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Crop Protection Strategies in European Organic Viticulture Crop

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Crop Protection Strategies in European Organic Viticulture Crop CropCrop protectionprotection strategiesstrategies inin EuropeanEuropean organicorganic viticultureviticulture Lucius Tamm, Andy Häseli, Thomas Amsler, Sonia Jiménez, Barbara Thürig & Dominique Lévite FiBL Frick ContentsContents Organic viticulture in Europe Major bottlenecks and solutions Crop protection strategies in humid climates Novel trends in disease control FiBL Frick DevelopmentDevelopment ofof organicorganic farmingfarming world-wideworld-wide Hectares Farms 3'500'000 140'000 Hektares 3'000'000 Farms 120'000 2'500'000 100'000 2'000'000 80'000 1'500'000 60'000 1'000'000 40'000 500'000 20'000 0 0 198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999 (source: Kilcher et al., 2000) FiBL Frick OrganicOrganic viticultureviticulture inin EuropeEurope Turkey Switzerland (2000) Spain (31.12.2001) Portugal (31.12.2001) Italy (31.12.2001) Hungary (1998) Reihe1 Greece (31.12.1999) Germany (31.12.2000) France (31.12.2000) Czech Republic (1999) Austria (31.12.2000) 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 Percent organic surface FiBL Frick MajorMajor diseasesdiseases Problem importance solution efficacy losses Downy mildew acidified (Plasmopara **** *** *-**** clays, copper viticola) Powdery mildew sulphur, other **** **** *-*** (Uncinula necator) products Phomopsis viticola *-** sulphur *** * Pseudopeziza local acidified clays *** *-** tracheiphila Grey rot (Botrytis **-*** copper ** *-** cinerea) Flavescence d. local ? ? **** FiBL Frick MajorMajor pestspests Problem importance solution efficacy losses Eupoecilia mating ambiguella and ** *** ** disruption, B.t. Lobesia botrana Red spider mite * soaps **** ** Spider mite local sulphur *** * Phylloxera * sulphur *** * Thrips * sulphur *** * Lygus * Empoasca * pyrethrin, Lepidopterae local *** * spinosad FiBL Frick MajorMajor bottlenecks:bottlenecks: FiBL Frick CropCrop protectionprotection onon organicorganic viticultureviticulture crop protection sanitation products avoidance techniques soil fertility Mengenredukt soil tillage plantion health variety fertilization variety mixture Habitat management intercropping FiBL Frick SanitationSanitation FiBL Frick CropCrop protectionprotection onon organicorganic viticultureviticulture crop protection sanitation products avoidance techniques soil fertility Mengenredukt soil tillage plantion health variety fertilization variety mixture Habitat management intercropping FiBL Frick AvoidanceAvoidance techniques:techniques: waspswasps FiBL Frick AvoidanceAvoidance techniques:techniques: BirdsBirds FiBL Frick CropCrop protectionprotection onon organicorganic viticultureviticulture crop protection sanitation products avoidance techniques soil fertility Mengenredukt soil tillage plantion health variety fertilization variety mixture Habitat management intercropping FiBL Frick ResistantResistant varietiesvarieties FiBL Frick PartialPartial resistanceresistance Spot FiBL Frick PartialPartial resistance?resistance? FiBL Frick DownyDowny mildewmildew on on interspecificinterspecific hybrids hybrids 100 90 1999 80 2000 2001 70 2002 60 50 40 30 20 Disease severity (%) 10 0 c n 8502 Solaris Regent Bianca Bronner Johanniter Seyval Bla Chambourcin FiBL Frick CropCrop protectionprotection strategiesstrategies crop protection sanitation products avoidance techniques soil fertility Mengenredukt soil tillage plantion health variety fertilization variety mixture Habitat management intercropping FiBL Frick HabitatHabitat management:management: wildwild flowerflower stripsstrips FiBL Frick AlicanteAlicante (Spain): (Spain): addedadded valuevalue FiBL Frick CropCrop protectionprotection strategiesstrategies crop protection sanitation products avoidance techniques soil fertility Mengenredukt soil tillage plantion health variety fertilization variety mixture Habitat management intercropping FiBL Frick PlantPlant nutritionnutrition andand fieldfield resistance?resistance? low susceptibility high susceptibility FiBL Frick CropCrop protectionprotection strategiesstrategies crop protection sanitation products avoidance techniques soil fertility Mengenredukt soil tillage plantion health variety fertilization variety mixture Habitat management intercropping FiBL Frick EfficacyEfficacy gapgap ofof pesticidespesticides in in OFOF Efficacy level Ideal 100% pesticide synthetic organic Disease /pest pressure FiBL Frick Downy mildewcontrol: Frick,11.9.2002 Downy mildewcontrol: Frick,11.9.2002 Disease severity 100 20 40 60 80 0 Untreated Aliette Copper Cu+G Agromos Fitoclean Kocide 2000 Messenger Serenade Polyverum Myco San Mycosin MSin-l MSin+Thiovit MSin-l+Thiovit MSin-l+G FiBL Frick ApplicationApplication andand timingtiming of of sprayssprays areare crucialcrucial FiBL Frick CropCrop protectionprotection strategiesstrategies inin humidhumid climatesclimates Bud burst flowering Berry touch Véraison acidified Clay copper acidified Clay copper Standard Swiss max 4 kg Cu/ha sulfur fennel oil Standard German Copper low dosage (100-200g/ha application) max 3 kg Cu/ha sulfur Standard French/Italian Copper high dosage max 8 kg Cu/ha Low toxicity acidified Clay copper standard sulfur fennel oil B. thuringiensis Mating disruption FiBL Frick CropCrop protection protection in in Frick,Frick, MayMay 20022002 FiBL Frick CropCrop protection protection in in Frick,Frick, JuneJune 2002 2002 1st symptoms FiBL Frick CropCrop protectionprotection in in Frick,Frick, JulyJuly 2002 2002 FiBL Frick CropCrop protectionprotection in in Frick,Frick, AugustAugust 20022002 FiBL Frick FrickFrick 20022002 100 80 60 40 20 Peronospora Befallstärke [%] 06.08.02 [%] Befallstärke Peronospora 0 a Bilanz Cu+T MSan Standard control FiBL Frick StandardStandard compoundscompounds untreated copper Myco-San FiBL Frick AcidifiedAcidified clayclay preparations:preparations: Myco San: acidified clay + wettable sulfur; Myco Sin: acidified clay Manufacturer: Schaette GmbH, Germany Ulmasud: acidified clay Manufacturer: Biofa GmbH, Germany Putative active principles: Al-Ion toxicity to sporangia/zoospores Resistance induction FiBL Frick Dose-responseDose-response ofof MycoMyco SinSin 100 ]A] A] AAAA] ] ] ]A ] 75 A] % [ e t a r 50 ]A y c a c i f f 25 E 0 ]A 0,00 0,01 0,03 0,05 0,07 0,09 0,10 0,50 1,00 2,00 DosageDosierung % FiBL Frick Dosis-responseDosis-response ofof Al-IonsAl-Ions (controlled(controlled conditions)conditions) Al on leaf surface 100.0 AAAAAA AAA A AA ] 75.0 % A [ e t a r 50.0 y c a AA c i f f 25.0 E 0.0 A 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 Al-Konzentration [µg/cm2] FiBL Frick Dose-responseDose-response ofof Al-IonsAl-Ions (outdoors)(outdoors) 100.00 W WW WWW WWWWW WW WW W Rain (mm) WWW WWW W W W W WWW WW W W W W W 043 WW W ) W W W % W ( 75.00 W W W W e WW t W W a r y W c 50.00 W a W c WWW i f WW f W W E WW 25.00 WWW WWW W W W W W W 0.00 WWW 02468 Mikrogramm Al/cm2 leaf surface FiBL Frick PhytotoxicityPhytotoxicity effects effects inin combinationcombination withwith coppercopper Symptoms of makroskopically visible toxicity on leaves SA Roland Mühletaler, 2001 FiBL Frick PropertiesProperties ofof acidifiedacidified claysclays fungicidal activity Slightly less efficient than copper May cause phytotoxicity FiBL Frick PEN-aPEN-a novelnovel elicitor?elicitor? Penicillium chrysogenum Dry mycelium 'Agro Biosol' Biochemie GmbH, A-Kundl FiBL Frick PENPEN onon grapevine-P.grapevine-P. viticolaviticola Control PEN FiBL Frick PENPEN onon grapevine-P.grapevine-P. viticolaviticola Control PEN FiBL Frick P. viticola:Lesion diameter 1997 P. viticola:Lesion diameter 1997 lesion diameter (mm) 10 15 20 25 0 5 control copper 1/1 copper 1/2 copper 1/4 PEN (1.5 g/l) PEN+copper 1/1 * * PEN+copper 1/2 PEN+copper 1/4 Bion Bion+copper 1/1 Bion+copper 1/2 Bion+copper 1/4 FiBL Frick Rentsch, 1997 SignalSignal pathwayspathways and and pathosystemspathosystems Salicylsäure Resistance against SA „SAR“ Peronospora parasitica PR-proteins Pseudomonas syringae necrosis Turnip crinkle virus e.g. PR-1, 2, 5 NPR1 Peronospora parasitica „ISR“ Fusarium oxysproum JA ethy- Pseudomonas syringae Xanthomonas campestris PGPR lene Unknown markers Pdf 1.2,some Botrytis cinerea PR-proteins Pythium sp. / (e.g. basic PR-3 Erisyphe sp. and acidic PR-4) Alternaria brassicicola Camalexin (Botrytis cinerea) abiotic inductors pathogens FiBL Frick PropertiesProperties ofof PENPEN Elicitor activity on grapevine May cause phytotoxicity Probably ready to use in 3-5 years FiBL Frick AvailableAvailable commercialcommercial productsproducts Downy mildew Powdery mildew Copper Sulphur Acidified clays Soybean lezithin Phosphoric acid Fennel oil Potassium permanganate Ampelomyces quisqualis Sodium bicarbonate Reynoutria sachaliensis FiBL Frick TrendsTrends inin cropcrop protectionprotection strategiesstrategies expected Novel technology target organism efficacy introduction on farm 2003 2005 2010 later Use of DSS Plasmopara viticola *** Plasmopara viticola, Improved DSS Uncinula necator, Botrytis *** cinerea Plant extracts Plasmopara viticola *-**** Uncinula necator, Botrytis Biocontrol agents *-** cinerea Plasmopara viticola, Elicitors *** Uncinula necator Plasmopara viticola, Resistant varieties Uncinula necator *-*** FiBL Frick CrewCrew && supportsupport Dominique Lévite Thomas Boller Andy Häseli Andres Binder Thomas Amsler Jürg Felix Barbara Thürig Sonia Jiménez Christina Rentsch Urs Guyer Roland Mühletaler FiBL Frick.
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