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Mineral Resources of Bernalillo, Sandoval, and Santa Fe Counties, New Mexico (Exclusive of Oil and Gas) Wolfgang E

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Mineral Resources of Bernalillo, Sandoval, and Santa Fe Counties, New Mexico (Exclusive of Oil and Gas) Wolfgang E New Mexico Geological Society Downloaded from: http://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/12 Mineral resources of Bernalillo, Sandoval, and Santa Fe counties, New Mexico (exclusive of oil and gas) Wolfgang E. Elston, 1961, pp. 155-167 in: Albuquerque Country, Northrop, S. A.; [ed.], New Mexico Geological Society 12th Annual Fall Field Conference Guidebook, 199 p. This is one of many related papers that were included in the 1961 NMGS Fall Field Conference Guidebook. Annual NMGS Fall Field Conference Guidebooks Every fall since 1950, the New Mexico Geological Society (NMGS) has held an annual Fall Field Conference that explores some region of New Mexico (or surrounding states). Always well attended, these conferences provide a guidebook to participants. Besides detailed road logs, the guidebooks contain many well written, edited, and peer-reviewed geoscience papers. These books have set the national standard for geologic guidebooks and are an essential geologic reference for anyone working in or around New Mexico. Free Downloads NMGS has decided to make peer-reviewed papers from our Fall Field Conference guidebooks available for free download. Non-members will have access to guidebook papers two years after publication. Members have access to all papers. This is in keeping with our mission of promoting interest, research, and cooperation regarding geology in New Mexico. However, guidebook sales represent a significant proportion of our operating budget. Therefore, only research papers are available for download. Road logs, mini-papers, maps, stratigraphic charts, and other selected content are available only in the printed guidebooks. Copyright Information Publications of the New Mexico Geological Society, printed and electronic, are protected by the copyright laws of the United States. No material from the NMGS website, or printed and electronic publications, may be reprinted or redistributed without NMGS permission. Contact us for permission to reprint portions of any of our publications. One printed copy of any materials from the NMGS website or our print and electronic publications may be made for individual use without our permission. Teachers and students may make unlimited copies for educational use. Any other use of these materials requires explicit permission. This page is intentionally left blank to maintain order of facing pages. NEW MEXICO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY O TWELFTH FIELD CONFERENCE 155 Mineral Resources of Bernalillo, Sandoval, and Santa Fe Counties, New Mexico (Exclusive of Oil and Gas) WOLFGANG E. ELSTON University of New Mexico INTRODUCTION Mountains (1893). Beginning in 1890, the ancient tur- This article is a preliminary report, part of a larger quoise industry was put on a modern basis by the Am- study sponsored by the New Mexico Bureau of Mines and erican Turquoise Co. Coal output of Santa Fe County rose Mineral Resources. It is a summary of the literature, sup- from 3,600 tons in 1882 (the first year of accurate records) plemented by brief field checks. to 252,731 tons in 1900. A host of small and short-lived HISTORY OF MINING mills and smelters was active. First Period: Beginning to 1880 All this activity may give the impression of a flourish- From the beginning of the industry in prehistoric days ing mineral industry, but this would be misleading. Most to the arrival of the A., T. S. F. Railway in 1880, min- mining enterprises during this period were able to operate ing was confined to two types of products: those used only in times of high metal prices. Not a single metal mine locally and those of small bulk and high value, such as in the three-county area was able to operate continuously precious metals and turquoise, that could be carried on for the 10 to 15 years ordinarily considered the minimum the backs of humans or animals to outside markets. period for a profitable undertaking. Placer workings were Among materials used locally were turquoise, pot- plagued by lack of water. This problem stumped even tery clay, mineral pigments, adobe, gypsum, and stone, Thomas A. Edison, who unsuccessfully attempted to work worked by the Indians for centuries. The Spaniards in- the Old Placers by a dry method in 1900. In consequence, troduced metals in the 16th century. At least one small the total metal production of Bernalillo, Sandoval, and mine, The Mina del Tiro (or Mina del Tierra) was worked Santa Fe Counties, from 1828 to the present, has been by the Spaniards in the Cerrillos district, Santa Fe County. only a little under $11 million. By way of contrast, the However, most stories of fabulously rich Spanish mines, Chino copper mine at Santa Rita, Grant County, has at filled in by Indians after the 1680 pueblo revolt, have been times yielded that much in less than three months. Coal, the manufactured in recent years by promoters who "redis- mainstay of mining during the entire period from 1880 covered" them. In the last couple of years I have been to 1945, declined after 1929, first through competition able to trace two of these stories (both of which made with other coal fields and later through competition with the Albuquerque newspapers) to their fraudulent sources. oil and natural gas. Systematic mining for precious metals began only Third Period: 1945 to Present with the discovery of the Old Placers in 1828, followed by The end of World War II brought radical changes into the discovery of gold-bearing quartz veins in the Ortiz the mineral economy of north-central New Mexico, most Mountains in 1833, and of the New Placers in the San of them adverse to existing producers. While the cost of Pedro Mountains in 1839. In 1845 the combined gold mining, especially labor, doubled and tripled in the gen. production of the Old and New Placers is said to have eral inflation, gold prices remained fixed at pre-war levels. reached $250,000 (Northrop, 1959). The rise in silver and base-metal prices lagged behind the More modern mining methods were introduced after rise in production costs. New pipelines brought petroleum the American occupation in 1846. By 1869 the 40-stamp products to consumers who had previously relied on coal, mill of the Ortiz mine (Old Placers district) impressed the and the railroads switched to diesel fuel. To survive, the much-travelled F. V. Hayden, geologist of the U. S. Geo- mineral industry switched to industrial non-metals and be- logical and Geographical Survey of the Territories, as the most substantial he had seen in the West. The stamps came a supplier to the booming construction industry (Table were powered by a steam engine fired by coal from the 1). Among the three counties, Santa Fe lost the leadership Cerrillos field (Jones, 1904). it held in mineral production since earliest days; its place Second Period: 1880-1945 was taken by Bernalillo County. Cement, gypsum wall- The arrival of the Santa Fe Railroad revolutionized board, sand, gravel, and pumice blocks may lack the the mining industry in New Mexico. Now base-metal ores glamour of Indian turquoise and Spanish silver, but they and coal could be carried cheaply to smelters and other provide the basis for a stable mineral industry. markets, and low-grade precious metal deposits could be METALS worked at a profit. The emphasis quickly shifted from From 1828 to 1959, Bernalillo, Sandoval, and Santa placer mining to lode mining. In rapid order came the Fe Counties have produced metals valued at over $10,- development of the lead-zinc veins of the Cerrillos dis- 700,000 (Table 2). During the 19th century the total trict (1879), the sandstone copper deposits of the Na- was a little over $6,000,000, about two-thirds of which can cimiento Mountains (1880), the San Pedro contact-meta- be credited to placer gold from the Old and New Placers morphic copper deposit (1884), and the low-grade gold- in Santa Fe County before 1880. During the 20th century silver veins of the Cochiti ( Bland) district in the Jemez the yield has been about $4,500,000. Of this, about four- fifths came from two mines in the San Pedro (New Placers) This spelling is preferred by most dictionaries; Danas district, Santa Fe County: the San Pedro copper-gold-silver System gives it as turquois.—Ed. mine, and the Lincoln-Lucky (Carnahan) lead-zinc-silver mine. EXPLANATION NON—METALS AND COAL I I MISCELLANEOUS TERRACE GRAVELS B Barite Source of sand, gravel, and Ce Cement 36°Od common clay. CI Common clay F Fluorspar I I G Gravel METAL MINING DISTRICTS BANDELIER TUFF Gp Gypsum and BERNALILLO COUNTY Pumice deposits ore work- gypsum products ed in lower part of Ban- M Montmorillonite I. Tijeras Canyon (Lead, silver, gold, delier tuff. clay copper, fluorspar) Mi Mica SANDOVAL COUNTY P Pumice 1" BASALT VENTS S Sulfur 2 Cochiti or Bland (Gold, silver) ti Scoria deposits commonly Sc Scoria 3 Jemez Springs (Copper, silver) 0 occur around basalt vents. St Stone 4 Nacimiento Mountains or Cuba (Cop- a) Basalt flows surrounding per, silver, uranium) T Turquoise 0_ the vents are locally work- 5. Placitos (Lead, silver, copper, bar- ed for crushed rock. ite, fluorspar) 111111111M111111 SANTA FE COUNTY Sub bituminous Bituminous 6. Cerrillos (Zinc, Lead, silver, gold, 0 coal coal OIL 0 copper, turquoise) 0 0 LA Glorieta (Iron) Oil pool 8. La Bajada (Copper, silver, uranium) Anthracite 9. Nambe (Beryl, mica) A. Otero-Point Look- 10. New Placers (Copper, gold, lead, cr out pool zinc, silver, iron, tungsten) Coal more than 3,000 feet B. Otero-Sanastee II. Old Placers (Gold) below the surface pool 12. Santa Fe (Copper, silver) MESAVERDE GROUP 13. Santa Fe Manganese (Manganese) SANDOVAL SOU ERNALILL 0 Quarry, mine, or TODILTO FORMATION cn MISCELLANEOUS cr) pit XT 0 Gypsum deposits are work- <1 Mn Manganese cc U Uranium N ----- ed in the upper part of Alb uerque , the Todilto formation.
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