"#$%   / !  /    /       

/  Uncinula necator (Schw.)Burr. !&'  () * )+() ,- .  !.0  (! * 1! 23 456  

@ *!>.6? <  :=0! * 2 5 9:!.+ 6;. <  9:*! *!7 9" .  7 8 5 2

5AB 23 456    5E! * H;! * GI ! J-+ G; 5I /  !&' () * D )+() ,- . F G ,D >E C;! * O) /A G Uncinula necator (Schw.)Burr.!&'  ()  5 M K* G N; ( < ! . .K.'  H!  !.0  (! * 1!  1(O* SO+ U. necator DRAM .5 5;*  !.O0  (! * GOI  * O. Q;  * O1! P!0  8* DGO!7 XW#V O GO  7 D G0  1! 23 456 D   C()U 95  M  7 DG!7 5   ! 5   TT.'R! C;.( .5*.  ()  * DG0 D[. * 9 D[ .  5 /A+ D)+() 5?* #TWZT ! , .55 .D Y .( (  .5O* (! !* GO .'R!  1(*  * .(  Q; ! , '5  G   * 9D* /' D G!7 5   \ * * RAM !] !   D G * ^ _  * 5 !*G1 D[ . J3 D )+() !  K;*! +  . ! ! * =? G DRAM  * K ; ,D  N;5+ G DRAM  G!7 I 95*  G!7 G * ^ EA .A D` J3   * +  . 5?*"a G K;*! C;* . D  * K ; ,;!]! N;5+ G  5 6! /;! ! ! * .6? 58*  5 6! /;! ! +  * _ \ *  * D c AM C()A !.   *  K ; ,D   * C;! * b!*  G DRAM PM /) (E .5 .5   /;! ! * .' :/a  ()  * .' # G ]; E * .' T * 58 ! DRAM ;!   .* .' "/e !] G G * (! d 6+!  ()  * 1()A .!. * Dc  AM \!;* K - ,D  !] C;.( G 5  hU 5D*   GI ! J-+ G; !  G ! M ,- G 5 = g! I  \5;. D[ .  fI  DRAM .5    !.0  (! D () + * U. necator !&' ()  ?! /A D)+()

1! 923 456 9!&'  ()  9RAM 9)+() : 5 Di!

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 "#$%   /  !  /    /       

.(WC WR )R
)C) '9. '. 3/. %5 6'7 A S* G 5- 9' n+  4= V$G& 4       ! 39+ 8 U. necator 2 3& 4 )3/. %5 6'7 '9& S:N U  = KF. oI" 3/. %5 6'7 9. @9A&  39/. 9  A ?& >( : ; <%= S*"&  Z  4+  c; ?  @3F&3 FG ! 9 U. necator 9@ 3F&3 FG 3H .(
D 
C) '+ 99$. 99  399p  499 99 ?99 ? 99  )'.399+99 =J K ,'+ L - MN  !    ? FI. 49 ,'  '=3&  ^/. F! S*+ 3 T 4 @3F&3 FG .(R) '9. 3 ,'9+ ,'9 9 93/. O9$. P9GQ  4  39/. % 59 6'7 A ' 8  4= V$G& 3 T 4 '.3+  S*"& 4.3- ? 2 3& 4 @3F&3 FG .KN- @8.     9A=U )* )=   A 4= V$G& 4   ?& >( S*9"& /.3/X .(W

 )

)D)K ,'+ L - =  Dk  *! 99Z 99 ! 3Y99 3* U !99   99@399F&3 FG D ( . .@ ?9$$% 29 3& ,/9"!U  3/. #Q ! ,'+ UAH ) 9X3; S9+  3/. >(   (+   F& [99 . .(

 RD) R )RW )RR) K99 ,'99+ 99  997G I 39 H   (+  A+ )'(" ) 3 8 )cN ) + 9$N  (
1 1) 9Q  )(W\) .7=  #$$%& K9F. & >e  F! 4 ' H  ?; )  - S+  @3G9F S*+ 4 U. necator4 K ,  #] (WW) 3 H 9 4. 3H  c; $  '.  =A+   (+ 4 . ^9-  9F! 39/. _ 39 `9J  , 3=U 4. 3H  9 Flag Shoot >9keT ,'9" 9 39 SA % 3/. , 3=U 4 . 3H  a S*+ 4 4.3- ? . ^-  F!  '  '9  ! U. necator 4 3/. - 3=U    / ' 3+ ?9 . ^-  F! Gb S*+ 3 T 4 3/. _ 3 `J  ,!9& 39/. 39H 4+ 4 ,   & , ? N ) 399 ,'99+ 499 N^ 99. 993/. J 399. P99GQ  c99;  9;   3 RWD
 RWDR `   '.3+  S*"&  49+  U 9@ 39F&3 FG 39H 49? 9 >QGT @9; 9q 9 ?9  ,'9+ 4 9+ 39/. ,'9AT @; .' N- )(W) .9 )(WD) 4F. N )(W1  Wd) A=U  3/.  Z Vitis vinifera L. 49.3-  9"A" ) 9IN )* ) /FT . 39 ,'9+ L 9- (W) =  9  (R)9* )() .7= .' F . ^9-  F! L 4 '. 3 '$  (
g) ? e-  f  9$ T 9(.U `9J ?9T  = KF. @3G h$; U. necator DRAM   D m =!.n+ . .l @39F&3 FG  3Y9 3* U S*9+ 49 c9; ?9 49 ' +  *9FT >9; , 3=U 3/.  Z RWDR ,(  ?9 i=9 3Y9 3* U 9.! 49. 3H .'   . ^-  F! !9" #$$%& ,/ F 4 rG  . F& ! @3F&3 FG 9* V9$G&  3 ,'+ ,' (R1) RDg ` S   c; U9AH 9X3; s'(9" , H d  3G  ;  *AG-  j37 3 (R1) RDg  3=- 2 3& 3Y 3* U  3/.   ,'9+ ,'     .  #5; 4  Z ? .'.'+   3Y99 3* U 99$. (W) RgCd  `399kU  (WD) Rg
W !9" #$$%&   3/. q f  SAG 4F . ^99-  99F! he99; 499 998.U! . 99  99A '99=3& ! 9 f9 ! Rd 9 .'.'9+ U ('(")     39 ,'+ #] 3/. _ 3 `J 4 . 3H U . necator !99  99 RWD
,99  499A. 99& RWDR ,99( c9; ?  l3* U $. 4 '. 3 '$  ! ?$$%  39  L M9  @3F&3 FG ? ! 3Y 3* U  9A( 9$.  KF. m  )> U . ^-  F! 

1 ... Uncinula necator(Schw.)Burr. !&'  ()  * )+() ,- .

d ! t9  '.'9+  4 9/. 9- .9 4H

  U 999AH 999 .'999+ 999-, ! '999. (
)  999- 99@v V599  3Y99 3* U 99.! 499. 3H 99 KT99  9- 495; ,   A ST c; @3F&3 FG 3G ?& s S N3 v `3G%  U x. ! t 3* * 9*& 95$ _U 3 % *    . R\\ ?= 4"+ f .'.'+ -,! '. _U tY9 .'.39+ !U _U  9@39F&3 FG 9& '.'+ , ! tY9  9  9G  ^9N  5;  f= !  4"+ S 1()A .!. * )+() !;* K - .'!5! .Z 9@ 3F&3 FG UAH   * D ^N  5;  f= 9 f9 ,9 RWD
, K"(  '  & RWDR ,( !   U AH f = V5 !  l3* U )'+ , 3T M9  / 9F*+   l 3* U , 3 K$  'T W\ '& 4    .
/ 5;  ^Q  fF V5 L ? M  .KN- @8. (Rd) 3    - L f   f "&  L3 S  . '.'+ !3& l3* U 49 / 9F*+ 9   @39F&3 FG '9T W\ , 3 K$  9.   f "& 4 S   '+ 4& ^Q fF f9  @3F&3 FG 'T f KFI. .'+ - ,! '. f*7& 5$ _U  =G   4 '+ ,  ;  Nb ^Q Z @v f9 V5 
\ ?k3& 'b \/\ J 5$ _U ,5; Nb ^Q    3 ,'+ t n+ K3 8  .'9+ ,  9; U  S9v f  '+ 4 + ^- 3* *  9 K9 _39X `e9 '9T 49   f "& S !  4 @-\/\\R K;  ` 8 ! & f  @v ? _3X `e ?  3* * @v f  '+ 4 + ^- 4.'  A `3 7 f  '+ 4 + ^- K+  ; =33  f V59  ,'+ !  3Y 3* U & '+ ,  ; K  v9 U y39m >9p & j KJ  KF. 3&  4 =33  9 9 9  f "& L3  4 tY )'.3+ U AH (.U , 39 ! ?9 9]  &  "N Sv   4 N ? f9A 9 9  f 9"& 9 w   '.'+ ,  ; >  ! 9& 29 3& "N ?   P:. 3+ 4 F*+ l3* U ! t 9 3Y9 3* U !    ' - 'F >GN  ?9 .'9+ K9] -, ! '.   @3F&3 FG W\   V59 9U x9. ! ' ) - . 4H
  KT
d z9&) 9A& f9 9 N 9:& he9 y9 P=;  !U .'+ -,! '. 3G ?& sS N3 v `3G%  @v .'+ @8. (@3F&3 FG ) *& W\  ( -,! '. DRAM G!7 m =!.n+ . .# DRAM oE( PM /) (E .'!5! .T   9- L M9 9 9 f 4 7 .! Sb 3N  9*A. 9` 39G%  3Y9 3* U =3G @3& -,! '. '9T W\ )RWD
9 2  & RWDR ,( ! (RW) 3  L ?99 M99  .'99 + @998. ( d) `'99 L M99  9   .9
95; 9 ^9Q 9 fF  @3F&3 FG 99 ! 3Y99 3* U f99 99 3Y99 3* U 99 # 99{& .'.'999+ t999 9995$ _U 999 tY999  '.'999+ 4 999+ ^- K9FI. .'+ - ,! '. l3* U W\ '& 4  l3* U  3999  L '999 .A !999. 3999 999@3999F&3 FG 99  995$ _U  3Y99 3* U =3A99 e n99+ 4995$. !999   S(999F& 999 .'.'999+ 4999(& (
)  999- >'9 '9G v39 f9  \/D )\/1 )\/d )\/
9 `3G% 49 & SY=* f fA   l3* U , 3 3Y 3* U S9b 3N   9-, ! '9. 9@ 3F&3 FG UAH ! f 9"& '9T  L3  f F ?  '.'+ 4 F*+  U 9 3Y9 3* U =3G9  # {& .  f , .! @v f9 S9; L '9 .A  '.'+ 4&  *& 3 T 4   )79b >'9 'G `3G%  3Y 3* U W\  -,! '. 9   f "& .'+ ,  ;   f "& 4  3* *

C "#$%   /  !  /    /       

DRAM ;!   . .$ 9 3Y 3* U  |T  `3 -,! '.  v3 f  \/ 9A S9T c9; 3Y9 3* U 9 ! A #]  99  R\\\ 99A.Z99  399. l3*99 * ! , 7 99 9   f "&  4 4 *FT >; 3/. Z  KFI. .'+ 4 % `39G% 9 49$;  #'9 4  _I . '. 3    . g 5; ~39N 9 Z .'.'+ .37T'm 'b f >' KG3Y  D  ( * DRAM   D !] .'!5! .a 9 =G
 3 %   f "& f S  Z@ S% ! .'R!  1(* ! * 6(! 39G  KA9F; R\\9 , 9A 'b R/ -U s _U 2% f9RWD
,9  29  & , ' 7 4A. ! RWDR `  K9 _39X `e9 9(X U V59  he; 4 )`! 'A   9;  *AG- #$$%& ,/ F  3  -3Y ,/ K9" 29% V59  Z ? 4GbN 8 3p  4 S 9  9a9  ?9 9X3; –'(9" , H d  3G  9. 9  f 9"& 9 _  .'+ , N 3 ,'+ 4& '9. 3 ,'9+ 4 + Q X  #3b 4 4 *FT >; 3/. 5$ _U P*   .
  4& S Nb ^Q Z 1\ n97&  U 49.! w*9+ 49 39 49 '9 - P:. f9   4 ^Q fF (X tY '+ t S >9p & 39 ,/ 9 . K9+  ; ?9! V5 !    . 39 ,'9+ ,  9; 9A S9T c; @3F&3 FG 'T
\ )49 7  .'+  ,/   4$;   3  = , 4 ' -  '9+ 4 + ^-    f "& _  3H3 Nb ^Q  (9A8J %R\) ?N 9  , A ?=!   U V5 4  3. f  ' + 4 + ^- U _  4.  #3b 4   f "& 4 ~39N  39. .' - 4& ,/ KT  3 ,'+ 4 "QU 'F K3 €7J3p  4 >GN     f "& 4= w  @v   ,'9+ ,'9 49. ! S9b 3N 49  •3& 4 7  )9A&   N :& he y f P=;  !U ? .'+ S9 N3 v s3G ?& `3G%   '+  ,  ; 3* * A A&  (@3F&3 FG ' ^Q f F ) '+  ! 9 ,'9+ !U 3Y9 3* U '9&  Ux.  9*&  9 f9  (@3F&3 FG  ^Q f F )  ! .'+ LA+   d\\ A.Z .(RR)KN- @8. (   f "&) /m  * )+() - K ^ .'!5! .X N; (  , 39=U 9 49+ )9 Z V5  3H3  l3* U  949+  %59 6'79 39•J 49 O39 >keT ! , 7 9  RWD
, ? N & RWDR ,( ! 6 V5  '9. 3 ,'9+! S9:N `  49 39/. 9- 94. 3H U 99AH 99 f99 ,99 (D) 99*A  99F&3 L ,'9       K%&   (+   3 @ v  97  #39b 49 l3*9 U 'T \  .'.'+ 9 9 G #39b 4 3(‚ @/   ) A ? >keT .'". `39G%  9(.U '. ,'.! KG;  ,'+ S$  l3* * 9Z9 49+J  P9GQ  9 Z  V5  8 499 $  ;  ! '99 _U  # 99 ?99 3k3GN '99b \/\R )' 9+ `3    . CsW\ 'J 4 3H .H 4+  99- L M99 99 t.99 3k3GN l3*99 * K99%& 3Y 3* U !   . '+ ,' , K"(     _39F% ,'9.! 9 l3*9 U .'9+   (RC) *A ,9(  9- .9 49H
    n+ K3  ?99+ 99 x99. U 3Y99 3* U %\ 499  '.'99+99 l3*99 * @v 99 99   .99  '99T 1 '99J RWDR .'  ".  t. 3k3GN  9N ƒU  U ,    ['& 4 4 '+ -,! '.

D ... Uncinula necator(Schw.)Burr. !&'  ()  * )+() ,- .

9]  (P<\/\R)   9  39 49 4 '+ -,! '. M @v     .  'T D 4 RWDR ,     KN l3*9 * @v   3Y9 3* U ,'9. 4/. ,  KpGQ 4 RWDR , ' 7  ?A(  ,  = )'  l3* * 9& ,9( ! ! K+^-  ] ? .KN-  ; ]… & K%& @v 9 9   .9  'T
'J 4  KN  ['&  (P <\/\) 9A we 9 U ! t9 9= 3  " ,ƒU RWD
,9 ? N S  !  '  , ' 7    l3* * v39 f  \/`3G%  5$ _U  3Y 3* U >8J {&  '9T C '9J , K"(  2    KN  N ['& 4  3Y9 3* U >98J .(S*+) '+ -,! '. >' 'G .(RS*+ )'+ -,! '. 3* * @v    .  , ?    3 4 >' 'G v3 f `3G% 9   n+ K3  3Y 3* U .!4. 3H  >98J  (P<\/\)  9   KN  , ?A( '9J RWDR ,9(  )KT9
d ! ' -  . 4H

,'9 ,9 9  9& ,9 9( ! 95$ _U  3Y 3* U 9 ,9   ['& 4  ? .'+ - ,! '. 'b d .(S*+)'+ ?  '  7b 4 RWDR ,   KN  ƒU  U > 99& 99- ,! '99. ! ,'99U K99 499 [99 . M99 99 '9 4 ! ? !  KN 4 RWDR ,' 7 2  & '. ?9= -3Y ,/ ! , 7  q •N  3Y 3* U 49A&   K9N  9N ['9& 4 RWD
, ? N   z9& ?9 !  '.'+ *+ DR/R
/RC z &  3Y 3* U .(
S*+ )'  'b R1 'J 4 !U > 99& .K99+ 499 A 99F 399 499 S99AT ?99 '99 499 , 3 K$  # {&   ! ,'U K 4 [ . K97 9  ,  N @ 4 U . necator ! 3 3Y 3* U , 39 K$ 4 ". / F*+    @3F&3 FG 49 ,9 9 & , ? N ! RWD
`  ,'AT -'. R `'9H) '   ['& 4 ! K+^-  l3* U 3Y 3* U '&  (P <\/\)     N 4 8  9 l3* U , 3 K$   ? " .(WS*+  9 S; 'J .K ,'+ , ". 1 S*+  ' - ,'+    '9+ 9- ,! '9. ,9 ?9A( S   / F*+    3Y9 3* U 9 N @ 49  !9  P9H3 4 -'. , 39 K9$  A {& , ?  N & ?A( ? 4GbN '99& 99 399 RWDR ' 799 RC  99  99G f99 '99 - .( WS*+)'+ -, ! '. l3* U f9 ! -'9.  4 K;  ,  N @ 4 3Y 3* U S9F.  49 9". ,'U K 4 [ . O& ?A  .(1S*+)KN   N   3 4 3  "  G .'   ! K+^-  . 3Y 3* U > e3  _U  )v9 K9AH 9 3Y 3* U !  , † ! 49 7  49 9@39F&3 FG 49 O3 3Y 3* U 39/. 9 S9-  -  4. 3H '+! ? ‡3=3 N , >'9 '9G v39 \/
`39G%  K9+^- 9 (.U S*"& , 9 N 9 Z   @3F&3 FG '. ,'.! . KN- @8. 499 O399 3Y99 3* U  (dS*99+) '.'99+ =3A99 e RWD
,9 ? N K{= RWDR , U ! *AG-  3  `3G%  K+^- (.U S*"& ! , 1 4 @3F&3 FG n9+  9 @39F&3 FG '9. ,'.!  .'+ -,! '. `3G% KpGQ S; 'J .'.'+ =3A e >' 'G v3 f 99( .   '99b CC/ )RWDR ,99 99U '99  99!U  '+ 3Y 3* U 'b \ =3A e „T 4 >' 'G '99b WC '99J RWD
,99 ? 99N 499A.  99!U ,9 ? 9N   \/1 ,9 ?A(  )\/d ,ƒU )\/
, U .(CS*+)'+ -,! '. . 3 v3 f ' ! , ) ". 3Y 3* U  ! A 3!U [ . 3Y9 ? )3Y 3* U >8J # {& -,! '.  KAF;  ,'+ ,9+ 2 9+  ,' 9Z   49/. ! ?9 9 9(.U >98J  '.'+ 4 N- p.  4. 3 f S*+ 4

g "#$%   /  !  /    /       

10  اد ر 9 8 7 R 

 6 A 

M 5 * !

* 4 

( 3 



9 1 1 2  6 9 1 2 2 1 4 0 * / / /   1 1 2 2 2 / / 2 1 0 / / /    .

 1 2 1 1 1 1 9 8 7 

/ / / / / / / /    2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 .

 0 ( 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

   ! ر د ر

ر ااز ي # $ .'!5! q; + ! # %

"#$: K;*!! +"#$"  . ! U. necator DRAM   D !] =!.n+ ."/A & د ا  '

*#ا( ز) 60 50 40 30

G 20  !  0 5 4 3 5 0 / / (  7 3 2 5 2 2 2 / / / 2 1 / / /

 10   ز 5 2 2 1 1 1 9 8 7 / / / / / / / / ? ) 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 

 0 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 * ا # *  + ر د + ;qر !5!ااز '. ي

"#$: K;*! +"#$"  . ! U. necator DRAM  G!7 =!.n+ .:/A

9(.U 3Y9 3* U  ' .  ,'.!  F!     P&& 4 ),' Z 4   A ST )L  3 39/.   ' . 3&   ,'+ !U  & ' 7  ,  $.  3Y 3* U  ! A 4 S*"&  G
 C) W 49X- . '9  S9AT 49= V9$G& 4 3 T 4  '  , 3=U  .'   '…& U. necator ‡3=3'   (.U 94 9. 3H  @3G9F S*9+ 49 c; ? . ^9 -  F! #] . aG9 I 9J 3.  39/. _ 39 `9J   , 3=U p2 S99*9+ ?9 499 99!  99= (WR W\)
1 )1)K ,'99+  U . necator @3F&3 FG 4 '+ oI"  ? 

W\ ... Uncinula necator(Schw.)Burr. !&'  ()  * )+() ,- .

U. necator D)+() \!;* C()A !. `  ."  57 q; + ( .' )  DR/C/R d/\W
DR/D/
D d/D
C DR/g/
C d/CgR DR/R\/
g W/
Dg* DR/R
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l3* U , 3 ? F*+  !. 3 !      :* .(P <\/\) '  ". G; U AH z& 4 KF. 

6 ( 5 م    

) 4  ن  )

3 ز و  ( .

' 2 8 9 8 1 2 7 8 5 / / 1 2 2 1 / 2 0 / / 1 / 1 1 1 9 8 7 / / / / / / 2 1 1 1 1 0 1 8 8 8 8 8 8

ر + ;q ااز!5! '. ي

! 1()A .!. * U. necator D )+() !;* K - !] =!.n+ .#/A "#$:  C;* . + "#$"  . ( =   '

 ر %

 12000     10000 و  %  

) 8000 ر # $   ! 6000 # % ! &

: 4000  ; < 2000 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 NaCl 6789

/A+ ! tE G(6D * ;5 5;. D 2 * U. necator DRAM H8 =!.n+ .Z/A

WR "#$%   /  !  /    /       

+ ED#ر (

١٢٠٠٠ =  

: #Dر  ' % 

 FD#ر 

١٠٠٠٠     و     %

٨٠٠٠   ) ر #  $ )    A٠٠٠ ! R  # %  ! A & 

٠٠٠@ :  ; M <  H 5 5 3 8 0 8 5 2 2 ٢٠٠٠ 2 / / / 1 1 2 / / / 0 1 2 7 8 9 1 1 1 u / / / / / / ( 1 1 1 1 1 ٠ 1  8 8 8 8 8 8 A

. (

. A 

ر+ ;q ااز!5! '. ي

"#$"W "#$:  !&'  ()   * ;5 5;. D2 * U. necator DRAM H8 =!.n+ .T/A

14 25

12 20 10

8 15 ر د

٣ 6

 10 ر # * # $   m     

4  ! ( E m  #

 5 % m ! A 1 9 9 9 6 3

& 2  3 2 1 3 2 2 2 7 ) / / / / / / / / د M ا غ 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 (  / / / / / / / / _ *       ! 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2  

    5 '  0 0  8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8    ي  ر

+  ا  ! #  ن    D ه ا K m  

'اد&!%#!$#ر درm 3ه#ا ر + ;q ااز !5!ي'. Kان ر)

! '5  .'R!  1(*  5  A U. necator DRAM *!5+ =!.n+ .a/A "#$:  *!*.0 + "#$:  C;* .

W
... Uncinula necator(Schw.)Burr. !&'  ()  * )+() ,- .

90 80 در+ زـ ـن 70 60 50 40 30  4 0 5 5 ن  5 4 1 1 3 2 7 20

 8 / / / / /

1 2 1 ـ ـ / / 1 0 1 1 1 2 /   / 

5 10 8 8 1 1 1 1 1 1  / / 9 / / / / / /    1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2

 0 5 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8  ز ?   + * ر د

ر + ;q !5!ااز '. ي

"#$:  C;* . +"#$"  . ! U. necator D)+() 5 5 =!.n+ .X/A

K9† .K9 ,'+   (R) 3    - 2 3& (.U 49 N/. #39b 9  9  3 c; . ^-  F! 9p. ! '9 . 9 ;9 9 Z9   49  l3* U 94 9+ 9 9 - 3=U S*+ 4 A ? >keT .K  99F!  99$ 499  99;  ' 99F. i=99 h 99‚ *‡399=3N 9  9 3 9   (Flag Shoot) S*9"& ! '9 3H  '9 . 3& 9 9 l3*9 U ! 9A '9&  .' +A. S9; 9& A ST c; '  j  '". ,'  V5  .'9 .A ,'9.! '9. ,'. ; q   F!  4  Z  9 '  ?=  '". *+ q 3   S- 4GJ ! 3Y9 3* U 9 ! A U K$N3 3 4 r$%& ? ` !  S*999+ 999{& . '.'999+ *999+ RWD
/W/
z999& 9@3F&3 FG  4 3/. ,' Z   U. necator K9 ?*A 4 ;  4+3 ) Z  @3F&3 FG '9. 3 ,'+ V$G& q  ,'+  4/.  SAG  4F S 9   9 ! A  (.U $. #] @'T  G= 9. (RD) 9*A t39GH  (R\)9  S9( . '+ #] 399!U @99/   499? 99 99/ (WD R1 )W) '99+ 399/. 9f9F ! , 7  3/. Z  V$G&  (" [ . 9 . 39+ , 7 9 @39F&3 FG ! '& !  ! A   '9. 3 U. necator @ 3F&3 FG SJ 4 3/. Z  ! - 9 49 9@ 39F&3 FG 49 '. , ". ?$$% .'. U K 4 '.'+   4/. ,/"!U *  (WD
) '.3+  w^J -'. ]  3/. KN V59  3H3 @3F&3 FG ! . G; #$$%&   ! -'9. 9]   9" i=9 9 l3* U 4  9 '9. 3 , 9 Y9   F! q  4 , 3=U  Z ,'9   .(R) '.39+ 9I 2%   'H 4;   Z (WD
 )R1 )W) K9 ,'9+ , 7 9 9(.U  ! A #]  ? FI.   ]  U. necator l 3* U '+ 9A 98  #9$$%& ?9 ! 9 K9$N3 @'T = 999 h '999  '999+ L 999- (WD) j37999 3 2999 3& 99FN K99GT 499 hv99A J (WD  R1 )W) 3Y99 3* U 299 3& (
\) '+ L - . Pleochaeta polychaeta l3* U 9  9 Z9 V59  39H3 9 l3* U 8'& 9$  U. necator 9 l3*9 U '9+ ,'   ? 45 

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)D) 3/. %5 6'7 ‡3=3'  9.! 49. 3H ['9& 49 . ^9-  9F!   3Y 3* U  9 29 3& 9 l3*9 U '9+ ,'   4 O3 K 9 ! >  KN   F!  ,  3Y 3* U …9& 9  '. !. q3G  S*&  4 '+ .! #' 3Y9 3* U 29 3& K93 _^9H  # J 4H  N 9 ; . '+ ( .U *‡3=3N q3G @'T  *‡3=3N q3G   ? 99N 99 ,99 99 3Y99 3* U 99.!499. 3H h '998 3N'9 69 9!  i=9 l 3* U SJ  Z 4 .KN  N K"(  K9 !  3 '. ,'.! #';  l3* U A& '.'+ 49. ! # 9J 49H a 2 3  ,'+ @8.    9(  ,'.! l3* U j .   ?  (R) '. 499 H 
d 99 & 1/ ?99 3Y99 3* U !99  , 99 L 99- (R) 399    99- .'99. K99 499 699 ! !   P   # J 4H a 4 3 - . !  9" 9 49+ K 3   l3* U $ 4 '. ,  499 H  .(Rg RD) 99- 99   99; U. necator 3Y99 3* U  t3GH .'+ 6  4; ),3 ) Z  (.U $ - . 4H
 3Y 3* U !   4 ( # J 49 '9. , 9 L 9- 4=9  9  f9  (RD) *A ,'+ L - (RD) - . 4H R s
 a  (
W R) 4 . 3H '+! ! ' 4"A q  3Y 3* U !  99- .99 499H D ! 99 A 99#  99J 499H  .K99 '9 4 3/.    S - ! &  3+  n+ - 49H ?9A .(RD RW) '   3Y 3* U !  .'9+ 9 49 *. ?9A '9‰ 9. r9$%& ?9 [9 . )'  39  3Y9 3* U !9  9 4 . U # J 6'79 n39+ 9 3Y9 3* U !9  ,  / U >  Sphaerotheca humuli )Erysiphe cichoracearum 9=  (
W) =  (
) *    F&  3/. %5 .K99 ,'99+ L 99- (
d
R )g) E. graminis f.sp.hordei 3Y9 3* U !9    ?  .K ,'+ L - (D) K9%& U. necator 9l 3* U ! 3Y 3* U ! 
? A8& -'.  4 3 , A -'.  ,  9 9 l3*9 U , 39 K9$  3 N  ]…& f9 -'9. '  p. 4 ?   . 3 {   G
W & _U S9F.  9! >9  9N  '9+ ,9     F!   - .'+  3Y 3* U !   m ST S9 9 l3* U  _U SF.   N KGT 4 hvA J 3Y99 3* U !99 99 499 '99.  L 99- (Rd) 399  , 39 K9$  ?  .'+  '+ _3 ! ' 6393.  -'9. 9  G
/ ! ' S; 'J  4GbNe 49 [ .  4  '  , ?A( & ( !  l3* U j9 3 #$$%& (RD) *A  t3GH .' N  ~7& >98J  K$5 (Rd) 3    - 2 3& ,'U K ,  N @ 4 3Y 3* U '&  -'.  ? & 9& ,9 ?9 >' 'G v3 >. `3G% 3Y 3* U  9  9$. -'9. 49 '  p. 4 = '. *. '  9N ,'9  9". 49 (S*9+) '9 9  ,' 7 , 39 '9+ ,9 9 49   l3* U '+ _3 .'9+ 9 , ?9  3Y9 3* U > e3  _U SF.  .( Rg)'+  m 3Y 3* U !    l3* U >' 'G v3 >. `3G%  3Y 3* U >8J   9p. 49 S9:N `39  3Y 3* U .!4. 3H   {&  # 9{& ,'9  9". ?9 X >9 ,9 ' 7  , ? 9 ). ^9-  9F! 9 3Y 3* U q3G  '  , 399 O99F. 499 '99+ 99 3Y99 3* U =3G99 , 399 , 3 K$  {&  3Y 3* U > e3  _U SF.  .'9  '% _U SF.  "N   N 2 3&  l3* U 3Y9 3* U . '9+ 2&9 / F*+    3Y 3* U

Wd ... Uncinula necator(Schw.)Burr. !&'  ()  * )+() ,- .

K9= 3Y9 3* U !9   l 3*9 U , 39 '9+ ?*A ( S    ? l3* U , 3 K$  .' + 4 +  _U S99F.  99 99  S99T  99 499 z99  K99 49 K9+ 9 39& 9 9 ? ! G -48 .  _U S9F.  . '9+ l3* U , 3  *‡3=3N # {& @399F&3 FG #399b 499 99  '99. 3&99 U. necator !   l 3* U , 3 '+ !  !. 3 ‡.  X9; 49.3- ?9 3Y9 3* U  '9  . ^9-  F! > e3  SF.  "N ?/. .'   ?… &  3Y 3* U . '9.  9A n9+  4= V$G& 4 $. S:N '  49 K9 =3G% A+ SF.  `  _U  3Y 3* U 3Y9 3* U _9  !   , 4 4H3&  ? X > "N ?   .( d) 3+  3Y 3* U %\ =3A e PH3 ‡39=3 N 49GJ  -'. ! t , 4  )( S:N `3  `*  3G s1C\ ! ,'+ _3  l3* U  SF.  ) 9A 9 '9 n9+  3Y9 3* U 9$.  3/.   N , K"(   `*  3G s
gg\ 4 ,(   9A 95 9 9 9-U 9 `' f K >9 e3  _U S9F.  9( & 9 ?9  4X- .(d)' m P    *X; ! , 7  &r ; 4. _U S9F.  49  `9A J  '+ -,! '. 3Y 3* U . -  ; 4H3& 3 ,' U #$$%&  KF 4 K   l3* U , 3 Q >".   `3G > e3  ,9  ?    '  SA%&  (" # {& (* U > e

* 6(! *  .M9N  9  39  39 6'79 S9T Uncinula necator F H @N ,'" .RWCd .? .L  .| )A+   .R .R\
: (WR) Rsd -  A 2. Abid, K. H., A. H. El-behadli and I. Al-Sohaili. 1980. Overwintering of grape powdery mildew in Iraq. PP. 62-63. In: Mediterr (Ed.), Phytopathology. Patras Pub., Greece. 3. Aurel, T. N. 1974. Cercetari privind biologia ciupercic Uncinula necator (Schw.) Burr. Care prova ca Fainarea Vitei de vie si mijloaacele de combatere in conditiil epodogoriei Dealul Mare. Ph.D. Thesis. Institutal Agronomic. Bucuresti. Romania. 212 pp. 4. Bidwell, R. G. S. 1974. Plant Physiology. MacMillan Publishing Co., New York. 5. Bioleti, R. F. 1907. Oidium or powdery mildew of the vine. Bull. No. 186. Agricultural Exprimental Station, California. 6. Boubales, D. 1961. Etude des causes de la resistance des vitacees a l oidium de la vigine (Uncinula necator) et de leur mode de transmision hereditaire. Ann. Ameliore Plantes. 11: 401 - 500. 7. Built, J. and R. Lfon. 1978. Powdery mildew of the vine. PP. 525-548 In: D. M. Spencer (Ed.), The Powdery Mildwes.Academic Press, New York. 8. Cortesi, P., M. Bisiach., M. Ricciolini and D. M.Gadoury. 1997. Cleistothecia of Uncinula necator - An additional source of inocolum in Italian Vineyards. Plant Dis. 81: 922-926 9. Cutter, E. C. and B. E. J. Wheeler. 1968. Effect of temperature on ascsorpore discharge from cleistocarps of Erysiphe cichoracearum on Arctium lappa. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 51(5): 791-812. 10. Diehl, H. J. and C. Heintz. 1987. Studies on the generative reproduction of grapevine powdery mildew Uncinula necator. Vitis 26: 114-122. 11. Evans, K. J. L. Whisson and E. S. Scott. 1996. An experimental system for characterizing isolates of Uncinula necator. Mycol. Res. 100(b): 675-680. 12. Flaherty, D. L., F. L. Jensen., A. N. Kasimatis., H. Kido and W. J. Moller. 1981. Grape pest management. Univ. Calif. Pub, California. 13. Gadoury, D. M. and R. C. Pearson. 1990. Germination of ascospores and infection of Vitis by Uncinula necator. Phytopathol. 80: 1198-1203. 14. Gadoury, D. M. and R. C. Pearson. 1990. Ascocarp dehiscence and ascospore discharge in Uncinula necator. Phytopathol. 80: 393-401.

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15. Gadoury, D. M. and R. C. Pearson. 1988. Initiation, development, dispersal and suruival of cleistothecia of Uncinula necator in NewYork vineyards. Phytopathol.78: 1413- 1421. 16. Galloway, B. T. 1895. Observation on the development of Uncinula spiralis. Bot. Gaz. 20: 486-493. 17. Gee, L. M., B. E. Stummer, D. M. Gadoury, L. T. Biggins and E. S. Scott. 2000. Maturation of cleistothecia of Uncinula necator (powdery mildew) and release of ascospores in southern Australia. Aust. J. Grape and Wine Res. 1(6): 13-20. 18. Jailloux, F., T. Thind and M. Clerjeau. 1998. Releases, germination and pathogenicity of ascospores of Uncinula necator under controlled conditions. Can. J. Bot. 76: 777-781. 19. Jailloux, F. L., L. Willocquet, L. Chapuis and G. Froidefond. 1999. Effect of weather factors on the release of ascospores Uncinula necator, the cause of grape powdery mildew, in the Bordeaux region. Can. J. Bot. 77: 1044-1051. 20. Kimbrough, J. W. 1963. The development of Pleochaeta polychaeta (Erysiphaceae). Mycologia 55: 608-618. 21. Lianage, A. S. and D. G. Royle. 1976. Overwintering of Sphearotheca hummuli, the cause of hop powdery mildew. Ann. Appl. Biol. 83: 381-394. 22. Magarey, P. A., D. M. Gaoury, R. W. Emmmet, L. T. Biggins, K. Clarke, M. F. Watchel, T. J. Wicks and R. C. Seem. 1997. Cleistothecia of Uncinula necator in Austeralia. Viticultural and Enolog. Sci. 52: 210-218. 23. Moritz, C., V. Zinkernagel and H. H. Kassemeyer. 1994. Investigation on release and germination of ascospores Uncinula necator in South -West Germany. In: Proceeding of the 2th international workshop on Grapevine Downey and Powdery Mildew Modelling, Freiburg, Germany, 29 August – 1 September, Freiburg, Germany. 24. Moseman, J. G. and H. R. Powers. 1957. Function and longevity of cleistothecia of Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei. Phytopathol. 47: 53-56. 25. Pearson, R. C. and D. M. Gadoury. 1987. Cleistothecia, the source of primary inoculum for Grape powdery mildew in NewYork. Phytopathol. 77: 1509-1514. 26. Pearson, R. C. and E. Gartel. 1985. Occurrence of hyphae of Uncinula necator in buds of grapevine. Plant Dis. Rep. 69: 149-151. 27. Pearson, R. C. and A. C. Goheen. 1990. Compendium of Grape Disease. APS Press, Minnesota, USA. 28. Pool, R. M., R. C. Pearson., M. J. Welser, A. N. lakso and R. C. Seem. 1984. Influence of powdery midew on yield and growth of rossette grapevines. Plant Dis. 68: 540- 543. 29. Reddick, D. and F. E. Gladwin. 1915. Powdery mildew of grapevine and its control in the United States. pp. 117- 125. In: Report of the International Congress of Viticulture. Dattner Printing Co., San Francisco, Calif. 30. Sall, M. A. and J. Wrysinski. 1982. Perenation of powdery mildew in buds of grape vines. Plant Dis. 66: 678-679. 31. Schnathorst, W. C. 1965. Enviromental relationships in the powdery mildews. Ann. Rev. Phythopathol. 3:343-366. 32. Schneider, S., D. M. Gadoury and H. Kassemeyer. 1998. The role of cleistothecia in the epidemiology of grape powdery mildew in Germany. In: P. A. Magarey, K. L. Tschirpig and B. F. Scrafe(Eds.), Third International workshop on Grapewine Downy and Powdery Mildew: Book of Abstract. APS Press, USA. 33. Van der Spuy, J. E. and F. N. Mtthee. 1977. Overwintering of the oidium stage of Uncinula necator in the buds of the grapevine. Plant Dis. Rep. 61: 612-615. 34. Weltzien, H. C. and M. Weltzien. 1962. Cleistothecia Von Uncinula necator in Wurtemberg 1961. Z. Pflanzen Krankh. 69: 664 - 667 35. Wicks, T., P. A. Magarey and R. W. Emmet. 1985. First report of Uncinula necator cliestothecia on grapevine in Australia. Plant Dis. 69: 727. 36. Wilhelm, A. F. 1964. Zum Auftreten der Perithecien von Uncinula necator im Freiland. Z. Pflanzenkr. 71: 445-449. 37. Yarwood, C. E. 1957. Powdery mildews. Bot. Rev. 23: 235-301. 38. Yossifovitch, M. 1923. Contribution a l etude de l oidium de la vigne et de son traitment. PH.D. Thesie, Universite de Tolouse. France.

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