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Using Vitis Species to Improve Cultivated Grapes

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Using Vitis Species to Improve Cultivated Grapes Using Vitis species to improve cultivated grapes Matthew Clark, Assistant Professor Dept. of Horticultural Science 04 April 2019 How many grape species are there? • ~60 Euvitis aka Vitis (bunch grapes) • 2n=2x=38 • 30 in North America and 30 in Asia • 1* Muscadinia aka Vitis rotundifoilia • 2n=2x=40 • Run1 powdery mildew resistance introgressed into breeding programs From A. Millardet’s Histoire des Epèces de Vignes d’Origine Americaine qui resistent au Phylloxera, (1885) [History of Phylloxera-resistant Vine Species of American Origin]. http://www.vinetowinecircle.com/en/history/the- * Some suggest 3 species american-plagues/ Distribution of Vitis in North America Reisch and Pratt, 1996 More Vitis trivia • Grapes are dioecious (male and female plants) • Grapes interbreed “easily” • Grapes are important to humans – Fresh eating, juice, wine • 1 Million acres of plantings in US • 6th Largest Fruit crop • Highest value fruit crop Wineamerica.org Early Hybridizations • America – Vinifera not suitable in Eastern US – Labrusca (Labruscana) hybrids (1800-1850) • Concord, Catawba, Isabella • Europe – Seeing resistance to powdery mildew, downy mildew, and black rot – Inadvertently introduced phylloxera to Europe Early hybridizations • French-American Hybrids (aka direct producers) – Combined resistances from American species with Vinifera – Contributed to wine production (over 30%) – Effectively outlawed from production in Europe since 1930s • Economic downturn • Over production in European states and under consumption • Quality aspects like “foxy” flavor from N. American species Who is breeding new grapes? • Public Sector • Private Companies – U. Minnesota – IFG – Cornell University – Sun World – USDA-ARS • Numerous private – Missouri State breeders and hobbyists – U. California-Davis – U. Arkansas – U. Florida Grape genetic resources • Repositories – National Center for Genome Resources (Davis, CA) – Grape Genetic Research Unit (Geneva, NY) • National Clean Plant Network – Foundation Plant Services – Clean Plant Center NW (Prosser, WA) Domestication traits of grape • High sugar content • Large berries • Perfect flowers • Range of berry color • Low acid? • Seedless Myles et al. PNAS 2011 Current breeding objectives: pest resistance • Fungal pests – Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator) – Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) – Anthracnose (Elsinoë ampelina) – Black rot (Guignardia bidwellii) – Botrytis • Bacteria: Pierce’s Disease (Xylella fastidiosa) • Insect pests: Phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifolieae) • Nematodes and Virus Abiotic Tolerance • Cold hardy – V. riparia; V. labrusca, V. aestivalis • Drought tolerance • Iron chlorosis • Salinity stress • Propagation? – some species do not root well or have low graft compatibility Introgressed Traits Owens, 2008 Minnesota Specific Issues • Heavy and rich organic matter soils • Extreme cold winter temperatures • Short growing season • High humidity and wet growing season • No need to graft !! Constraints • Crossing Good x “Bad” (except for a single trait) – Linkage drag • Inbreeding depression • Long generation time (20 year for cultivar release) • Wild populations serve as reservoirs for pests and disease • Reduced habitat for some species • Hybrid acceptance can be low Pedigree data for ‘Itasca’ V_riparia_MN39 Seibel4461 V_riparia_MN89 Ganzin4 Clairette_Doree_Ganzin Plantet V_riparia Afus_Ali Ganzin60 Vivarais Seibel405 Aramon_Noir Seibel5410 Seibel8216 Landal Blanc_Royal Herbemont_D'Aurelles1 V_berlandieri Seibel2510 V_vinifera Bourboulenc Seibel5001 Bourrisquou Seibel867 Seibel1 Ganzin1 Landot4511 Frontenac_Gris Heunisch_weiss Seibel6268 Seibel4614 Villard_blanc Seibel14 Seibel752 V_rupestris Ouliven Seibel3004 Pedro_Ximenes Seibel2 Seibel3011 Seibel2003_x_berlandieri Seibel4595 Seibel6468 MN1095 MN1234 MN1285 Piquepoul Sicilien V_aestivalis Aramon Alicante_Ganzin Seibel451 Seibel4199 Seibel7042 Munson Bayard Nouveau_Bayard Herbemont Seibel85 Cascade Veeblanc Seibel5351 Seibel5656 V_labrusca Emily Bourrisquou_x_Rupestris Seibel6746 Seibel880 Noah Seibel5409 Seyval Couderc603 Seibel6905 Muscat_du_Moulin Triumph Seibel452 Alicante_Henri_Bouschet Rayon_D'Or Terras20 Seibel2679 Aramon_du_Gard SV14-287 Rupestris_x_Lincecumii Pedigree Data for Grape Breeders V_riparia_MN39 Seibel4461 V_riparia_MN89 Ganzin4 Clairette_Doree_Ganzin Plantet V_riparia Afus_Ali • Powdery mildew resistance Ganzin60 V. riparia Vivarais Seibel405 Aramon_Noir Seibel5410 Seibel8216 Landal Blanc_Royal Herbemont_D'Aurelles1 V_berlandieri Seibel2510 • Cold hardy V_vinifera Bourboulenc V. vinifera Seibel5001 Bourrisquou Seibel867 Seibel1 Ganzin1 • Phylloxera resistanceLandot4511 Frontenac_Gris Heunisch_weiss Seibel6268 Seibel4614 Villard_blanc Seibel14 Seibel752 V_rupestris V.Ouliven rupestris Seibel3004 Pedro_Ximenes Seibel2 • Limited down mildew infestation Seibel3011 Seibel2003_x_berlandieri Seibel4595 Seibel6468 MN1095 MN1234 MN1285 Piquepoul Sicilien V_aestivalis Aramon Alicante_Ganzin V. aestivalis Seibel451 • Lower acid (1/3 reduction Seibel4199 Seibel7042 Munson Bayard Nouveau_Bayard Herbemont Seibel85 Cascade Veeblanc comparedSeibel5351 Seibel5656 to parent) V_labrusca V.Emily labrusca Bourrisquou_x_Rupestris Seibel6746 Seibel880 Noah • HighSeibel5409 sugarSeibel6905 Seyval Couderc603 Muscat_du_Moulin Triumph Seibel452 Alicante_Henri_Bouschet V. lincenumii Rayon_D'Or Terras20 Seibel2679 Aramon_du_Gard SV14-287 Rupestris_x_Lincecumii Marker-informed breeding for efficiency • Map traits of interest (examples) – Powdery mildew – Color (anthocyanins) – Cluster compactness – Phylloxera resistance • Develop DNA tests • Use pedigree data • Screen parents • Screen seedlings Acknowledgements USDA-NIFA Minnesota Ag. Exp. Station Minnesota Dept. of Ag UMN-Grant in Aid Horst Rechelbacher Foundation NC-SARE Minnesota Landscape Arboretum .
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