS 1. Olmsted Brothers Plan for Landscape Units, Rock Creek Park, 1917. I 285 2. Part I -- Historic Resources Study Base Map, Contributing Properties. / 287 3. Part II-- Historic Resources Study Base Map, Historic Circulation System. I 289 4. Part III -- Historic Resources Study Base Map. Non-Contributing Properties. / 291 IX ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to extend appreciation and thanks to many individuals who assisted with the .production of this historic resource study. National Archives and Records Admmistration archivists were especially courteous and helpful. Donald Jackanicz, Natural Resources Branch, was an informative guide to the numerous record groups relating to the history of Rock Creek Park. Raymond Cotton and Jeffrey Carter, Cartographic Branch, patiently assisted the research by pulling hundreds of maps, drawings, and blueprints depicting the Rock Creek Park area and its structures between 1790and1950. I owe thanks to many National Park Service staffprofessionals for their support and contributions to this study. Rock Creek Park historian David Smith generously shared the Nature Center library research and photograph files on the park and provided advice in the formative stages of the research. Pierce Mill's site manager Ted Hazen and miller Stephen Strach provided information on the mill's history and contributed to the accuracy of the study. Rock Creek Park's maintenance chief David Newman provided assistance in the identification of ~ark sites and structures. National Capital regional historian Gary Scotts encouragement throughout the preparation of this document was most appreciated. Cartographic technician Norbert Erickson provided significant assistance compiling information on the physical data of Rock Creek Park. Regional archeologist Stephen R. Potter reviewed the summary background concerning the prehistory of the Rock Creek Park area. His editorial remarks vastly improved the accuracy and content of this portion of the report. Historian Robie Lange, Historic American Engineering Record, generously shared a survey of Rock Creek Park's bridges conducted by Marsha Miller. National Park Service historian Barry Mackintosh, History Division, kindly agreed to review the manuscript, and his constructive criticism provided noteworthy improvements to the text. Piera M. Weiss, RLA, merits special mention for her contributions to this study. Her friendly and enthusiastic support of the project and willingness to share research on the history of Rock Creek Park was heartily appreciated. Ms. Weiss contributed long hours to this project with little comJ?ensation, prepared the historic resources maps, and served as an expert adviser in the identification and evaluation of the historic landscape of Rock Creek Park. My wife Rebecca made vital contributions with her editorial assistance and advice in preparing the manuscript. Above all her loving support and encouragement inspired completion of the research project. William Bushong Washington, D. C. March 23, 1990 1 CHAPTER I Introduction Rock Creek Park, located in northwest Washington, D. C., was created by legislation enacted by Congress on September 27, 1890. The reservation was established for the scenic and recreational enjoyment of the people of the United States and for nearly one hundred years Rock Creek Park has served the public well. Today the park is one of the national capital's greatest assets. It will observe its cent.ennial year as a national park with its famous cont.emporary Yosemite, also authorized by Congress in 1890.l Set aside when the surrounding countryside was mostly rural, Rock Creek Park is a 1,754.62 acre predominantly natural forested valley within a heavily urbanized region. In this respect it is unusual because unlike other great American urban parks creat.ed in the nineteenth century, such as Central Park in New York City (1856), Golden Gate Park in San Francisco (1870), or the Boston Metropolitan Park System (1878-1895), which were designed and then built, Rock Creek Park was created by the forces of nature. The core of Rock Creek Park is the creek and its picturesque gorgelike scenery. Particularly impressive is a one mile stretch of rapids and a rocky stream bed immediately south of Military Road. In contrast to the bold and picturesque valley core, Rock Creek Park also has gentle sloping hills and grassy meadows. This combination of landforms and the present vegetative charact.er of the Rock Creek Valley•s watershed has been described by landscape architect and historian Piera M. Weiss in the following manner: Rock Creek originates in Laytonsville, Montgomery County [Maryland] and has a watershed of approximately 77 square miles, 16.8 of which are in the District of Columbia. The water shed lies within the physiographic region of the Piedmont with characteristic rolling and hilly topography.