1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 3957 United States urging the enactment of leg­ By Mr. BOYLE: By Mr. SMITH of Wisconsin: islation to bring domestic tin into the same H. R. 5318. A bill for the relief of Gong H. R. 5324. A bill for the relief of Mrs. category as tungsten and other strategic Poy ( also known as Gong Suey Way and Emma Gafner; to the Committee on the metals, extending over a period of years suffl. Fred Gong); to the Committee on the Judi· Judicial"y. cient to allow ample time for privately ciary. By Mr. TUMULTY: financed exploration, and thereafter devei• By Mr. HAYS of Ohio: H. R. 5325. A bill for the relief of Sam opment and production from the existing H. R. 5319. A bill for the relief of Brigitte Fatovich; to the Committee on the Judiciary. domestic deposits, and those which may be Koehler; to the Committee on the Judiciary. discovered; to the Committee on Armed Services. By Mr. PRESTON: H. R. 5320. A bill for the relief of Elpis PETITIONS, ETC. Eleptheria Moreleli; to the Committee on Under clause 1 of rule XXII, petitions PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS the Judiciary, and papers were laid on the Clerk's desk By Mr. ROGERS of Florida: and referred as follows: Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private H. R. 5321. A bill for the relief of Robert bills and resolutions were introduced B. Peterman; to the Committee on the Judi· 179. By Mr. CANFIELD: Resolution of the and severally referred as follows: ciary. American Bar Association urging the repeal By Mr. SCUDDER: of title V, entitled "Fees and Charges" of the By Mr. ADDONIZIO: Independent Offices Appropriation Act; to H. R. 5316. A bill for the relief of Marl• · H. R. 5322. A bill for the relief of Sister the Committee on Appropriations. anne Harpeng; to the Committee on tne Jules M. Bernadette; to the Committee on 180. By the SPEAKER: Petition of the · Judiciary. the Judiciary. Grand Knight, Rockaway Council No. 2672, By Mr. BARTLETT: By Mr. SEELY-BROWN: Knights of Columbus, Rockaway Beach, Long H. R. 5317. A bill for the relief of Matt H. R. 5323. A bill for the relief of Khalil Island, N. Y., expressing their support of the Rayr:er, Frank ·Rayner, and Ole Johnson; S. A. Aoun; to the Committee on the JU· Bricker amendment, Senate Joint Resolution to the Committee on the Judiciary. diciary. 1; to the Committee on the Judiciary.

EXTENSIONS OF -REMARKS

Trade Program in Peril the ordinary petty squabbles of the domestic I have been surveying the situation in the market place. He sought to develop new Senate. What I learned is most disturbing. markets abroad which would absorb our sur• The shocking truth is that as of now the EXTENSION OF REMARKS plus production. But he knew that to sell President's program is in grave danger of OF abroad, we must be willing to buy from defeat. abroad. So he came forward with the idea I know you are asking yourselves how it HON. FRANKE. SM1ru of making agreements with other countries can be that this program is in danger of de. OF MISSISSIPPI to lower some of our trade barriers to their feat if it is so important to our economic IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES products, in exchange for agreements by well-being, if it is so necessary to the those countries to open some of their mar· strengthening of the free nations of the world Tuesday, Ma;rch 29, 1955 kets to us. in their fight against the spread of commu. Mr. SMITH of Mississippi. Mr. Speak• The basic formula worked so well that it nism. I, too, have sought an answer to that er, under unanimous consent, I include is still in effect. The reciprocal-trade pro. question, and I think I have a part of it. gram that Judge Hull gave us is still good­ With the election of a Democratic Con• the following address by the Honorable but to remain a living, vital force for the ex. gress last fall it was assumed by most of ALBERT GORE, in New York City, before pansion of our economy, it must be liberal. those interested in seeing a liberalized for• the Committee on Foreign Trade Educa­ ized somewhat to take into account present­ eign trade program enacted, that there would tion, Inc., upon the occasion of the re­ day situations. Even the best of programs be very little difficulty in passing the Presi• ceipt of the annual Cordell Hull a.ward: must be kept abreast of the times, must be dent's program. But it appears we did not nourished from time to time with new en• reckon seriously enough with the high-tariff Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, to be thusiasm and new ideas. chosen for the Cordell Hull award of the lobby. That lobby has carried on a furious Committee on Foreign Trade Education is President Eisenhower has asked the Con• propaganda campaign against the trade pro• an honor which has a special significance gress to extend the life of the program for gram, while supporters of the program, for for me. I have known former Secretary Hull another 3 years, and to make some very the most part, have failed to combat this since my boyhood in the little town of moderate improvements. campaign. Carthage, Tenn. I guess that if I had a I am convinced that passage of H. R. 1 is Supporters of the program should have real idol, as a boy, that idol was Judge Hull. the very minimum that should be done to been warned by the close vote in the House He was the Congressman from my district, bolster our sagging foreign trade, and to of Representatives that there was serious and I have a very vivid memory of the times maintain the unity among free nations that trouble afoot. But apparently that warning I used to sit on the grass in front of the we have achieved at such great cost. Failure passed practically unheeded, and while those courthouse in Carthage and. listen spell• to take this minimum step would signal a who favor an enlightened international trade bound, as Judge Hull talked about national return to the protectionist policies which program are snug in their complacency, the and international affairs. · Later, when I be· played a significant part in wrecking our high-tariff lobby is busy trying to influence gan to have ambitions of my own, Judge Hull economy in the early 1930's. More than that, public opinion and win votes against the was kind and generous enough to encourage it would sEriously damage the grand alliance program with an insidious campaign of mis• me. He is still my ideal of what an Ameri· of free nations that stands with us as a information. can statesman should be. bulwark against the spread of communism. This is not the first time the tariff lobby In my opinion, one of the greatest contri• Last fall I went to Geneva as a United has attempted to sell one-sided half-truths butions Cordell Hull made to the prosperity States delegate to an international confer­ to try to block an enlightened trade program. cif the Nation was his conception of what ex• ence on the General Agreement on Tariffs That lobby has been in business a long time. panded international trade would mean. and Trade. While there I had an opportu. Even in President Woodrow Wilson's day it When Judge Hull became Secretary of State nity to talk to officials of dozens of countries. was at work, and its efforts became so no• in 1933 our economy was. in such a serious From these talks I got the impression that torious that President Wilson felt compelled decline that it was obvious that some emer• the whole free world was waiting to see what to issue a statement of warning to the coun• gency action had to be taken. We and other direction our international trade policy try. Because 1 think that warning would nations of the world were hiding behind would take . . I am convinced that any indi• be applicable today, I want to read what high-tariff walls and trying to outdo each cation on our part of a return to protection. President Wilson had to say: 0th.er in erecting barriers to international 1st policies would cause a stampede among "I think the public ought to know the ex• trade. As a result, the 2-way flow of goods other nations to raise their tariffs and erect traordinary exertions being made by the so necessary to economic life and vitality ~:,id any other protectionist barriers they can de· lobby in Washington to gain recognition for practically ceased, and our international vise . . For that reason alone, though there are certain alterations in the tariff bill. Wash­ commerce had become stagnant. Unsalable many others, it is imperative that the Presi. ington has seldom seen so numerous, so in• surpluses piled up, arteries of trade became dent ·be given the new authority he asks dustrious, and so insidious a lobby. The choked and clogged, and millions of men under H. R. 1, · without crippling amend• newspapers are being filled with paid adver• became hungry and desperate. Our farmers ments. tisements calculated to mislead not only the and workers needed jobs, and they needed H. R. 1 has passed the House of Repre. judgment of public men, but also the public markets for the output of their labor. · · sentatives, where it got by on a margin of opinion of the country itself. There is every In searching for a cure for this atrophy of one vote. It is now before th.e Senate Fi­ evidence that money without limit is being commerce, Judge Hull lifted his sights above nance Committee. During the past few days spent to sustain this lobby and to create an 3958 .. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 29 appearance of a pressure of opinion antago­ 000. The tariff lobby had so misled and so These revisions were agreed upon in ne• nistic to some of the chief items of the tariff frightened this businessman that he was gotiations with some 34 nations which, to. bill. . ready to jeopardize an $800,000 export busi• gether with our own country, conduct about "It is of serious interest to the country ness in order to cut off $13,000 worth of im• 80 percent of the international trade in that the people at large should have no lobby ports. A good trade program would help the free world. One of the most important and be voiceless in these matters, while great this man expand his export market. documents our representatives signed was bodies of astute men seek to create an arti­ There you see the picture-the tariff lobby an agreement which would set up an Or­ ficial opinion and overcome the interests of trying to frighten and enlist in its cause ganization for Trade Cooperation to ad­ the public for their private profit. It is even persons who have a. very great stake minister the . general agreement. However, thoroughly worth the while of the people of in passage of H. R. 1. before this organization can become effec­ this country to take knowledge of this mat­ Because there are a few specialty lines in tive, it must be approved by Congress. And ter. Only public opinion can check and de­ the cotton-textile industry which experience there, I suppose, we shall face another all­ stroy it." strong co~petition, the lobby has sought to out battle by the tariff lobby. It is unfortunate that everything that convince Congress that the whole textile in• The General Agreement seeks to establish President Wilson said about the tariff lobby dustry is in danger. Cotton-textile workers some ground rules on trade among member in his day applies to that lobby today. It are one of the prime targets of the lobby. nations, and they are sorely needed. In is unfortunate, too, that President Eisen­ It has created fear of unemployment among many cases tariff rates are not the most se­ hower has not emulated President Wilson's these workers and played upon that fear in rious barrier to the flow of international warning that the tariff lobby threatens the a. most unpardonable manner. It has con­ commerce. Many other trade gimmicks can national interests. President Eisenhower vinced many of these workers that they are be employed which are even more effective must fight for the reciprocal-trade program slowly being driven out of their jobs by im· in blocking our exports than a tariff would and win the support of at least a few Repub­ port competition. But what are the facts? be. Among these protectionist devices are lican Senators, or it will be defeated. So We produce cotton cloth at the rate of exchange controls, U.censing restrictions, far the Senate has had only a tepid presi­ about 10 billion square yards a year. Im­ import quotas, and internal taxes on im­ dential message, and this seems to have had ports were about a half of 1 percent of that ports. no effect upon Senators of the President's amount, or 50 million square yards, but those One of the main objectives of the general own political party who last year voted imports were far more than offset by ex­ agreement is to bring about a decline in the unanimously against the program. ports of 600 million square yards. That is, use of these discriminatory weapons. In the Meanwhile, the lobby seeks to convince we sold abroad 12 times as much cotton cloth 7 years since it was first negotiated, the gen­ businessmen they are likely to be bankrupted as we imported. Cotton-textile workers have eral agreement has been instrumental in by competition from imports, and it seeks a very great interest in expanding those mar­ curbing the indiscriminate application of to scare labor with the specter of unemploy­ kets abroad so they can sell more of their these economic weapons. In some cases we ment caused by failure of businesses unable product, and the authority granted the ourselves have gotten relief from discrimina­ to meet import competition. But industries President in H. R. 1 would help to expand tion after filing complaints based upon that really suffer from imports are decidedly those markets. provisions in the general agreement. in the minority, and in most cases only a Coal miners are another group to which One case involved the imposition by an­ few specialty lines in a given industry would the lobby's propaganda is directed. The other nation of a nine percent sales tax on have substantial difficulty meeting import miners are told that the serious decline in imported lumber, a. tax from which domes­ competition. But the tariff lobby has tried the market for coal is due to imports of tic lumber was exempted. After we com­ to freighten all industry and all Members residual fuel oil from Venezuela. Now no plained, the tax was applied to domestic of the Senate by harping on the possible one will deny that the coal industry is in lumber as well. In another case, an em­ or imaginary plight of a few specialty lines. a distressed condition. From 1947 to 1953 bargo on American potatoes was lifted by I insist that this practice has gone too far, it lost markets for 155 million tons of coal. another country after we complained. A and it is grossly misleading and dangerous But during those same years the increase in third case involved the efforts of the Brit­ to our country. use of residual fuel oil was equivalent to ish to wean their population away from Secretary of Commerce Sinclair Weeks, _in only 11 million tons of coal. So the coal smoking pure Virginia cigarettes by requir­ testimony before the House Ways and Means industry must look elsewhere for reasons ing a 5 percent admixture of Oriental to. Committee in 1953 estimated that 4,376,000 for the loss of markets for at least 144 mil­ baccos. After several protests, based on pro. workers in this country owe their jobs to lion tons of coal. During this same period, visions of the general agreement, the prohi• foreign trade. This is a very significant por­ coal exports declined by 35 million tons. bition on the manufacture of unblended tion of our working force. Meanwhile, the Recapture of those export markets would Virginia tobacco cigarettes was lifted. A Randall Commiss.ion, appointed by the Presi­ answer part of tbe problem, and passage of score of other such cases exist-separately dent to study trade problems, estimated in H. R. 1 could very well facilitate that recap•' unspectacular for the most part, but im­ a staff paper that only 202,000 workers might ture. pressive in total. It is doubtful that we be adversely affected if all tariffs were. sus­ The chemical industry a.Isa presents a would have gotten such redress in these pended. Of course, H. R. 1 does not call picture of unreasoned fear. It is one of cases in the absence of the general agree. for the suspension of all tariffs by any means. our fastest growing . industries, increasing ment. It only authorizes the President to make production by a.bout 10 percent a. year as selective reductions in tariffs not to exceed As soon as H. R. 1 ls passed, I believe it ls compared to 4 percent a year for all industry. imperative that we begin to work for con­ 5 percent per year for the next 3 years. La.st year its production was worth about $20 But to all of this, the tariff lobby is blind. gressional approval of the Organization for billion. Its exports were worth just under 1 Trade Cooperation to· administer the gen• It overlooks the serious impact a return to billion, but chemical imports were valued at protectionism would have on more than era! agreement. For we are the greatest only about a fourth as much. In addition, trading nation in the world, and if we fail 4 million persons whose jobs depend upon imports a.re on .the decline. Last year they foreign trade. to ratify these accords, then the organization were 15 percent under the 1953 level. will fall apart. The lobby runs heavy advertising cam­ We simply must find some way to inform paigns in Washington newspapers, and now the public that it is being hoaxed by the I am convinced that isolation, 1n whatever it has set off a letter-writting campaign tariff lobby; we must find a. way to let the form, political or economic, is no longer a from the home State of each Senator. Some people know what is at stake, that their safeguard for the United States, but a men­ of the letters we receive from constitutents ace. We can no longer pretend that what are no doubt genuine. But many more are larger interest lies in an expansion rather than in a shrinkage of trade. Otherwise, we do is irrelevant to those who are with obviously inspired by the tariff lobby. The the program may suffer defeat, and this us in the grand alliance of free nations. Our lobby has gone to great pains to make the economic position is so preeminent that letters seem plausible and genuine, but after great practical approach to greater pros• what we do affects every member of the alli· you read a few of them you begin to see the perity developed by Cordell Hull will wither same ideas, phrases, and wording coming up on the vine. Then the race to protection. a.nee. It is no longer possible for us to again and again. ism will start once again and international regard trade as solely a matter of domestic One letter I got ls a prime example of trade will stagnate. Our economy and the politics. Fortunately, we are in a position what the lobby can do with its fear tech­ economies of the free world nations will where our own economic interests and our nique. This letter, well written and on the suffer. I can think of nothing that would world responsibilities converge in a trade surface apparently plausible, came from the better suit the purposes of the Kremlin in policy that will permit an expansion of in• head of a very substantial business in Ten• Moscow. ternational commerce.· nessee. The letter indicated this man's busi­ Looking beyond congressional action on. I do not regard the problem of develop­ ness was suffering seriously from import H. R. 1, there is still another important ing an enlightened trade policy as one that competition, and might be wiped out if trade battle to be fought tbis year. On we can take or leave alone, but rather as H. R. 1 were passed. But what were the Monday our representatives signed at Ge­ one that presses for an immediate solution. !acts on imports of his prOduct? neva a series of agreements for revision of For, in the words of President Eisenhower, Well, imports were running at about $13,- the General Agreement on. Tariffs and "If we fail in ou,r trade policy we ma:y fall 000 a. year, but exports were more than $800,- Trade which was first negot.ia.ted in 1948. in all," 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 3959 Is the Working Family To Be lgnore·d in creased corparate dividends or favored Not even the Wall Street Journal ac­ Present Administration Tax Policy? capital-gains benefits to stockholders on cepts the glib assurance of the Treasury corparate reinvestment of tax-free earn­ that the new depreciation tax allowances ings-will continue to cost billions in re­ "all wash out in the end." To quote from EXTENSION OF REMARKS . duced Federal revenues for a generation. the lead editorial appraisal in the issue OF Expert students of intricate tax maneu­ of March 28, 1955: vers and business finance estimate that As shown here a few weeks ago, the de­ HON. HERMAN P. EBERHARTER by the year 1960 the United States Treas­ preciation change can produce large cumu­ OF PENNSYLVANIA ury would be losing, at present levels of lative effects over the years. On any single IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES gross national product, about $3 billion piece of property the effect is minor. It per year as a result of these new depre­ merely postpones taxable income a few years Tuesday, March 29, 1955 ciation provisions if current tax rates by concentrating the depreciation in the Mr. EBERHARTER. Mr. Speaker, on business remain the same. The same early part of the life of the property. But as new facilities are built year by year, the under unanimous consent heretofore sources estimate that by 1955 the tax relative weight of the early, heavy deprecia­ granted to insert in the body of the REC­ loss would rise to more than $5 billion tion rates will keep growing, and Federal ORD a statement, herewith are my views per year, and it would continue to rise revenues will reflect this. covering generally the present situation thereafter. I commend to the attention with regard to taxation. of the Members the revealing study of Yes; $362 million a year of special tax I cannot bring myself to agree to the Depreciation Under the New Tax Law, benefits directly to stock divtdend recip­ conference repart on H. R . 4259, to be by Robert Eisner, published in the Har­ ients~oupon clippers-and billions presented tomorrow for consideration. vard Business Review for January 1955, more per year in corporate tax benefits To do so will cruelly deny modest tax and reprinted in the RECORD of March 11 through tax-free depreciation allow­ relief designed to benefit the needy fam­ at page 2708. ances to be kept in company tills, dis­ ily in the lower income brackets, while But when the 1954 act was under con­ tributed to stockholders, or reinvested at the same time the "fat-cat" Repub­ sideration and even as of recent date, with consequent increased stock values lican Revenue Act of 1954 will continue we were told in solemn assurance by the able to be realized upon at favored capi­ to drain off billions in tax benefits pre­ Secretary of the Treasury, and other ad­ tal gains rate of taxation. In the eyes dominately to large business, dividend ministration fiscal pundits who now lec­ of "administration lecturers," that must recipients and wealthy individuals. ture us on fiscal irresponsibility, that be the acme of fiscal responsibility, It is arrant fiscal irresponsibility, we these swollen depreciation tax benefits Relief for the wealthy, we are told, are lectured from high administration will really cost the Federal Government will stimulate investment and promote places, to give modest tax relief to lower­ nothing. They say that if you view confidence. It will sustain that delicate income families-to give a direct tax sav­ their tax effect on one piece of new maiden, whose confidence we must so ing of $20 each to the father and mother machinery (and please limit your myopic tenderly nourish, the stock market boom. and for each dependent child, so that view to only one added machine by the Relief for the needy, this administration the relief will be more effectively felt taxpaying corporation in this dynamic tells us, must be spurned as phony amt at the lower-income levels wliere the business economy of ours), then the Gov:. base political trickery. For the latter­ family burden presses the heaviest. ernment will later get back the taxes it for the needy-the weight of the tax But-so goes the lecture from the lost in the earlier years because no more load on their burdened backs will help same high administration sources-it is depreciation tax allowances can be taken spur their daily toil and assure height­ an act of high ennobled statesmanship, after the full cost of that single machine ened awareness of the precious price of contributing to the welfare and stabil­ has been written off for tax purposes. citizenship. ity of every humble home and fireside, "Baloney," as a forthright statesman, Some other observers, perhaps lacking to give unbounded tax relief to big cor­ dear to my memory, might have respond­ in self-righteous zeal for the current parations; coupon clippers, and wealthy ed. The shallow assurance that the in­ brand of fiscal responsibility, detect in individuals as was done last year in the creased depreciation tax allowance "all this strutting fiscal conscience only the Revenue Act of 1954. washes out in the end"-to quote the old hardpanned trickle-down theory I and other Members on my side of study above referred to-"not only is again restored to its place of public emi­ the aisle took the floor many times last misleading, it is to all practical purposes nence after years of brooding silence. I year and this to protest the one-sided flatly erroneous." It mistakes the effect doubt that in our modern economy, sus­ character of that 1954 act, particularly on a single piece of property for the cu­ tained as it must be by mass purchasing as to its dividend credit tax bonanza and mulative tax effect, typical of American power and ever-broadening distribution its distorted and swollen depreciation corporations, of increasing investment in of the products of farm and factory, the tax allowances to corporations. new property additions each year in trickle-down will be adequately or timely The dividend-credit provision of that keeping with the economic growth of our in rate of flow to promote the truly 1954 act-the special-tax reduction for system. Assume that gross additions of dynamic expanding economy that lies coupon clippers-will cost $362 million property are made at a constant rate within our reach. a year. Eighty percent of that relief each year by one of the big corporations I urge disagreement to the conference will go to the six-tenths of 1 percent in a heavy capital industry, if the proper­ report. I respect the views reluctantly of American families who own four­ ties last 33 years depreciation tax allow­ reported by the majority members of the fifths of all publicly held stock. Ninety­ ances under the generous new methods committee of conference. I know their two percent of American families own no of last year will exceed tax writeoff under sincerity, their deep conviction, and stock and get no benefit. Less than 4 the old method in each of the first 27 their persistent effort to gain acceptance percent of all taxpayers-those with in­ years under one of the new methods and of House action in passing the $20 tax comes over $10,000-receive 76 percent in every one of the first 33 years under credit. Only under adament threat of of all dividend income. And eight­ the other new method authorized last Presidential veto on the eve of expira­ tenths of 1 percent of all American fam­ year. The tax benefit does not "wash out tion of current higher rates of corporate ilies-those with incomes over $25,000- in the end"; it can pile billions upan bil­ and excise taxes did they bow to Execu­ get 55 percent of all dividend income. lions in reduced corporation taxes each tive flat. I ask, is it a token of fiscal respansi­ continuing year for the next generation. But I am still mindful that our Found­ bility that special-tax relief be accorded "When do we get back those billions?" ing Fathers wrote in the Constitution a favored limited group of dividend re­ I inquire after due heed to recent public that "all bills for raising revenue shall cipients-the unearned income class-­ sermonizing on fiscal responsibility. originate in the House of Representa­ but even most modest relief be denied When I tried last year to find out from tives" and to the Congress the Consti­ the mass of taxpayers who work and toil the Secretary of the Treasury, I ran into tution gave the power to lay and collect for earned income? a stumbling block of refusal to give the taxes. Too often of late has this The special depreciation allowances information at first, then official stall, House-its elected Members-forsworn granted by last year's tax bill....:.._thinly and finally airy assurance to the effect its rightful prerogative. Let us assert disguised special tax credits for in- that "it all washes out in the end." it now, confident in the human justice 3960 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE March 29 and economic justice of our prior action, concluded it -was my. fault, but_ all went offer synthetic wheat. _If properly advertised, down. it will sell. I hope the North Dakota wheat lest by failure to do so we embolden All parity means now or ever did mean raiser will then escape the cussing of the further the disciples of the McKinley was that a farmer should receive a price bread eaters of.the Atlantic coast area. · era in their new onslaught of power and commensurate with what he has to pay out. I don't have time to write as fully as this privilege. If we disagree to the confer­ You can see combines at $2,000 (in those to everyone, but I will mimeograph this letter ence report, then this House itself lifts days) and wheat at 26 cents doesn't work and answer other thousands who are after the awesome responsibility from the in­ and can't work. I never started farming my scalp because I want to maintain on this dividual shoulders of the able chairman again. I do raise livestock, and we used to continent the family-type farm and main­ get barbed wire for $1.75 for 80 rods and 6 tain farm prosperity as the only insurance of the conference committee and his cents for our cattle. In the depression, wire against another disastrous depression. fellow conferees. I · doubt that the went up and cattle down to $12 per head administration, despite its blustering for good cattle. We used to get g_ood men threats, would rashly jeopardize by veto for $40 per month, and they worked. Now the true fiscal responsibility and fairness we pay 1$250 a month and the work done is of our Government. The pages· of his­ about 25 percent of what we received from The Status of Forces Treaty Should Be tory are studded with examples where $40 men. Revised human liberty and justice were won only Parity means the farmer's selling price should be kept in line with his expense price. by like defiance of·entrenched power. Of course, if you want the small farms to EXTENSION OF REMARKS disappear, schoolhouses vacant, and churches OF monuments to once happy communities, your views will brin~ that about. If HO~. PETE_R W. RODINO, JR. Farmers Who Lived Through the Last De­ you want all the farm people crowded into OF NEW JERSll;Y the cities to swell the ranks of labor, you pression Have No Difficulty in Support­ are on the way. If you want them on relief IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ing Full Parity rolls you will probably live to se~ it. Tuesday, March 29, 1955 The farmers are blamed for everything. Those who buy bread now at 26 cents per Mr. RODINO. Mr. Speaker, I rise at EXTENSION OF REMARKS loaf pay the price and then cuss the farmer this time to voice to the House my strong OF all the way home. The fact is that this 26- .support of the· resolution for the revision cent loaf of bread will be the same price if of the NATO Status of Forces Treaty. I HON. USHER L.. BURDICK wheat were selling for 75 cents per bushel cannot speak too urgently upon this OF NORTH DAKOTA . instead of $2.23. There is only 3½ cents' worth of wheat in a loaf of bread and the subje'ct. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES rest of the cost in labor, transportation, in­ This treaty may touch the lives · of millions of Americans---and touch them Tuesday, March.29, 1955 surance, workmen's compensation,. and se­ curity assessments. Just follow a load of intimately and cruelly. Every boy who Mr. BURDICK. Mr. Speaker, the wheat from Williston, N. Dak., to your table .enters the service-and every boy is sub­ other day I received a letter from a man and see what happens. It is shipped to the ject to call, as long as the present mili­ in Florida who felt I was being incon­ grain terminals, and the freight bill must tary necessity demands it, every man in sistent by coming out for full parity and be paid; it is sold to millers, and commis­ sion men get a dig at the price-they have the military service of our country will the family-type farmer. Here is what to insure the grain and pay their handlers. be subject to it. I told him: The millers buy the wheat, and again it is We are dealing today with a situation Through press of business I could not get shipped-more freight and switching charges. unprecedented in our history and foreign to your letter until today, and I note you It arrives at the mill and an immense herd to our way of thinking. Our heritage think I am inconsistent when I propose the of employees grind it up. They all have rebels against it; .our outlook for the farm bill, H. R. 748. It may seem so on the to be paid, they must have liability insur­ future shrinks from its potential dangers. surface, but if you lived through the last ance, old-age security, and job insurance. The NATO Status of F'orces Treaty depression when we spent untold millions The flour is turned out. It goes to whole­ on feeding people, reorganizing the banks, salers and more freight is added. More of would subject every American in uni­ and, in fact, every business in the country, this and that until it finally reaches your form who commits an offense to trial in you will remember that this great depression store. You buy the bread, but the local the courts of the country in which it started on the farms. In my State wheat merchant has to pay rent or taxes; he has occurs. Now, at first glance the -full im­ was 26 cents a bushel, not enough to cover to pay his employees, who in turn have all port of this situation may not be too the cost of harvesting and threshing, and the same demands that labor had on the startling. But the danger lies in the fact many farmers burned their fields. Stores railroads and at the mills. The merchants that there are tremendous differences out there were filled with goods, but the must add to the price enough to live on or buying power was gone, and in turn manu­ go out of business, and when you walk between us and most of the other coun­ facturers could not sell and factories closed. home with that loaf of bread you have paid tries of the world. Not only are there At one time there were 15 million people 3½ cents for the wheat and 22½ cents for barriers of language, differences of out­ walking the streets for something to eat. the unending line of railroads, trucks, in­ .look, of background, and of training WPA and PWA were set up to give jobs. In surance companies, old-age security, liability separating the individual and his ac­ my State alone in some counties 72 percent insurance, and interest. cusers, but there are differences in the of the people were on relief. It swept clean Of course, you get good and mad, but you legal systems and in the methods of the as the businessmen and banks went to the can see that it is not the farmer you should wall. Seventy percent of the banks ·1n be mad at. courts abroad. North Dakota, South Dakota, and elsewhere There is only one way you can beat this Only with the English-speaking coun­ in the West closed. game-and that is the way we had to cio it 'tries do we share the common law sys­ I do not want this to happen again-but in the early days of Dakota. We raised some tem in the courts. . Elsewhere the civil _if it is necessary to educate the people wheat--it was not hauled by railroads, it was law or some other legal system prevails. further, we can let the farms go and no not milled by millers, it was not handled by Now our boys who get into predica­ matter what business you are in, it will wholesalers or local merchants-we ground ments abroad, whether guilty or inno­ finally reach you. It will reach you if you it ourselves in a coffee mill if we could find cent, will be at a tremendous disad­ have insurance policies or any kind of in­ nothing else. Made our own· bread, and man vantage. First, they will not know the vestments. alive, if I could buy a loaf of actual bread You will recall that in the debates on the like that on the American Continent today, language.. Though they may have able old price supports, nothing was said about I wouldn't ask the price. We didn't put in interpreters, there will be differences in putting the farmer back on his feet, but all _plaster of paris to keep the bread fresh; we terminology, shades of meaning, idioms, emphasis was centered on putting the whole didn't bleach it to make it white; we didn't and legal phraseology-the fine points of country back on its feet. The plan worked fill up the holes or bubbles in gluten wheat the law-that do not readily lend them­ ·and when the farmer could get a price his With water; we didn't add compounds, in­ selves to interpretation or translation. buying power returned and factories re­ gredients, acids, or other syntbetic materials The accused will not usually be repre­ opened and the jobless went to work. My that. are harmful to human life; we made principal business was farming at that time, bread and it was cheap in price, but so far sented by counsel of his same nationality. and I lost all I had-$150,000 and some more superior to bread today that there cannot Fcir" the lawyer as well as for the victim I had to earn and pay back later. I lost all even be a comparison. these. differences will present grave diffi­ my land. and when elected to Congress I No; I think you are doomed to eat chemi­ culties. had to borrow $100 to get to Washington. cal bread, and I am not so sure that some Yet, so handicapped, the accused must I ·was not alone-if I had been I would have smart guy may not come along some day and defend himself in a foreign country, 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 3961 where the atmosphere may be hostile, give protection. against unprovoked vio­ Multi - billion -dollar Federal - State the citizenry inimical. Public opinion lence to all of the uniformed members program of highway construction: Fa­ might well be against him, a man ac­ of our Armed Forces. vored, 3,489; opposed, 2,146. cused of crime against the country which The net effect of this bill is to make Three-year extension of reciprocal may already resent his presence, along the unprovoked assault upon our mili­ trade with United States tariff reduc­ with that of his fellows, though they be tary personnel a Federal offense, if com­ tions: Favored, 3,716; opposed, 1,407. there for the good of all. mitted while such personnel are engaged Raising minimum-wage rate to 90 Even in England, even there, where in the performance of duty or on ac­ cents a.n hour: Favored, 4,020; opposed, the court system has a reputation fo,r count of the performance of duty. Per­ 2,291. excellence, a reputation for fairness, even sons charged with such assault could be Continuance of flexible farm-price in England he will be a foreigner in­ tried in a Federal court. It would pro­ supports: Favored, 4,038; opposed, 1,644. dicted, and brought before a panel of­ vide protection to all our servicemen and Economic-military aid to free nations to him-foreigners. especially those servicemen belonging to of Asia: Favored, 3,727; opposed, 1,651. The trouble does not end here. minority groups, who in certain locali­ Federal aid to school-building con­ Though we now have concluded status ties of our Nation might be the object struction: Favored, 3,062; opposed, 2,974. of forces agreements only with the NATO of prejudice. It would extend the same Enactment of President's national re­ countries and Japan, there will be other protection to all wearers of the uniform serve plan for military manpower: Fa­ countries demanding similar treatment; of our country which we now extend to vored, 3,721; opposed, 1,279. other, less developed, less friendly coun­ the Coast Guard, and to many other Fed­ Bricker amendment to limit treaty tries, countries less conscious of the de­ eral officers and employees, ranging from powers: Favored, 3,332; opposed, 1,530. mand for an equitable court system, of marshals and game wardens to meat in­ Increase in rates on air and first-class the public demand for justice. spectors. mail: Favored, 2,723; opposed, 3,060. Here lies the crux of the matter: Will Police protection in many localities justice be done? Or, will there be a mis­ where we maintain large concentrations carriage of justice? of servicemen is inadequate. We there­ What will be the American reaction fore must rely on military policemen, Tenth Anniversary of Arrest of 16 Polish when our military forces are subject to who, if they are to maintain order must these things? These men and boys who be given adequate protection against Underground Leaders serve their country abroad, whether bodily harm. This bill would assure that through their own will or through a persons guilty of assault upon any of our EXTENSION OF REMARKS draft system which carries them to for­ military personnel on duty would be OP eign lands whether they want to go or promptly apprehended and prosecuted. not, will be subject to trial and imprison­ The Department of Defense has in the HON. T. JAMES TUMULTY ment under conditions and rulings past formally endorsed this proposal. I OF NEW JERSEY which are foreign to us in every sense hope and believe their endorsement will IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of the word. The reaction of the fami­ be forthcoming in this instance. lies and friends of these men will be As we approach the consideration of . Tuesday, March 29, 1955 indignant and bitter. Sympathy for our any type of universal military training Mr. TUMULTY. Mr. Speak~r. if there relationships abroad will decline, and program or expanded Reserve program is to be another conference with the there will be increasingly reluctant com­ the need for such protection becomes Soviet Union, let our American leaders pliance with the draft law at home. more important. at that conference redress the following To object to this treaty arrangement It is my fervent hope that this Con­ wrong. In accordance with the Yalta is not to condone misconduct, but it is gress will give its swift consideration to agreement the Moscow-sponsored pro­ to suggest a revision of the treaty, a re­ providing the protection which our mil­ visional government of Poland had to negotiation of it, particularly with re­ itary personnel need. be reorganized on a broader basis with spect to article VII. It is to suggest a the inclusion of leaders from Poland it­ return to the system which was in opera­ self and from Poles abroad. tion during World War II, whereby a Mr. Molotov and the Ambassadors of military man aC'cused of an offense would Tabulation of a Poll on Questions of the United States and Great Britain, be tried by tlle military authorities of Current Interest residing in Moscow, were entrusted with his own country, an American would be the task to cooperate in the forming of tried by Americans. The authorities re­ a new government along above lines. sponsible for his being abroad would be EXTENSION OF REMARKS It was assumed from the very begin­ responsible, if he gets into trouble, for OF ning by the American and British Gov­ seeing that justice is done. ernments that the most prominent lead­ The resolution which I an: introducing HON. RALPH HARVEY ers of the Polish underground, at that ls aimed to accomplish this. It would OF INDIANA time hiding in Poland, would eventually eliminate article VII of the agreement. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES enter the coalition. During the war they Its purpose is to bring this about so that had fought in close cooperation with the foreign countries will not have criminal Tuesday, March 29, 1955 Polish Government in London, a bitter jurisdiction over American personnel Mr. HARVEY. Mr. Speaker, under struggle against the Nazi occupants and stationed within their boundaries. It leave to extend and revise my remarks, thus had largely contributed to the Al­ urges that all possible steps be taken by I wish to report the outcome of a pub­ lied war effort. the Government of the United States to lic-opinion poll conducted among vot­ At the request of the British Secretary accomplish that purpose. ers of Indiana's 10th Congressional Dis­ of State, the Polish Government in Lon­ trict. don disclosed for transmission to the This is the 5th consecutive year in committee in Moscow the names and which r have sought to obtain a cross whereabouts of the Polish Vice Premier Protection Against Unprovoked Violence section of public thinking on current na­ and Government Delegate for the Home­ tional issues. In this 19'55 canvass of land, and of the three members of the EXTENSION OF REMARKS citizens of east-central Indiana, a total Home Council of Ministers. The Allied OF of 6,501 marked ballots were tabufa.ted. Governments gave assurance that they The results, I believe, are fairly indica­ would do everything possible to insure HON. JAMES ROOSEVELT tive of the prevailing sentiments of vot­ the safety of the Polish underground OF CALIFORNIA ers in the Midwest. leaders. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Following are the recorded votes on 10 A short time after the Polish Vice­ questions of current interest: Premier, Mr. Jankowski and the last Tuesday, March 29, 1955 Ultimatum to Red China: Free United commander of the disbanded Home Mr. ROOSEVELT. Mr. Speaker, I · States prisoners or risk naval blockade. Army, General Okulicki were approached have today introduced a bill which would Favored, 4,301; opposed, 1,419. by Colonel Pimenov of the Soviet NKWD. CI--249 3962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 29 with a request to attend a meeting with Fourteenth. Kazimierz Kobylanski, can public to a greater awareness of the Colonel General Ivanov, a representative born 1892, National Party; proved inno­ importance of a sound foreign trade of the high command of the I White cent. policy to every citizen. Russian Front. This invitation was con­ Fifteenth. Jozef Stemler Dabski, born Senator GORE, who is a native of Cor­ firmed by letter, on March 10, to Mr. 1892, interpreter of Polish delegation; dell Hull's home town of Carthage, Jankowski and General Okulicki. The proved innocent. Tenn., is a very fitting recipient of the purpose of the meeting, in Colonel Sixteenth. Antoni Pajdak, member of Hull award. Under unanimous consent, Pimenov's own words, was "the clarifica­ Socialist Party and of Underground Par­ I include the text of the award citation, tion of the atmosphere and the coming liament; was not tried in public, and and a copy of an editorial concerning the into the open of the democratic Polish the sentence in his case, was not dis­ award, from the Memphis Commercial parties in order that they may take part closed. Appeal: in the general current of the democratic It is to be noted that in accordance FuLL TExT.OF CORDELL HULL AWARD forces of Independent Poland." Al­ with Soviet procedure the penal sentence In recognition of his national leadership though absolute personal safety was is counted as from the day of arrest. and the great tradition of public service he granted by the Soviet representative­ General Okulicki, Jankowski, Jasiuko­ established in a career of more than half a the 16 Polish underground leaders, when gicz, and Paj dak did not as yet return to century as Secretary of State, as a Senator they arrived on March 28, 1945, at the Poland. Okulicki should be released on and a Member of the House of Representa­ meeting place-were arrested and flown March 28, 1955. Jankowski should have tives, and in appreciation of his historic to Moscow and imprisoned there. been freed on March 28, 1953, and sponsorship of the reciprocal trade agree­ Jasiukowicz on March 28, 1950. Accord­ ments program, the Committee on Foreign The Soviets committed in cold blood Trade Education, Inc., salutes Hon. Cordell another act of shameless felony. It was ing to information-Pajdak was sen­ Hull and inaugurates the annual Cordell only on May 5, 1945, that the official tenced by administrative decree to 5 Hull award for leadership in building United Soviet agency TASS announced the ar­ years, and if so-had to be freed on States foreign economic policy. rest of the Polish leaders. This hap­ March 28, 1950. It should be stressed The 1954-55 award is made to Hon. ALBERT pened during the San Francisco Confer­ that the fate of these four prisoners re­ GORE, junior Senator from Tennessee. ence, and Molotov himself confirmed the maining in Soviet Russia is still un­ Senator GoRE wins the widest public com­ news. known. mendation for his wholehearted adherence The remaining leaders were brought to the principles of his fellow townsman, The British and the United States Cordell Hull. Senator GORE'S service in both Secretaries of State expressed grave con­ back to Poland after the period of their the House of Representatives ahd in the cern to Mr. Molotov and asked for full detention in Soviet jails had elapsed. United States Senate has found him in the explanation. Their intervention re­ Puzak and Mierzwa were rearrested in forefront of those battling for a trade policy mained nevertheless without response, Poland, sentenced, and Puzak died in in the true national interest. Most notably and on June 18, 1945, a trial of the Polish prison. Czarnowski, Urbanski, and he led the fight in 1954 to revive the pro­ leaders was held in Moscow by the Mili­ Chacinski died in Poland-the fate of posed extension and liberalization of the Bien is not known, as well as of Zwier­ Reciprocal Trade Agreements, when short­ tary Collegium of the Supreme Court of sighted politi~al interests found it expedient the U. S. S. R. zynski and Stemler-Dabski. Michalow­ to postpone consideration. Senator GoRE Following sentences were passed: ski and Kobylanski acquitted during the is now the outstanding Senate advocate of First. Maj. Gen. Leopold Okulicki, Moscow trial, were again arrested in a modern United States tariff-trade pro­ born 1898, commander of the Polish Poland and are detained in prison. Sty­ gram. Home Army succeeding Gen. T. Bor­ pulkowski is in Englarid and K. Bagin­ Award made this 23d day of March 1955, Komorowski, after the Warsaw rising; ski lives in the United States of America. by the Committee on Foreign Trade Educa­ 10 years in prison. In connection with the 10th anniver­ tion, Inc. sary of this shameless act perpetrated B. A. RI'ITERSPORN, Jr., Second. Jan Stanislaw Jankowski, Executive Director. born 1882, member of the Christian La­ on March ~8, 1945, against the 16 Polish bor Party and Vice Premier of the Polish underground leaders steps should be Government in London, appointed dele­ taken to, First, ask for full information SENATOR GORE LEADS gate in Poland; 8 years in prison. as to the fate and whereabouts of those With the Senate approaching action on four leaders still kept in Soviet Russia; tariff policy, the Committee on Foreign Trade Third. Adam Bien, born 1899, mem­ Education, Inc., has directed additional at­ ber of the underground government, second, demand their release from tention to the situation by naming the first Peasant Party; 5 years in prison. prison; third, insist on the liberation of winner of the Cordell Hull Award. Fourth. Stanislaw Jasiukowicz, born the underground leaders who have been Cordell Hull was the chief architect of the 1882, National Party, member of under­ submitted to new ordeals by the Moscow­ reciprocal-trade agreement method in use ground government; 5 years in prison. sponsored regime in Poland after their since 1934. It was given only a 1-year exten­ Fifth. Kazimierz Puzak, born 1883, return from Russia. sion of life last spring, and the extension now being considered barely squeaked through leader of Socialist Party and Speaker of the House this spring. Decisions on some Underground Parliament; 18 months in other matters of major policy can be delayed prison. through appointment of a commission for Sixth. Alexander Zwierzynski, born Senator Gore Receives C1>rdell Hull further study, but in this case the method 1880, National Party, deputy speaker; Award has already been used. The Randall Com­ 8 months in prison. mission has reported, and the question Seventh. Kazimierz Baginski, born comes to a showdown soon. 1890, Peasant Party, deputy speaker; 6 EXTENSION OF REMARKS For the committee to make an award in OF honor of Cordell Hull is good. Presentation months in prison. now is timely. Choice of the first winner is Eighth. Stanislaw Mierzwa, born 1905, HON. FRANKE. SMITH excellent. Peasant Party; 4 months in prison. ALBERT GoRE, who has followed the Cordell Ninth. Zbigniew Stypulkowski, born OF MISSISSIPPI Hull footsteps from the same Tennessee dis­ 1904, leader of Democratic Party; 4 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES trict to the House and then the Senate, has been named for his leadership in building months in prison. Tuesday, March 29, 1955 Tenth. Eugeniusz Czarnowski, born United States foreign economic policy. Mr. SMITH of Mississippi. Mr. Senator GORE, like Cordell Hull, has be­ 1904, leader of Democratic Party; 4 come known among other Senators for his months in prison. Speaker, on Wednesday, March 23, I had wide and deep knowledge of tariffs and for Eleventh. Jozef Chacinski, born 1889, the privilege of participating in the cere­ his skillful work on behalf of more interna­ leader of Christian Labor Party; 4 monies in New York City when our col­ tional trade. He sees this trade across na­ months in prison. league, the Honorable ALBERT GoRE, tional boundaries as essential for prosperity Twelfth. Franciszek Urbanski, born junior Senator from Tennessee, was of this Nation and for world peace. He con­ 1891, Secretary of Underground Parlia­ awarded the first annual Cordell Hull siders trade to be a powerful weapon in ad­ award by the Committee on Foreign vancing our methOds of managing human ment, Christian Labor Party; 4 months affairs against communistic management. in prison. l't'ade Education. Senator GORE is indeed a leader in form­ Thirteenth. Stanislaw Michalowski, The Committee on Foreign Trade Ed­ ing our economic policy, and we hope there born 1903, Democratic Party; proved in­ ucation is providing effective leadership are others like him to claim this award -in nocent. in the vital field of bringing the Ameri- future years. 19'55 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 3963 The Attack Upon Our Republican · Tax Led by Congressman JERE COOPER, the plains of Thermopylae, once arid but now new chairman of the Ways and Means blooming with rice fields. The Greek Program Committee, and Senators HUMPHREY children brought garlands of :flowers to and DouGLAS, an attempt is being made the American point 4 reclamation ex-. EXTENSION OF REMARKS to repeal the small tax easement upon pert who had helped in the project, and OF dividend payments that was made in their elders erected a simple monument the new tax code. This was made as a of marble to his memory--of the same HON. NOAH M. MASON start toward abolishing double taxa-· quarry as the Parthenon marble. OF ILLINOIS tion upon corporation profits. An at­ Those Greeks who have immigrated to IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES tempt is also being made to repeal the our country have contributed greatly to Tuesday, March 29, 1955 new accelerated depreciation tax allow­ the richness of American life. They ance provision. Both of these provisions have brought with them the high tradi­ Mr. MASON. 'Mr. Speaker, last fall were placed in the revised code to en­ tion of western civilization suggested by certain prophets of gloom and doom courage business expansion, to provide such towering figures as Socrates, Plato, charged that the Republican $7.4 billion an improved tax climate for business Aristotle, and Sophocles. tax reduction and the tax-revision bill­ and industry that would result in the In my home city of Milwaukee, thou­ H. R. 8300-favored the wealthy tax­ creation of new jobs for our ever-grow­ sands of good citizens proudly cherish payer and bore too hard upon the work­ ing number of job seekers. their Greek ancestry. They have con­ ingman. That charge was absolutely The revised tax code has already dem­ tributed much to our economic, social, false. Those same prophets now claim onstrated its value, because it-more and cultural life, and to the learned pro­ that the tax bills of last year favored the than any other one thing-stopped the fessions. In war their sons have served taxpayer in the upper brackets and dis­ downward trend last year and gave the our country brilliantly. Two fine con­ criminated against the taxpayer in the lie to those prophets of gloom and doom gregations attest to their religious belief. lower brackets; therefore, their $20 per who went around the Nation last fall May two of the world's oldest de­ person tax-cut proposal was only fair. spouting their gloom and doom prophe­ mocracies-the United States and The fallowing breakdown demonstrates cies. These· same men are now in the Greece-go on forever in friendly the falseness of their charges: Senate seeking to repeal the very provi-· brotherhood. First. A 10-percent cut was made in sions of the revised tax code that saved the personal income tax for all individ­ us from the predicted recession. uals in the middle and lower brackets. One and one-half million stay-at-home Textile Business Reported Booming That tax cut .tapered off to less than 2 voters in Illinois and 30 million stay-at­ percent for the taxpayers in the 3 home voters in the Nation were respon­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS top brackets. The great majority of sible for placing these New Dealers back taxpayers-85 percent-are in the mid­ in the saddle in Washington. These de­ OF dle and lower tax brackets. Did that linquent voters had better wake up be­ HON. FRANK E. SMITH tax cut favor the rich? fore 1956, or it will be too late. Second. All excise taxes, with the ex­ OF MISSISSIPPI ception of those upon liquor and tobacco, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES were cut from 25, 20, and 15 percent to Tuesday, March 29, 1955 10 percent-a cut of $1 billion to con­ Greek Independence sumers. The working men and women Mr. SMITH of Mississippi. Mr. of America and their families constitute Speaker, as a representative of a great 85 percent of the consumers of the Na­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS cotton-producing area, I am naturally tion. Did that tax reduction favor the . OF much concerned about the welfare of rich? the American spinners of the cotton HON. HENRY S. REUSS which our farmers produced. · Third. The repeal of the excess-profits OF WISCONSIN tax last year reduced taxes upon cor­ I have been very pleased to note two porations $2 billion. What did the cor­ IN .THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES recent news items which indicate that porations do with the $2 billion? Every Tuesday, March 29, 1955 the southern textile industry is prosper­ ing, despite many loud cries to the con­ dollar of it was either paid out to the Mr. REUSS. Mr. Speaker, March 25 is corporation stockholders or was plowed the 134th anniversary of the independ­ trary. back into business expansion. Since 80 The daily CONGRESSIONAL RECORD of ence of Greece. Under the leadership March 23 contains on page A2023 a state­ percent of all the stockholders in Am~r­ of Archbishop Germenos, on March 25, ica receive less than $5,000 per year m­ ment by former Senator Charles E. 1821, Greek patriots rose and overthrew Daniel, of South Carolina, which says come, the dollars that went to the stock­ their Ottoman overlords who had op­ holders did not go to the rich. And the "unheard-of prosperity is predicted" for pressed them for so long. The Greeks South Carolina industry, and adds, in dollars that went into expansion pro­ have always had to fight for their free­ vided jobs for the 600,000 new workers dom. Fifteen years ago, Mussolini's part: that enter the American labor market Looking at textiles, I see more cause for legions found that Greek resistance was hope and optimism this year than ever be­ each year. Can anyone claim then that a hard nut to crack. It later took the the repeal of the excess-profits tax was fore. Like the other phases of our econ­ full strength of Hitler's armed forces to omy, the textile industry, which 1s the for the benefit of the rich? invest the little peninsula that is South's most important industry, has ex­ Fourth. The passage last year of H. R. Greece-and then only for a time, until perienced a year of adjustment. With the 8300, the tax revision bill, established a the Greek people could help to bring remarkable expansion of textiles in South favorable tax climate for American busi­ about their own liberation. Hardly was Carolina to one of the top areas in this in­ ness and industry in which to expand. Greek freedom reestablished when dustry in the world, we are working hard to This created more jobs for the working­ keep our newly won position. We outpro­ Communist-led forces attempted to seize duce and outsell any State in this respect. men of America. Did the tax revision the government. The world will not bill favor the rich? soon forget that it was the Truman Doc­ The New York Times of March 27 On the basis of the facts, there!ore, trine which helped the Greek people to contains an Associated Press dispatch do the charges of the prophets of gloom stand fast, and with military and eco­ which shows that cotton spinning im­ and doom stand up? nomic aid, to turn back and def eat the proved in February of 1955, and that pro­ A POLrrICAL BAROMETER Communist challenge. duction was well above February 1954, Mr. Speaker, the recent attack upon In 1949 I saw at first hand during a when there were few complaints about the revised Federal Tax Code by the New visit to Athens how the Greek people foreign competition. Under unanimous Dealers in Congress, who-as a result of joined in the common fight against com.; consent, I include this brief news item the election returns last fall-are again munism and poverty. Today Greece in full: in the saddle, is a clear indication of once again knows peace, and is making COTTON SPINNING UP-INDUSTRY OPERATED AT what American businessmen can expect earnest beginnings toward a fuller eco·­ 142.5 PERCENT OF CAPACITY IN FEBRUARY if the New Dealers take over the execu­ nomfo life. There is no better symbol of WASHINGTON, March 26.-The Census Bu­ tive department. Greek-American friendship than the reau has reported that the cotton-spinning 3964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March .29 industry operated during February at 142.5 were able to resist sharp and sudden attack, threaten world peace, so we cannot precisely. percent of capacity on a. two-shift 80-hour and upon the wisdom and stamina which gauge their progress in weapons technology. week basis. they displayed in the presence of continuous But we do know that they are formidable This compared . with 138 percent during danger. opponents, capable of scoring technological January and with 128.1 peroent during Feb­ Since well before.the turn of this century, break-throughs in major weapons systems ruary last year. no American has had to contend with the which could have dire consequences for us. Spinning spindles in place on February historic problems of a live frontier. More Knowing this, we have no alternative but 26 numbered 22,402,000, of which 19,429,000 than that, until a few years ago, we had little to press forward with all possible speed on were active, compared with 22,495,000 and to fear from the possibility of attack by an the continued development of our own 19,282,000 on January 29 and with 22,897,000 external enemy. Thus blessed with the weapons. Not only is this true but we are and 19,656,000 on the last working day of physical security of our homes and families determined that the American fighting man February 1954. in a way few other great nations had ever always has for his use the finest possible Active spindle hours for spindles consum­ been, we tended to confuse a historical acci­ products of our science, technology, and ing cotton in February totaled 9,299,000,000, dent with a law of nature, and to suppose production. compared with 9,184,000,000 for January and that freedom from danger was the rule, There is, finally, the all-important area of with 8,697,000,000 for February last year. rather than an exception in human expe­ personnel. The best weapon in the world rience. contributes nothing to the national defense The events of the past 10 years have offered in the hands of a man unable ot use it. increasing proof that danger does indeed The best conceived plan may fail for the exist, that it is comprehensive and continu­ Address by Hon. Robert B. Anderson, lack of people with the capacity to execute ing, and could be virtually total in its impli­ it. Everything depends upon the man. Deputy Secretary of Defense, Before cations. We are back again to the day of the Our first attention must therefore be given live frontier; only today's frontier is not dis­ to those measures which will insure a perma­ the National Rifle Association of cernible as a ridge or a river or a tree-line. nent nucleus of spirited, competent, highly America. It is as broad as the blue sky and as en­ trained, career military personnel in our circling as the sea coast, extending the length Armed Forces. We need the best people and breadth of our land. Perhaps not since we can get, both men and women, officer and EXTENSION OF REMARKS 1607 could it be said that the total American enlisted. OF community has been so eminently and equal­ Once they prove themselves worthy, we ly exposed to the possible rigors of a hostile want to keep them. We want them to have HON. OLINE. TEAGUE environment as it has come to be over the a place of honor and respect in the com­ OF TEXAS past few years. munity. So long as a few evil men have the power IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES We do not want them to be unduly penal­ to threaten our security, we must in our turn ized by the personal hardships which in Tuesday, March 29, 1955 learn to live under the shadow of danger, troubled times fall disproportionately upon and we must prepare ourselves materially them as a group. Mr. TEAGUE of Texas. Mr. Speaker, and morally to meet the exigencies which In an effort to mitigate some of these un­ under leave to extend my remarks in the an uncertain future may present. We must deserved difficulties the Department of De­ RECORD, I wish to include the following retain the strength and readiness to meet fense has sponsored legislation before the very fine speech made by the Deputy any challenge, yet we must integrate our present Congress designed to increase the Secretary of Defense, the Honorable defensive preparations into our recipe for availability of medical care to dependents, Robert B. Anderson, upon the presenta­ living in such a way that they do not dis­ provide more and better family housing, re­ tion of a 19th century rifle by the Na­ place the normal healthy preoccupations of a lieve some of the financial handicaps of peacefully disposed people. frequent and expensive moves, and granting tional Rifle Association of America: For us, maintaining combat readiness must selective pay increases according to a care­ You have all honored me greatly this eve­ not be an extraordinary adventure, but the fully scaled career incentive plan. I am in­ ning. Not only am I privileged to be your routine response to unpleasant, but none­ deed happy to note here that the legislation speaker, but you have seen fit to bestow upon theless persistent demands of possibility. adjusting the military pay scale has been me this beautiful work of the gunsmith's The maintenance of a people's readiness to passed by Congress and was signed by the art in the early 19th century period. meet the exigencies of a fluid and developing President yesterday afternoon. Within the I shall treasure this memento of our eve­ situation requires a continuing regard for limitations set by national security consid­ ning together-the more so because it has certain aspects of whatever means are erations, we are doing what we can to relieve been presented to me by a friend and fellow adopted. We must in reality be as much the handicaps of necessary separations of Texan, Davy Crockett. I might add that I concerned with what things may become as fam111es and loved ones. We hope by these shall also respect the veiled hint its pres­ we are with what they are as of a given measures and others to adjust certain in­ ence conveys, and accordingly shall make my moment. This in turn means that we must equities and to create a more satisfactory speech rather shorter than longer. In all give great care to those influences which will material basis for the careers of our service seriousness, however, let me say once again: bear importantly upon what we are able to people; but we must see clearly that we are I am honored by your invitation; I am deep­ do 1 year from now, 5 years from now, 50 in no way able to "buy" their patriotism and ly appreciative of the handsome object your years from now. morale. Most of our people are in the serv­ kindness has bestowed upon me; and I am First, we are concerned, and vitally so, with ice because in spite of the difficulties and genuinely glad to be here with you. handicaps it imposes, it represents to them In many respects, Davy Crockett and the the planning processes from which we are able to formulate the basic concepts for the a way of life and an opportunity to serve long-barreled rifle are symbolic of a par­ their country. ticular phase in American history deserving employment of our resources to tb_e best advantage of our defense. Policy can be no They are the ones whose acts and lives more attention than we tend to give it, for better than the planning which precedes it, give common currency to the uncommon certain of its important elements ha·ve now expression "above and beyond the call of returned to shape and form some of the con­ and upon which it depends for its direction and meaning. duty." They are the ones who not only ditions of our own existence here in the 20th stand ready to serve but do serve, directly century. For nearly 300 years, there existed There is truth in the saying, "Who wills the end must will the means." It has no and indispensably, in the one undertaking somewhere in our country a live frontier, and upon which all others depend for their a considerable number of our people lived more intensive application than to the mani­ fold processes by which the complex and meaning and significance-the physical and intimately and continuously with its hard­ m111tary defense of the United States. ships and dangers. In the beginning, the massive political, military, and economic factors affecting our world situation are re­ They are the ones--the only ones-who wilderness lay just behind the tidewater set­ can give meaning to the billions we have tlements on the Atlantic Seaboard, so that in duced at any given point of time to specific concepts, immediate plans, and current ac­ allocated to our defense, for the point always truth every resident was a frontiersman. comes when the efforts of the homefront Later, our forefathers resolutely pushed tions. We must maintain a continuous re­ view of all these factors; we must constantly can exert no further influence upon the turn the boundaries of civilization into the up­ of a battle or a war. At that point the lands of the Atlantic plain, then over the adjust our plans to be responsive to the in­ evitable changes which are sure to occur. issue is delivered into the hands of those Alleghenies into the Mississippi Valley and who have spent their lives in preparation beyond. There is thus the need for flexible, respon­ for just such a moment, and the very life They reached the Pacific Ocean and then sive military concepts, capable of smooth and of the Nation may owe to the foresight, the finally closed in from all directions upon the rapid adaptation · to a variety of strategic skill, and the patriotism of 'those who recog­ mountains, plains, and deserts of the west­ situations-concepts looking constantly to­ nized this truth in the easy years of peace ern plateau. And always in the van were ward all foreseeable future developments. and who made themselves ready to meet its the hardy souls, both men and women, who Second, we are concerned with the. military fateful consequences. braved the hazards of the known and un­ applications of our technology. Here we can If everything depends upon the man, . it known, and who endured their hard.ships and spare no effort. The development of new depends particularly upon the trained man~ privations. Their fortunes, and quite often weapons and techniques is a race whose Armed forces exist in peacetime for little their lives, literally depended upon the read­ stakes may be life and death. We cannot more than to train and ready themselves for iness and determination with which they know-the detailed plans of the evil few who the hard and uncompromising test of com- [955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 3965 bat. Life in the Armed Forces begins and chairmanship of Congr.essman BROOKS, of out of the wilderness, we are able to see ends with training, whether it be the simple Louisiana, has labored tirelessly in its study that the efforts they made and the hard­ Manual of Arms ·of the highly sophisticated of legislative proposals in support of the ships they endured were part of the price studies pursued at the National War College. President's program. they paid for the ultimate objective of , There is individual training, unit train­ The subcommittee, deeply conscious of its peaceful, stable community, in which men ing, technical training, training in the form responsibility to the Nation, has evolved leg­ under just law would be free to apply their of drills, exercises, maneuvers, and indoctri­ islation which represents a great forward energies to a rich new land, bringing forth nation. Daily thousands of aircraft rise in stride in providing the kind of Reserve need­ its fruits in ever increasing measure. training flights, from the light primary ed in these perilous times. We are hopeful Even as we face the challenge to our own trainers to the gigantic B-36's of the Stra­ of early congressional approval of the na­ lives, we are able to see the same purpose tegic Air Command. The Navy relentlessly tional reserve plan, with all its principal pro­ emerge in the vastly larger context of our drills its crews in the tasks necessary to keep visions, which will provide us with the modern world. For we, too, pursue the ulti­ its ships at peak operating efficiency, with means for developing effective Reserve mate objectives of peace and stability on a each able to discharge its part of the over­ Forces. worldwide scale-under which men may in all mission of assuring command of the sea. The national reserve plan deserves your justice and freedom direct their marvelous The Army and Marine Corps concentrate understanding and support. It is one of the creativeness into constructive channels for upon the multitudinous problems associated most essential parts of our effort to work to­ the betterment of mankind. The frontiers with land and amphibious warfare. Joint ward peace from a realistic position of of our 20th century are the limitless fron­ maneuvers and exercises among all services strength. tiers of the human mind, and it is in the are regularly held and we have successfully Never have we had a greater need for an widening and deepening of the possibilities conducted combined exercises with the forces effective, highly trained, readily available for man's material and spiritual well-being of our allies on many occasions during the Reserve, nor was the need ever more urgent that our best hope lies and toward which past few years. for men who, in General Pershing's laconic our efforts must be dedicated. There is a logic which sustains this inces­ phrase, "can shoot and salute." There is a Let us, then, look to our new frontiers, as sant and burdensome routine-as clear and continuing need for the fully_developed ca­ the Davy Crocketts, the Daniel Boones, the concise as the reality of life and death with pability of all the services. Each has an in­ Kit Carsons and all the others looked to which it is so intimately associated. In dispensable place in our total military pos­ theirs in days gone by: with courage and battle there is no time to rehearse the sig­ ture, as we strive to make the most out of resolution,- and the faith in our own ca­ nals-to reflect back over the lessons half our resources. The defense of our country pacity to prosper and grow in the face of learned in some training base far ramoved in is a job deserving and needful of the efforts an uncertain and seemingly hostile environ- time and space. of all our people. In an age when the price ment. ·· The soldier can take into combat with him of survival may demand the total effort of Let us do so with the confidence bred only that part of his experience which has the Nation, our success or failure will de­ of the knowledge that it was the very act become so firmly ingrained within him that pend upon the willingness of our cl tizens to of surmounting the awesome challenges of it becomes second nature for him to act concern themselves actively with the meas­ the past that has made us the great Nation according to its teaching. Moments of ures for our defense, not only in the Regular that we are and must continue to be if free­ great stress have the effect of expelling from Forces, but in their everyday lives as civilian dom is to prosper in our world. his consciousness all but the stark objects members of the national community. of the battlefield Within the range of what Here we enter an area in which the Na­ he can see and hear and feel-the enemy tional Rifle Association has since 1871 ren­ ahead, the man to his right, his leader, his dered a distinctive, deeply appreciated serv­ pack; and his rifle. ice to our country. For our citizen soldiers Local Service Airlines Should Receive In these moments his capacity to act--and to be effective in an emergency there must Permanent Certificates hence his effectiven~ss as 'a soldier-depends be a large repository of shooting skills with­ upon that fraction of knowledge which has in the civilian population. The development been drilled and hammered and pounded of these skills is the objective of your organi­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS into his subcon~ciousness by months and zation. Toward that objective you have pa­ OF years of constantly repeated training and tiently and consistently labored for some 84 practice. If his training has been ineffective, years. I cannot express how pleased I was HON. VICTOR WICKERSHAM he becomes a cipher at a critical moment to learn of your newest contribution-your when his very life may be the forfeit of his sponsorship with the United States Marine OF OKLAHOMA unprepared1_1ess. Moreqver, ~ man in immi­ Corps, of a training program for the im­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES nent peril of death can be held in place only provement of marksmanship among volun­ Tuesday, March 29, 1955 by the strongest of moral compusions­ teer members of the Marine Corps Reserve . . among them a conviction of the rightness This is but the latest of many efforts which Mr. WICKERSHAM. Mr. Speaker, I and ultimate triumph of his country's cause, manifest your continuing interest in the should like to call attention to a state­ a desire for the respect and approval of his promotion and improvement of marksman­ comrades, an abiding faith in his leaders, ship training both within the armed serv­ ment made on behalf of Central Airlines, and confidence in his own ability to take ices and among interested civilian groups. Fort Worth, Tex., some time ago: care of himself. Any action which con­ On behalf of the Department of Defense, Central Airlines of Fort Worth, Tex., has tributes to any of these basic determinants let me say that we are sincerely grateful. been serving Duncan, Okla., for over a year. of human behavior means a more effective In your 84 years you have contributed This air service has been most valuable to fighting man regardless of where he may greatly to the safe and productive exercise_ the Halliburton Oil Well Cementing Co. as be or what uniform he may wear. of a basic right of American citizens: the we have many employees who ride Central, Conscience, comradeship, and confidence right to keep and bear arms. making connections with other airlines for are the indispensables to combat morale. It is a right exclusive among free peo­ trips throughout the United States and All depend to a greater or less extent upon ples. Nowhere except in a free country, many foreign countries. We . send much of what a man knows and believes. What he where the people share a common love of our mail by air and this helps to expedite knows and believes depends largely upon liberty, could the political authority tolerate our communications with customers and our what he has been taught. the possession and use of firearms by the field personnel. We have many calls daily What I have just said relates most obvi­ citizenry. for materials to be sent on a short notice. ously to those who wear the uniform in our Of its very nature, totalitarianism re­ These materials consist of manufactured active forces. But it relates no less to our quires a state monopoly of all instruments products, tools, etc. They are sent by air­ Reserves and to those who may wear it at of force. Organizations such as yours would freight in order that we might have as little some future time. Our Nation has in the be proscribed, and its members suspect. delay as possible in receiving the materials past and will continue in the future_to rely But here in America, we have the situation in our various operating points. The cer­ upon its civilian armed components for ef:­ in which yo.ur activity constitutes a positive tificate that Central has been operating fective defense in periods of general force on the side of the Government, for you under is not of a permanent nature and we emergency. are directly contributing to the development e~rnestly solicit your help in giving Central This has meant in the past, ~d it may and spread of one of the most basic mili­ all aid possible in granting them a perma­ mean in the future, that the young man at tary skills necessary to its defense. nent certifi'Cate. the corner grocery dons a uniform and takes Throughout our history, the trained rifle­ his turn in some grim quarter where there man has ever been a mainstay in our strug­ Mr. Speaker, I am heartily in favor of is no second chance, and where the price of gles for independence and security in a world a permanent certification for local serv­ his failures and inadequacies may be exactecl which has not yet found its way to an or­ ice air carriers. This statement is in flesh and bone and blood. derly existence. typical of statements of many of my con­ As you know, the President, in a special We must continue to rely upon him in stituents in · behalf of permanent cer­ message to Congress on January 13, 1955, the future, just as we must rely upon your tification for local service air carriers. recommended a 5-point national reserve efforts to improve his competence and I am for the certification, both Central plan to strengthen our Reserve Forces. · For readiness. As we look back upon the the past 2 months a subcommittee of the 11 ves of those courageous and resource­ Airline and other lines seeking such cer­ House Armed Services Committee, under the ful Americans who wrested an empire tification. . 3966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE March 30 The National Cotton Council the Progressive Farmer, the South's The council would be among the first to outstanding farm publication: admit that it cannot claim credit for all that has happened in the world of cotton CONGRATULATIONS TO THE COTrON COUNCIL during the last 16 years. Its first duty has . EXTENSION OF REMARKS In 1939 when the National Cotton Council been to get others to work harder and more OF was organized, cotton was a sick industry. enthusiastically for cotton-and to help It was losing out to its competitors. Rayon, them work more effectively. The council HON. FRANKE. SMITH the first of the synthetic fibers, was cap­ does not operate its own research labora­ OF MISSISSIPPI turing its markets. In United States stores, tories. It investigates to see what research cotton goods had been pushed into the bar­ is needed. Then it works to obtain the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES gain basements. On the farm, both cotton needed expansion in research. And it fol­ yields and quality were· unsatisfactory; pro­ Tuesday, March 29, 1955 lows a similar strategy to obtain needed edu­ duction costs were excessively high, due to cational work for getting. research findings Mr. SMITH of Mississippi. Mr. heavy use of hand labor. All in all, the out­ into use. Speaker, the board of directors of the look for cotton was dismal. The cotton council is the joint effort of Once organized, the council had to choose six groups-growers, ginriers, cottonseed National Cotton Council met in Wash­ between two broad objectives. It could fol­ crushers, warehousemen, merchants, and ington last month to discuss the council's low the lead of the butter industry, which spinners. Most outstanding is the success position in regard to the cotton export for many years sought a way out of its of the council in getting the majority of trade. The leaders of the council de­ troubles by imposing Government ·restric­ people in each of these groups to contribute cided that this organization could not tions on its competitor. Or it could meet to its financial support. On an average, properly become involved in a contro­ competition (1) by promoting a program of about 70 percent of all 6 branches of the versy involving export price policy for better cotton at lower cost, and (2) by de­ cotton industry is now making a financial veloping new uses and new markets. For­ contrioutton to the council. cotton. tunately, it chose a constructive program of At the same time the council reaf­ building up cotton in preference to one of firmed its belief that maintaining a high tearing down rayon and other synthetic level of international trade and a wider fibers. This basic choice has set the pat­ Knocking Ike Is Grist for GOP Mill distribution of goods and services tern for its program over the years. And throughout the world is vital to the con­ with such a program the council has de­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS tinued prosperity of the cotton industry veloped a proved formula for success. Now, 16 years later, what is the situa­ OF and to the national economy, as well as tion? Cotton has a new outlook. It has con­ to the security of the free world. The fidence in a bright and shining future. It HON. PAUL B. DAGUE council recognizes that the greatest op­ believes that it has no problem that can't OF PENNSYLVANIA portunity to expand United States ex­ be whipped by the industry cooperation in a IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES program of research, education, and promo­ ports of cotton and cotton products is Tuesday, March 29, 1955 through increased per capita consump- tion. tion of cotton goods over the world. · Summing up its regeneration, cotton can Mr. DAGUE. Mr. Speaker, the ad­ point proudly to these accomplishments: mirers of President Eisenhower in both The National Cotton Council repre­ 1. It has expanded its domestic market by sents all segments of the cotton indus­ 50 percent in the face of ever-increasing parties will resent the attacks on our try-producers, ginners, warehousemen, competition from synthetics. Losing heavily present Chief Executive, particularly cottonseed crushers, merchants, and in some uses, such as bags and tires, it has when they center on wholesome diver­ spinners. Naturally conflicts of inter­ more than offset these losses by large gains sions like fishing and golfing-as dis­ est develop among these groups and in wearing apparel and other fields. It has tinguished from poker-playing, · week­ differences over price policy can never triumphed because it has won more market end cruises-which are about the only battles than it has lost. Cotton, once con­ relaxation a hard-working President be satisfactorily reconciled. President sidered the poor man's fiber, is now equally W. T. Wynn and the other leaders at home in high society. can count on. of · the council were wise in their 2. It has stopped the downward trend in And when such partisan attacks bring decision to avoid involvement in such exports that started in the middle twenties, the President's wife into the picture and conflicts. and hopes to turn exports upward. include their religious devotions, then The basic purpose of the council is to 3. United States farmers have outdistanced it is generally agreed that the American foreign competitors in improving production electorate will simply bide their time un­ help increase the efficient production of practices. cotton. Under Mr. Wynn's leadership til such ill-mannered diatribes can be 4. The quality of United States cotton has repudiated at the polls. the council expects to expand its efforts been improving constantly. Fiber strength to encourage general economic develop­ has increased 13 percent. The attitude of the average Republi­ ment, advertising, and sales promotion, 5. Man-hour requirements, for producing can is to wait with bated breath for fear market research and development, and cotton have been cut in half; lint yields that the opposition will realize the mis­ more efficient production and distribu­ increased 30 percent. take they are making and call off the 6. Mechanization has come so fast that attack before it can be of benefit to the tion of cotton products throughout the 22 percent of the 1954 crop was harvested GOP next year. And it can only be world. Such a program will be of pri­ with machines. presumed that they have forgotten just mary benefit to the American cotton pro­ 7. The cotton industry, from farmer to how much the Republicans served the ducer. spinner, has a vastly improved spirit of mutual understanding. Its leaders have been cause of Franklin Delano Roosevelt by Under unanimous consent, I include an meeting around conference tables for 16 making him the object of their partisan editorial concerning the work of the cot:. years and have developed an immense stock- tirades each time he ran and thereby ton council from the March 1955 issue of pile of know-how. - · assuring his reelection.

thankful for men-"Men who in their DESIGNATION OF ACTING PRESI­ SENATE ir..most souls are true and honest; men DENT PRO TEMPORE WEDNESDAY, MARCH 30, 1955 who do not fear to call sin by its right The legislative clerk read the follow­ name; men whose conscience is as true ing letter: (Legislative day of Thursday, March 10. to duty as the needle- to the pole; men 1955) who will stand for the right though the UNITED STATES SENATE, . heavens fall." · PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE, The Senate met at 12 o'clock meridian, Wilt Thou, Father, the source of Washington, D. C., March 30, 1955. on the expiration of the recess. To the Senate: Elder Everett H. Shull, of the Potomac - Daniel's alld Joseph's wisdom and un- Being temporarily absent from the Senate, Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, rivaled statesmanship, bless our Presi- I appoint Hon . .JAMES E. MURRAY, a Senator dent, the Presiding Officer of the Senate, offered the following prayer:- and each individual Senator, with wis- from the State of Montana, to perform the duties of the Chair during my absence. Loving Father in Heaven, we sense our dom, courage, and Thy presence, to the WALTER F. GEORGE, complete dependence upon Thee for extent that their deliberations and deci­ President pro tempore. qualifications commensurate to the task sions may be the outworking of Thy will. before us. In this atomic age of great We ask it in the worthy nlµIle of Jes~. Mr. MURRAY thereupon took the issues, of shadow and perplexity, we are· Amen. chair as Acting President pro tempore.