DOCSLIB.ORG

Informal Practices and Arrangements Written by Pedro Ponte E Sousa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Informal Practices and Arrangements Written by Pedro Ponte E Sousa Portugal and the EEC Accession: Informal Practices and Arrangements Written by Pedro Ponte e Sousa This PDF is auto-generated for reference only. As such, it may contain some conversion errors and/or missing information. For all formal use please refer to the official version on the website, as linked below. Portugal and the EEC Accession: Informal Practices and Arrangements https://www.e-ir.info/2017/05/14/portugal-and-the-eec-accession-informal-practices-and-arrangements/ PEDRO PONTE E SOUSA, MAY 14 2017 In this paper, we explore the role of the informal in the EEC accession (request) of Portugal, and focus primarily (but not exclusively) on the period between the first ideas over full membership of the European Economic Community (EEC) emerged (late 1975 / early 1976) and the official acceptance of candidacy (March 1977), when the European institutions accepted the request of Portugal to negotiate its accession. The justification for such choices is threefold: 1) the role of the formal/informal in the case of Portugal’s accession to the European institutions is severely understudied; the period we chose for this paper is both 2) also understudied in Portuguese foreign policy and diplomacy, and 3) is particularly fit to assess the role of informal contacts (as in a rather short time, Portugal went from being assessed as having possibility of achieving no more than an associate status, to being reckoned as a full member of the organization). Thus, our main research question is the following: How was the acceptance of the EU accession candidacy of Portugal affected, in a positive way, by informal actors, procedures, and rules? Our main goals with this paper are the following: to briefly assess the role of informal actors/procedures/rules in international relations, with a particular focus on the accession to the European institutions; to explore a number of primary and secondary sources generally ignored by most researchers; to provide an introduction to the issue of informal actors/procedures/rules regarding EEC accession; focusing mostly on a period quite ignored in research, to shed a new light on the period between the first ideas over full membership of the EEC emerged (late 1975 / early 1976) and the official acceptance of candidacy (March 1977). We claim that Portugal’s accession to the EEC is a case where every agreement and qualitative change of the relations between Portugal and the European institutions relied both on informal settings and formal ones. Additionally, we also claim that the role of bilateral relations, informal connections and interactions, and of actors not directly engaged in the accession procedures was key to determine the result of any negotiation process. Thus, such informal connections were particularly critical as to complete formal steps in the integration process, much more than the outlined formality of such procedures would indicate. In sum, this paper could be relevant both by highlighting previously ignored or untapped relations and connections, but also (and mostly) by providing a first account of the role of the informal in Portugal’s EEC accession. The Role of the Informal The balance between the formal and the informal – whether we are talking about procedures, rules, and so on – is crucial both in the diplomatic activity and in international relations[1], more broadly. While the accession to international organizations, mainly due to the established treaties and regulations, meant that a country should go through a number of formal procedures to join it, or even to be considered a candidate to accession, it is also the case that such formalities can be bent, overlooked, or at least diminished in their strength, if the diplomatic and political realm interfere with more objective/bureaucratic processes. Even more, other actors (non-directly related with the decision-making process) may interfere in the decisions, as to gain something or to favour a third actor, for instance. Additionally, the very institutions/bodies/agencies may be interested in taking an informal role, in order to facilitate the accession process, or to gain further knowledge on the country’s situation in a given area. In this paper, we follow the definitions of formal and non-formal/informal as advanced by Conzelmann (2012: 220-221)[2]: E-International Relations ISSN 2053-8626 Page 1/10 Portugal and the EEC Accession: Informal Practices and Arrangements Written by Pedro Ponte e Sousa Analytically speaking, one can distinguish between two aspects or dimensions of the formality-informality continuum. One is the aspect of rules, which can be more or less explicit and more or less binding. In this use of the term, formality is a situation in which behaviour is governed by conventions or social expectations, and where no or very few formal and binding rules exist. A second dimension of informality concerns the basis on which actors are involved in cooperation and rule-making activities. (…) Entry to the arenas of rule-making and cooperation is determined on the basis of resources rather than formal mandate. Such a situation usually emerges when states or other decision- makers want to consult with resource-rich actors (rich in terms of finance, expertise, information, or the power to bind others) without also having to consult with other actors of similar legal status but fewer resources. This definition also fits our framework of analysis, putting emphasis on the rules and institutions (on which we include the procedures), as well as the actors involved. As we mentioned, this allows us to focus on actors and dynamics which are not expected to take a part (or to act in a given way) in such negotiations, and so they contribute to the decision-making process even though that contribution wasn’t to be expected (either due to not being a part of the decision-making processes or taking a different than predicted part). Are international relations intrinsically informal? Realists viewed the world as being formed by states, in an environment of anarchy, with the absence of “structures of international authority and law” (Conzelmann, 2012: 219). Are international law and international organizations capable of limiting that logic of anarchy? Realists claim that the very existence of those structures and resources either fails to change the nature of the international system or, at worst, act “as a constraint on the freedom of action of states, reining in aggressive, unlawful or simply self-interested policies” (Conzelmann, 2012: 219). In this context, the academic field of International Relations tended to focus on the formal arrangements, institutions and regulations, while minimizing or simply ignoring informal ones. Informal practices were seen either as irrelevant, provisional, casuistic, or simply less interesting of a phenomenon to focus on. Thus, any relevance that the informal might have was either downplayed or, alternatively, used as an additional argument to highlight the fragility of international law and international organizations to solve problems (Conzelmann, 2012). Indeed, along with the increasing creation of international regimes, and the development of both international law and international organizations, not only did informal contacts disappear or become irrelevant, but also informal governance has been on the rise, even within the EU institutional framework (Conzelmann, 2012; Moury, 2016; Christiansen & Piattoni, 2003). In sum, the role of non-formal actors/procedures/rules has not ceased to pay a part in international relations. The very activity of diplomacy balances a constant equilibrium between the formal and the non-formal/informal. While acting on a much formalized basis (the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, and the accreditation by both states involved), and proposing very formal instruments to solve disputes (as arbitration, mediation, and conferences) it also deeply relies on informal actions. Indeed, a number of actions undertaken by diplomats while at their diplomatic positions, even though fitting their expected course of action (as the functions of pre-negotiation, observation, representation, promotion, and so on), could also be considered as non-formal or informal, at least in the way such affairs are conducted and negotiated[3] (Mongiardim, 2007). Informal personal contacts may provide the setting for moving negotiations forward, as well as allowing for useful information to be exchanged (Berridge, 2015). Indeed, a number of significant changes in contemporary diplomacy, while acting in a global world, has led to the emergence of the concept ‘informal diplomacy’, built on personalization and based on diplomat-to-diplomat as well as diplomat-to-foreign-publics connections, as a way of public diplomacy and to improve nation branding. Thus, they engage in “informal and ‘non-diplomatic’ activities”, which nevertheless may produce both positive and negative results (Adler-Nissen, 2016). However, there are different assessments of whether these changes are significant or only minimal. Returning to the very role of international law, international regimes and international organizations, a particular focus is required to the European Union, and to the European institutions, broadly speaking. The study of European integration tends to focus on formal aspects of the integration process: formal decision- making procedures, the role and functioning of institutions, the provisions contained in the treaties, the operation of regulatory regimes in the various policy areas. This is hardly surprising: what is distinctive about the integration process in Europe – what distinguishes integration in Europe from international cooperation in other parts of the world E-International Relations ISSN 2053-8626 Page 2/10 Portugal and the EEC Accession: Informal Practices and Arrangements Written by Pedro Ponte e Sousa – is the creation and growth of a unique institutional and legal framework structuring the relations between the participating states. (…) If the formalization of interstate relations is regarded as the essence of the integration process, it is hardly surprising that scholars should concentrate on the formal procedures and the institutionalized arenas for decision-making.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Portuguese Colonial War: Why the Military Overthrew Its Government
    The Portuguese Colonial War: Why the Military Overthrew its Government Samuel Gaspar Rodrigues Senior Honors History Thesis Professor Temma Kaplan April 20, 2012 Rodrigues 2 Table of Contents Introduction ..........................................................................................................................3 Before the War .....................................................................................................................9 The War .............................................................................................................................19 The April Captains .............................................................................................................33 Remembering the Past .......................................................................................................44 The Legacy of Colonial Portugal .......................................................................................53 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................60 Rodrigues 3 Introduction When the Portuguese people elected António Oliveira de Salazar to the office of Prime Minister in 1932, they believed they were electing the right man for the job. He appealed to the masses. He was a far-right conservative Christian, but he was less radical than the Portuguese Fascist Party of the time. His campaign speeches appeased the syndicalists as well as the wealthy landowners in Portugal. However, he never was
    [Show full text]
  • Voicesof African Liberation
    VOICESOF AFRICAN LIBERATION . POEM OF THE FUTURE CITIZEN by Jos~ Craveirinha I came from somewhere from a Nation which does not yet exist. I came and I am here! Not I alone was born nor you nor any other .•• but brothers. I have love to give in handfuls. Love of what I am and nothing more • . I have a heart and cries which are not mine alone I come from a country which does not yet exist. Ahl I have love in plenty to give of what I am. ' II A man among many citizen of a Nation which has yet to exist. \ . ,f_,'\ reprint at will! the contents belong to all people ' The Committee of Returned Volunteers (CRV) is made up of people who have served overseas, mainly in the Third World, and who have had a chance to see u.s. foreign poiicy in action. They have come to realize that this policy works for forces that maintain the status quo of wealth and privilege for the few and poverty and ignorance for the manyo This policy must be radically changed, both at home and abroad. Committee of Returned Volunteers .. '... (National Office) 840 w. Oakdale-Ave. Chicago, Illinois 60657 CRV/DC CRV/NY Box 12014 Africa Group Mid-City Station 65 Irving Pl. Washington, DC 20005 New York, N.Y. 10003 Contents AN INTBOWCTION TO THE MOVEMENTS. oo South At'r1oa .-- ANC •••••••••••••••• PAC•••••••••••••••• Zimbabwe ZA.PU •••• 0 • . •••• 0 ••• 0 10 ZANUo••••••••••••••l2 Na111ibia SWAPOo•••••••••••••12 'Angola -------• MFLAoo•••••••••••••l5 UNITAo•••••••••••••l6 GBAE •• • ••• • o •• • ••• • 17 . ' Mozambique ---- FBEL!Mo.~ •••••••••• l9 Guinea Bissau - ·PAIGC••••••••••••••23 NYEREREI JUSTICE DEMAN.OO WE CB:)OSE •••••••••• 27 MOVEMENT PUBLICATIONS AND ADDBESSES •••••••••• 27 FILMS ••• • •• • • • • •.
    [Show full text]
  • African Troops in the Portuguese Colonial Army, 1961-1974
    J. P. BORGES COELHO, PORTUGUESE STUDIES REVIEW 10 (1) (2002): 129-50 African Troops in the Portuguese Colonial Army, 1961-1974: Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique1 João Paulo Borges Coelho Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique Abstract: The colonial powers systematically included Africans in the wars waged to preserve their order. Portugal was not an exception in this respect. Since 1961, with the beginning of the liberation wars in her colonies, Portugal incorporated Africans in her war effort in Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique through a process enveloped in an ideological discourse based on “multi-racialism” and on the preservation of the empire. African engagement varied from marginal roles as servants and informers to more important ones as highly operational combat units. By the end of the Portuguese colonial war, in 1974, African participation had become crucial, representing about half of all operational colonial troops. This paper explores in a comparative framework the three cases of Angola, Guinea- Bissau and Mozambique, seeking the rationale behind the process and the shapes it took. The abrupt end of the colonial war, triggered by a military coup in Portugal, paved the way for the independence of the colonies, but left a legacy difficult to manage by the newly independent countries. Shedding some light on the destiny of the former African collaborators during this period, the paper suggests that they played a role in the post- independence civil conflicts in Angola and Mozambique. © 2002 Portuguese Studies Review. All rights reserved. (...) if it isn’t to be a poor character with little utility, the European soldier will cost us too much.
    [Show full text]
  • “You Are a Political Soldier:” the People's War in N'wamitwa 1989
    “You Are a Political Soldier:” The People’s War in N’wamitwa 1989-1994 by Faelan Lundeberg Bachelor of Arts, University of Victoria, 2014 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History Faelan Lundeberg, 2019 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii “You Are a Political Soldier:” The People’s War in N’wamitwa 1989-1994 by Faelan Lundeberg Bachelor of Arts, University of Victoria, 2014 Supervisory Committee Dr. Elizabeth Vibert, Department of History, University of Victoria. Supervisor Dr. Andrew Wender, Department of History, University of Victoria. Departmental Member iii Abstract: In the waning days of apartheid, an operative of Umkhonto we Sizwe, the armed wing of South Africa’s most powerful dissident organization the African National Congress, returned to his home community of N’wamitwa after over a decade in exile. His mission was to spark a people’s war, an imported form of revolutionary warfare developed by Mao Zedong and perfected by the North Vietnamese in their revolutionary struggles. In this thesis I examine the political context in which the ANC chose to adopt the strategy and how it was imported into South Africa. The later chapters of this thesis use N’wamitwa as a case study examining how a people’s war is successfully implemented on the ground. I argue that one can see the three phases of a people’s war as articulated by Mao play out in N’wamitwa between the years 1989 to 1994 This piece was largely written and researched using oral testimony from nine former members of the MK in N’wamitwa and thus can also be seen as a collection of personal histories of the South African Freedom Struggle.
    [Show full text]
  • Timeline of Key Events - Paper 2 - the Cold War
    Timeline of Key Events - Paper 2 - The Cold War Revision Activities - Remembering the chronological order and specific dates of ​ events is an important skill in IBDP History and can help you to organise the flow of events and how they are connected. Study the timeline of key events below, taken from the IBDP specification, to test yourself. ​ ​ Origins of the Cold War 1943-1949 - Global Spread of the Cold War 1945-1964 - ​ ​ ​ Reconciliation and Renewed Conflict 1963-1979 - The End of the Cold War ​ ​ 1939 24 August - The Nazi-Soviet Pact is signed between Germany and the USSR. ​ ​ ​ ​ Italy was only informed two days before the Pact. Each pledged to remain neutral in the event of either nation being attacked by a third party. Its secret protocols divided Northern and Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence. Poland was divided between the two. 1 September - Germany invades Poland at 4.45am, starting the European War ​ ​ ​ ​ with Italy declaring itself a non-belligerent. 3 September - Britain and France declare war on Germany. ​ ​ ​ ​ 1940 9 April - German troops invade Denmark and Norway in order to secure Swedish ​ ​ ​ ​ coal and steel supplies. 10 May - Germany invades Holland, Belgium and France simultaneously, ending ​ ​ ​ ​ the Phoney War in the West. ​ ​ ​ 10 May - Winston Churchill becomes UK Prime Minister after the resignation of ​ ​ ​ Neville Chamberlain. ​ 1941 11 March - The US Lend-Lease Act launched a programme for supplying Britain ​ ​ ​ ​ and other allies with ‘surplus’ armaments in return for bases. Over $50 billion in supplies were given, ending any pretense of neutrality. 22 June - Operation Barbarossa begins as Germany invades the USSR.
    [Show full text]
  • Portuguese Guinea and the Liberation Movement•
    Report <Yn PORTUGUESE GUINEA AND THE LIBERATION MOVEMENT• The following is Hr. Cabral's statement to the U.S. /louse Com­ mittee on Foreign AffDlrs on February 26, 1970. HR. CADRAL: Sir, I have some notes. HR. CIIARLE:S C. DIGGS, JR., Chalrman of the Subcommittee on Africa: You may proceed, air. HR. CJIDRAL: Sir, I thank you very much. I would liko to say first that my colonial language is Portuguese, and I would like to apeak Portuguese, but in order to get more understanding, I will try to speak English. First, I would like, on beha~f of the people of Guinea and cape Verde, on behalf of all my fellows, to salute you and the COtlfti ttee and to thank you very much for this opport\Ulity to inform you about the situation in our country, the situation of our people. We have been for seven years fighting a very hard fig~t against colonial dominati on for freedom, independence and progress. Our presence here is, first of all, to salute you and the lln1orlcan people. We think the major part of the 1\mcdcan nati on is with us in t hiu hard fight again at col onial rule. lln<l 1 t is very good for us to tell you that we are fighting, and are fol­ lowing the example given by the l'.merican people when they launch­ ed a great struqgle for the independence of this country. We would like alao to thnnk you very much, and this com­ mittee, for the work done in Africa about the African problems, for your last visit in Africa in a special study mission , and to tell you that maybe it was enough to show our agre et~~ent with the conclusions of your report, but it is necessary to inform you and to help you in order that you may help us.
    [Show full text]
  • Disabled Veterans and the Portuguese Colonial War Lives
    NIEPE£NOSPRAWNOŒÆ NIEPE£NOSPRAWNOŒÆ PÓ£ROCZNIK NAUKOWY Perspektywy i drogi rozwoju pedagogiki specjalnej Nr 5 Gdañsk 2011 Komitet Naukowy doc.dr hab. Jaros³av Balvin (Uniwersytet w Zlínì), prof. dr Ursula Horsch (Uniwersytet w Heidelbergu), prof. zw. dr hab. Iwona Chrzanowska (UAM, Poznañ), prof. zw. dr hab. W³adys³aw Dykcik (UAM, Poznañ), prof. dr hab. Svetlana Konyushenko (Uniwersytet im. E.Kanta, Kaliningrad), doc. PhDr. Jaroslav Veteška, Ph.D. (Uniwersytet w Pardubicach), dr hab. Teresa ¯ó³kowska (prof. USz, Szczecin) Komitet Redakcyjny Amadeusz Krause (red. nacz.), Jolanta RzeŸnicka-Krupa (z-ca. red. nacz.) S³awomira Sadowska, Karolina Tersa (sekretarz redakcji ), Alicja Sadownik Czasopismo recenzowane (tryb recenzowania i informacje dla autorów na stronie www.niepelnosprawnosc.ug.edu.pl) Redaktor tematyczny S³awomira Sadowska Redaktor statystyczny Karolina Tersa Korekta techniczna, sk³ad i ³amanie Urszula Jêdryczka Publikacja dofinansowana ze œrodków Wydzia³u Nauk Spo³ecznych Uniwersytetu Gdañskiego Wersja drukowana jest wersj¹ pierwotn¹ czasopisma „Niepe³nosprawnoœæ” ISSN 2080-9476 Fundacja Rozwoju Uniwersytetu Gdañskiego ul. Armii Krajowej 119/121, 81-824 Sopot tel./fax: (58) 551 05 32, tel. (58) 523 13 75, 523 14 49 e-mail: [email protected] Spis treœci Wstêp .............................................................. 7 Krystyna Baranowicz Czym jest to co nazywamy pedagogik¹ specjaln¹? .................... 9 Katarzyna Parys Zakres oddzia³ywañ wspó³czesnej pedagogiki specjalnej na tle dotychczasowych przemian .................................. 22 Hanna ¯uraw Pedagogika specjalna w krêgu poszukiwañ. Niepe³nosprawnoœæ w perspektywie antropologii komunikacji ........................... 51 Jolanta RzeŸnicka-Krupa Obszary zainteresowañ i nurty badawcze we wspó³czesnych europejskich studiach nad niepe³nosprawnoœci¹ – refleksje z analizy dyskursu akademickiego .................................. 69 Teresa ¯ó³kowska Normalizacja – niedokoñczona teoria pedagogiki specjalnej ..........
    [Show full text]
  • "Os Retornados" with Antunes: Luanda, Angola and Lisbon
    CALL: Irish Journal for Culture, Arts, Literature and Language Volume 1 Issue 1 Language, Migration and Diaspora Article 19 2016 "Os retornados" with Antunes: Luanda, Angola and Lisbon Daniel de Zubia Fernández National University of Ireland Maynooth, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://arrow.tudublin.ie/priamls Part of the European History Commons, and the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation de Zubia Fernández, Daniel (2016) ""Os retornados" with Antunes: Luanda, Angola and Lisbon," CALL: Irish Journal for Culture, Arts, Literature and Language: Vol. 1: Iss. 1, Article 19. doi:10.21427/D77G6G Available at: https://arrow.tudublin.ie/priamls/vol1/iss1/19 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Ceased publication at ARROW@TU Dublin. It has been accepted for inclusion in CALL: Irish Journal for Culture, Arts, Literature and Language by an authorized administrator of ARROW@TU Dublin. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License de Zubia Fernández: "Os retornados" with Antunes: Luanda, Angola and Lisbon “Os retornados” with Antunes: Luanda, Angola and Lisbon Daniel de Zubia Fernández National University of Ireland Maynooth [email protected] Abstract António Lobo Antunes explores a forced encounter of a Portuguese diaspora with Africa for some settlers. He examines the nature of the bi-directional diaspora for “os retornados”, who, having returned to Portugal after independence of the colonies, found they were invisible in the eyes of Portugal, as portrayed in ‘O esplendor de Portugal’ and in ‘A história do hidroavião’.
    [Show full text]
  • Framing Sexual Violence in Portuguese Colonialism: on Some Practices of Contemporary Cultural Representation and Remembrance
    How to cite this article: Garraio, J. (2019). Framing Sexual Violence in Portuguese Colonialism: On Some Practices of Contemporary Cultural Representation and Remembrance. Violence Against Women, 25(13), 1558–1577. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801219869547 FRAMING SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN PORTUGUESE COLONIALISM: ON SOME PRACTICES OF CONTEMPORARY CULTURAL REPRESENTATION AND REMEMBRANCE Júlia Garraio Centre for Social Studies, University of Coimbra Colégio de S. Jerónimo, Apartado 3087, 3000-995 Coimbra, Portugal, +351 239 855 570 [email protected] ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: I thank the participants of the conference International Cultural Responses to Wartime Rape for the stimulating papers and discussions. My gratitude also goes out to Katherine Stone for her valuable suggestions on an earlier version of this text and for her editing work. I also thank the reviewers for their remarks and suggestions. Finally, I would like to thank the research group SVAC - International Research Group »Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict« (http://warandgender.net/about/) for their inspiring workshops and conference. FUNDING: This essay goes back to the conference International Cultural Responses to Wartime Rape (Maynooth University, 19th June 2017), which I attended with the support of a scholarship of the project MEMOIRS—Children of Empires and European Postmemories, funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No 648624). KEY WORDS: colonialism, Portuguese literature, António Lobo Antunes, Aida Gomes, Lusotropi- calism, “Return” ABSTRACT This essay examines two Portuguese novels about colonialism and its legacies: António Lobo Antunes’s Fado Alexandrino (1983) and Aida Gomes’s Os Pretos de Pousaflores (The Blacks from Pousaflores, 2011).
    [Show full text]
  • Mozambican Revolution, No. 1
    Mozambican Revolution, No. 1 http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.numr196312 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org Mozambican Revolution, No. 1 Alternative title Mozambique Revolution Author/Creator Mozambique Liberation Front - FRELIMO Contributor Department of Information [FRELIMO] Publisher Mozambique Liberation Front - FRELIMO Date 1963-12 Resource type Magazines (Periodicals) Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Mozambique Coverage (temporal) 1963 Source Northwestern University Library, L967.905 M939 Rights By
    [Show full text]
  • Colonial War Memories: Secret Alliances and Imagined
    ECAS 2013 5th European Conference on African Studies African Dynamics in a Multipolar World ©2014 Centro de Estudos Internacionais do Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL) ISBN: 978-989-732-364-5 COLONIAL WAR MEMORIES: SECRET ALLIANCES AND IMAGINED MAPS Maria Paula Meneses Centro de Estudos Sociais da Universidade de Coimbra [email protected] Celso Rosa Centro de Estudos Sociais da Universidade de Coimbra [email protected] Bruno Sena Martins Centro de Estudos Sociais da Universidade de Coimbra [email protected] Colonial War memories: secret alliances and imagined maps Abstract This paper presents preliminary results of a project about the Alcora Exercise. Established between Portugal, South Africa and Rhodesia in 1970, it aimed to fight African nationalist movements and preserve the white sovereignty in Southern Africa. Colonial War was a founding moment of the sociopolitical reality of present day Portugal, and was crucial to independencies of its former African colonies. A thorough understanding of Portuguese Colonial War gains relevance in the construction of national memories in all countries involved. Exploring these lines, Colonial War will be seen as part of a regional conflict – fight against black independencies in Southern Africa –, and as part of a global one – what some consider having been a Cold War subsystem in Southern Africa. Keywords: Alcora, Southern Africa, Colonial/Liberation Wars 1836 Maria Meneses, Celso Rosa & Buno Martins Colonial War memories: secret alliances and imagined maps Introduction This paper intends to be a brief report about the on-going research project Secret alliances and imagined maps: Portuguese colonial war in the Southern Africa Chessboard, of the Centre for Social Studies of the University of Coimbra.
    [Show full text]
  • Portuguese Colonial War Veterans' Physical Health
    Revista da Associação Portuguesa de Psicologia ISSN 2183-2471 Revista PSICOLOGIA, 2019, Vol. 33 (2), 27-46. doi: 10.17575/rpsicol.v33i2.1439 Portuguese Colonial War veterans’ physical health: A systematic review Ângela Maia1 & Diogo Morgado1 1 Centro de Investigação em Psicologia da Universidade do Minho, Departamento de Psicologia Aplicada, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal. Abstract: After 45 years, little is known about Portuguese Colonial War veterans’ physical health. This systematic review aimed to fill this gap. Following PRISMA guidelines, searches were conducted, on November 2018, in seven electronic databases for the inclusion of Portuguese or English quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-method published studies, unpublished master’s or doctoral theses and research reports that focused on physical health. Seventy-one studies were identified; 10 were considered eligible. Veterans reported several physical complaints and chronic diseases, as well as risk behaviors and health services use for the relief of psychological symptoms. Differences were found between veterans and nonveterans, and veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Combat exposure and PTSD were associated with physical morbidity, in which PTSD was a full mediator. Implications for practice and recommendation for future research are discussed. Keywords: Portuguese Colonial War; veterans; physical health; systematic review. A saúde física dos ex-combatentes da Guerra Colonial Portuguesa: Uma revisão sistemática: Após 45 anos, pouco se sabe sobre a saúde física dos ex-combatentes da Guerra Colonial Portuguesa. Esta revisão sistemática tentou preencher esta lacuna. Seguindo as diretrizes PRISMA, foram realizadas pesquisas, em Novembro de 2018, em sete bases eletrónicas para a inclusão de estudos quantitativos, qualitativos, ou mistos publicados em Português ou Inglês, teses de mestrado ou doutoramento e relatórios de investigação não publicados que focaram na saúde física.
    [Show full text]