December 16, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 39509 to the Committee on Post Office and Civll Mr. TUNNEY, Mr. FRIEDEL, and Mr. for 2 months the authority to limit the Service. GILBERT): rates of interest or dividends payable on By Mr. BRADEMAS (for himself, Mr. H.R. 15290. A bill to authorize the U.S. time and savings deposits and accounts; to PERKINs, Mr. SCHEUER, Mr. REID of Commissioner of Education to establish the Committee on Banking and Currency. New York, Mr. HANSEN of Idaho, educational programs to encourage under­ By Mr. FISH: Mrs. MINK, Mr. DELLENBACK, Mr. standing of policies and support of activ­ H .J. Res. 1035. Joint resolution proposing WILLIAM D. FORD, Mr. MEEDs, Mr. ities designed to enhance environmental an amendment to the Constitution of the THOMPSON of New Jersey, Mr. DENT, quality and maintain ecological balance; to United States relative to equal rights for Mr. HATHAWAY, Mr. O'HARA, Mr. the Committee on Education and Labor. men and women; to the Committee on Ju­ GAYDOS, Mr. HELSTOSKI, Mr. MORSE, By Mr. BRASCO: diciary. Mr. HAwKINs, Mr. STOKEs, Mr. Hos­ H.R. 15291. A bill to amend title XVIII of By Mr. DAWSON: MER, Mr. CLAY, Mr. MAcGREGOR, Mr. the Social Security Act to provide payment H. Res. 752. Resolution providing for the HAMILTON, Mr. WHITEHURST, and for chiropractors' services under the program expenses of conducting studies and inves­ Mr. YATES): of supplementary medical insurance benefits tigations authorized by rule XI(8) incurred H.R. 15288. A bill to authorize the U.S. for the aged; to the Committee on Ways and by the Committee on Government Opera­ Commissioner of Education to establish edu­ Means. tions; to the Committee on House Admin­ cational programs to encourage understand­ By Mr. COHELAN: istration. ing of policies and support of activities de­ H.R. 15292. A bill to establish a Joint Com­ By Mr. WIGGINS (for himself, Mr. signed to enhance environmental quality mittee on Environmental Quality; to the ZWACH, Mr. CHARLES H. WILSON, Mr. and maintain ecological balanoe; to the Committee on Rules. WHITEHURST, Mr. WEICKER, Mr. Committee on Education and Labor. By Mr. FARBSTEIN: WALDIE, Mr. SHIPLEY, Mr. SCHNEE­ By Mr. BRADEMAS (for himself, Mr. H.R. 15293. A bill to amend title XVIII BELI, Mr. StGERMAIN, Mr. PETI'IS, Mr. ScHEUER, Mr. REm of New York, Mr. of the Social Security Act to provide pay­ PATTEN, Mr. MATSUNAGA, and Mr. HANSEN Of Idaho, Mr. PODELL, Mr. ment for chiropractors' services under the LUKENS): McCLORY, Mr. REES, Mr. BUTroN, program of supplementary medical insur­ H. Res. 753. Resolution for amendment to Mr. SYMINGTON, Mr. RIEGLE, Mr. ance benefits for the aged; to the Committee rule XV, Rules of the House of Represent­ UDALL, Mrs. HECKLER of Massachu­ on Ways and Means. atives relating to calls of the roll and House; setts, Mr. KocH, Mr. DINGELL, Mr. By Mr. FISH: to the Committee on Rules. MIKVA, Mr. BROWN of California, Mr. H.R. 15294. A bill to prohibit the use of RoONEY of Pennsylvania, Mr. BING­ the name of any of certain deceased serv­ HAM, Mr. OTTINGER, Mr. ST. 0NGE, icemen unless consent to so use the name PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS Mr. PEPPER, Mr. MOLLOHAN, Mr. is given by the next of kin of the service­ man; to the Committee on Judiciary. Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private PIKE, and Mr. FARBSTEIN): bUls and resolutions were introduced and H.R. 15289. A bill to authorize the U .S. By Mr. KOCH (for himself, Mr. Co­ HELAN, Mr. CULVER, Mr. HAWKINS, severally referred as follows: Commissioner of Education to establish Mr. HuNGATE, Mr. JACOBs, Mr. educational programs to encourage under­ By Mr. BURTON of California: O'HARA, and Mr. RoYBAL) : H.R. 15297. A bill for the relief of In Kyong standing of policies and support of activities H.R. 15295. A bill to provide for the es­ designed to enhance environmental quality Yi; to the Committee on the Judiciary. ta:blishment of a Commission on Mari­ By Mr. FRASER: and maintain ecological balance; to the huana; to the Committee on the Judiciary. H .R. 15298. A bill for the relief of Norma Committee on Education and Labor. By Mr. PETTIS: Blanchard; to the Oommittee on the Ju­ By Mr. BRADEMAS (for himself, Mr. H.R. 15296. A bill to establish a Joint Com­ diciary. SCHEUER, Mr. REID of New York, Mr. mittee on Environmental Quality; to the By Mr. FUQUA: HANSEN of Idaho, Mr. MooRHEAD, Committee on Rules. H .R. 15299. A bill for the relief of Clarencia Mr. BIAGGI, Mr. KASTENMEIER, Mr. By Mr. WIDNALL: Sherburn; to the Committee on the Judici­ OBEY, Mr. ANDERSON of California, H.J. Res. 1034. Joint resolution to extend ary.

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS PROF. HARDY CROSS Dn..LARD DILLARD OF THE WORLD COURT During World War II he had a distin­ ELECTED MEMBER OF INTERNA­ (The writer of the following guest editorial, guished military career in various command TIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE Eberhard P. Deutsch of New Orleans, is a and staff assignments, and he is the holder former chairman of the American Bar Asso­ of the Legion of Merit with Oak Leaf Cluster ciation Committee on Peace and Law and of the Bronze Star. HON. WILLIAM B. SPONG, JR. Through United Nations and is now editor Judge Dillard is a past president of the American Society of International Law, a OF VmGINIA of The International Lawyer, the publication of the Section of International and Com­ member of the council of the American Law IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES parative Law.) Institute, a fellow of the American Bar Tuesday, December 16, 1969 The election of Hardy Cross Dillard as a Foundation, and a member of the board of member of the International Court of Justice e<:litors of the American Journal of Interna­ Mr. SPONG. Mr. President, the most must inevitably give a measure of confidence tional Law. He is a member of Phi Beta recently elected member of the Inter­ in that tribunal to even its most cynical Kappa, Phi Delta Phi and the Order of the national Court of Justice at the Hague critics. Coif. Reference has aptly been made to Judge Judge Dillard was born in New Orleans in Dillard as "one of Am-erica's leading legal is Prof. Hardy Cross Dillard, former Dean soholars and a worthy successor in that role of the University of Virginia Law School. 1902, son of a distinguished educator, Dr James Hardy Dillard, Dean of arts and to the late Dean Roscoe Pound" (51 A.B.A.J Hardy Dillard is well known to many sciences at Tulane University and founder 237 (1965)). Members of the Senate. He was a law of Dillard University. He received his bache­ Aside from his impressive educational and classmate at Virginia of our colleague, lor's degree from the United States Military professional background, which fits him so Senator JOHN STENNIS. Senators KEN­ Academy at West Point in 1925. In 1927 he eminently for the high judicial post for NEDY, PEARSON, SCOTT, and I, as alumni was graduated in law from the University of which he has been chosen, Judge Dillard is of the law school at Charlottesville, have Virginia, and from 1930 to 1931 he was a endowed with a charming personality and a had occasion to observe the humor, Carnegie fellow in international law at the delightful sense of humor, both of which charm, and "keen perspective of the University of Paris. qualities he applies somewhat whimsically to With the exception of a year in private his keen perspective of the science of the law. science of the law" mentioned in an edi­ practice in New York, his legal career has This characteristic has won him a host of torial about Judge Dillard, published in been exclusively in teaching-primarily at. admirers among international lawyers and the American Bar Association Journal the University of Virginia Law School, of lay diplomats alike. for December 1969. which he was dean from 1963 until his recent Judge Dillard will bring to the Interna­ I ask unanimous consent that the edi­ retirement. He also has been visiting profes­ tional Court of Justice a humanistic insight torial be printed in the Extensions of sor of law at Columbia University, Fulbright into its juridical affairs which, coupled with Remarks. lecturer at Oxford, Carnegie lecturer at the -his basic understanding of the philosophy of Hague Academy of International Law, and the law and the absolute integrity of his There being no objection, the editorial director of studies at the School of M111tary devotion to its principles, should do much was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Government of the United States Army and to shore up the world's ebbing confidence in as follows: at the National War College. the efficacy of that tribunal. 39510 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS December 16, 1969

OPERATION NOEL tremendouslv impressed as I looked JOIN FORCES around the room and saw Members of A mutual friend .introduced her to Kathy. Congress from all over the country sit who organized Christmas parties for hospi­ HON. W. E. (BILL) BROCK down with servicemen and literally spend talized Marines in 1967 and 1968. The parties OF TENNESSEE the evening with them. had been sponsored by her boss and Rep. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Bob Mathias of California, both former Ma­ Mr. Speak~r. in my years on Capitol rines. Tuesday, December 16, 1969 Hill, I have never had the privilege of The USO was anxious to help, and commer­ attending a function which drew so Mr. BROCK. Mr. Speaker, last week I cial firms, when contacted, volunteered re­ attended a Christmas party in the Long­ many of my colleagues for one reason freshments, decorations and wrapping paper. only-to say Merry Christmas and many The girls still need donations of gift items worth Building cafeteria. which to me, thanks-without any motivation other such as cigarettes, slippers, razor blades and exemplified the real meaning of Christ­ shaving cream. mas--the time of sharing. than to spend an evening with our servicemen who have done so much for Party invitations printed in a routine The occasion was a Christmas party newsletter made no mention of money or us. other donations needed, but bath office for servicemen in Washington area hos­ A great deal of credit goes to those pitals, and called Operation NOEL, phones "rang off the hook" as staffers and who worked so hard, and it is impossible their bosses called to volunteer time and which means no one ever lonely. The to list the names, but my colleagues know donate money. idea was conceived 2 days before Thanks­ how hard their staffs worked to make "A lot of people said they had wanted to giving by Joe Westner, the husband of Operation NOEL a success. To Fran and do something, but didn't know how to go Fran Westner, who is legislative assist­ Joe Westner, to Kathy Pierpan, and to about it," Fran said. ant to our good colleague from North Olive Hunt who introduced them, and Jim Evans of WMAL will emcee Wednes­ Dakota, TOM KLEPPE. to our colleagues TOM KLEPPE and OTIS day evening. The Marine Band, Nick Jaggi Fran mentioned it to Mrs. Olive Hunt, Quartet and Prince Georges Chorus will en­ PIKE, I extend my sincerest thanks. tertain. a member of my staff, who promptly in­ At this time, I include two articles "One of our grea.test calls," Kathy said troduced Fran to Mrs. Kathy Pierpan, which appeared in the Washington Eve­ "was from Rep. Bob Michel who is a won~ secretary to our good colleague from ning Star: derful singer-he's going to do that." New York, OTIS PIKE. After having in­ [From the Evening Star, Dec. 5, 1969] troduced the two. Olive then had to re­ [From the Evening Star, Dec. 11, 1969] CHRISTMAS FOR 2,000 GIS turn to our congressional district in Ten­ YULE PARTY FOR GI's UNRANKED SUCCESS (By M. M. Flatley) nessee, but she had performed a most (By M. M. Flatley) valuable service to the success of Opera­ With lots of ambition, hard work and co­ operation from husbands, bosses, co-work­ There were no Spec. 4's or Pfcs at last tion NOEL, by introducing two congres­ night's joint Congressional-USO party for sional secretaries who knew how to get ers and outside organizations, two congres­ sional secretaries have, in less than three wounded Vietnam veterans. the job done. weeks, organized a day of pre-Christmas For a few short hours there were just some By the time Operation NOEL was or­ partying that will include all of the more 300 men in uniform and civvies who had ganized, 2 weeks remained before the than 2,000 wounded servicemen canvalesc­ come to enjoy a buffet dinner, beer, cham­ event which was planned for December ing in six local hospitals. pagne and the company of an almost equal Mrs. Fran Westner, secretary to Rep. number of young girls acting as hostesses. 10, and the details were becoming more "Would you believe this is the first time and more involved. After an invitation Thomas Kleppe of North Dakota, and Mrs. Kathy Pierpan, secretary of Rep. Otis Pike I've danced in over eight months?" asked went out to Members of Congress, with a of New York, hope Operation NOEL (No one young soldier now recuperating at the plea for contributions, donations poured One Ever Lonely) will serve as the kick-off Ft. Belvoir hospital. into the two offices. WMAL radio carried for all-inclusive servicemen's parties in Like the other men, he had listed only messages throughout each day, and offers other states. his name and home town on his name tag of assistance came from all over the "There are always some left out," Fran ... no rank, serial number or branch of Washington area. said recently, "but Operation NOEL won't service. Those of you who had an opportunity forget anybody this year." Last night's party, dubbed Operation Planned as a joint venture with the Na­ NOEL (No One Ever Lonely), was the work to attend the Christmas party last week tional Capital Area, USO, the operation will mainly of two congressional secretaries, Mrs. know what a tremendous success it was. include a buffet dinner party Wednesday Kathy Pierpan, secretary to Rep. Otis G. At one time, nearly 1,500 honored guests, from 6 to 9 p.m. in the Longworth Office Pike of New York, and Mrs. Fran Westner. Members of Congress, servicemen and Building. secretary to Rep. Thomas S. Kleppe of North hostesses crowded the cafeteria, enjoyed The women expect upwards of 300 Dakota. entertainment provided by the Marine wounded veterans to attend, many in wheel­ In less than three weeks' time, with the Corps Band, a buffet dinner, Christmas chairs or stretchers and more on crutches help of their bosses, husbands and coworkers gifts for the servicemen, Christmas and canes. Congressional guests and their they pulled together a party that drew vet­ staffs, as well as prominent government of­ erans from all six military hospitals in the carols by the Prince Georges Chorus ficials, are expected to carry attendance past Washington area, a few headliner guests and with the overall assistance of Jim Evan~ 500. more senators and representatives than any­ of WMAL as the master of ceremonies. GJFTS TO HOSPITALS one could count. The highlight of the ev£ning for many For the majority of soldiers, sailors, Ma­ Three bands played throughout the eve­ was the appearance of Mrs. Mamie rines and airmen who cannot go to the ning, Jim Evans of WMAL served as emcee Eisenhower, who traveled from Gettys­ Longworth party, House and Senate volun­ and Rep. Robert H. Michel of Illinois led a burg in driving rain. teers will distribute gifts in the wards of the few Christmas carols that were practically Bethesda Naval, Walter Reed Army, Quan­ drowned out by the people talking and As Mrs. Eisenhower, Gen. William tico Marine, Ft. Belvoir and Ft. Meade hos­ laughing at tables holding an even number Westmoreland, Gen. Lewis Walt, and pitals. of young men and women . . . except when Fran and Kathy cut a five-tiered cake Two patients from Andrews Air Force Base the women were in the majority. with a Marine sword, she said: will attend the evening buffet. Earlier in the day, volunteers distributed I just wanted the boys to know we cared. Volunteers also will meet Medivac planes Christmas gift packages to veterans at all I wouldn't have missed this for anything. scheduled to arrive at Andrews Wednesday hospitals who were unable to attend the afternoon. They will present each Vietnam Longworth Office Building party. Secretary of Defense Melvir: Laird ar­ veteran with a Christmas present as he Among those table hopping to shake hands rived early in the evening intending to deplanes. and pat shoulders were Secretary of Defense stay for 15 or 20 minutes, and stayed Credit for conceiving the servicewide, area­ Melvin Laird, Mrs. Mamie Eisenhower, Army more than an hour, going from table to wide party goes to Fran and her husband Chief of Staff Gen. William C. Westmoreland, Joe, formerly of the Marine Corps. Assistant Oommandant of the Marine Corps table chatting with the servicemen. For the last few years the Westners have Gen. Louis Walt and Brig. Gen. Fred Haynes, I was tremendously impressed by the invited two Marines from Quantico to share USMC. atmosphere at the party, a::; I looked Thanksgiving dinner with themselves and Two Marines offered impromptu toasts around and saw pretty congressional sec­ their two small children. to those giving the party. retaries steering servicemen to tables, This year they were discussing the hun­ Sgt. Ken Altazan, who spent a year in dreds of men who would not have holiday overseas hospitals and expects to leave the making certain they had ple:r:ty to eat plans and two days before Thanksgiving, Bethesda Naval Hospital seven months and and drink, and carrying out the theme Fran "made a few calls" to see what could two leg operations from now, said to loud of the party-no one ever lonely. I was be done on short notice for Christmas. applause: December 16, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 39511 "We're not looking for sympathy; just some black-and-white TV markets. Foreign-label in the first half of 1969, but earned $676,000 backing for the guys still over there." items already account for about 80% of all in the third quarter and expected higher Sgt. E. J. Wentworth said he had enjoyed tape players, 60% of all radios, 25 % of black­ earnings in the fourth quarter. the party especially because he was re­ and-white TV sets and 20 % of phonographs LAYOFFS IN PLANTS united with some of the men he met briefiy sold in the U.S. And the imports are showing The slowdown also has meant layoffs at in Vietnam. healthy gains in all home-entertainment cat­ egories while American-label items, with the companies anxious to dispose of inventory. Sgt. Wentworth lost his left hand and leg RCA in October said it laid off 1,325 workers :after seven and a half months as a squad exception of tape players, wlll be uniformly down in 1969. at three color-TV plants, citing a drop in leader in Viet nam. He expects to spend sales of portable and small ta,ble-model color­ about another year and a half at Bethesda BIG-DOLLAR STRATEGY TV sets. Warwick last week said a drop in "trying to put m yself together." "U.S. companies have all but abdicated the orders from Sears caused it to lay off indefi­ The party had been scheduled to end at nitely 600 of 2,200 employees at its Forrest 9 p.m. but continued unabated almost two low end of the price scale to the importers," says a spokesman for the dealers' association. City, Ark., plant, which makes color sets. hours longer. "Domestic producers have been banking on Color-TV dealers, who felt the slowdown "This is the first party for Vietnam service­ their big-dollar items, most notably color months before the industry did now find ment I've been to," said one congressman, themselves "in a precarious financial po­ "where the Gis really participated and every­ TV." American-label color-TV volume ex­ ceeded $2 billion in 1968 while sales of im­ sition," says Mr. Steinberg. He says the asso­ one really mingled." ports were just $39 million. ciation has a record number of requests from Unfortunately for this strategy, big-ticket dealers anxious to sell their stores. items are the first to suffer in periods of tight "Most retailers are accustomed to working COLOR-TV SALES IN TROUBLE credit and economic uncertainty. Just as on a hand-to-mouth basis," Mr. Steinberg auto sales were affected early by Government says. "When sales fall and the cost of financ­ anti-infiation measures, color-TV sales have ing inventory rises, some dealers are in hot HON. PAUL J. FANNIN sagged for the same reason. water." Mr. Steinberg says the number of OF ARIZONA More than 65 % of color-TV buyers use color sales by dealers will be off at least 5 % IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES financing, a route that is closed to them if for the year and dollar volume wlll fall at least 15 %. Tuesday, December 16, 1969 funds are too expensive or unavailable. Also, "A man's not likely to commit himself to a Most industry spokesmen say they expect Mr. FANNIN. Mr. President, Arizona loan if he's afraid he'll be laid off," says anti-infiation measures--and the sluggish­ is bound up in the manufacture of con­ Admiral's Mr. Argentin. He adds that con­ ness on color-TV sales-to linger at least sumer electronics as a major portion of sumers are "more conservative, more nega­ through the first half of 1970; that view has our manufacturing. Therefore, anything tive" than they were three or four months been expressed recently by officials of RCA, ago. Zenith Radio Corp., Admiral and Magnavox, which adversely affects the electronics Earlier this year, spokesmen confidently among others. industry will inevitably and adversely predicted color sales by distributors of any­ But the industry expects to reap a big affect Arizonans. where from six million to 6.3 milllon sets, up harvest when anti-inflation measures are Yesterday· the Wall Street Journal from last year's 5.8 million. Now the figure lifted. published a story -citing the fourth quar­ appears likely to fall between 5. 7 million and "The latent demand for our product is ter slump in sales of color-TV sets. In 5.8 Inillion. there," says Walter Fisher, president of part, I believe, this decline is due to Despite the suddenness of the dip, storm Zenith Sales Corp., marketing arm of Zenith. inflation that leaves people with less dis­ warnings have been out for some time. In "The purchase of a color TV is something June the association said its dealer members that can be delayed, but it can't be denied cretionary income; and also I am sure reported sharp decreases in color sales dur­ ultimately. By June of next year, consumers' the import rate of new color-TV sets, ing the first half of the year and noted a rise caution could be replaced by confidence, and which has been doubling every year, has in dealer inventories. At the time, factory three out of five consumers have yet to buy affected the ability of domestic manu­ sales were up and factory inventories were their first color set." facturers to compete. low. But the lessening of demand for sets by Mr. Steinberg sees another reason for hope: I ask unanimous consent, Mr. Presi­ dealers has infiated current color-TV inven­ The need of consumers to replace the more tories at both factory and distributor levels than four million old sets they throw out dent, that the article to which I refer, each year. be printed in the RECORD. to 25 % higher than at this time last year. That may be good news for consumers. "No matter what the economic climate," There being no objection, the article Most dealers won't be cutting prices before Mr. Steinberg says, "I can't conceive of a was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Christmas, reasoning that December is their consumer failing to replace a set which is as follows: best opportunity to make up for earlier losses. beyond repair. And when an old black-and­ PICTURE GOES BLOOEY-COLOR-TV MAKERS Hrr But factories and distributors, anxious to white set no longer works, it's likely to be BY SLUMP IN SALES IN 4TH QUARTER; '69 unload inventories, may already be cutting replaced by a color set." TOTAL SEEN TRAILING '68 prices to dealers. "Pricing to the retailer is less than firm right now," S'ays Jules Stein­ (By Dan Rottenberg) berg, executive vice present of the dealers CHICAGo.-Color-television makers no group. Some of the factory price cuts may be YEAREND REPORT REACHES longer beat around the bush when asked how passed on to consumers during post-Christ­ TENTH DISTRICT CITIZENS sales are doing. "We've been hit like a ton of mas sales. The annual Magnavox Co. post­ bricks," says Syl Argentin, director of market Christmas sales will feature cuts of $20 to research for Admiral Corp. $50 on retail set prices. RCA Corp., the Syl­ HON. J. HERBERT BURKE That's hardly an exaggeration. Distribu­ vania unit of General Telephone & Electronics OF FLORIDA tors' unLt sales of American-label color-TV Corp. and several other companies earlier this sets, up a healthy 5.4% in the first nine month cut prices as much as 10% on the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES months of 1969, have been so disastrous in color-picture tubes they sell to set makers, Tuesday, December 16, 1969 the fourth quarter-running about 20% be­ citing "overcapacity." low comparable 1968 figures-that totals for But while consumers smile, color-set mak­ Mr. BURKE of Florida. Mr. Speaker, the year already have fallen behind those of ers and dealers are feeling a variety of effects, I have just completed the yearend re­ last year and show no hope of catching up. all of them negative. port which I make annually to the people It's expected December sales will be 15% Several companies have said earnings fore­ of the lOth Congressional District, an below last December's; in fact, industry casts for 1969 would have to be reduced. RCA area composed of Broward and north sources say the number of color sets sold in President David Sarnoff las·t week expressed Dade Counties in South Florida, whom I the fourth quarter, normally the distributors' doubts that his company-the leader in have the honor to represent in the U.S. strongest period, won't even equal third color-TV sale~ould equal last year's $2.37 quarter sales. per sha.Te net, as it had earlier expected to House of Representatives. I am submit­ The decline in the number of sets sold is do. He cited a shift in color-TV purchases to ting it for the RECORD as part of the offi­ only part of the story, because color-TV buy­ the lower end of the price spectrum as one cial proceedings of the House. ers increasingly are choosing lower-priced of the recent negative factors. The following is my report: models. The average price of a color receiver Warwick Electronics Inc., a majority owned BURKE YEAR-END REPORT sold today is under $350, according to the Na­ subsidiary of Whirlpool Corp., recently said it tional Association of Radio-TV Dealers. Less won't break even in 1969 as it had earlier ex­ HIGHLIGHTS OF THE 91ST CONGRESS than two years ago the average was $650. pected because of "the general softening" of DEAR FRIEND: I am delighted to send you The sudden softening of the color-set the consumer electroni-cs market in October this special year-end report on the activities market is a bitter pill for American compa­ and November. Warwick, a major supplier of of the first session of the 91st Congress. nies, which have concentrated increasingly television sets and other electronics products This Congress has been in session since on color television as imports have gained in to Sears, Roebuck & Co., ha.d a net loss of January 10, 1969, but President Nixon did not the lower-priced radio, tape, phonograph and $4.7 million in 1968 and another $4 million take office until January 20. The Executive 39512 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS December 16, 1969 Branch therefore is under the control of a Electoral College Reform-For. URBAN INSTITUTE Republican President, while the Congress is Foreign Aid Appropriation-Against. controlled by the Democrats who, as of this Tax Reform-For. writing, hold the U.S. House by a margin of Support President's efforts for peace in HON. JACOB K. JA VITS 244 to 189 and the U.S. Senate by 57 to 43. Vietnam (Burke co-sponsored bill)-For. This partisan division between the Execu­ Create House Committee on Crime-J."or. OF NEW YORK tive and Legislative Branch has therefore Appropriate $480 Million for the Interna­ IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES made the pace of the 91st Congress thus far tional Development Fund-Against. Tuesday, December 16, 1969 appear rather slow, and although the rec­ Assure confidentiality of census (Burke co- ord of the Congress has been more delibera­ sponsored bill)-For. Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, in 1968 tive With respect to the legislation it has Create environmental control board-For. the Urban Institute was established as a passed in comparison to others of recent Airport Expansion Act-For. private, nonprofit research organization years, I feel there Will be much good legis­ Clean Air Act-For. lation enacted before the 91st Congress finally devoted to the study of urban problems adjourns on December 31, 1970. REPRESENTATIVE BURKE INTRODUCES LEGISLA­ with Arjay Miller as chairman of its In fact, I feel that perhaps the initial TION FOR-()UR FIGHTING MEN board of trustees. In its first full year of slowness may result in a review of some of H. Res. 619: Support President's efforts in operation it has made a promising start, the past rubber stamp and experimental leg­ ending the Vietnam war. H.R. 10859: Provide and has assisted policymakers at all islation enacted by some past Congresses. Vietnam tax benefits for those servicemen levels of government in dealing with the Certainly, most can agree that quality legis­ serving in Korea. H. Con. 355 : Assure relief full range of urban issues. The institute lation is preferable to quantity legislation. of Prisoners of War. H.R. 13195: Allow Amer­ This has been a busy year for me as your ican flags to be presented to parents of de­ has undertaken programs and studies in Congressman and I have received more mail ceased servicemen. the major urban issues which this Nation than ever before from my constituents. My OUR VETERANS will face in the 1970's and the decades staff and I are delighted when we can be of beyond. These include income mainte­ assistance to you. H .R . 220: Equalize pay for retired military. nance, housing, health, public finance, I am also grateful for your letters express­ H.R. 8271: Establish a National Cemetery in Tenth District. H.R. 8273: Provide vets with transportation, and law enforcement. ing your opinions and I want to take this In the past year the Urban Institute opportunity to thank you for allowing me travel allowance equal to that of federal em­ t he privilege of being of service to you, to the ployees, when traveling on official business. has organized highly qualified profes­ extent that I am able, as your Representative H.R. 8841: Permit release of vets from lia­ sional staff which has undertaken re­ in Congress. bility relating to U.S. guaranteed mortgages. search and evaluation projects and pro­ With kindest wishes, SENIOR CITIZENS grams of support and assistance to city Sincerely, H.R. 12342: Provide for regular cost of liv­ officials charged with administering ex­ J. HERBERT BURKE. ing increases for social security recipients. isting Federal programs. TENTH DISTRICT IS BOOMING H .R. 8272: Extend period of post-hospital The institute has recently published a The U.S. Census Bureau has estimated the extended care under Medicare. H .R. 8270: detailed outline of its work program for area of Broward and North Dade Counties, Increase civil service retirement annuity. 1969-70, and I ask unanimous consent H .R. 8269: Allow designation of civil service which comprises the lOth Congressional Dis­ that the outline be printed in the RECORD. trict, as the fastest groWing area in the Na­ 2nd spouse annuity. H.R. 6281: Provide 100% There being no objection, the outline tion. social security benefits to women with 120 quarters of participation. H.R. 2068: Remove was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, CONGRESSMAN BURKE REPORTS as follows: I am glad to be able to w.ork with our local all outside earnings limitation placed on officials in assisting whenever I am able. The social security recipients. THE URBAN INSTITUTE WORK PROGRAM FOR following are a few of the federal assistance (I am hopeful that increased social secu­ 1969-70 grants which we have obtained for the benefit rity will become a reality, effective January INTRODUCTION: THE URBAN INSTITUTE AND THE of our area: 1, 1970. It is my further hope that there will CITIES OF THE 1970'S New Social Security Office for S. Brow­ be at least a 15 % or perhaps a 20% boost The Urban Instiitute is a private, non­ ard . .. Computer Record System for Broward in benefits, which would be in conformity profit research corporation devoted to the County Drivers ... Job training, housing With a request I made on the House floor study of urban problems. Its program is gen­ for Seminoles . . . Law Enforcement As­ on October 6th. JHB.) erally shaped by the need for specific infor­ sistance . . . Additions to Sunland Train­ THE AMERICAN TAXPAYER mation to deal effectively With the many ing Center in N. Dade . . . Job Training H.R. 3855: Create modern-day Hoover problems confronting the nation's urban for Underprivileged in District ... New Commission to continually investigate dupli­ communities. Where basic information about Post Office facilities at Ft. Lauderdale, Plan­ cation and waste in federal government. H.R. urban problems exists, the Institute attempts tation, Hollywood Hills, Margate, Carol City, 8840: Repeal the 1969 pay raise for top fed­ to faci11tate applica.tion of this knowledge to and others being planned . . . Housing Aid eral officials and Members of Congress. H.R. policy and program formulation. Where ef­ for North Dade and Broward ... Expan­ 8842 : Raise personal income tax exemption fective public policy is severely hampered by sion of airport fac111ties at Ft. Lauderdale­ from $600 to $1200 per individual. H.R. 14273: ignorance of the underlying causes of prob­ Hollywood International, Ft. Lauderdale Ex­ Permit indviduals to deduct all medical ex­ lems, the Institute conducts or sponsors basic ecutive, and Opa-Locka General ... Hos­ penses for income tax purposes. research. Where experimentation appears the pital Expansion for Holy Cross . . . Area ALL CITIZENS most promising-or the only-approach, the Planning for Broward, Dade, Hollywood, Institute will evaluate programs already un­ Pembroke Pines ... Additions for Pedi­ H.R. 2065: Provide assistance to industry der way, and offer support and guidance to atric Center, Ft. Lauderdale . . . Headstart to train unskilled. H.R. 2066: Asks that a others not yet establiShed. and other educational funds for District . . . federal judge sit in Fort Lauderdale. H.R. The Institute serves and cooperates with Park Assistance for Broward County ... 3778: Limit categories of census questions. the Federal agencies which deal with city Computer Information Network on crime H.R. 4794: Allow citizens who change resi­ problems, particular cities or groups of cities, statistics between Florida and other large dency to vote for President. H.R. 7870: Pro­ associations of local government officials, states ... Housing, Job Training for South vide increased aid to train; hire air traffic and the academic communi.ty that foCuses Florida Migrants ... Water, sewer funds controllers. H.R. 9331: Update mechanisms of on city matters. for Ft. Lauderdale, Hollywood, Wilton Man­ Congress. H.R. 10136: Suspend aid to colleges Key Issues: The major urban issues of the ors, Miami and North Miami. and teachers engaged in rioting. H.R. 10554: 1970's practically coincide with the nation's 91ST CONGRESS ACTS ON MAJOR ISSUES Establish an urban mass transit fund. H.R. domestic agenda: urbanization itself, the 12886: Call for humane treatment of lab My report card to you on key votes fol- continuing concentration of people in met­ animals in testing. H.R. 12745: Create an ropoUtan areas . . . the volatile issue of lows: Eisenhower silver dollar. H.R. 13603: Allow Water Pollution Control Act-For. equal status in society for minorities ... eco­ grants to local officials and schools to educate nolnic segregation ... rising wealth and in­ Limit farm subsidies-For. students on drug dangers (Passed the House Retain 10 percent surtax-Against. comes on the one hand, and continued pov­ on October 31st). H.R. 13686: Make unlawful erty and disparities of distribution on the School lunch program-For. the transportation of drugs in interstate. Elementary Education Act-For. other . . . pollution of the environment . . . H.R. 14061: Regulate sexually provocative the related matters of filth and ugliness ... Additional tax funds for Kennedy Cen- mail. H.R. 14295: Eliminate practice of sor­ ter-Against. the narrowing opportunities for low-skilled ing Tennessee walking horses. H. J. Res. 880: workers to earn living wages ... the con­ Postal employee pay raise--For. Rename Cape Kennedy back to historical gestion and inconvenience of urban trans­ Draft Reform-For. name of Canaveral. H. J. Res. 535: Amend portation . . . the persistence of miserable Allow banks to engage in nonbanklng ac­ Constitution to permit prayer in schools. housing conditions . . . the growth of crime tivities-Against. H .J. Res. 895: Create a National Student . .. the disunity between cities and their Drug Abuse Education Act (Burke co­ Congress allowing students to debate tssues suburbs . . . weaknesses of small towns and sponsored bill) -For. of the day in the Csngress. rural America which Increase migration to December 16, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 39513 and add to the strains on larger cities ... income maintenance on programs already turns are more than justified by his risks. A political breakdowns which leave some cities linked to low-income groups such as Medic­ reinforcing cycle of negative behavior ac­ hardly able to govern themselves and many !l.id and public housing. How will the num­ celerates the destruction of buildings and subcommunities without effective voices ... bers of eligible persons change? To what de­ takes a. toll in human frustration. dissatisfaction with institutional arrange­ gree will the required subsidy change? The Current FederaL Posture: The Federal re­ ments, especially in education . . . and the policy response model will be linked to a. sponse to these problems has been to stress severe budget strains at the local, state and model of the entire economy so that overall new housing construction. It is reasoned that Federal levels for dealing with all of these. changes in the nation's economic health or by encouraging capital investment, the hous­ The Institute does not encourage any false rate of growth can be taken into account in ing stock will be expanded at gradually high­ hopes that some quick, easy, never-before­ evaluating alternative income maintenance er quality levels so that the public in all im.~ined panacea. will emerge from its re­ and other public programs. income brackets will find better housing serv­ search program to dispel these problems. Second, better data. will be sought for esti­ ices available. Rather, the Institute assumes that an or­ mating relationships between income and This strategy has been at least partially derly, systematic study of these matters can other social and economic factors through successful over the past score of years. The make a. steady, constructive contribution to­ participation in the design and evaluation nation has been producing new dwellings at ward rational solutions. of several new income maintenance experi­ the rate of 1.5 million units a year while The Institute will seek to bring not only ments being undertaken by the Department population has grown at the rate of 1.0 mil­ the expertise of its own staff, but that of the of Health, Education and Welfare. This will lion households annually. The half-million academic world in genel'aJ, to the better be a long-term effort. It will add to the unit difference is a replacement for units service of those on the action fronts in experimental data due from the Office of that are lost from the stock, many of which America's cities. are "substandard" (i.e., structurally dilapi­ Equal Opportunity's negative income tax dated or lacking plumbing). Thus, along with The research program of the Institute is experiment, already under way in New not so firmly jelled as the descriptions that providing for new households, the overall Jersey. quality of the stock has been improved, and follow might indicate. Gaps, su~h as urban Finally, because of the active political con­ education, need to be filled. The fin!lings it is estimated that out of a total of about 68 sideration now being given to the Presi­ million units, there are now about 7 million from early projects and changing circum­ dent's welfare reform legislation and the stances are likely to alter resea.rch priorities "substandard" units in the nation compared major departure which it proposes, we think to 11.4 million in 1960 and 17 million in 1950. and directions. What follows, then, is a snap­ it is desirable to provide a. group of key shot of a. program in the process of deveJop­ Yet, two presidential commissions expressed legislators and their advisors and adminis­ concern recently that we are not pursuing ment. ' tration officials an opportunity to become ac­ INCOME AND OPPORTUNITIES adequately our public interest in housing. quainted with a common base of factual and Their reports concluded that while the na­ The Institute is doing work in four areas analytical information which bears on this tion's housing markets have been working having a. direct bearing on anti-poverty ef­ reform. To this end a. seminar series on in­ reasonably well for higher income groups, forts--income maintenance, housing, health, come maintenance, organized around back­ lower income and minority group households and employment. Much of the research in ground papers by Institute members and continue to live in inadequate housing. New these areas has been underway for about a outside experts, was planned. national housing production goals have been year, but new areas of study also are being Housing prepared in response; they call for an ac­ developed. celerated production rate with an average of Income maintenance Many households do not have enough in­ come to buy adequate housing. This is true 2.6 million dwellings a year over a decade. Of Our present "welfare" system, especially these, an average of 600,000 a year would re­ the Aid to Families with Dependent Chil­ of many current recipients of public assist­ ance and is likely still to be true of most of ceive some form of subsidy and be earmarked dren program (AFDC), is widely recognized for low and moderate income households. as a failure. Payments vary widely from state those who would benefit from the President's welfare reform measure. The actual and pro­ The Department of Housing and Urban De­ to state, incentives for self support are un­ velopment (HUD) has announced a program, even or non-existent, and many poor per­ posed aid levels are far below what is neces­ sary to support an adequate level of housing Operation Breakthrough, which seeks to ex­ sons are not aided. pand the nation's capability to produce hous­ Moreover, welfare payments constitute a services. The term "housing services" in­ cludes not only the physical dwelling unit, ing and to lower production costs through tremendous burden on state and local gov­ greater industrialization and housing market ernments. The problem is particularly acute but also the utilities, security, upkeep, aggregation. cleanliness and so forth. in major cities where the cost of all public Institute Program: We are providing ana­ services-health, education, pollee protec­ Low income also contributes to the deterio­ lytical assistance to HUD in the course of the tion, transportation-is rising precipitously. ration and loss of the housing stock. Many Department's efforts to secure greater in­ Recent Developments: Recently President buildings that were built originally to high dustrialization and market aggregation in the Nixon proposed major changes in both the standards are experiencing accelerated decay production of housing. We are currently ana­ coverage and content of the nation's wel­ because of poor maintenance. Existing statis­ lyzing possible measures for easing the prob­ fare program. The most important is the tics do not portray adequately tne rapid lem of acquiring sites in metropolitan areas proposal to replace AFDC. In place of AFDC, deterioration and abandonment of these for subsidized housing. Nixon proposed: units. In many older cities, destroyed build­ A family assistance program for all needy However, even with a boost in production, ings and even vacant blocks attest to the most lower income households will not be families with children, including families of force of this process. If these buildings were the working poor, to be financed and run by benefitted by new construction for some time. of fundamentally substandard quality, this The vital process of building and upgrading the Federnl government. process might be considered socially desir­ Supplementary aid above the Federal min­ the housing stock is relatively slow and offers a.bl~ kind of slum clearance. But, in many few immediate alternatives for the family liv­ imum to be financed mostly by the states. instances, these buildings are Of intrinsically If passed, it may provide for the first ing in the slum. To this family, housing is sound construction and, along with new con­ today's problem. time a. vehicle for making budgetary choices struction, should contribute toward meeting between helping the needy through income Since the lack of adequate income is clearly the needs stated in national housing goals. a central element in the inability of many to or through services. Experience will begin In the face of rising costs, owners of rental to indicate whether, for example, the goal purchase adequate shelter and related serv­ housing tend to let maintenance and other ices, the Institute is examining how various of better housing for low income families services decline, needed capital improvements will be best served by giving them money income assistance proposals such as housing are omitted, and the process of deterioration allowances or the Family Assistance Program or by subsidizing the construction, opera­ is intensified. Inflationary trends in prices tion, interest payments or rents of hous­ would assist lower income families in escap­ and wages, heavier real estate taxes and more ing from substandard housing services. The ing. expensive financing have caught the provider Whether or not general income main­ of housing services in a squeeze. Some ex­ Institute will also attempt to measure the tenance is enacted, research will be needed penditures such as real estate taxes and impact of income assistance and other pro­ to assist in making the choices between cash utility costs cannot be reduced, and therefore grams on rents, interest rates and other hous­ and services. the pressure is shifted to remaining cost ing costs. Institute Program: The Institute's research components. Further reductions in expendi­ Various constraints in the housing market effort in this field is designed to facilitate tures for housing maintenance is one likely prevent supply from keeping pace with de­ such comparisons. result; another is the reduction in labor in­ mand. One of the initial studies about these First, we intend to pull together in one tensive services, such as trash removal. constraints focuses on housing codes--how framework the presently known relations This process contributes to the increasing they are administered and enforced, and how between income and a number of key areas conflict in our cities between landlords and they a1Iect total supply, housing quality and of public policy. The levers or potential levers tenants. Where housing choice is limited by rent levels. of government action will then be tested racial discrimination and when the landlord The Institute also will investigate various out in this "policy response" model. A series is white and the tenant is black or brown, ownership mechanisms for lower income of studies is being prepared on the impact such conflicts nurture racial disharmony. The households, such as "payments" of labor of income maintenance on employment, tenant perceives the lack of housing services instead of money to achieve equity, or co­ housing, education and health services. as a result of the owner's unconscionable operatives, and innovative schemes involving Analyses will also be made of the effects of profit-taking. The owner feels that his re- greater tenant participation as means of gen- 39514 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS December 16, 1969 erating better housing management, mainte­ analysis. Both the supply and demand sides Current State of Knowledge: This lack of nance and other services. of the market for health services will be ex­ understanding is one source of uncertainty It is also important to understand those amined in evaluating alternative Federal about the effectiveness of governmental ef­ aspects of the Federal income tax and local health programs. forts to reduce poverty by raising the earning property tax which tend to dLscourage both The Institute has begun development of power of the poor through manpower train­ the repair of existing housing and the con­ a policy response model focusing on the fol­ ing and retraining programs. These programs, struction of new housing, especially for low lowing issues : costing about $2.5 billion in Federal funds in and moderate income families. The Insti­ What impact would further extensions or 1968, have been based on the following line tute's work on housing site acquisition and limitations of Medicaid and Medicare have of reasoning: the poor lacked access to good the analysis being made of operating costs on medical care costs and prices and on the jobs because they lacked skills; manpower of the existing housing stock (plus the analy­ distribution of health services by age, race, training programs could overcome this prob­ sis of local tax reforms described later) will, and income class? lem; as a result, poverty among the employed taken together, contribute to a better under­ What would be the impact of a more gen­ or unemployed able-bodied poor would de­ standing of this issue and provide improved eral system of national health insurance? crease. The vitality of this idea is demon­ bases for assessing proposed public action. What are the most effective means for strated in the numerous manpower programs It is possible tha-t substantial gains in hous­ overcoming severe shortages of physicians which have been created in the last several ing services for the poor may be achieved by and their assistants and nurses? And how years. public measures that channel more private would these measures affect the current rise in health prices and costs and the maldis­ However, we still lack adequate evidence and public funds and administrative re­ that manpower programs have had immedi­ sources into the existing housing stock. tribution of health services? What direction should the Federal govern­ ate or lasting effects on the earntng power Health ment take in supporting modernization and of the poor. Moreover, the vast majority of In addition to direct cash assistance and construction of facilities to encourage a low-income persons have not been enrolled housing subsidies, health care is a third more efficient health system? What other in the programs. It has been estimated that major government-provided supplement to governmental actions are available for pro­ only about 400,000 poor persons have com­ current income. moting greater efficiency in the health sec­ pleted the manpower training programs of Federal involvement in the health sector tion? the Department of Labor and the Office of has increased rapidly since the enactment Emplcyment Economic Opportunity, although the remain­ of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965, and rapid The three areas described above--income ing "universe of need" for these programs in growth is expected to continue. maintenance, housing, and health-are 1969 was about 12 million poor persons. Fi­ In 1966, of the $42 billion total national among the most important means which the nally, it is not certain that the training pro­ expenditures for health, Federal funds ac­ government currently uses for raising the grams resulted in a net increase in earned counted for 13 percent; state and local living standards of poor families by income income for the working poor. The successful sources, 13 percent; and private sources, 74 supplementation. For the vast majority of trainee may simply have replaced another percent. In 1968, national expenditures for current beneficiaries, these programs con­ poor worker who would have gotten the job. health rose to $53 billion of which Federal stitute important sources of help for acquir­ Many difficult problems in obtaining and funds financed 24 percent; state and local, ing the necessities of life. However, these evaluating data account for this lack of 13 percent; and private sources dropped to beneficiaries account for only a fraction of knowledge. 63 percent. By 1975, it is estimated that total persons presently classified as poor. The Institute Program: The nation will have to national expenditures on health services and group that is largely excluded is the work­ know more about the operation of labor supplies will approach $100 billion. Health ing poor. markets per se before the impact of present services in that year will account for approxi­ Historically, Americans have supported and alternative public policies can be mately 7 percent of GNP compared to 5 ~ three lines af attack on the problem of the evaluated. percent of a much smaller GNP in 1965. This working poor. First, we have used the pow­ The primary focus of the Institute's anal­ means that the cost of health services per ers of the government to try to ensure high ysis wm be on understanding the operation person will nearly double to a sum in excess levels of employment. Second, we have used of labor markets and sub-markets within the of $400 a year. A simple linear extrapolation minimum wage legislation which was de­ metropolitan areas. The operation of these of the present Federal share suggests that signed to reduce the number of people work­ markets, however, both conditions and are Federal health expenditures in 1975 may be ing for very low wages and to put a floor conditioned by forces that go beyond the about $30 billion-a six-fold increase in a under the earnings of the employed. Third, local markets. In general terms, we are con­ ten-year period. more recently, we have used education and cerned with those forces which determine: The increase in public sector expenditures training programs designed to raise the em­ ( 1) the size, type (by occupation and wage during the last few years has saturated the ployability and productivity of those who level), and location of employment oppor­ existing system with increases in the de­ work. Public employment programs explic­ tunities (demand for labor); (2) the size, mand for health services and has been ac­ itly designed to provide jobs for the unem­ type, and location of population and labor companied by only small changes in supply. ployed-so important in the 1930's-have force (supply of labor); and (3) the means The result has been to intensify the upward virtually disappeared in recent years. of establishing and maintaining satisfactory pressure on prices and costs in the health As noted earlier, the welfare reforms pro­ employment and income levels arising from sector. Further aggravation of this problem posed by President Nixon mark a new direc­ the interaction of (1) and (2). is likely. tion in Federal policy for dealing With the Work is proceeding on construction of la­ Recent Developments: This prospect has working poor since they would provide, for bor market models at both national and led HEW to introduce tighter administrative the first time, direct income supplementa­ metropolitan levels. These will be used to controls over the Medicare and Medicaid tion to this group. explain the complex factors at work in these Programs by: Nevertheless, wages will continue to be labor markets and to analyze the costs and Placing an upper limit on physicians' the main source of income for most families. effects of public policies aimed at reducing charges; in effect making a partial move to­ Although the unemployment rate has been unemployment or increasing earnings. ward a fee schedule and away from. the lower than we usually have achieved, it is These models and the research required to " usual and customary" formula. high compared with that of many other develop them will help answer the following Requiring, in the Medicaid Program, formal countries, and we still have very high unem­ kinds of questions: review procedures to investigate hospital and ployment rates in some geographic areas and Inflation and Unemployment: How do the physical utmzation. among some population groups. Persistently composition and duration of unemployment Concern over the rapid rise in medical low incomes among the partially employed and vacancies change with changes in ag­ care costs and prices led to the Senate Fi­ and many of the fully employed are another gregate demand? What are the relationships nance Committee's hearings on Medicare and indication of the roadblocks to participating between inflation and unemployment in the Medicaid this year. In July, Congress also effectively in the income earning opportuni­ United States since 1946? How can man­ passed amendments to the Medicaid Program. ties of society. It is unclear at present how power programs be structured in order to in­ extending the deadlines for the states to meet much this problem arises from the charac­ crease the chance of achieving lower levels the objectives set in the 1965 legislation. The teristics and behavior of the unemployed and of unemployment without infiation? original law required the states to enact their low-wage workers, and how much from dis- The Operation of the National Labor Mar­ own Medicaid legislation to cover persons on crimination against them by the opportu­ ket: What are the probab111ties in a given welfare by January 1, 1970, and to extend nity-creating institutions. time that various age, race, sex, and oc­ coverage to all "medically needy" by 1975 or What is clear is that the urban employment cupational groupings will find work, quit lose their Federal money. The new amend­ problem is far more complex than it was and be laid off? How do these occurrences ments allow the states until 1975 to cover thought to be in the 1950s. The determinants change hourly earnings and respond to welfare recipients, and until 1977 to cover of labor demand and supply and the processes changes in hourly earnings? What are the the "medically needy." by which they are matched are not suffi­ major in:fluences on the rates of unemploy­ Institute Program: The problems of ciently well understood to design an effec­ ment, hiring, quits, layoffs, and earned in· achieving some reasonable balance between tive, efficient progrtam either to "mop up" come changes in the national economy? What supply and demand and controlling the in­ the hard core unemployed or to give chroni­ manpower policies can be developed to re­ creases in medical service costs are re:flected cally low-paid workers a chance at adequate spond effectively to these in:fluences? in the Institute's proposed re: earch and earned incomes. Poverty, Unemployment and Employment December 16, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 39515 at Low Income Levels: Are institutional bar­ work independently to provide selected serv­ tiona! League of Cities and others that would riers, low productivity, inadequate motiva­ ices to overlapping constituencies. For ex­ assure funds to cities and give incentives tion, job shortages or other factors the major ample, a city dweller may receive health and to states for augmenting their revenue shar­ obstacles to income improvement for the welfare services from the county; police, fire, ing with cities. The purpose of our project working poor? and waste collection services from the city; is to further develop concepts of fiscal fed­ Employment and Occupational Growth in recreation and transportation may be eralism and to carry out empirical work that Metropolitan Areas: What are the implica­ "shared" service among city, county and state can show how best to achieve the basic pro­ tions of current trends in employment, by governments; education from an independ­ gram purposes. industry and occupation, in metropolitan ent school board; housing and transit from Capital Outlays and Debt Financing: State areas? Should there be more emphasis on quaisi-governmental authorities; and re­ and local governments are heavy investors. persuading industry to locate in metropolitan gional planning from a council of govern­ They regularly devote one-fourth of their di­ areas or on public employment support in ment that relies on voluntray compliance rect spending to public facilities or "capital these areas than is true of present policies? rather than on executive powers. improvements." Including the investment in How effective would a wage subsidy be in Public finance human capital through expenditures on edu­ inducing employers to hire, train and up­ cation, the ratio rises to over one-half. Many grade low-skilled workers? Restricted revenue bases in relation to the primarily urban expenditures are very capi­ Changes in the Supply of Labor in Metro­ demand for public services is a continuing tal intensive (30 to 40 percent for general and serious problem of the cities. The In­ politan Area ~ : What effect does migration government, urban development, parks, and have on the labor force in metropolitan stitute has several projects under way in this recreation); others are predominantly capi­ areas? How do local labor market conditions area: tal in nature (60 to 70 percent for water and affect the proportion of the population which Evaluation of Reforms in City Finances: sewer and for transportation). enters and leaves the labor force? How do Limited growth of the property tax base, to­ A very high proportion of these capital these conditions affect the distribution of the gether with taxpayer resistance to rate in­ expenditures are financed by long-term bor­ work force by various age, sex, and racial creases for financing urgent city needs, are rowing, about 50 percent for the state and groups? What effects do education and train­ forcing public officials to concern themselves local sector as a whole. But for local gov­ ing programs have on the productivity and with a wide range of reforms for easing the ernments, typically 70 percent of capital ex­ income of low income urban workers? fiscal problems of state and local govern­ penditure is funded by long-term debt. In Changes in Labor Market Processes: How ments. A number of reform measures are the decade of the 1960's, state and local debt does t he search process of workt}rs and em­ being recommended and some have been outstanding and capital outlays doubled. ployers affect the wage and other aspirations implemented. The reforms deal with govern­ The tax exemption (from Federal income of workers and employers? What would be ent structure, taxation, methods of resource taxes) makes the municipal bond market the potential of improved information and allocation and management, and capital uniquely dependent upon the resources of transportation flows in matching employers funding. high income taxpayers, primarily commer­ and job seekers? How can government insti­ The objective of one Institute project is to cial banks and wealthy individuals. Since tutions, such as the employment service, examine and evaluate a limited number of 1966, with only a couple of respites, this sup­ more effectively serve both potential employ­ reforms that have been implemented. What ply of funds has come under increasing pres­ ers and employees in getting satisfactory were the problems of implementation? Were sure as commercial banks-reacting to a training (when required) and jobs? the purposes sought actually achieved? The tight monetary policy-have withdrawn from Inequities in the Labor Market: A com­ findings will be disseminated with the co­ the market. mon thread through much of the work is an operation of national organizations of state These difficulties have brought forth a host attempt to understand how to reduce dis­ and local government officials. of proposals for reform. There are, however, crimination and inequities in jobs and earn­ Advance Fiscal Planning: Fiscal stringency conflicting priorities in what the reform ing opportunities. is forcing public officials to look to improved should accomplish. The U.S. Treasury has tools of budget management. Longer-run long complained that tax exemption distorts PERFORMANCE OF STATE AND LOCAL fiscal planning is needed to project program GOVERNMENTS the income tax and, moreover, that it is an requirements and revenue sources five or inefficient subsidy in that only $2 of every The Urban Institute's work in income more years in the future. $3 in avoided taxes are passed along to state m.aintenance, housing, health, and employ­ The Institute's objective is to: and local governments in the form of re­ ment, already described, focuses in large Determine the feasibility of advance fiscal duced borrowing costs. State and local offi­ measure on poverty as a core ingredient of projections in local areas where many eco­ cials, while concerned about broadening and social ills, and addresses itself to Federal nomic factors, such as new plant location, are stabilizing the supply of funds for their se­ poliales and policy makers. This, however, is isolated, disconnected events. curities in order to lower their borrowing only a part of the Institute's program. Provide experience with procedures for co­ costs, are wary of Federal control over their Work also is underway to improve the fis­ operative research wtih local governments borrowing prerogatives and political auton­ cal and management capabilities of state and that could "cement in place" local work on omy. local governments. The avallab111ty of fi­ advance fiscal planning. The public finance project is addressing nances and the programs they support un­ Develop fiscal planning materials that these issues. We are, first of all, providing -der these governments have, of course, great could be used by local governments and technical assistance to city, county, and state implications for the quality and distribu­ states generally. governmental groups. Also, we have been re­ tion of public services for all citizens. In FY To carry out these purposes, a test effort viewing suggestions for supporting state and 1967-1968, local governments spent over $70 wm be developed in cooperation with indi­ local securities, such as the Patman/Prox­ billion; states spent $44 billion directly, and vidual localities and the state government in distributed $68 billion. mlre subsidy plan and the Sparkman a single state. URBANK proposal, to clarify the points of The recent trend towards decentralization External Aids: A number of proposals are contention. of decision making from the Federal govern­ currently being advanced to "free up" the use ment to state and local governments is in­ of Federal funds by states and local govern­ As a result of this review, we have devel­ tended to make government more effective ments-that is, to untie many of the grant­ oped two proposals as alternative or comple­ and responsive to public needs. The pro­ in-aid strings--and to build in to Federal and mentary means of supporting the municipal posals for revenue sharing, manpower pro­ state aids appropriate incentives for effective market. These proposals could bring to the gram block grants, and transit aid, along and efficient program design. municipal market the considerable resources with the existing Model Cities program and The Administration recently advanced two of the state reserves in the unemployment the Law Enforcement Assistance program proposals: trust fund (over $12 billion) and in the state mean more money and more control in the Legislative authority for grant-in-aid con­ and local retirement funds (over $44.5 bil­ hands of state and local governments. solidation by the Executive. lion) at little or no net cost to the U.S. Treas­ Another strong trend is toward greater A revenue sharing plan that would pro­ ury. Further work contemplated in this area participation and involvement in govern­ vide unconditional aid. will investigate state and local planning for ment decisions. Desirable as decentraliza­ Each of these proposals raises a fundamen­ financing public facilities. tion and citizen participation are, these com­ tal issue: Can public services be provided User Charges: Expanded and increased use plex and often explosive issues confront local effectively in the !ace of increasing separa­ of charges for public services has been urged governments with new challenges. tion between the level of government that as one way of increasing the cities' own ca­ Local governments also frequently lack spends and the level that taxes? pacity to raise revenues. At present, city gov­ modem management tools. Relevant, timely The research work that has so far been ernments raise about 60 cents through information to aid in decisions 1s rare. Many done on grants-in-aid consolidation and charges for every dollar of taxes. As part of state and local government agency heads revenue sharing has not, either in concept general revenues, the importance of charges are not accountable to elected otncials. Since or In program design, given sutnclent empha­ varies Inversely with the size of government, no organization can be better than the peo­ sis to the purposes Intended or the Incen­ smaller governments collecting a larger part ple who run it, the difficulties faced by tives for achieving them. Without strings of their revenues out of current charges. local governments in attracting and holding attached, how can localities be induced-in Better pricing of publlc services by city quallfied personnel also must be counted as education or housing, !or Instance--to carry and other local governments might contri­ severe handicaps. out important national goals? bute to other purposes: A multitude of local governments often The statf developed proposals for the Na- Utilizing public fac111ties more efficiently. OXV--2488-Part 29 39516 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS December 16, 1969 Signalling the need for more-or less­ clined to assert leadership in improving op­ Distinguishing between travel demand and public investment. erations of the whole system. system supply. Changing private decisions by requiring To identify better policies and practices­ Studying trip making not only by mode, individuals to pay more of the social costs just to know what produces good results and but also by time of day. This will get to the stemming from their actions. what does not--will require basic data th.at most crucial issue-peak travel: how long Learning in what cases or to what degree is not currently available. A prerequisite to the peaks last, how many trips are involved, it would be equitable to finance public serv­ the collection of such data is a greater will­ what costs are involved and what limitations ices from payments by specific beneficiaries ingness than yet exists within most police are recognized. rather than from general revenues. departments to permit access to records and Once static forecasting models are devel­ City services being analyzed include har­ to participate in standardized records keep­ oped so that the amount of trip making, link bors, airports, city parking facilities, water ing. speeds, and traffic mixes can be estimated, supply, waste disposal, fire protection, edu­ The Institute seeks to improve the situa­ it will then be possible, and necessary to cation, and health. Field studies in indi­ tion by: estimate the external effects stemming from vidual cities will determine how the demand Providing leadership in data collecting and urban trip making. That is, given the amount for services varies with price and income, in the designing and conducting of research of tra_vel on a particular system and in a spe­ and l:!ow cost of services varies with the level with this data. An important aspect of this cific region, the extent of air and noise of use. A counterpart effort will be made to is encouraging the participation of profes­ pollution and other effects which are ex­ define the constraints on the cities in im­ sion groups. ternal to and which do not influence the posing public prices-constraints that in­ Guiding mayors, city managers, police and trip making can be determined. While for clude economic competition and statutory other eriminal justice administrators in mak­ many of these external effects we may not or constitutional restrictions, as well as con­ ing better use of newly available Federal presently be able to determine the costs or tractual obligations to bond holders. Experi­ funds provided by the Law Enforcement the value associated with their reduction we mental designs will be formulated for cities Assistance Administration (LEAA) to ac­ can contribtue to the state of the art by ~ti­ desiring to experiment with pricing patterns complish urgently needed changes. The ef­ mating the costs and effectiveness of alter- for particular services. forts to develop sophisticated, professional - nate ways of controlling these effects. Public order and safety police-justice systems involve work with the It is intended that these models will be International City Management Association, applied to a well defined, small-scale hypo­ The principal objective of the Institute's thetical transport network and land-use pat­ work in public order is to assist city govern­ National League of Cities, U.S. Conference of Mayors, International Association of Chiefs of tern. As experience and confidence builds ments in improving their ability to deal more with respect to the validity of the models­ effectively with crime and civil disorders. Police, university administrators in this field, and other groups. at least conceptually and operationally­ Aspects of the Problem: The most likely they will be applied to real conditions, using victims of major crimes are poor blacks liv­ Without some minimum level of under­ standing and respect between the com­ one or more small, isolated transport sys­ ing in the central city. Victimization rates tems. for violent crimes such as homicides and munity and its police department, effective crime control is not possible. If police-com­ While it will be impossible to isolate a forcible rape are about five times greater in small-scale transport system that incorpo­ the central city than in small cities and rural munity relations deteriorate to a certain level, this even becomes an invitation to rates all the features of the full-scale urban areas. The rates for property crimes are twice transport system and environment, it seems as great. public disorder. The Institute is concerned about an aspect of this involving the police­ wise to follow this limited approach. Pri­ Control of crime and disorder has until re­ marily, this conclusion is based upon experi­ cently been almost exclusively the respon­ man on the beat. For many years the gen­ eral practice has been to rotate police officers ence gained from hundreds of previous at­ sibility of local governments. The multitude tempts to model the overall urban transport of independent police departments in the frequently from beat to beat, preventing close relations between officers and other citizens. system: they failed to develop relationships United States-more than 40,000 of them­ essential for prediction. Only after the con­ have not adequately exchanged information. The policeman indeed has become a stranger, often wi·th quite negative effects on his ability ceptual framework is more fully developed The departments, their personnel and even and tested will it become clear what data and students of police administration have in­ to deal constructively with the community in maintaining order. The Institute is de­ other essential elements must be obtained adequate knowledge of policies, practices and for modeling entire urban and regional trans­ innovations around the country. Besides be­ signing a pilot program that aims to give the ing unfamiliar with the experiences from policeman greater opportunities to function port systems. The ultimate objective is to other cities that could be helpful, many city in an atmosphere of trust, and not merely create models which can evaluate trans­ officials are insufficiently informed regarding as a distant and feared authority. port systems in terms of other aspects of the urban scene. the problems, strengthS or weaknesses of Transportation Cooperative research their own police departments. Coordinating The Institute's transportation work is mechanisms are few and relatively ineffec­ focused on improving the ability of Federal Analytical Help to Cities: While many of tive. The closed personnel systems (often and local officials to make good transport the functional area studies described earli-er civil service) of most large police depart­ policy. Among other important issues, re­ will be conducted in cities, they are prin­ ments restrict the experience of almost all search will be addressed to these questions: cipally addressed to Federal policy issues. policemen, from patrolman to chief, to only Should added resources for urban transport In addition, several Institute efforts are their one department. be allocated to private or public transporta­ aimed at providing analytical help directly The Institute Program: The Institute's tion systems? If the latter, which mode is to city governments. first efforts focus primarily on improving the preferable: rapid transit, commuter railroad, One effort just being initiated is directed management and operation of police forces. bus or some other? at developing analytical techniques that can Instead of spreading these efforts too thin, be used by local and state governments in the Institute considers it prudent to concen­ Being able to forecast lies at the very heart of answering such questions. If we cannot ap­ their decision making. Systems analysis, trate on a small group of cities. The staff has planning-programming-budgeting systems, begun to develop a close and continuing proximate how much travel will take place on a given urban travel network at a given and other tools of the management sciences working relationship with the mayors of the will be adapted to the special political, finan­ 12 largest cities in the country. It happens point in time, then clearly we .cannot char­ acterize much less evaluate the quality of cial and legal environment of state and local that these cities account for 25 percent of governments. This work will be undertaken reported serious crimes, including 50 percent the system performance, the benefits stem­ ming from travel, the resources expended for jointly with governmental personnel for of reported robberies, in the nation. whom the analytical tools are intended. Dis­ The mayors are a pivotal group in crime such movement, the external effects result­ ing from such travel, or the incidence of semination of the research results will be control because they have formal responsi­ undertaken through the major governmen­ bility for police operations and, more than the benefits and costs. However, valid estimates cannot be made tal associations. any other officials, they have the prestige as The Institute supports, a-s an innovative elected executives to begin the crucial job with existing analytical techniques. We ex­ model for marrying research with action, of coordinating the criminal justice system. pect to improve travel forecasting signifi­ This system-police, prosecutors, courts, cantly by adopting a radically different ana­ a project to assist the City of Oakland in lytical approach. We intend to formulate budget allocations and programming. The jails, prisons, parole and probation officers, work is conducted by the director and grad- reform schools and so forth-is unbelievably static models to describe the amount of trip fragmented. Federal officials, while they now making on some specific system at some uate students of the New School of Urban have enlarged power, have a limited poten­ particular point in time. At a later stage Affairs (University of California, Berkeley) tial to influence the traditionally local field we will develop dynamic long-run models and deals with such diverse matters as the of criminal justice. Even state legislators and which would incorporate the interaction be­ civil service system, the black community:, officials typically have played a minor part tween the transport systlem (and its perform­ the antipoverty and Model Cities programs, in planning or influencing criminal justice ance characteristics) and the location and the schools, and the police. The offices of the systems. Corrections officials and judges play character of land use. mayor and city manager provide close important roles, but rarely occupy a central Such an approach would have these major cooperation. position from which they can coordinate the features: Decentralization Studies: The problems, diverse parts of the system. Police chiefs, for Taking account of changes in choice of processes and opportunities associated with a variety of reasons, seldom have been in- transportation mod~~~.t. route, and destination. the redistribution of authority are the object. December 16, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 39517 of a set of Institute studies. The work on jointly by the Institute's evaluation team impact of current efforts and to determine decentralization includes one conceptual and and the Survey Research Center of the Uni­ the prerequisites for achieving maximum one empirical study on citizen participation, versity of Michigan, with active participa­ progress. The present research covers four both by university :;:cholars. The latter study tion of the Department Of Housing and Ur­ specific aspects of community development: focuses on the laws, administrative guide­ ban Development. The impact of black elected officials on lines and act ual practices of the Federal gov­ The design phase of the project is sched­ social change. ernment in respect to citizen participation in uled to be completed in early 1970. At that Economic development programs. a variety of programs. time, we will have corp.pleted the pretesting Political organization. Field analysis by the Institute includes of the survey questionnaires for the first Identification and quantificat ion of the evaluation of the rchool decentralization group of interviews, the detailed sampling resources of black communities. demonstration districts of New York City. design, schedules and data gathering pro­ The study examines a highly controversial cedures, a detailed plan for the field opera­ series of events from t he perspective of stu­ t ions necessary to conduct the surveys, a dents, parents, Negro and Puerto Rican general analysis plan with recommended ADDRESS OF THE HONORABLE communities, teachers and school adminis­ content and formats for special topical and trators, the mayor's office and an actively in­ analytic reports, a description of the infor­ LUIS A. FERRE volved private foundation. mation system characteristics, and a plan for data and analyses dissemination. URBAN POLICY EVALUATION The successful completion of these tasks HON. JORGE L. CORDOVA A prime mission of the Institute is to put will enable the project to advance to the RESIDENT COMMISSIONER FROM PUERTO RICO its research and analysis to the service of second phase in which the survey instru­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES governments at all levels so they may deal ments will be applied. more effectively with urban problems. The It is clear that the project will assemble Tuesday, December 16, 1969 premise of the research described thus far is data suitable for far more analyses than Mr. CORDOVA. Mr. Speaker, on No­ that "the urban problem" can usefully be will be undertaken under this project. These separated for purposes of analysis and action files will be unique in their richness of vember 20, 1969, Gov. Luis A. Ferre, of into many smaller, more tractable parts. In data on the urban poor. The availability of Puerto Rico, addressed our friends of such an all-encompassing field, it is a prac­ such data will make an important contribu­ the fourth estate at a luncheon at the tical necessity to allow for a division of labor. tion to other Urban Institute projects, and National Press Club and told them some­ A good case can be made, however, that urban related projects elsewhere. thing of his goals -for Puerto Rico during at least part of "the urban problem" stems from a failure to think about the separate Urban fellowship program the months and the years ahead. pieces of the problem systematically in terms The Urban Institute charter calls for pro­ In his address, the Governor takes a of their connections with each other. The moting and supporting "improvement in the hard, realistic look at the problems on Institute, therefore, will devote considerable quality of urban life," which requires par­ hand in Puerto Rico, and I think that research effort to enlarging the perspactive ticular attention to those who are confined they belong not exclusively to our island in which problems are viewed. This is being in the blighted zones commonly referred to but instead are characteristic of those done through several Instiute projects--eval­ as inner city ghettoes. Within this broad ob­ facing many of the world's people. uation of federal social programs, Model jective, the Institute will seek to analyze Cities studies, and the Urban Fellowship and propose solutions for the pathologies The Governor, for example, points out program. which characterize much of the urban en­ the need for a revolution in understand­ The study of urba.n indicators-measures vironment, central to the achievement of ing over the next 20 years to supplement of the quality of urban life--is another In­ this objective are studies and research di­ the revolution in communications that stitute effort to provide a comprehensive rectly related to strengthening the black has been taking place for the past two view of urban problems. Urban policy makers communities. The Urban Fellowship pro­ decades. This observation regarding and administrators do not have objective gram was conceived to help carry out such Puerto Rico could well apply to most of and reliable indicators of a city's present studies and research. the U.S. community and indeed, to the health or changing condition. The Institute The Fellowship program focuses on a is seeking to identify and define crucial in­ dynamic element of social change: the black community of nations. dicators, to obtain efficient means of measur­ activists at leadership and planning levels I am sure, therefore, that Governor ing them, and to devise methods Gf using who are influential in the black community. Ferre's address will be of interest to our them to pinpoint problem areas. The program recognizes an urgent need for colleagues and I offer it for inclusion in Federal evaluation practice these activists partially to withdraw from the RECORD: the scene of action so they may think more The Institute has been studying the Fed­ ADDRESS OF THE HONORABLE LUIS A. FERRE, deeply, debate more carefully and plan on a GOVERNOR OF PuERTO RICO, NATIONAL PRESS eral government's practices in evaluating its more informed basis. The Fellowship pro­ own programs. Few would argue with the CLUB, WASHINGTON, D.C., NOVEMBER 20, gram provides the vehicle for doing this, pro­ 1969 assumption that urban planners and policy viding them with the time and facilities makers need to know the effectiveness of to develop improved strategies and programs As writers and editors you are to be excused existing programs. Yet the Institute finds for the black community in the years ahead. a mild feeling of "deja-vu" as each year that almost no Federal program is being The Fellowship program has the following Puerto Rico reports growth of nearly 10 per­ evaluated satisfactorily at this time, accord­ specific objectives: cent in factories, jobs and income, despite ing to a year-long study of evaluation prac­ Providing black activists with the oppor­ the fact that growth at such a rate has tices in 15 programs administered by the tunity to analyze and review critically exist­ rarely been equalled anywhere. Departments of Housing and Urban Develop­ ing and proposed public policies and pro­ I am not here today to re-instill your ment; Health, Education and Welfare; and grams affecting ghetto residents. excitement in what has now become a routine Labor, as well as by the Office of Economic occurrence. I want to take this opportunity Opportunity. Enhancing and increasing the depth of to thank the press of the United States The Institute study describes current Fed­ research and analytical skills of black acti­ for a superb job in documenting what has eral evaluation practices and provides a large vists to improve their effectiveness in design­ been happening in Puerto Rico. Our growth num·ber of recommendations for improving ing and implementing programs to benefit would certainly not have been possible if the the situation. The Institute is assisting sev­ their communities. press of America had not revealed to manu­ eral agencies with implementation of the Affording activists the opportunity to de­ facturers and investors the opportunities of study recommendations. velop theories, models and strategies based Puerto Rico. Our booming tourist b'llsiness is on their independent research. Model cities largely dependent on how newsmen recount Maximizing interaction ·between activists the good times they have on our island. And By the winter of 1969-1970, the Model and the research staff of the Institute to en­ the excellent relationship we have enjoyed Cities Administra tion was expected to have courage research that will have an impact with the lawmakers and executives of the approved plans and made supplemental on the pressing community problems as con­ Federal Government has been helped by grants to approximately 75 cities for the ceived by those who know the ghettoes thorough, intelligent coverage of events in implementation of programs directed at im­ intimately. Puerto Rico. proving the lives of model neighborhood res­ Developing a skilled cadre with specific idents. Within one year, as many as 75 ad­ Words like "tax exemption," "Operation capabilities for training staff and leaders of Bootstrap," "self-government," and "Com­ ditional cities could get a similar green light community organizations and for providing for their first-year action programs. monwealth" are familiar to reporters who effective guidance for social action and com­ have covered Puerto Rico in the past and to The Urban Institute has been asked to munity development projects. the readers who have followed such coverage. develop the instruments for evaluating the Urban Fellows spend a year at the In­ impact of Model City programs on neigh­ Now that surprise over the achievements stitute. Currently they are engaged in re­ of contemporary Puerto Rico has subsided, borhood residents. The evaluation will rely search projects dealing with development I feel I can discuss with you some o! the primarily on a sample survey of population activities and self-help projects in black com­ complexities of a society that has enJoyed groups both within and outside the model munities. The long-range aims of the re­ unprecedented economic growth and is now neighborhoods. The survey is being designed search effort are to measure the scope and facing all the problems of a modern society. 39518 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS December 16, 1969 This historical experience gives Puerto Rico believe that the extremes of poverty can aid of computer techniques, obtain a "feed­ a special significance as a pace-setter in the and must be wiped out and that the "inevi­ back" of citizen comment and reaction. social changes that are to come for all tability" of poverty for entire segments of our Thanks to modern social technology, govern­ America. people can and must be negated. And, I be­ ment is better able to know what its citizens Let us quickly glance back at our past lieve that I.t is "good business" to do it. want and to act on such needs before they economic history. This requires a massive and coordinated become acute and erupt into discontent and In 1950 (it's hard to believe that was only attack, an operation breakthrough, on such dissatisfaction. 19 years ago) , Puerto Rico's gross national problems as unemployment, education and Another innovation indicative of our new product was only 754 million dollars. Today, health. The wealth and technology to carry approach to government is the Governor's it is almost four billion dollars. out this attack are available. The only thing Advisory Council for the Development of In 1950 per capita earnings were 279 dol­ required is a decision to effectively allocate Government Programs. This is a bipartisan lars a year. Today, the figure is 1,230 dollars­ resources to accomplish this goal. body, made up of leading citizens of Puerto the highest in the Western Hemisphere out­ It pays, for example, to borrow money-if Rico and advised by the best talent on and side of the United States mainland and necessary-and use it wisely to solve these off the island. The Council explores for my Canada. Without major natural resources, it problems, since the increased human po­ government the crucial problems facing the is 50 percent higher than Venezuela's 761 tential will generate income in excess of island. Some of the areas it is now exploring dollars. amortization and interest. In line with this are: the population explosion, human re­ This is an impressive record for both the reasoning, we have proceeded in Puerto Rico source, development of natural resources, United States and Puerto Rico since this was to establish scholarships for all needy stu­ conservation and industrial growth. This achieved without confiict, without violence dents and have helped those who want to group keeps us advised on a long-range basis and within the democratic system. borrow Federal funds by paying a supple­ and gives a sense of direction to our day-by­ We've made spectacular progress, but in a mentary interest on their loans. day decisions. very unspectacular style. Thus, I am told, We are tackling the problem of a bankrupt Looking at Puerto Rico's recent political everyone has the impression that Puerto Rico agriculture with a three-pronged approach: hist ory, there have been notable advances has arrived. we pay the farmhand a supplementary wage paralleling our economic progress. Puerto Rico's economic story has been im­ to discourage his migration into the urban American citizens by an Act of Congress pressive. But, it is by no means all told. areas where he gets caught up in problems since 1917, Puerto Ricans have secured the While we have climbed to the highest of slums, unemployment and delinquency; right to elect their own governor (that was standard of living in Latin America, ours is we pay the farmer a 50 percent subsidy to in 1948), and to draft their own constitution still one-third below the poorest state in the mechanize; and we give him technical aid to of internal government (four years later, in union. One out of every three Puerto improve productivity. 1952). Ricans lives in what the Federal Government By these actions we hope to reduce the We've made steady, peaceful progress and classifies as substandard housing. A tragic 22 migration to the overcrowded cities, provide have never been tempted or threatened by percent of our men between the ages of 20 the farm worker with a decent wage, and extremism. It has all come about through and 24 are unemployed. modernize our agricultural sector. evolution-not revolution. Thus, the issue in last year's Puerto Rican And, while we are taking such extraordi­ That has been a story which has made electoral campaign, which culminated in the nary measures on behalf of the bypassed of "good news copy". But it is a story that is first change of political and governmental society, we must also assist the gifted to not finished. leadership in 28 years, was that our island, climb as high as his talent, training and No doubt you're wondering what Puerto which had come along so far, had much far­ ambition can carry him. Rico's relationship to the United States will ther to go. Can we eliminate the extremes of poverty be. In this regard, Puerto Rico is not unlike and at the same time preserve and enhance Our people have consistently, election after the mainland. OUr young people regard the a system of upward mob111ty for the more election and by ever-increasing margins, af­ accomplishments of yesterday as merely the - productive members of society? I believe we firmed and reaffirmed their intentions tore­ points of departure for tomorrow. While an can. main within the framework of the United established political institution can be proud We have had a revolution in communica­ States Government. of past accomplishments, it cannot rest on its tion during the last 20 years. We need a rev­ The only question pending is the form of laurels. It must reach ahead or surrender its olution in understanding during the next 20 government which this permanent union leadership to more imaginative men and years. We are beginning to develop instant with our fellow American citizens will take. women. awareness, not just of moon walks, but of Thare are those who would like to retain The people of Puerto Rico decided that old hunger in Africa, Asia and Latin America. forever Puerto Rico's unique and privileged persistent challenges had to be met with new The blinders ar~ being removed so that, while position as a commonwealth-not paying methods and that new methods were most a man moves ahead as far as his talent, train­ Federal taxes. likely to come from a new team, with inno­ ing and ambition will take him, he will be And there are those of us-and our num­ vative ideas. less likely to ignore the needs of the less bers are steadily increasing-who visualize I interpret their confidence as a command fortunate along the way. the present commonwealth status as a. means to give Puerto Rico "La Nueva Vida," The The coming revolution in understanding to improve our economic position until our New Life, words which during the campaign will not only affect man's relations with his people can assume the full responsibilities summed up our commitment to the people fellow man, but perhaps more dramatically and privileges inherent to citizenship. Com­ of Puerto Rico. My own political philosophy it will revise the relationship between cit­ monwealth status, we are convinced, is both is easily expressed: I believe we should be izens and their government. In Puerto Rico a privileged and a prejudicial condition. We revolutionary in ideas, liberal in objectives we are already searching for the modern dem­ do not share the burden of Federal taxation. and conservative in methods. I believe that ocratic equivalent of the New England town That much is true. But neither do we share it is the responsibility of goverru:pent to gen­ meeting. We are applying both technology in the ever-increasing power of the Federal erate, through private and public investment, and compassion to this task. Government to make sweeping decisions af­ a plateau of security below which no family For past generations, government in Puerto fecting more and more of the lives of all need live. This plateau should provide for the Rico was inattentive or paternalistic. Today American citiens. Neither do we share fully basic necessities of life. No democratic gov­ it 1s responsive and responsible. Instead of in the programs instituted by the Federal ernment can stand silently aside while its demanding blind loyalty and submission, this Government with its collected revenues. people are badly housed, or its people cannot administration seeks to inform the people, I am firmly confident that the day is com­ earn enough money to feed their famllles. gain their confidence, involve them in the ing when the people of Puerto Rico will peti­ That is not to say a man should retire into governmental process, and develop a mech­ tion Congress for admission as a. State in the this mill'!mum existence. Those who can anism to hear complaints and take remedial Union. I am equally confident that Congress work should work. Those who need to be action. will consistently prepare Puerto Rico for the trained to work should be trained. Taxpayers We feel that politics and social technology day when it may make such a choice. should bear in mind that expenditures in can be welded together to help improve the Statehood for Puerto Rico will not mean such areas are not welfare, but a solid and very process of government. We are a gov­ assimilation, will not mean the disappearance sound investment in human capital. ernment of action, not reaction. We want a of our cultural tradition or the abandonment Those who cannot work, the aged, the government by anticipation and not by crisis. of our Spanish language. This, as you well sick, the psychologically destroyed-are the In this day and age, there is a tendency for know, is anthropologically impossible and wards of the state and the price a nation government to drift further and further from constitutionally unnecessary. For the United must pay for its unsolved problems of yes­ the people. Government is so vast, communi­ States citizens of Puerto Rico, Statehood will terday. cation so complicated, that the average cit­ mean greater enrichment of our Spanish cul­ In this New Life, the children of poverty izen feels lost or alienated. I am using sci­ ture with the addition of English as another must not be permitted to become the par­ ence to bring government closer to the language and the further absorption of the ents of poverty. No nation will survive, in­ people. democratic tradition and social awareness of cluding our own, unless it can break this And we are now working on a system by the American nation. The State of Puerto cycle. which with the aid of computer techniques, Rico, with its culture enriched in this man­ I am not one of those romantics who be­ government may best make a set of facts ner, under the principle of "diversity within ll ves poverty can be eliminated. But I do available to the people and, again with the unity," which is basic to a federal system, December 16, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 39519 will be an asset to the United States in its would like to leave with you tOday. It is Seven years from now, we will celebrate relations with Latin America.. precisely this very area of inter-American the 2ooth anniversary of the founding of our The United States is moving away from the relations. It is an area in which I believe nation, the first nation created to protect illusion of the melting pot and toward the Puerto Rico can make a most important con­ individual freedom and the right to the reality of democratic pluralism more con­ tribution to the United States. pursuit of htappiness by every citizen. We sistent with diversity, not only among its Nowhere is a revolution in understanding proclaimed it would be the guiding polit ical states, but also among its ethnic Iilinorities. of which I have spoken previously needed principle of this New World. But, we are far Such tolerance for diversity is an important more desperately than between North and from having achieved our purpose. feature of the coming revolution in under­ Latin America. Our lives are intertwined, World Wars I and II and then Korea and standing. but motives are misunderstoOd and prejudice VietNam drew our attention t o Europe and I am not here to petition for Statehood is rampant. Asia. Perhaps it is time that we look back now. Only the Puerto Rican people can au­ We can talk to a man on the moon, with to our Americas, North and South, and apply thorize such a petition by a. majority vote in 400 million other human beings looking on, knowledge and experience we have gained a referendum. as the President did to the Apollo 11 crew. to its problems. But, there is an area of political growth But, technology has not been very helpful We have reached the moon by working toward which we are addressing ourselves at in bringing understanding between peoples. toget her as a team. It is time we try the this time. There seems to be just about as much, if not same approach to do away with misunder­ As you know, Congress is now considering more, strife and misunderstanding in this standing and prejudice in all the Americas a. proposal to alter the system under which world as there was before the development of and lead the New World toward higher levels our President is elected. those elaborate means of communication. of achievement and justice. Generally speaking, the proposal seeks to The United States has found it difficult to Separately, the peoples of the Western abolish the Electoral College, and to replace arrive at a common understanding in Asia. Hemisphere will be forced to wander in the it with a. more direct system of election. I submit that the chances for arriving at darkness of prejudice. Together, we can use We sincerely believe that all citizens of the common understanding in this hemisphere already available knowledge as the light of United States should participate in the elec­ are much greater. Most of us in the Amer­ reason to guide us in finding a truly New tion of their President. icas have a European heritage. We stem from World. The President, more than any other single the same Judaeo-Christian tradition. We Puerto Rico should be a part of this for­ elected official in our government, is called have a common love for democracy and free­ ward thrust of the Western Hemisphere-a upon to speak for and to represent all Ameri­ dom. We are economically inter-dependent. united Amerioa forward-reaching toward cans. He should, therefore, logically be elected In keeping with the President's pronounce­ the aspirations of men and n ations-to a by all Americans. ments on Latin America and the Rockefeller New Life-Nueva Vida-a better life in free­ The President is the chief architect of the report, I believe that we should m ake a new dom and prosperity, where the dream of foreign policy which affects United States effort to achieve solidarity and greater un­ equality of opportunity in the pursuit of citizens everywhere. He should be elect ed by derstanding among the nations of this happiness will become a. reality for every United St ates citizens everywhere. hemisphere. man-a dream which you in the communica­ The President is the personal symbol of our This might be achieved by a change in our tions media can help achieve during the com­ national unity. All the citizens of our nation foreign investment policy. We could accen­ ing decades by carrying forward t he revolu­ should have an equal voice in the election of tuate more the export of technology. The tion i n understanding. such a. personal national symbol. markets of the future will no longer be de­ Puerto Rico's Resident Commissioner, the pendent on the outmoded colonial concepts Honorable Jorge Cordova, a non-voting mem­ of absentee ownership. This new use of capi­ ber of the House of Representatives, is cur­ tal to develop the "new markets" of tomor­ NEEDS OF POSTAL EMPLOYEES rent ly seeking an addition to the Presidential row, will help to reduce the tensions which RECOGNIZED election reform proposal. It is simply that strain relations between our nation and some Congress be empowered to extend the right of the nations of Latin America. to vote in presidential elections to other citi­ Puerto Rico, I believe, is uniquely suited HON. GLENN M. ANDERSON zens of the United States, now disenfran­ to assist in this task. We are a half-way point OF CALIFORNIA chised, when and as it may see fit. between North and Latin America-not just IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES In Puerto Rico, the desire to cast a vote geographically and not just linguistically, in presidential elections transcends all party but culturally and ideologically. We are Tuesday, Decembe1· 16, 1969 lines. equally at home in the North American and Mr. ANDERSON of California. Mr. This is one element of the Puerto Rican Latin American cultures. We are a living example of what Latins and North Americans, Speaker, I submit for the attention of story t hat the presl> gathered here in this my colleag;ues an editorial by Mrs. Lee room can help us to t ell. We are part of this in cooperation, can achieve. We have adopted nat ion and at this crossroads of history we the best of North American practices without Whitebrook, publisher of the Hawthorne are anxious to part icipate more fully in its losing our identity or surrendering our basic Press of Hawthorne, Calif. Mrs. White­ decisions. values. brook simply and clearly points out Pursuant to the recommendation s of a I believe that Puerto Rico oan act as a some of the problems facing the postal joint commission created in 1965 by the Pres­ bridge t o u nderstanding between the North employee in her editorial of Decem­ ident, the Congress and Puerto Rico, I have American and La tin American cultures. As ber 4, 1969. She also urges public support asked President Nixon to name the mainland American citizens who cherish democracy of H.R. 13000, a bill providing postal counterparts of a specially composed ad-hoc and speak the language of our Latin Ameri­ group to study the question of extending the can neighbors, we can serve as a meeting wage and benefit increases which I was presidential vote to Puerto Rico. place for th~ two cultures. As individuals, happy to support and which passed the It is my hope that such an ad-hoc commit­ Puerto Ricans oan be of service in helping to House of Representatives by an over­ tee will consider, among other things, the carry out our nation's foreign policy through­ whelming vote. Mrs. W'hitebrook deserves following arguments favoring such an exten­ out La tin America. tribute for keeping matters of local and sion of the presidential franchise to Puerto I h ave proposed to the President and to the national significance before the public Rico. Secretary-General of the Organization of eye and I take great pleasure in com­ 1. Puerto Ricans are drafted in to the American States the creation of an Inter­ mending her continuing efforts. Armed Forces the same as all other American American Institute of Social Technology in cit izens. San Juan to serve both North and Latin The editorial follows: 2. Puerto Rico is a segment of the Ameri­ America. This Institute would have two main OBSERVATIONS can nation which clearly perceives the Amer­ branches: a North-South Center for Educa­ (By Lee Whitebrook) ican dream of equal opportunity and knows tional and Cultural Exchange, and a Center Last week we carried an advertisement the difficulties in making that dream come for Applied Re3earch, fox the sharing of tech­ from the National Association of Letter Car­ true. nical and scientific knowledge. It would be riers asking the public to write to President 3. Puerto Rico is an island known for its truly international in concept, operated by a. Nixon "to please sign HR 13000 and help save racial harmony and as such it has a contri­ consortium of universities, staffed by a fac­ the postal service." From time to time I have bution to make to the Nation as whole. ulty from many countries, and engaging in spoken about mall carriers, their trudging 4. At a time when the United States is research on problems which the nations of hours and poor pay, yet there is no one serv­ making a new effort at understanding, mu­ the Americas have in common. ice man that comes to your place of residence tual respect and cooperation with Latin I hope that funds will be forthcoming from that is more appreciated than your mail man. America, it may be very beneficial to the Na­ both public and private sources throughout The wages of the mail carriers average thou­ tion to extend a measure of electoral equality the Hemisphere to make this Institute a sands of dollars a year less than the amount to United States citizens in Puerto Rico who reality. Over a period of years, through ex­ determined by the United States Bureau of share a common language and a similar cul­ changes, conferences, joint research and so Labor Statistics as necessary for a "modest ture with the neighbors in the south with forth, I believe that an Institute could make but adequate" standard of living. No one of whom we are eagerly trying to communicate. significant contributions toward promoting us has yet met an affluent mail carrier, yet • understanding among the people of this thru every kind of weather he delivers the And this brings me to the final thought I hem.lsphere. mail. That too, has been curtailed to one de- 39520 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE December 17, 1969 livery a day, and no one can depend on at riod, for what we know not, because the cost only one member of the family working. So least an approximate time. Postage has been of everything is going up, it can only dis­ like many other Americans postal employees increased, yet not the scale of mail carrier's cipline people to buy less, and that sounds are the victims of this dread word-inflation. nay. The entire postoffice department needs like poor eccnomy to me. Int erest rat es are You can help your local carrier by writing reform, and it should begin with adequate up and that means that the average veteran to President Nixon and asking him to sign pay for the carriers and then down to ade­ returning from Viet Nam cannot buy a house, HR 13000 and in doing so give a Christmas quate deliveries. We are in an inflationary pe- nor can the average wo::-ker, if he depends on gift to. your letter carrier. He deserves it.

SENATE-Wednesday, December 17, 1969